An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
1987
|
| Edition: | 3., rev. ed. |
| Series: | Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology
6,2 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 274 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444807950 0444807926 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |c T. Chard |
| 250 | |a 3., rev. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 1987 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 274 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology |v 6,2 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1805082643127074816 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XV
CHAPTER 1. THE BACKGROUND TO IMMUNOASSAY 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.2. TERMINOLOGY 1
1.3. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY 2
1.4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BINDING ASSAYS 4
1.4.1. LABELLED ANTIGEN IMMUNOASSAYS 4
1.4.2. LABELLED ANTIBODY ASSAYS ('IMMUNOMETRIC' ASSAYS) 8
1.5. BINDER DILUTION CURVES AND STANDARD CURVES 10
1.6. METHODS FOR PLOTTING THE STANDARD CURVE 12
1.7. THE MEASUREMENT OF K VALUE 22
CHAPTER 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS -PURIFIED LIGAND 26
2.1. THE NEED FOR PURIFIED LIGAND 26
2.2. AVAILABILITY OF PURE LIGAND 26
2.2.1. LARGE PROTEIN HORMONES 27
2.2.2. CARCINO-FETAL ANTIGENS 27
2.2.3. STEROID HORMONES, DRUGS, AND OTHER SMALL MOLECULES 28
2.2.4. SMALL PEPTIDE HORMONES 28
2.3. DISSIMILARITY BETWEEN PURIFIED LIGAND AND ENDOGENOUS LIGAND 29 2.4.
STANDARDS 30
2.4.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STANDARD 31
2.4.2. PREPARATION AND CALIBRATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 32
2.4.3. PRACTICAL USE OF STANDARDS 32
2.4.3.1. RULES FOR PREPARATION OF STANDARDS 34
2.5. STORAGE OF MATERIALS USED IN BINDING ASSAYS 38
VII
IMAGE 2
VIII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - TRACER USING
RADIOISOTOPIC LABELS 40
3.1. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 40
3.2. COUNTING OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 42
3.3. CHOICE OF COUNTER 44
3.4. SOME PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ISOTOPE COUNTING 45
3.5. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRACER 46
3.6. PREPARATION OF TRACERS 47
3.7. IODINATED TRACERS 47
3.7.1. IODINATION METHODS 47
3.7.1.1. CHLORAMINE T \ . . 48
3.7.1.2. LACTOPEROXIDASE (EC 1.11.1.7) 49
3.7.1.3. TODOGEN' 51
3.7.1.4. CONJUGATION LABELLING 51
3.7.2. CHOICE OF IODINATION PROCEDURE 54
3.7.3. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CHLORAMINE T IODINATION 54
3.7.4. IODINATION DAMAGE 57
3.7.5. PURIFICATION OF IODINATED TRACER 59
3.7.6. CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACER 64
3.7.7. IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACER 65
3.8. VARIATIONS ON THE USE OF RADIOLABELLED TRACERS 66
3.8.1. UNIVERSAL TRACERS 66
3.8.2. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC RADIOIMMUNOASSAY 66
3.8.3. INTERNAL SAMPLE ATTENUATORS 67
3.8.4. BIO-SYNTHESISED TRACERS 67
3.8.5. SCINTILLATION PROXIMITY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY 67
CHAPTER 4. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - TRACER LIGAND
USING NON-ISOTOPIC LABELS 68
4.1. PARTICLE LABELS 69
4.2. ENZYME LABELS (ENZYMOIMMUNOASSAY, EIA) 70
4.2.1. HETEROGENEOUS ENZYMOIMMUNOASSAYS (ELISA) 72
4.2.2. HOMOGENEOUS ENZYMOIMMUNOASSAYS 73
4.3. FLUORESCENT LABELS (FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY, FIA) 75
4.3.1. THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF FLUORESCENCE 75
4.3.2. TYPES OF FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY (FIA) 79
4.4. LUMINESCENT LABELS 79
4.5. ADVANTAGES OF NON-ISOTOPIC LABELS IN BINDING ASSAYS 83
4.6. CONCLUSIONS: THE PLACE OF NON-ISOTOPIC BINDING ASSAYS 86
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER 5. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - ANTIBODIES AND
OTHER BINDERS 88
5.1. ANTIBODIES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 88
5.1.1. CHEMISTRY OF ANTIBODIES 88
5.1.2. CHEMISTRY OF ANTIGENS 90
5.1.3. CELLULAR BASIS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 91
5.1.4. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 92
5.2. PREPARATION OF ANTISERA FOR USE IN IMMUNOASSAY 93
5.2.1. PRODUCTION OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES 93
5.2.2. THE NATURE AND DOSE OF THE IMMUNOGEN 94
5.2.3. PREPARATION OF HAPTENS AS IMMUNOGENS 95
5.2.4. THE USE OF ADJUVANT 98
5.2.5. THE ANIMAL SPECIES 98
5.2.6. THE ROUTE OF IMMUNISATION 99
5.2.7. THE TIMING OF INJECTIONS AND COLLECTION OF ANTISERA 99
5.2.8. SELECTION OF ANTISERA FOR USE IN A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY 100
5.2.9. STORAGE OF ANTISERA 102
5.3. 'MONOCLONAL' ANTIBODIES 102
5.3.1. PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MAB) 102
5.3.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 103
5.3.3. PRACTICAL USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 104
5.3.4. RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES 105
5.3.5. ANTI-IDIOTYPE ANTIBODIES 105
5.4. CELL RECEPTORS 105
5.5. CIRCULATING BINDING PROTEINS 107
5.6. RADIOASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIBODIES, CIRCULATING
BINDING PROTEINS AND RECEPTORS 108
CHAPTER 6. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - SEPARATION
SYSTEMS AND IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAYS 777
6.1. EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION PROCEDURES I LL
6.2. PRACTICALITY OF SEPARATION PROCEDURES 113
6.3. METHODS OF SEPARATION OF BOUND AND FREE LIGAND 114
6.3.1. ELECTROPHORESIS 114
6.3.2. GEL FILTRATION 114
6.3.3. ADSORPTION METHODS 116
6.3.3.1. CHARCOAL 116
6.3.3.2. SILICATES 118
6.3.3.3. PROTEIN A-CONTAINING STAPHYLOCOCCI 118
6.3.4. FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION 119
6.3.5. 'DOUBLE' ANTIBODY METHODS 121
6.3.5.1. 'DOUBLE' OR 'SECOND' ANTIBODY 121
IMAGE 4
X CONTENTS
6.3.5.2. DOUBLE-ANTIBODY SOLID-PHASE 125
6.3.6. SOLID-PHASE SYSTEMS 125
6.3.6.1. ANTIBODY ATTACHED TO TUBES, WELLS, SINGLE GLASS BEADS AND OTHER
CONTINUOUS SURFACES 126
6.3.6.2. BINDER ATTACHED TO PANICULATE SOLID PHASE 127
6.3.6.3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLID-PHASE SYSTEMS 128 6.3.7.
CONCLUSIONS: THE CHOICE OF A SEPARATION PROCEDURE 129
6.4. IMMUNOMETRIC TECHNIQUES 130
6.4.1. THE ONE-SITE IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAY 130
6.4.2. THE TWO-SITE IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAY 132
6.4.3. ADVANTAGES OF IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAYS 134
6.4.4. DISADVANTAGES OF IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAYS 135
CHAPTER 7. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - EXTRACTION OF
LIGAND FROM BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS, AND COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF SAMPLES 137
7.1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURES 137
7.2. EXTRACTION USING PARTICULATE ADSORBENTS 141
7.3. EXTRACTION WITH IMMUNOADSORBENTS 141
7.4. EXTRACTION WITH ORGANIC SOLVENTS 143
7.5. DISSOCIATION PROCEDURES 144
7.5.1. CON VERSION OF CONJUGATED STEROIDS TO THE UNCONJUGATED FORM . .
. 144 7.5.2. DISSOCIATION OF LIGAND FROM ENDOGENOUS BINDING PROTEINS
145 7.6. MEASUREMENT OF 'FREE' HORMONE OR DRUG 147
7.7. CONCLUSIONS - THE ELIMINATION OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURES 148
7.8. SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR IMMUNOASSAY 150
CHAPTER 8. REQUIREMENTS FOR BINDING ASSAYS - CALCULATION OF
RESULTS 153
8.1. CALCULATION OF RESULTS BY MANUAL EXTRAPOLATION 153
8.2. DATA TRANSFORMATION OF THE STANDARD CURVE 154
8.3. THE LOGIT TRANSFORMATION 155
8.4. IDENTIFICATION OF OUTLIERS 157
8.5. ESTIMATION OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS TO THE RESULT OF AN UNKNOWN 158
8.6. ELECTRONIC AIDS TO CALCULATION OF RESULTS 159
8.7. CALCULATION OF RESULTS OF LABELLED ANTIBODY ASSAYS 160
CHAPTER 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF BINDING ASSAYS - SENSITIVITY . 161
9.1. DEFINITION OF SENSITIVITY 161
9.2. METHODS OF INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY OF A BINDING ASSAY 163
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XI
9.2.1. REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF TRACER 163
9.2.2. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF TRACER 164
9.2.3. REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF ANTIBODY 165
9.2.4. INCREASING THE INCUBATION TIME 166
9.2.5. REDUCING THE INCUBATION TIME - DISEQUILIBRIUM ASSAYS 167
9.2.6. ORDER OF ADDITION OF REAGENTS 167
9.2.7. PURIFICATION OF ANTIBODY 168
9.2.8. INCREASING THE SAMPLE VOLUME 169
9.2.9. TEMPERATURE OF INCUBATION 169
9.2.10. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF REPLICATES 169
9.2.11. EXTRACTION AND CONCENTRATION 170
9.2.12. IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAYS 170
9.2.13. MIXING ANTIBODIES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFICITIES 170
9.2.14. IMPROVING THE SPECIFICITY OF THE SYSTEM 170
9.3. METHODS OF DECREASING THE SENSITIVITY OF AN ASSAY 171
9.3.1. INCREASING THE ANTIBODY CONCENTRATION 171
9.3.2. 'EARLY ADDITION' OF TRACER 172
9.4. TARGETING OF BINDING ASSAYS - THE IMPORTANCE OF RANGES 172
9.5. OPTIMISATION OF AN ASSAY BY THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 172
9.6. CONCLUSIONS 173
CHAPTER 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF BINDING ASSAYS - SPECIFICITY . 175
10.1. DEFINITION OF SPECIFICITY 175
10.2. SPECIFIC NON-SPECIFICITY 175
10.2.1. THE BASIS OF SPECIFIC NON-SPECIFICITY 175
10.2.2. ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC NON-SPECIFICITY 177
10.2.3. RELEVANCE OF SPECIFICITY TO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES .
. . 182 10.2.4. METHODS FOR IMPROVING SPECIFICITY 182
10.2.4.1. CHOICE OF IMMUNOGEN 182
10.2.4.2. MANIPULATION OF CONDITIONS OF ASSAY 183
10.2.4.3. REMOVAL OF UNWANTED POPULATIONS OF ANTIBODY 184
10.2.4.4. CHOICE OF TRACER LIGAND 185
10.2.4.5. OTHER METHODS OF IMPROVING SPECIFICITY 185
10.3. NON-SPECIFIC NON-SPECIFICITY 187
10.3.1. PRESENCE OF MATERIALS WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE BINDER-LIGAND
REACTION 187
10.3.2. VARIATIONS OF BLANK VALUES IN SAMPLES 187
10.3.3. DESTRUCTION OR SEQUESTRATION OF BINDER, TRACER OR LIGAND 188
10.3.4. THE DETECTION AND ELIMINATION OF NON-SPECIFIC SPECIFICITY 190
CHAPTER 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF BINDING ASSAYS - PRECISION . 194
11.1. DEFINITIONS 194
11.2. FACTORS AFFECTING PRECISION 195
IMAGE 6
XII CONTENTS
11.2.1. ERRORS IN THE REAGENTS AND DESIGN OF THE ASSAY 195
11.2.1.1. ERRORS IN THE REAGENT SOLUTIONS 195
11.2.1.2. ERRORS DUE TO THE SEPARATION PROCEDURE 196
11.2.1.3. ERRORS DUE TO DISEQUILIBRIUM 196
11.2.1.4. ERROR DUE TO STANDARDS 196
11.2.1.5. ERRORS AT DIFFERENT POINTS ON THE STANDARD CURVE 196
11.2.1.6. COUNTING ERRORS 197
11.2.2. ERRORS IN THE TECHNICAL OPERATION OF THE ASSAY 199
11.3. QUALITY CONTROL TO MONITOR THE PRECISION OF A BINDING ASSAY 201
11.3.1. RESULT STATISTICS 201
11.3.1.1. PREPARATION OF QUALITY CONTROL MATERIALS 202
11.3.1.2. ANALYSIS OF RESULT STATISTICS 203
11.3.2. STANDARD CURVE STATISTICS 206
11.3.3. REPLICATE STATISTICS 207
11.4. PRACTICAL USE OF A QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME 209
11.5. EXTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL SCHEMES 210
11.6. BIOLOGICAL VARIATION 213
11.7. SUMMARY - OPTIMISING THE PRECISION OF A BINDING ASSAY 213
CHAPTER 12. CHARACTERISTICS OF BINDING ASSAYS - RELATION TO
OTHER TYPES OF ASSAY 215
12.1. DEFINITIONS 215
12.2. RECEPTOR ASSAYS 215
12.3. ASSAYS USING CIRCULATING BINDING PROTEINS (CPB) 216
12.4. IMMUNOASSAYS FOR HORMONES 216
12.5. IMMUNOASSAYS FOR NON-HORMONAL COMPOUNDS 219
12.6. BIOIMMUNOASSAYS 220
12.7. CONCLUSIONS 221
CHAPTER 13. AUTOMATION OF BINDING ASSAYS 223
13.1. AUTOMATION OF BINDING ASSAYS 223
13.2. IDENTIFICATION AND DISPENSING OF THE SAMPLE 224
13.3. ADDITION OF REAGENTS 225
13.4. INCUBATION 226
13.5. SEPARATION OF BOUND AND FREE LIGAND 226
13.6. QUANTITATION OF TRACER 228
13.7. CALCULATION OF RESULTS 228
13.8. BATCH PROCESSING 228
13.9. CONCLUSIONS 229
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XIII
CHAPTER 14. ORGANISATION OF ASSAY SERVICES 231
14.1. WHO SHOULD PERFORM RADIOIMMUNOASSAY? 231
14.2. ORGANISATION OF AN ASSAY LABORATORY 232
14.3. ORGANISATION OF ASSAY SERVICES 235
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I. MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS OF EQUIPMENT 237
APPENDIX II. SUPPLIERS OF SPECIAL REAGENTS AND CHEMICALS 240
APPENDIX III. SUPPLIERS OF GENERAL REAGENTS AND MATERIALS 241
APPENDIX IV. SOME MANUFACTURERS OF REAGENT KITS FOR RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND
RELATED TECHNIQUES 242
APPENDIX V. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES .
. 244 APPENDIX VI. COMMONLY USED PROCEDURES FOR THE ATTACHMENT OF
LIGANDS TO CARRIER MOLECULES OR SOLID-PHASE MATERIALS 249
REFERENCES 256
SUBJECT INDEX 271 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chard, Tim 1937- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115420029 |
| author_facet | Chard, Tim 1937- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Chard, Tim 1937- |
| author_variant | t c tc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV001254132 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP519 |
| callnumber-raw | QP519 |
| callnumber-search | QP519 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3519 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | WC 4150 |
| classification_tum | MED 450f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)610637354 (DE-599)BVBBV001254132 |
| dewey-full | 574.19/2/028 574.19/285 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
| dewey-raw | 574.19/2/028 574.19/285 |
| dewey-search | 574.19/2/028 574.19/285 |
| dewey-sort | 3574.19 12 228 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| edition | 3., rev. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV001254132 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:35:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444807950 0444807926 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000754018 |
| oclc_num | 610637354 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-578 DE-Ig2 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-578 DE-Ig2 |
| physical | XVI, 274 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publishDateSearch | 1987 |
| publishDateSort | 1987 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology |
| series2 | Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology |
| spelling | Chard, Tim 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)115420029 aut An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques T. Chard 3., rev. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1987 XVI, 274 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology 6,2 Radioimmunoassay cabt Bioquimica larpcal Immunodosage Radioimmunodosage Immunoassay Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunassay (DE-588)4176826-7 gnd rswk-swf Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Radioimmunassay (DE-588)4176826-7 s DE-604 Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 s 1\p DE-604 Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology 6,2 (DE-604)BV005871299 6,2 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000754018&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Chard, Tim 1937- An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology Radioimmunoassay cabt Bioquimica larpcal Immunodosage Radioimmunodosage Immunoassay Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunassay (DE-588)4176826-7 gnd Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176826-7 (DE-588)4113998-7 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |
| title_auth | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |
| title_full | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques T. Chard |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques T. Chard |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques T. Chard |
| title_short | An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |
| title_sort | an introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques |
| topic | Radioimmunoassay cabt Bioquimica larpcal Immunodosage Radioimmunodosage Immunoassay Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunassay (DE-588)4176826-7 gnd Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radioimmunoassay Bioquimica Immunodosage Radioimmunodosage Immunoassay Radioimmunassay Immunassay Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000754018&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV005871299 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chardtim anintroductiontoradioimmunoassayandrelatedtechniques |