Inorganic geochemistry:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Pergamon Pr.
1982
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 353 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0080204481 0080204473 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Henderson, Paul |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Inorganic geochemistry |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Pergamon Pr. |c 1982 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 353 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
INTRODUCTION xi
UNITS AND SYMBOLS xiii
PART ONE: THE COMPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK
1. METEORITES 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Definition and classification 3
1.3 Mineralogy and composition 5
1.3.1 Chondrites 5
1.3.2 Achondrites 11
1.3.3 Irons 12
1.3.4 Stony-irons 13
1.4 Cooling rates of irons and stony-irons 14
1.5 Isotope studies 16
1.5.1 Date of meteorite fall 16
1.5.2 Cosmic-ray exposure age 16
1.5.3 Gas-retention age 17
1.5.4 The age of formation 18
1.5.5 Age of nucleosynthesis 19
1.6 Origin 19
1.7 Tektites 22
2. COSMIC ABUNDANCES AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Abundance of the elements 24
2.3 Theories of nucleosynthesis 29
2.3.1 Stellar evolution 29
2.3.2 Hydrogen and helium burning 30
2.3.3 Advanced burning and photodisintegration 34
2.3.4 The equilibrium process (e-process) 35
2.4 Production of the heavy elements 36
2.4.1 Neutron-capture reactions 36
2.4.2 Proton-capture reactions 39
2.5 Production of Li, Be and B 40
2.6 Summary statement on nucleosynthesis 40
Vll
viii Contents
3. THE MOON 42
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Lunar samples: Mineralogical and petrological summary 44
3.3 Some age relationships 47
3.4 Chemical characteristics 48
3.4.1 Volatile elements 49
3.4.2 Oxygen fugacity 51
3.4.3 Refractory elements 51
3.4.4 Element correlations 51
3.4.5 Rare-earth element distributions 52
3.5 Composition of the Moon 55
4. THE EARTH 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Composition of the whole Earth 61
4.3 Composition of the core 66
4.4 Nature of the mantle 67
4.5 Composition of the crust 70
4.6 The atmosphere and hydrosphere 74
4.7 Geochemical differentiation 74
PART TWO: MAGMATIC AND METAMORPHIC SYSTEMS
5. THE DATA OF ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 The presentation of analytical data 81
5.2.1 Rock or mineral analyses 81
5.2.2 Rock suites or series 82
5.3 Element variation during crystal—liquid fractionation 84
5.3.1 General trends 84
5.3.2 Pegmatites 85
5.3.3 The SkaergaarfJ intrusion, east Greenland 85
5.4 Partition coefficients 88
5.4.1 General principles 88
5.4.2 Natural systems 90
5.4.3 Experimental systems 94
5.5 Volcanic emanations and sublimates 97
5.6 Metamorphism and metasomatism 98
6. STRUCTURAL CONTROLS OF ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION 102
6.1 Introduction 102
6.2 Crystal structure 103
6.2.1 Introduction 103
6.2.2 Some mineral structures 104
6.3 Silicate melts 109
6.3.1 General structure 109
Contents ix
6.3.2 Network-formers and network-modifiers 111
6.3.3 Addition of water 113
6.3.4 Carbon dioxide and other volatiles 115
6.3.5 Polymer model 117
6.3.6 Cation co-ordination in silicate melts 121
6.4 Atomic substitution and isotypism 124
6.5 Ionic radius and charge 125
6.6 Crystal field effects 139
6.7 Covalency effects 149
6.7.1 Application of molecular orbital theory 149
6.7.2 Electronegativity 151
6.7.3 Covalent radii 153
7. THERMODYNAMIC CONTROLS OF ELEMENT
DISTRIBUTION 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Free energy and equilibrium 156
7.2.1 Gibbs function and chemical potential 156
7.2.2 Variation in H, S and G with temperature and pressure 157
7.2.3 Activity and fugacity 158
7.2.4 Equilibrium constant 161
7.3 Activity-composition relations 163
7.4 Order-disorder in minerals 165
7.4.1 Site preferences 165
7.4.2 Temperature dependence 167
7.5 Element distribution between phases 171
7.5.1 Major element distribution 171
7.5.2 Trace element distribution 172
7.6 Geothermometry and geobarometry 175
8. KINETIC CONTROLS OF ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION 184
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 Diffusion 185
8.2.1 Fick s laws and their solution 185
8.2.2 Temperature dependence and compensation 189
8.2.3 Diffusion in melts 189
8.2.4 Diffusion in solids 193
8.3 Nucleation and crystal growth from the melt 196
8.3.1 Nucleation 196
8.3.2 Crystal growth-latent heat of crystallization 200
8.3.3 Interface-controlled growth 201
8.3.4 Diffusion-controlled growth 202
8.4 Transformations 207
8.4.1 Cation ordering 207
8.4.2 Exsolution 208
8.4.3 Polymorphic transformations 212
8.4.4 Closed-system metamorphism 212
8.5 Crystal fractionation 214
8.5.1 Theory 214
8.5.2 Application of theoretical models 219
8.6 Equilibrium and fractional fusion 222
x Contents
9. GEOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPE
DISTRIBUTION 228
9.1 Introduction 228
9.2 Radioactive nuclides: some principles and occurrences 229
9.3 Radioactive nuclides: petrogenesis 232
9.4 Stable isotopes: some principles 236
9.5 Isotope geothermometry 238
9.6 Further applications of stable isotopes 244
9.6.1 Magma genesis 244
9.6.2 Rock-water interaction 245
9.6.3 Genesis of ore-deposits 250
PART THREE: AQUE6US SYSTEMS
10. CONTINENTAL WATERS 255
10.1 Chemical weathering 255
10.1.1 Congruent dissolution 256
10.1.2 Carbonate equilibria 257
10.1.3 Incongruent dissolution 259
10.1.4 Redox reactions 260
10.1.5 Mineral stability 260
10.1.6 Rock weathering 261
10.2 Spring, river and lake waters 263
10.3 Ground waters 265
10.4 Oxidation—reduction 268
10.5 EH -pH diagrams 271
11. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 278
11.1 General data and composition 278
11.2 Chemical speciation in seawater 284
11.3 Residence times 287
11.4 Mass balances 290
11.5 Interaction of seawater with rocks 291
11.6 Kinetic aspects of some mineral deposition processes 297
11.7 Constancy of seawater composition 300
APPENDICES:
I. Units, conversion factors and physical constants 304
II. The periodic table of the elements 306
III. Electronic configurations of the elements 307
IV. Atomic weights 309
V. Ionic radii 310
VI. Electronegativities 315
VII. Geochemical reference literature 316
REFERENCES 319
NAME INDEX 337
SUBJECT INDEX 343
|
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| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Geowissenschaften Geologie / Paläontologie |
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| id | DE-604.BV001253367 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:25:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0080204481 0080204473 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XV, 353 S. graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nveb |
| publishDate | 1982 |
| publishDateSearch | 1982 |
| publishDateSort | 1982 |
| publisher | Pergamon Pr. |
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| spelling | Henderson, Paul Verfasser aut Inorganic geochemistry 1. ed. Oxford Pergamon Pr. 1982 XV, 353 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd rswk-swf Anorganische Geochemie (DE-588)4112531-9 gnd rswk-swf Anorganische Geochemie (DE-588)4112531-9 s DE-604 Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000753477&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Henderson, Paul Inorganic geochemistry Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Anorganische Geochemie (DE-588)4112531-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020198-3 (DE-588)4112531-9 |
| title | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_auth | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_full | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_fullStr | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_short | Inorganic geochemistry |
| title_sort | inorganic geochemistry |
| topic | Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Anorganische Geochemie (DE-588)4112531-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geochemistry Geochemie Anorganische Geochemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000753477&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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