Pharmacology of the skin: 2 Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1989
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| Series: | Handbook of experimental pharmacology
87,2 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXVII, 587 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540502777 0387502777 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pharmacology of the skin |n 2 |p Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases |c eds. Malcolm W. Greaves ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1989 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVII, 587 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Handbook of experimental pharmacology |v 87,2 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Handbook of experimental pharmacology |v ... | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Skin Diseases |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Drug Therapy |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Dermatological Agents |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Farmacología dermatológica | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Piel - Enfermedades | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dermatologic agents |x pharmacology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Skin diseases |x Drug therapy | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Greaves, Malcolm W. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Abramson, David I. |d 1905-2002 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)131421859 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Atherton, David J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| _version_ | 1804116342255648768 |
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| adam_text | PHANNACOLOGY OF THE SKIN H METHODS ABSORPTION, METABOLISM AND TOXICITY
DRUGS AND DISEASES CONTRIBUTORS D. J. ATHERTON, D.N. BATEMAN, D.
BRIGDEN, J.L. BURTON, S.K. CHANDRASEKARAN, K. J. COLLINS, M. CORBETT,
WJ. CUNLIFTE, R. P. R. DAWBER, R. DOVER, P. M. DOWD, P. H. DUGARD, P. M.
FARR, R. J. FLOWER, J.R. GIBSON, P. GOLDSMITH, M. W. GREAVES, R. J. HAY,
A. HERXHEIMER, K.T. HOLLAND, B. JOHNSON, H. KAPPUS, A. KOBZA BLACK, CM.
LAPIERE, CM. LAWRENCE, T. LOTTI, B. LYNN, F.MARKS, J. MARKS, R. MARKS,
J. R. MARSDEN, J. D. MIDDLETON, N. E. MILLER, B. NUSGENS, D. A. A. OWEN,
E. PANCONESI, J. A. PARRISH, S. H. PEERS, G. H. REE, H. SCHAEFER, R. C.
SCOTT, J.E. SHAW, B. SHROOT, S. SHUSTER, N.B. SIMPSON, R. STADLER,
R.C.D. STAUGHTON, R.S. STERN, D.S.THOMSON, T.M.TWOSE, M.I. WHITE,
N.A.WRIGHT EDITORS ?&/ OF MALCOLM W. GREAVES AND SAM SHUSTER
SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN HEIDELBERG NEW YORK LONDON PARIS TOKYO HONG KONG
CONTENTS SECTION A: METHODS CHAPTER 1 METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
PROLIFERATIVE RATES IN EPIDERMIS R. DOVER AND N.A. WRIGHT 3 A.
INTRODUCTION 3 B. IMPRACTICAL METHODS 4 I. THE FRACTION LABELLED MITOSES
METHOD 4 II. THE CONTINUOUS LABELLING METHOD 4 C. METHODS SUITABLE FOR
SHORT-TERM STUDY 4 I. INCORPORATION OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE INTO DNA 4
II. PROLIFERATIVE INDICES 5 III. THE MEASUREMENT OF RATE PARAMETERS IN
EPIDERMIS 7 D. CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES 10 CHAPTER 2 TISSUE AND FLUIDS:
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES R. MARKS 4 . . 13 A. TISSUE SAMPLING . 13 I.
SURGICAL 13 II. EPIDERMAL SAMPLES 14 III. SEPARATION OF EPIDERMIS FROM
DERMIS IN VITRO 14 1. PHYSICAL SEPARATION 14 2. ENZYMIC TECHNIQUES : 14
3. MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS 14 IV. STRATUM CORNEUM SAMPLING 15 V. CORNEOCYTE
SAMPLING 15 B. SAMPLING OF SECRETIONS 16 I. SEBUM 16 II. ECCRINE SWEAT
16 III. APOCRINE SWEAT 16 IV. TISSUE FLUID 16 REFERENCES 16 XII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 MEASUREMENT OF SWEATING AND SWEAT GLAND FUNCTION K.J. COLLINS
19 A. INTRODUCTION 19 B. TOTAL BODY SWEAT LOSS 19 C. LOCAL AND REGIONAL
SWEAT RESPONSES 20 I. QUALITATIVE METHODS 20 II. QUANTITATIVE METHODS 20
D. INDUCTION OF SWEATING 21 I. THE ISOLATED SWEAT GLAND 21 II. APOCRINE
SWEATING 21 E. LOCALISATION OF ABNORMALITIES WITHIN THE SWEAT GLAND 21
REFERENCES 21 CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN SEBACEOUS GLAND FUNCTION
W.J. CUNLIFFE 23 A. INTRODUCTION 23 I. HISTOLOGICAL METHODS 23 II.
FUNCTIONAL METHODS 23 B. MEASUREMENT OF SEBUM EXCRETION DATE 23 I.
GRAVIMETRIC TECHNIQUE 23 1. MATERIALS 24 2. COLLECTION OF SEBUM 24 3.
EXTRACTION AND WEIGHING LIPID 24 C. PHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE 24 D. SEBUM
PRODUCTION RATE 24 E. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASUREMENT OF SEBUM
EXCRETION RATE . . . . 25 F. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE LIPID COMPOSITION 25
REFERENCES 26 CHAPTER 5 METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON
HAIR AND NAILS R.P.R. DAWBER AND N.B. SIMPSON 27 A. HAIR LOSS 27 B. IN
VIVO ASSESSMENT OF HAIR GROWTH 27 I. HAIR CYCLE STATUS 27 II. CELL
KINETICS 27 III. LINEAR GROWTH 27 IV. HIRSUTISM AND SCALP HAIR DENSITY
28 V. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS 28 C. IN VITRO METHODS FOR DETECTING THE EFFECT
OF DRUGS 28 CONTENTS XIII D. NAIL GROWTH 28 E. PENETRATION OF TOPICAL
AGENTS 29 F. RADIATION PENETRATION 29 G. WOOD S LIGHT . . 30 REFERENCES
30 CHAPTER 6 MEASUREMENT OF DRUG ACTION IN THE SKIN: SENSATION B. LYNN
33 A. INTRODUCTION 33 B. METHODS FOR STUDYING CUTANEOUS SENSATION 33
I. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT 33 1. INTENSIVE 33 2. TIME-DEPENDENT AND SPATIAL
MEASURES 34 II. STIMULATION TECHNIQUES 34 1. MECHANICAL STIMULATION 35
2. THERMAL STIMULATION 35 3. CHEMICAL STIMULATION 36 III. EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN 37 1. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS ON CUTANEOUS SENSATION IN LABORATORY
ANIMALS 37 2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS ON CUTANEOUS SENSATION IN HUMANS .
38 C. EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON CUTANEOUS SENSATION 38 I. DRUGS THAT PRODUCE
SENSATION 38 1. PAIN-PRODUCING AGENTS 38 2. SUBSTANCES PRODUCING ITCH
AND OTHER NON-PAINFUL SENSATIONS 40 II. DRUGS THAT MODIFY SENSATION 40
1. LOCAL ANAESTHETICS 40 2. OPIOID ANALGESICS X . . 41 3.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS . . 42 4. ADRENALINE, ACETYLCHOLINE,
CAPSAICIN, GONADAL HORMONES . 42 5. ANTI-PRURITIC AGENTS 43 D. FINAL
COMMENTS 44 REFERENCES 44 CHAPTER 7 THE MEASUREMENT OF ITCH S. SHUSTER
51 A. INTRODUCTION 51 B. SUBJECTIVE METHODS 51 I. THRESHOLD 52 II.
DEGREE 52 XIV CONTENTS C. OBJECTIVE METHODS . 52 I. NOCTURNAL BED
MOVEMENT 52 II. LIMB METERS 53 III. RELATIONSHIP OF ITCH AND SCRATCH 53
IV. SHORT-TERM MEASUREMENT OF ITCH AS SCRATCH 53 REFERENCES 53 CHAPTER 8
MEASUREMENT OF SKIN THICKNESS, WEALING, IRRITANT, IMMUNE AND ULTRAVIOLET
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN SKIN P.M. FARR, CM. LAWRENCE AND S. SHUSTER.
WITH 1 FIGURE 55 A. MEASUREMENT OF SKIN THICKNESS 55 I. THE HARPENDEN
SKIN FOLD CALIPER 55 II. X-RAY 55 III. ULTRASOUND 56 IV. USE OF SKIN
THICKNESS FOR LESION MEASUREMENT AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT 56 V.
CORTICOSTEROID ATROPHY OF SKIN 56 B. MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
INFLAMMATION AND THEIR RESPONSE TO THERAPY 57 I. MEASUREMENT OF
ULTRAVIOLET ERYTHEMA 57 1. MINIMAL ERYTHEMA DOSE 57 2. QUANTIFICATION OF
ERYTHEMA 57 A) VISUAL GRADING 57 B) COLOUR COMPARISON CHARTS 58 C)
RED-COLOURED OPTICAL FILTERS 58 D) REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 58 II.
WEAL REACTIONS 59 1. DERMOGRAPHIC WEALING 60 III. IRRITANT INFLAMMATION
60 1. TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS 60 IV. IMMUNE REACTIONS 61 1. THE
IMMEDIATE (TYPE I) RESPONSE 61 2. THE DELAYED (TYPE IV) RESPONSE 61
REFERENCES 61 CHAPTER 9 MEASUREMENT OF DRUG ACTION IN SKIN: DERMAL
CONNECTIVE TISSUE B. NUSGENS AND CM. LAPIERE 63 A. INTRODUCTION:
SELECTION OF PROCEDURES AND BIOLOGICAL MODELS . . . . 63 B. PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS 64 C. MORPHOLOGY 65 D. CELL KINETICS 65 CONTENTS XV E.
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS 65 I. COLLAGEN 65 II. ELASTIN 65 III.
PROTEOGLYCANS AND GLYCOPROTEINS 66 F. QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENTS 66 I.
COLLAGEN 66 II. ELASTIN 67 III. PROTEOGLYCANS AND GLYCOPROTEINS 67 G.
ESTIMATION OF TURNOVER RATE 68 I. COLLAGEN 68 II. ELASTIN 69 III.
PROTEOGLYCANS AND GLYCOPROTEINS 69 H. MEASUREMENT OF DEFINED BIOCHEMICAL
PARAMETERS 69 I. MESSENGER RNA 69 II. INTRACELLULAR POST-TRANSLATIONAL
ENZYMES 69 III. EXTRACELLULAR PROCESSING ENZYMES 70 IV. DEGRADATION,
ENZYMES AND PRODUCTS 71 REFERENCES 72 CHAPTER 10 MICROBIOLOGICAL
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES K.T. HOLLAND 77 A. INTRODUCTION 77 B. SURFACE
DISTRIBUTION 77 C. SWABBING METHODS 78 D. WASHING METHODS 78 E.
FOLLICULAR SAMPLING 78 F. MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES 79 G. COMMENT . 79
REFERENCES 79 CHAPTER 11 CLINICAL TRIAL METHODS M. CORBETT AND A.
HERXHEIMER 81 A. THE BEGINNINGS 81 B. CLINICAL TRIAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED
TO DERMATOLOGY 81 C. THE SUBJECTS 81 D. TRIAL DESIGN 82 I. CONCURRENT
COMPARISONS 82 1. INDEPENDENT GROUPS 82 2. RELATED GROUPS 82 A)
CROSS-OVER PLANS 82 B) MATCHED PAIRS 83 XVI CONTENTS C) REPEATED
MEASUREMENTS 83 D) FACTORIAL PLANS 84 II. HISTORICAL COMPARISONS 84 E.
POWER AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 84 F. ALLOCATION TO TREATMENT 85 G.
INTENTION TO TREAT 85 H. BLINDNESS 86 J. MEASUREMENTS 86 I.
MEASUREMENT SCALES 86 II. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT 87 K. THE PROTOCOL 88 L.
THE REASONS FOR PERFORMING THERAPEUTIC TRIALS 88 M. APPLYING THE RESULTS
OF TRIALS IN PRACTICE 88 REFERENCES 89 SECTION B: ABSORPTION, METABOLISM
AND TOXICITY CHAPTER 12 THE PROPERTIES OF SKIN AS A DIFFUSION BARRIER
AND ROUTE FOR ABSORPTION R.C SCOTT AND P.H. DUGARD. WITH 4 FIGURES 93 A.
THE LOCATION AND NATURE OF THE PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION BARRIER . . 93 B.
METHODS OF MEASURING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION 94 I. IN VIVO TECHNIQUES 94
II. IN VITRO TECHNIQUES 96 C. IN VIVO - IN VITRO COMPARISONS 98 D.
MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF ABSORPTION PARAMETERS 100 E. SPECIES
COMPARISONS: RELEVANCE OF ANIMAL DATA TO HUMANS . . . .103 F. METABOLISM
107 G. CONTROL AND PREDICTION OF ABSORPTION 109 REFERENCES 110 CHAPTER
13 SKIN AS A MODE FOR SYSTEMIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION J.E. SHAW AND S.K.
CHANDRASEKARAN. WITH 2 FIGURES 115 A. INTRODUCTION 115 B. THERAPEUTIC
OBJECTIVES OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY 115 C. DESIGN OF A RATE-CONTROLLED
SCOPOLAMINE SYSTEM 117 D. CONTROLLED SYSTEMIC ABSORPTION OF
NITROGLYCERIN 118 E. NEW ADVANCES IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY 119 I.
CATAPRES-TTS 120 II. ESTRADERM 120 CONTENTS XVII F. THE FUTURE 120
REFERENCES 121 CHAPTER 14 DRUG METABOLISM IN THE SKIN H. KAPPUS. WITH 3
FIGURES 123 A. INTRODUCTION 123 B. DRUG METABOLISM IN GENERAL 123 C.
DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN SKIN 127 I. GENERAL REMARKS 127 II. DRUG
OXIDATION BY CYTOCHROME P-450 128 1. ALIPHATIC OXIDATION 128 2. AROMATIC
OXIDATION 135 III. HYDROLYSIS OF EPOXIDES BY EPOXIDE HYDROLASE 135 IV.
HYDROLYSIS BY ESTERASES 139 V. CONJUGATION BY GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE
AND SULFOTRANSFERASE 139 VI. CONJUGATION BY GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE
139 VII. INDUCIBILITY OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES 142 D. METABOLISM OF
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE SKIN AS RELATED TO
CARCINOGENICITY 142 E. CONCLUSIONS 146 REFERENCES 151 CHAPTER 15 SKIN
CANCER (EXCLUDING MELANOMAS) F. MARKS. WITH 6 FIGURES 165 A. HUMAN SKIN
CANCER . . 165 I. HISTORY AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS . 165 II. ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 166 III. IONIZING RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 169
IV. VIRUSES AS CAUSATIVE AGENTS 170 B. EXPERIMENTAL SKIN CARCINOGENESIS
BY CHEMICAL AGENTS 171 I. HISTORICAL REMARKS 171 II. INITIATION 172 III.
THE INDUCTION OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN INITIATED SKIN . . . .177 IV. THE
MECHANISM OF SKIN TUMOR PROMOTION 182 V. MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF THE
CONVERSION STAGE OF EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS 184 VI.
CO-CARCINOGENESIS 186 VII. THE POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE MULTISTAGE
MODEL FOR PREVENTION OF HUMAN CANCER 186 REFERENCES 188 XVIII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16 TOXICOLOGY OF COSMETICS J.D. MLDDLETON 195 A. INTRODUCTION
195 B. SAFETY DATA REQUIRED 196 I. SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS 196 II. LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS 196 C. SOURCES OF SAFETY DATA 197 I. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
197 II. SAFETY DATA FROM SUPPLIERS 197 III. HISTORY OF SAFE USE 197 IV.
SAFETY TESTING 198 D. TOXIC EFFECTS 198 I. SKIN IRRITATION 198 II. EYE
IRRITATION 199 III. SKIN SENSITISATION 200 IV. PHOTOIRRITATION 201 V.
PHOTOALLERGY 201 VI. SENSORY EFFECTS 202 VII. SYSTEMIC TOXICITY: SINGLE
EXPOSURE EFFECTS 202 VIII. SYSTEMIC TOXICITY: REPEATED EXPOSURE EFFECTS
203 IX. TERATOLOGY 203 X. CARCINOGENICITY 204 XI. MUTAGENICITY 204 E.
INTERPRETATION OF SAFETY DATA 205 REFERENCES 206 CHAPTER 17 DRUG
SENSITISATION J.R. GIBSON. WITH 1 FIGURE 209 A. INTRODUCTION 209 B. THE
TRIGGER 210 C. THE GUN 211 I. INTRODUCTION 211 II. TYPE I :. . 214 III.
TYPE II 215 IV. TYPE III 215 V. TYPE IV 216 D. THE TARGET 217 I.
INTRODUCTION 217 II. TYPE I 217 III. TYPE II 218 IV. TYPE III 218 V.
TYPE IV 219 CONTENTS XIX E. THE DETECTION OF DRUGS RESPONSIBLE FOR
ALLERGIC REACTIONS 219 F. MANAGEMENT 220 REFERENCES 221 SECTION C: DRUGS
AND DISEASES CHAPTER 18 HJ- AND H 2 -RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS D.A.A. OWEN
227 A. INTRODUCTION 227 B. BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF HISTAMINE 227 I.
ACTIONS OF HISTAMINE ON SKIN 227 II. ACTION OF HISTAMINE ON BLOOD
VESSELS 228 III. HISTAMINE RECEPTORS ON SKIN BLOOD VESSELS 228 C. ANIMAL
STUDIES 228 D. HUMAN STUDIES 229 I. LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF HISTAMINE
229 II. EVIDENCE FOR HISTAMINE RECEPTORS ON SKIN BLOOD VESSELS FOLLOWING
SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF HISTAMINE 232 III. HISTAMINE-INDUCED PRURITUS
232 IV. OTHER ACTIONS OF HISTAMINE IN SKIN 233 V. CLINICAL RESULTS WITH
H R AND H 2 -RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN CHRONIC URTICARIA 234 E. NEWER
HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS 234 F. CONCLUSIONS 234 REFERENCES 235 CHAPTER 19
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF TOPICAL STEROIDS D.N. BATEMAN. WITH 1 FIGURE
239 A. INTRODUCTION 239 I. STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP 239 II. MODE
OF APPLICATION 240 III. SKIN FACTORS 240 B. MODE OF ACTION 241 I.
STEROID RECEPTORS 242 II. INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDINS 242 III. PROTEIN
AND COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS 243 IV. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT EFFECTS 243 V. ACTIONS
OF MICROSOMAL OXIDATION 244 VI. OTHER ACTIONS 244 C. ASSAYS OF
GLUCOCORTICOID ACTIVITY 244 D. METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN SKIN 245
XX CONTENTS E. TOXIC EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS 245 I. LOCAL TOXICITY
245 II. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS 246 F. TREATMENT GUIDELINES 247 REFERENCES 247
CHAPTER 20 GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND LIPOCORTIN S.H. PEERS AND RJ. FLOWER 251
A. DISCOVERY OF LIPOCORTIN 251 I. INTRODUCTION 251 II. CLONING AND
EXPRESSION OF LIPOCORTIN 253 III. DISTRIBUTION OF LIPOCORTINS 253 B.
PROPERTIES OF LIPOCORTIN 254 I. INHIBITION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE A 2 254 II.
INHIBITION OF CELLULAR EICOSANOID SYNTHESIS 255 III. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
AND OTHER EFFECTS OF LIPOCORTIN 255 IV. ANTI-LIPOCORTIN ANTIBODIES AND
DISEASE 256 REFERENCES 256 CHAPTER 21 CUTANEOUS VASODILATORS P.M. DOWD
261 A. INTRODUCTION 261 B. NEUROVASCULAR CONTROL IN THE SKIN 261 C.
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CUTANEOUS VASCULATURE 261 I. DRUGS ACTING ON THE
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 262 1. ADRENERGIC NEURONE-BLOCKING AGENTS 262
A) GUANETHIDINE 262 B) RESERPINE . 264 2. A-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
265 A) PHENOXYBENZAMINE 265 B) TOLAZOLINE .266 C) PRAZOSIN 268 D)
INDORAMIN 269 II. DRUGS WITH DIRECT VASODILATOR ACTIVITY 269 1.
NICOTINIC ACID ESTERS 269 A) PHARMACOLOGY 269 B) ADVERSE EFFECTS 270 C)
THERAPEUTIC USE 270 2. GLYCERYL TRINITRATE (NITROGLYCERIN) 270 A)
PHARMACOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 270 CONTENTS XXI B) ADVERSE EFFECTS
270 C) THERAPEUTIC USE 271 3. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENTS 271 A)
PHARMACOLOGY 272 B) ADVERSE EFFECTS 273 C) THERAPEUTIC USE 273 4.
PROSTAGLANDIN I 2 (PROSTACYCLIN) 274 5. SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES 274 A)
PHARMACOLOGY 275 B) ADVERSE EFFECTS 275 C) THERAPEUTIC USE 275
REFERENCES 275 CHAPTER 22 FIBRINOLYSIS AND FIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS E.
PANCONESI AND T. LOTTI. WITH 1 FIGURE 279 A. FIBRINOLYSIS 279 I.
PLASMINOGEN 279 II. PLASMIN 279 III. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATION 280 1.
TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (T-PA) 280 2. UROKINASE 280 3.
ENDOTHELIAL PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR 281 4. PLASMATIC PRO-ACTIVATOR 281 5.
STREPTOKINASE - ACTIVATED PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR 281 6. ACTIVATED
MACROPHAGES. ACTIVATOR 281 7. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS
281 8. ERYTHROKINASE 281 9. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN HUMAN GRANULOCYTES
. . . : . .281 10. INDIRECT PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS N *. . 282 IV.
INHIBITORS OF FIBRINOLYSIS 282 V. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN PHYSIOLOGIC
CONDITIONS 282 VI. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN INFLAMMATION 283 VII.
PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS 283 VIII. PLASMINOGEN
ACTIVATION IN THE SKIN 284 IX. PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF THE CUTANEOUS
FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM . . . . 285 X. METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF PLASMINOGEN
ACTIVATORS IN THE SKIN 286 1. MODIFIED AUTOHISTOGRAPHIC FIBRIN PLATE
ASSAY WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST T-PA AND U-PA 286 2. CASEIN
PLATE ASSAY 287 3. CASEIN SUBSTRATE ASSAY 287 4. SYNTHETIC SUBSTRATE
ASSAY 287 XI. AUTOHISTOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF INHIBITORS OF
FIBRINOLYSIS IN THE SKIN 288 XXII CONTENTS B. DRUGS AFFECTING
PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR SYNTHESIS AND ACTIVITY . . . 288 I. STEROID
HORMONES 288 II. POLYPEPTIDE HORMONES AND CAMP 288 III. EPIDERMAL GROWTH
FACTOR 289 IV. RETINOIC ACID 289 V. PHORBOL ESTERS 289 C. FIBRINOLYTIC
DRUGS USED IN THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY 289 I. UROKINASE 289 II.
STREPTOKINASE 289 III. TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (T-PA) 290 IV.
STANOZOLOL 290 V. DEFIBROTIDE 290 VI. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS 291 D.
THERAPEUTIC USE OF FIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGIC DISEASES . .291
REFERENCES 291 CHAPTER 23 NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS AND THE
SKIN M.W. GREAVES AND S. SHUSTER 301 A. INTRODUCTION 301 B. ASPIRIN,
INDOMETHACIN AND RELATED CYCLO-OXYGENASE INHIBITORS . . .301 C.
LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITORS 303 I. BENOXAPROFEN 303 II. LONAPALENE 303 D.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 304 REFERENCES 304 CHAPTER 24 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE
(CYTOTOXIC) AND IMMUNOSTIMULANT DRUGS P. GOLDSMITH, J.L. BURTON, AND
R.C.D. STAUGHTON 307 A. INTRODUCTION 307 B. CORTICOSTEROIDS 307 I. MODE
OF ACTION 307 1. LEUKOCYTE DISTRIBUTION *. . 307 2. HUMORAL EFFECTS 308
3. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 308 II. ADMINISTRATION 308 III. ADVERSE
EFFECTS 308 IV. THERAPEUTIC USE 308 1. PEMPHIGUS AND PEMPHIGOID 309 2.
DERMATOMYOSITIS 309 3. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 309 4. PYODERMA
GANGRENOSUM 309 CONTENTS XXIII C. AZATHIOPRINE 309 I. PHARMACOKINETICS
309 II. THERAPEUTIC USE 310 1. PEMPHIGUS AND PEMPHIGOID 310 2. LUPUS
ERYTHEMATOSUS 310 3. DERMATOMYOSITIS AND POLYMYOSITIS 310 4. OTHER
DERMATOLOGICAL DISEASES 310 III. DOSAGE 310 IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS 310 V.
PRECAUTIONS 311 VI. DRUG INTERACTIONS 311 VII. MUTAGENICITY AND
CARCINOGENICITY 311 D. METHOTREXATE 311 I. MODE OF ACTION 311 II.
PHARMACOKINETICS 311 III. THERAPEUTIC USES 312 IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS 312
V. HEPATOTOXICITY 312 VI. DOSAGE 313 VII. CONTRAINDICATIONS 313 E.
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE 313 I. MECHANISM OF ACTION 313 II. PHARMACOKINETICS 313
III. THERAPEUTIC USES 314 1. PEMPHIGUS AND PEMPHIGOID 314 2. LUPUS
ERYTHEMATOSUS 314 3. OTHER SKIN DISEASES 314 IV. DOSAGE 314 V. ADVERSE
EFFECTS 314 F. GOLD 315 I. MECHANISM OF ACTION 315 II. PHARMACOKINETICS
K . 315 III. THERAPEUTIC USES .315 IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS 316 V. DOSAGE
316 VI. PRECAUTIONS 316 G. DAPSONE 316 I. MECHANISM OF ACTION 316 II.
PHARMACOKINETICS 316 III. THERAPEUTIC USES 317 1. DERMATITIS
HERPETIFORMIS 317 2. OTHER USES 317 IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS 317 V. DOSAGE
317 H. CLOROQUINE 317 I. MECHANISM OF ACTION 318 II. PHARMACOKINETICS
318 XXIV CONTENTS III. THERAPEUTIC USES 318 IV. DOSAGE 318 V. ADVERSE
EFFECTS 318 VI. PRECAUTIONS 319 J. CYCLOSPORIN 319 I. MECHANISM OF
ACTION 319 II. PHARMACOKINETICS 319 III. THERAPEUTIC USES 319 1.
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST-DISEASE 319 2. PSORIASIS 319 3. DERMATITIS 320 4.
OTHER SKIN DISEASES 320 IV. UNWANTED EFFECTS 320 K. THALIDOMIDE 320 I.
THERAPEUTIC USES 320 II. ADVERSE EFFECTS 321 III. DOSAGE 321 L.
CLOFAZIMINE 321 I. MECHANISM OF ACTION 321 II. PHARMACOKINETICS 321 III.
THERAPEUTIC USES 321 IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS 321 V. DOSAGE 322 M. COLCHICINE
322 I. PHARMACOKINETICS 322 II. THERAPEUTIC USES 322 III. ADVERSE
EFFECTS 322 IV. DOSAGE 323 V. PRECAUTIONS 323 N. LEVAMISOLE 323 I. MODE
OF ACTION 323 II. PHARMACOKINETICS 323 III. THERAPEUTIC USES 323 IV.
ADVERSE EFFECTS 324 V. DOSAGE 324 O. OTHER CYTOSTATIC DRUGS USED IN
DERMATOLOGY 324 REFERENCES 324 CHAPTER 25 THREE GENERATIONS OF
RETINOIDS: BASIC PHARMACOLOGIC DATA, MODE OF ACTION, AND EFFECT ON
KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION R. STADLER. WITH 17
FIGURES 329 A. GENERAL ASPECTS 329 B. SYNTHESIS OF RETINOIDS 329 C.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX, PRECLINICAL EVALUATION 330 CONTENTS XXV D.
FIRST-GENERATION RETINOIDS 332 I. TRETINOIN 332 1. PHARMACOKINETICS 332
II. ISOTRETINOIN 334 1. PHARMACOKINETICS 334 E. SECOND-GENERATION
RETINOIDS 335 I. ETRETINATE 335 1. PHARMACOKINETICS 335 II. NEW
MONOAROMATICS 337 F. THIRD-GENERATION RETINOIDS: AROTINOIDS
(POLYAROMATICS) 337 I. AROTINOIDS WITH A CARBON-CONTAINING POLAR END
GROUP . . . 337 1. PHARMACOKINETICS 338 II. AROTINOIDS WITH A
SULFUR-CONTAINING POLAR END GROUP . . . . 338 III. AROTINOID RO-15-0778:
THE PARENT COMPOUND 339 G. RETINOIDS, INTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS,
AND MECHANISM OF ACTION . 339 H. MOLECULAR-BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC
RETINOIDS 340 J. INFLUENCE OF MONOAROMATIC AND POLY AROMATIC RETINOIDS
ON NEONATAL MOUSE KERATINOCYTE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION IN
VITRO . 343 REFERENCES 352 CHAPTER 26 HYPOLIPIDAEMIC AGENTS IN THE
TREATMENT OF XANTHOMATA N.E. MILLER 359 A. INTRODUCTION 359 B. TREATMENT
OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA 359 I. CHOLESTYRAMINE 361 II. COLESTIPOL 361 III.
NICOTINIC ACID 361 IV. CLOFIBRATE . . 362 V. PROBUCOL . 362 VI. DRUG
COMBINATIONS 362 REFERENCES. 363 CHAPTER 27 DRUGS ACTING ON DERMAL
CONNECTIVE TISSUE B. NUSGENS AND CM. LAPIERE 365 A. INTRODUCTION 365 B.
DRUGS ACTING AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION . . . . 365
I. GLUCOCORTICOIDS 365 II. SEX HORMONES 367 III. PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY 367
IV. ANTIMITOTICS AND ANTIBIOTICS 367 XXVI CONTENTS V. GROWTH FACTORS 368
1. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR 368 2. FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS 368 3.
PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR 368 4. INSULIN AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH
FACTORS 369 5. CYTOKINES 369 6. TUMOUR ANGIOGENESIS FACTOR AND
ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS . 369 7. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS 369 VI.
ONCOGENES 370 VII. PRECURSOR SEQUENCES OF PROCOLLAGENS 370 C. DRUGS
ACTING ON HYDROXYLATION 370 I. AMINO ACID ANALOGUES 370 II. IRON
CHELATORS 371 III. VITAMIN C : 371 D. DRUGS ACTING ON SECRETION 371 I.
CYTOSKELETON-DISRUPTIVE DRUGS 371 II. CANAVANIN .371 III. TUNICAMYCIN
372 IV. IONOPHORES 372 E. DRUGS ACTING ON CROSS-LINKING 372 I.
LATHYROGENS 372 II. PENICILLAMINE 372 III. COPPER 373 IV. SEX HORMONES
373 V. FLAVONOIDS 373 VI. CATECHOL ANALOGUES 373 VII. RADIOTHERAPY 373
VIII. COAGULATION FACTOR XHIA 374 F. DRUGS ACTING ON DEGRADATION 374 I.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN 374 II. PROSTAGLANDINS 374 III. VITAMIN A AND
RETINOIDS 375 IV. ENZYME REPLACEMENT THERAPY 375 V. ELASTASE INHIBITOR
375 G. CONCLUSIONS 375 REFERENCES 376 CHAPTER 28 FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS
R.J. HAY 383 A. INTRODUCTION 383 B. MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS
384 I. DYES AND KERATOLYTIC AGENTS 384 II. SPECIFIC ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS
384 CONTENTS XXVII III. POLYENE ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS 385 IV. IMIDAZOLE
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS 385 V. ORAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS USED IN SUPERFICIAL
INFECTIONS . . . . 386 1. KETOCONAZOLE 386 2. GRISEOFULVIN 388 3. OTHER
ORAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS 389 C. CONCLUSION 390 REFERENCES 391 CHAPTER 29
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS M.I. WHITE 395 A. INTRODUCTION 395 B. NORMAL SKIN
FLORA 395 C. SKIN SURFACE DEFENCES 395 D. SKIN FLORA IN DISEASE STATES
396 E. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT 396 I. NON-SPECIFIC MEASURES 396
II. TOPICAL 397 III. SYSTEMIC 397 F. ANTIBIOTICS 398 I. PENICILLINS 398
II. MACROLIDES 399 III. POLYMYXINS 399 IV. AMINOGLYCOSIDES 400 V.
CEPHALOSPORINS 400 VI. TETRACYCLINES 400 VII. ANTI-TUBERCULOUS DRUGS , .
400 VIII. METRONIDAZOLE I . 401 G. CLINICAL SITUATIONS .401 I.
INFECTIONS 401 1. IMPETIGO 401 2. FURUNCULOSIS 402 3. ECTHYMA 402 4.
CELLULITIS 402 5. GRAM-NEGATIVE INFECTIONS 403 6. ERYTHRASMA 403 7.
TUBERCULOSIS 403 8. MISCELLANEOUS 403 II. DISEASES EXACERBATED BY
BACTERIA 404 1. ATOPIC DERMATITIS 404 2. PSORIASIS 405 3. NAPKIN
DERMATITIS 405 4. LEG ULCERS 405 XXVIII CONTENTS 5. HIDRADENITIS
SUPPURATIVA 406 6. MISCELLANEOUS 406 III. INFECTION IN
IMMUNE-COMPROMISED PATIENTS 406 REFERENCES 406 CHAPTER 30 HERPES VIRUS
INFECTIONS D. BRIGDEN 409 A. INTRODUCTION 409 B. CLASSIFICATION 409 C.
HERPES SIMPLEX 409 I. LATENCY AND RECURRENCE 410 D. VARICELLA ZOSTER 411
E. THERAPY 411 I. IDOXURIDINE 411 II. ADENINE ARABINOSIDE 411 III.
TRIFLUOROTHYMIDINE 412 IV. ACYCLOVIR 412 1. HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION 412
2. HERPES ZOSTER INFECTION 414 V. BROMOVINYLDEOXYURIDINE 414 VI.
INTERFERON 414 F. DRUG RESISTANCE 414 G. CONCLUSION 415 REFERENCES 416
CHAPTER 31 THE URTICARIAS A. KOBZA BLACK 419 A. INTRODUCTION 419 B.
HISTAMINE 419 I. MAST CELL RELEASE 420 II. MAST CELL NUMBERS AND
STABILITY 421 III. BASOPHIL RESPONSES 421 IV. REACTIVITY OF BLOOD
VESSELS 421 V. INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER MEDIATORS 421 C. MEDIATORS DERIVED
FROM ARACHIDONIC ACID 422 I. ARACHIDONATE CYCLO-OXYGENASE PRODUCTS 422
II. ARACHIDONATE LIPOXYGENASE PRODUCTS . 423 D. NEUTROPHIL AND
EOSINOPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS 423 E. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR 424 F.
PLATELET FACTOR 4 424 G. EOSINOPHIL GRANULE PROTEINS 425 H. PROTEASES
426 J. NEUROPEPTIDES 426 CONTENTS XXIX K. ACETYLCHOLINE 427 L. MEDIATORS
DERIVED FROM PLASMA 427 I. KININS 427 M. HEREDITARY ANGIO-OEDEMA (HAE)
428 I. ACQUIRED CL INHIBITOR DEFICIENCY 430 N. FIBRIN AND FIBRINOLYSIS
430 O. COMPLEMENT 430 P. CELLULAR INFILTRATION 431 REFERENCES 432
CHAPTER 32 ECZEMA S. SHUSTER 439 A. INTRODUCTION 439 B. TREATMENT
DIRECTED AT CAUSATIVE MECHANISMS 439 I. ASTEATOTIC ECZEMA 439 II. ATOPIC
ECZEMA 439 III. CONTACT ECZEMA 439 IV. INFECTED ECZEMA 440 V.
SEBORRHOEIC ECZEMA 440 VI. STASIS ECZEMA . . . 440 C. SYMPTOMATIC
TREATMENT 441 I. CORTICOSTEROIDS 441 II. TAR APPLICATIONS 441 III.
EMOLLIENTS 442 IV. ANTIHISTAMINES 442 V. CYCLOSPORIN A 442 VI.
CYTOSTATIC DRUGS 442 VII. PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY 443 VIII. GRENZ RAY THERAPY
, . . 443 D. SPECIFIC ECZEMATOUS DERMATOSES , . . 443 I. LICHENIFIED
ECZEMA . 443 II. NODULAR PRURIGO 443 III. ERYTHRODERMA AND EXFOLIATIVE
DERMATITIS 443 IV. ATOPIC ECZEMA 443 REFERENCES 444 CHAPTER 33 TREATMENT
OF PSORIASIS J. MARKS 447 A. INTRODUCTION AND AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS 447
I. GENETICS 447 II. PRECIPITATING FACTORS 447 1. STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
447 2. KOEBNER PHENOMENON 447 XXX CONTENTS 3. STRESS 448 4. LITHIUM 448
III. ABNORMALITIES IN SKIN AND OTHER ORGANS 448 1. INCREASED EPIDERMAL
PROLIFERATION 448 2. LEUKOTRIENE PRODUCTION 448 3. IMMUNOLOGICAL
ABNORMALITIES 449 B. CHOICE OF TREATMENT 449 C. CLEARANCE OF CHRONIC
PLAQUE PSORIASIS 449 I. TOPICAL PREPARATIONS 449 1. CORTICOSTEROIDS 449
2. TAR 449 3. DITHRANOL 449 II. PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY (PUVA) 450 1. PSORALEN
BATHS 451 III. HOW TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TAR, DITHRANOL AND PUVA 451 D.
PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE OF CHRONIC PLAQUE PSORIASIS 451 E. PSORIASIS AT
SPECIAL SITES 452 I. FACE 452 II. SCALP 452 III. FLEXURES 452 IV. PALMS
AND SOLES 452 V. NAILS 452 F. SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS (EXCLUDING PUVA) 453
I. CORTICOSTEROIDS 453 II. ANTI-MITOTICS 453 1. METHOTREXATE 453 2.
HYDROXYUREA 454 III. AROMATIC RETINOIDS 454 IV. CYCLOSPORIN A 454 V.
OTHER TREATMENTS 455 REFERENCES 455 CHAPTER 34 ANTHRALIN B. SHROOT AND
H. SCHAEFER. WITH 5 FIGURES 459 A. INTRODUCTION 459 B. CHEMISTRY 459 I.
ANTHRONE-ANTHRANOL TAUTOMERISM 459 II. CHEMICAL ASSAY 460 C.
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY: NEW DERIVATIVES 462 D. MODE OF ACTION 462 E.
PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM 464 I. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES:
HUMAN SKIN 464 II. ANIMAL STUDIES 464 CONTENTS XXXI F. PHARMACOLOGY OF
ANTHRALIN IRRITATION 465 I. QUANTIFICATION OF THE ERYTHEMATOUS RESPONSE
465 II. MEDIATOR STUDIES: INDIRECT METHODS 466 III. MEDIATOR STUDIES:
DIRECT METHODS 466 G. THERAPY 467 I. INGRAM AND RELATED REGIMENS 467 II.
SHORT-CONTACT THERAPY WITH ANTHRALIN 468 H. ADVERSE REACTIONS 468
REFERENCES 469 CHAPTER 35 THE TREATMENT OF ACNE J.R. MARSDEN AND S.
SHUSTER 473 A. INTRODUCTION 473 B. SEBOSTATIC DRUGS 473 I. ENDOCRINE
INHIBITORS 473 1. ANTI-ANDROGENS 473 2. OESTROGENS AND ORAL
CONTRACEPTIVES 474 3. CORTICOSTEROIDS 474 II. INHIBITORS OF SEBACEOUS
LIPOGENESIS 475 III. DIRECT ACTION ON SEBACEOUS CELL: ISOTRETINOIN 475
C. ANTI-MICROBIALS 475 I. TETRACYCLINE 476 II. ERYTHROMYCIN 476 III.
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE 476 IV. CLINDAMYCIN 477 V. SYSTEMIC VERSUS TOPICAL
ANTIBIOTICS 477 VI. BENZOYL PEROXIDE 477 VII. OTHER ANTI-MICROBIALS 478
D. MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENTS 478 I. TRETINOIN (RETINOIC ACID) * * 478
II. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION . 478 III. SUPERFICIAL X-RAY THERAPY .478 E.
CONCLUSION 478 REFERENCES 479 CHAPTER 36 PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTI-ANDROGENS
IN THE SKIN D.S. THOMSON. WITH 3 FIGURES 483 A. INTRODUCTION 483 B.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANDROGENS 483 C. ANTI-ANDROGENS: MODE OF ACTION
AND CHEMISTRY 485 I. INHIBITORS OF 5A-REDUCTASE 485 II. CYTOSOL RECEPTOR
BLOCKERS 485 III. SPIRONOLACTONE 488 XXXII CONTENTS D. ANIMAL MODELS:
ANTI-ANDROGENS AND SEBACEOUS GLAND FUNCTION . . 488 E. CLINICAL
EVALUATION OF ANTI-ANDROGENS 489 F. TOPICAL ANTI-ANDROGENS 490
REFERENCES 490 CHAPTER 37 THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON HAIR N.B. SIMPSON. WITH
1 FIGURE 495 A. INTRODUCTION 495 B. THE HAIR GROWTH CYCLE 495 I. CATAGEN
495 II. TELOGEN 496 III. ANAGEN 496 C. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HAIR
CYCLE 497 D. ASSESSMENT OF DRUG EFFECTS ON HAIR 497 E. HORMONES AND HAIR
GROWTH 497 F. HIRSUTISM 498 I. HORMONAL THERAPY FOR HIRSUTISM 498 1.
REDUCTION OF CIRCULATING ANDROGEN LEVELS 498 2. ANTI-ANDROGENS 499 G.
MALE-PATTERN BALDNESS (ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA) 499 I. TREATMENTS FOR
ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA 500 1. ANTI-ANDROGENS 500 2. NON-HORMONAL THERAPY
500 H. PREGNANCY AND THE CONTRACEPTIVE PILL 501 J. TREATMENTS FOR
ALOPECIA AREATA AND ALOPECIA TOTALIS 501 K. DRUGS CAUSING HAIR LOSS OR
HAIR GAIN 502 I. DRUG-INDUCED HYPERTRICHOSIS 502 II. DRUG-INDUCED HAIR
LOSS 502 1. CYTOSTATIC AGENTS 503 2. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR 504 L. HAIR
COLOUR AND SHAPE 504 REFERENCES 504 CHAPTER 38 PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY R.S.
STERN, J.A. PARRISH AND B. JOHNSON. WITH 8 FIGURES 509 A. DEFINITION AND
HISTORY 509 B. PHOTOBIOLOGY 510 C. PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY IN
RELATION TO PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY 511 D. PHOTOSENSITISATION 514 E. THE
PSORALENS 515 I. PHARMACOLOGY 516 II. PHOTOCHEMISTRY 521 CONTENTS XXXIII
III. ACUTE EFFECT OF PUVA ON NORMAL SKIN 523 IV. CLINICAL USES OF PUVA
524 1. VITILIGO 524 2. PSORIASIS 525 3. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES 527 4.
URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA 528 5. LIGHT-RELATED DERMATOSES 528 6. ECZEMA 528
7. OTHER DISORDERS. 528 V. TREATMENT PRINCIPLES 529 1. DOSIMETRY 529 2.
IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS 530 3. OTHER SKIN CHANGES 530 4. SKIN CANCER 530
5. SKIN AGEING 531 6. MISCELLANEOUS CUTANEOUS TOXICITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
PUVA THERAPY 532 7. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL RISKS 532 8. SYSTEMIC TOXICITY OF
PUVA 532 REFERENCES 532 CHAPTER 39 DAPSONE AND SULPHAPYRIDINE T.M.
TWOSE. WITH 1 FIGURE 543 A. INTRODUCTION 543 B. CHEMICAL ASPECTS 543 I.
STRUCTURES OF DDS, SP AND THEIR CIRCULATING METABOLITES . . . 543 II.
ASSAY METHODS 544 C. PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM IN HUMANS 544 D.
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS IN DERMATOSES . . 545 E. THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS IN
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS . . 547 F. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIONS IN ANIMALS .
547 G. COMPARATIVE PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM 547 H. IN VITRO
ACTIONS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION 548 J. CONCLUDING REMARKS 549
REFERENCES 550 CHAPTER 40 ZINC DEFICIENCY D.J. ATHERTON 553 A.
INTRODUCTION 553 B. ZINC DEFICIENCY 553 I. ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA
554 II. PREMATURITY AND BOTTLE FEEDING 554 III. AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN
THE DIET 555 XXXIV CONTENTS IV. INTRAVENOUS FEEDING 555 V. MALABSORPTION
AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 555 VI. TREATMENT WITH CHELATING AGENTS
AND DIURETICS 555 VII. BURNS AND SKIN DISEASES 556 VIII. DIALYSIS 556
IX. ALCOHOLISM AND CIRRHOSIS 556 C. ZINC AND WOUND HEALING 556 D. ZINC
AND ACNE VULGARIS 556 E. ZINC AND HERPES SIMPLEX 556 F. POSSIBLE
MECHANISMS OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY . . . 557 I.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS 557 II. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID METABOLISM 557
III. CELL MEMBRANE STABILITY 557 IV. VITAMIN A METABOLISM 557 V. BUCCAL
EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION 557 VI. COLLAGEN 558 REFERENCES 558 CHAPTER 41
THE ICHTHYOSES R. MARKS 561 A. INTRODUCTION 561 B. TREATMENT OF THE
ICHTHYOSES 561 I. TREATMENT DIRECTED TOWARDS AN UNDERLYING CAUSE 561 II.
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENTS 562 1. GENERAL MANAGEMENT 562 2. RETINOIDS 562 3.
TOPICAL THERAPIES 562 A) EMOLLIENTS 562 B) OSMOTIC AGENTS 563 C)
KERATOLYTIC (DESQUAMATORY) AGENTS ,. . . . 563 D) ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
563 REFERENCES 563 CHAPTER 42 TROPICAL SKIN DISEASES G.H. REE 565 A.
INTRODUCTION 565 B. ONCHOCERCIASIS (RIVER BLINDNESS) 565 C. CUTANEOUS
LEISHMANIASIS 566 D. LEPROSY 567 E. YAWS 568 REFERENCES 569 SUBJECT
INDEX 571
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:36:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540502777 0387502777 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXXVII, 587 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| series | Handbook of experimental pharmacology |
| series2 | Handbook of experimental pharmacology |
| spelling | Pharmacology of the skin 2 Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases eds. Malcolm W. Greaves ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1989 XXXVII, 587 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Handbook of experimental pharmacology 87,2 Handbook of experimental pharmacology ... Skin Diseases cabt Drug Therapy cabt Dermatological Agents cabt Farmacología dermatológica Piel - Enfermedades Dermatologic agents pharmacology Skin diseases Drug therapy Greaves, Malcolm W. Sonstige oth Abramson, David I. 1905-2002 Sonstige (DE-588)131421859 oth Atherton, David J. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV009507903 2 Handbook of experimental pharmacology 87,2 (DE-604)BV002390716 87,2 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001241512&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pharmacology of the skin Handbook of experimental pharmacology Skin Diseases cabt Drug Therapy cabt Dermatological Agents cabt Farmacología dermatológica Piel - Enfermedades Dermatologic agents pharmacology Skin diseases Drug therapy |
| title | Pharmacology of the skin |
| title_auth | Pharmacology of the skin |
| title_exact_search | Pharmacology of the skin |
| title_full | Pharmacology of the skin 2 Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases eds. Malcolm W. Greaves ... |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacology of the skin 2 Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases eds. Malcolm W. Greaves ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacology of the skin 2 Methods, absorption, metabolism and toxicity, drugs and diseases eds. Malcolm W. Greaves ... |
| title_short | Pharmacology of the skin |
| title_sort | pharmacology of the skin methods absorption metabolism and toxicity drugs and diseases |
| topic | Skin Diseases cabt Drug Therapy cabt Dermatological Agents cabt Farmacología dermatológica Piel - Enfermedades Dermatologic agents pharmacology Skin diseases Drug therapy |
| topic_facet | Skin Diseases Drug Therapy Dermatological Agents Farmacología dermatológica Piel - Enfermedades Dermatologic agents pharmacology Skin diseases Drug therapy |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001241512&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV009507903 (DE-604)BV002390716 |
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