Weed science in the tropics: principles and practices
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester u.a.
Wiley
1987
|
| Series: | A Wiley-Interscience publication
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 522 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0471915440 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Weed science in the tropics
Autor: Akobundu, I. O.
Jahr: 1987
Contents
Preface.................................................................................................... xv
1. Weed science in integrated pest management ................................ 1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................ 1
1.2 Weeds in tropical agriculture.................................................. 1
1.3 Integrated pest management................................................... 3
1.3.1 IPM concepts and development.................................. 4
1.4 Methods and strategies of pest management.......................... 9
1.4.1 Preventive control........................................................ 10
1.4.2 Cultural control........................................................... 10
1.4.3 Biological control........................................................ 11
1.4.4 Chemical control......................................................... 12
1.4.5 Integrated control ....................................................... 15
1.5 Training for IPM.................................................................... 15
1.5.1 Justification and specific needs.................................... 15
1.5.2 Type of training for IPM specialists............................ 16
1.5.3 Weed science training for IPM ................................... 18
1.6 Implementation of IPM.......................................................... 21
References............................................................................... 22
2. Weed biology and ecology .............................................................. 24
2.1 A weed defined........................................................................ 24
2.2 Characteristics of weeds.......................................................... 26
2.2.1 Individual plant characteristics of weeds..................... 26
2.2.2 Collective characteristics of weed groups.................... 29
2.3 Economic importance of weeds.............................................. 32
2.3.1 Losses caused by weeds in agriculture......................... 33
2.3.2 Beneficial effects of weeds............................................ 37
2.4 Classification of weeds............................................................ 38
2.4.1 Life cycle or history..................................................... 38
2.4.2 Habitat........................................................................ 39
2.4.3 Growth habit............................................................... 40
2.4.4 Degree of undesirability............................................... 41
vii
Vili
2.4.5 Morphology................................................................. 41
2.4.6 Scientific classification.................................................. 41
2.5 Global distribution of weeds .................................................. 42
2.6 Reproduction in weeds........................................................... 43
2.6.1 Weed seed production................................................. 43
2.6.2 Seed dispersal .............................................................. 45
2.6.3 Seed germination......................................................... 47
2.6.4 Vegetative reproduction............................................... 50
2.7 Principles of weed ecology...................................................... 51
2.7.1 Persistence and survival mechanisms of weeds............ 53
2.7.2 Crop mimicry............................................................... 54
2.7.3 Factors affecting weed persistence............................... 54
References............................................................................... 55
3. Weed-crop interactions .................................................................. 58
3.1 Interference............................................................................. 59
3.2 Competition............................................................................ 59
3.2.1 Factors that affect competition.................................... 61
3.3 Allelopathy.............................................................................. 68
References............................................................................... 69
4. Weed management.......................................................................... 71
4.1 Introduction............................................................................ 71
4.2 Cultural weed management system......................................... 73
4.2.1 Hand weeding.............................................................. 74
4.2.2 Mechanical weeding..................................................... 79
4.2.3 Tillage.......................................................................... 81
4.2.4 Burning........................................................................ 83
4.2.5 Flooding...................................................................... 85
4.2.6 Mulching..................................................................... 85
4.2.7 Crop rotation............................................................... 86
4.3 Chemical weed management................................................... 86
4.3.1 Herbicide classification................................................ 88
4.4 Biological control of weeds..................................................... 93
4.4.1 Live mulch................................................................... 93
4.4.2 Biological control with invertebrate animals............... 94
4.4.3 Biological control with vertebrate animals.................. 95
4.4.4 Microbial weed control................................................ 96
4.4.5 Allelopathy................................................................... 97
4.4.6 Plant canopy................................................................ 100
4.5 Preventive weed control.......................................................... 101
4.5.1 Fallowing..................................................................... 101
4.5.2 Preventing weeds from setting seeds............................ 102
4.5.3 Use of clean crop seeds for planting............................ 102
4.5.4 Use of clean machinery................................................ 103
IX
4.5.5 Controlled movement of livestock............................... 103
4.6 Integrated weed management.................................................. 104
References............................................................................... 105
5. Herbicides....................................................................................... 110
5.1 Some basic facts about organic compounds........................... 111
5.1.1 Acids, salts and esters.................................................. 115
5.2 Inorganic herbicides ............................................................... 117
5.3 Organic herbicides.................................................................. 118
5.3.1 Oils ............................................................................ 118
5.3.2 Organic arsenicals...................................................... 119
5.3.3 Aliphatic acids........................................................... 119
5.3.4 Nitrophenols.............................................................. 120
5.3.5 Phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides ........................... 121
5.3.6 Amide herbicides ...................................................... 126
5.3.7 Benzonitriles.............................................................. 132
5.3.8 Carbamic acid derivatives.......................................... 133
5.3.9 Dinitroaniline herbicides............................................ 140
5.3.10 Diphenyl ethers.......................................................... 144
5.3.11 Substituted benzoic acids........................................... 147
5.3.12 Symmetrical triazines................................................. 148
5.3.13 Triazinones................................................................ 153
5.3.14 Substituted ureas....................................................... 154
5.3.15 Sulfonylurea herbicides.............................................. 159
5.3.16 Uracil herbicides........................................................ 161
5.3.17 Miscellaneous herbicides............................................ 162
References.................................................................................. 174
6. Herbicides in the environment......................................................... 179
6.1 Introduction............................................................................ 179
6.2 Herbicides in the air................................................................ 181
6.3 Herbicides in the water........................................................... 183
6.4 Herbicides in plants................................................................ 184
6.4.1 Foliar uptake of herbicides ......................................... 185
6.4.2 Herbicide uptake through the stem............................. 191
6.4.3 Root uptake of herbicides........................................... 191
6.4.4 Herbicide uptake through grass shoot......................... 193
6.4.5 Herbicide movement in plants..................................... 196
6.5 Herbicides in the soil............................................................... 201
6.5.1 Types and characteristics of tropical soils................... 201
References..................................................................................... -05
7. Herbicide action in plants and soils ................................................. 207
7.1 Herbicide action in plants....................................................... 207
7.1.1 Effect of herbicides on plant growth ........................... 208
7.1.2 Effect of herbicides on metabolic processes in plants .. 209
7.1.3 Factors affecting herbicide action................................ 222
7.1.4 Plant response to herbicide combinations.................... 223
7.1.5 Factors affecting herbicide action in plants................. 229
7.1.6 Herbicide selectivity..................................................... 230
7.1.7 Hormesis...................................................................... 236
7.1.8 Herbicide resistance in plants...................................... 237
7.1.9 Herbicide antidotes, protectants and safeners............. 241
7.2 Herbicide action in soils.......................................................... 244
7.2.1 Processes influencing the action of soil-applied
herbicides..................................................................... 245
7.2.2 Effect of herbicides on soil microflora and fauna........ 249
7.2.3 Factors influencing herbicide persistence in soils......... 251
References............................................................................... 255
8. Herbicide formulations and use of adjuvants.................................... 261
8.1 Herbicide formulations and use in agriculture........................ 261
8.1.1 Types of herbicide formulations.................................. 262
8.1.2 Chemical derivatives and herbicide formulations........ 266
8.2 Adjuvants................................................................................ 267
8.3 Types and uses of surfactants in weed science........................ 269
8.4 Biological action of surfactants............................................... 272
References............................................................................... 273
9. Herbicide application....................................................................... 274
9.1 Herbicide application equipment............................................ 277
9.1.1 Major components of a sprayer................................... 279
9.1.2 Types of sprayers......................................................... 287
9.2 Sprayer calibration................................................................. 303
9.2.1 Calibration of knapsack sprayers................................ 303
9.2.2 Calibration of tractor-mounted sprayers..................... 305
9.2.3 Sprayer calibration for band application of herbicides 307
9.2.4 Maintenance of sprayers.............................................. 308
9.3 Herbicide calculations............................................................. 309
9.3.1 Calculations involving quantity of product................. 311
9.3.2 Calculations involving rate of herbicides..................... 315
9.3.3 Calculations involving the area of field to be treated.. 316
9.3.4 Calculations involving the concentration of herbicides 316
References............................................................................... 316
10. Safe use of herbicides...................................................................... 318
10.1 Herbicide toxicity.................................................................. 318
10.2 Herbicide labeling and packaging......................................... 322
10.3 Herbicide handling and disposal........................................... 324
10.3.1 Prevention of hazard during spraying...................... 326
10.3.2 Herbicide disposal.................................................... 331
References............................................................................. 333
11. Weed control in cereals .................................................................. 335
11.1 Maize..................................................................................... 335
11.1.1 Weed control methods............................................. 337
11.2 Rice....................................................................................... 339
11.2.1 Weed interference in rice.......................................... 342
11.2.2 Weed control methods............................................. 343
11.3 Sorghum................................................................................ 348
11.3.1 Weed interference in sorghum.................................. 349
11.3.2 Weed control methods............................................. 350
11.4 Millet..................................................................................... 353
11.5 Miscellaneous cereals in the tropics...................................... 353
11.5.1 Weed control in small-seeded cereals ...................... 354
References............................................................................. 356
12. Weed control in other food crops...................................................... 359
12.1 Legumes................................................................................ 359
12.1.1 Methods of weed controi in grain legumes.............. 360
12.2 Roots and tubers .................................................................. 362
12.2.1 Methods of weed control.................................................... 364
12.3 Vegetable crops..................................................................... 367
12.3.1 Methods of weed control in vegetables.................... 367
12.4 Bananas and plantains.......................................................... 370
12.4.1 Methods of weed control in bananas and plantains 371
12.5 Pineapples ............................................................................ 373
12.5.1 Methods of weed control in pineapples........................ 374
12.6 Pawpaw.................................................................................................... 376
12.6.1 Methods weed control in pawpaw ................................. 376
References............................................................................. 377
13. Weed control in fibre crops.............................................................. 379
13.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 379
13.2 Cotton................................................................................... 379
13.2.1 Weed problems......................................................... 380
13.2.2 Weed-cotton interactions........................................ 381
13.2.3 Methods of weed control in cotton.......................... 382
13.3 Jute........................................................................................ 386
13.3.1 Weed problems and control.................................... 388
13.4 Kenaf..................................................................................... 388
13.4.1 Weed problems and control .................................... 389
13.5 Sisal....................................................................................... 389
13.5.1 Methods of weed control......................................... 390
References............................................................................. 390
Xll
14. Weed control in plantation crops....................................................... 393
14.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 393
14.2 Cocoa.................................................................................... 394
14.2.1 Methods of weed control in cacao........................... 396
14.3 Coffee.................................................................................... 398
14.3.1 Methods of weed control in coffee........................... 399
14.4 Tea........................................................................................ 402
14.4.1 Methods of weed control in tea............................... 403
14.5 Coconut ................................................................................ 404
14.5.1 Methods of weed control in coconut....................... 405
14.6 Oil palm................................................................................ 407
14.6.1 Methods of weed control in oil palm....................... 408
14.7 Rubber.................................................................................. 412
14.7.1 Methods of weed control in rubber.......................... 413
14.8 Sugarcane.............................................................................. 414
14.8.1 Methods of weed control in sugarcane..................... 416
14.9 Pyrethrum............................................................................. 419
14.9.1 Weed problems and control..................................... 420
References............................................................................. 420
15. Weed control in reduced tillage and multiple-cropping systems......... 423
15.1 Reduced tillage systems ........................................................ 423
15.1.1 Types of tillage systems........................................... 424
15.1.2 Conservation tillage crop production...................... 426
15.1.3 Advances in conservation tillage ............................. 434
15.2 Weed control in multiple-cropping ...................................... 436
15.2.1 Weed competition.................................................... 437
15.2.2 Weed control methods for multiple-cropping systems 439
15.2.3 Improved weed control methods for multiple-crop-
ping systems............................................................. 442
References............................................................................. 448
16. Control of aquatic weeds.................................................................. 453
16.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 453
16.1.1 Conditions that favor spread of aquatic weeds....... 454
16.2 Classification of aquatic weeds............................................. 454
16.2.1 Emergent macrophytes............................................ 455
16.2.2 Surface-floating macrophytes................................... 455
16.2.3 Euhydrophytes......................................................... 457
16.3 Economic importance of aquatic weeds................................ 457
16.3.1 Problems associated with aquatic weeds.................. 457
16.3.2 Uses of aquatic weeds.............................................. 458
16.4 Methods of aquatic weed control......................................... 459
16.4.1 Preventive control ................................................... 459
16.4.2 Hand weeding.......................................................... 461
Xlll
16.4.3 Mechanical control................................................... 462
16.4.4 Biological control..................................................... 462
16.4.5 Chemical weed control............................................. 463
16.4.6 Integrated control.................................................... 464
References............................................................................. 464
GLOSSARY............................................................................................ 466
APPENDIX 1: Common names, trade names and manufacturers of
selected herbicides used in tropical agriculture................. 475
APPENDIX 2: Mammalian toxicity ranking of selected herbicides used
in the tropics................................................................................ 479
APPENDIX 3: Official US Food and Drug Administration tolerances
for herbicide residues on tropica· crops entering the
United States of America........................................................ 482
AUTHOR INDEX.................................................................................. 485
SUBJECT INDEX.................................................................................. 495
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| spelling | Akobundu, I. O. Verfasser aut Weed science in the tropics principles and practices I. Okezie Akobundu Chichester u.a. Wiley 1987 XVI, 522 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Wiley-Interscience publication Weeds Tropics Herbizid (DE-588)4113887-9 gnd rswk-swf Unkrautbekämpfung (DE-588)4061839-0 gnd rswk-swf Tropen (DE-588)4060997-2 gnd rswk-swf Tropen (DE-588)4060997-2 g Unkrautbekämpfung (DE-588)4061839-0 s DE-604 Herbizid (DE-588)4113887-9 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000490589&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Akobundu, I. O. Weed science in the tropics principles and practices Weeds Tropics Herbizid (DE-588)4113887-9 gnd Unkrautbekämpfung (DE-588)4061839-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113887-9 (DE-588)4061839-0 (DE-588)4060997-2 |
| title | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices |
| title_auth | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices |
| title_exact_search | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices |
| title_full | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices I. Okezie Akobundu |
| title_fullStr | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices I. Okezie Akobundu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Weed science in the tropics principles and practices I. Okezie Akobundu |
| title_short | Weed science in the tropics |
| title_sort | weed science in the tropics principles and practices |
| title_sub | principles and practices |
| topic | Weeds Tropics Herbizid (DE-588)4113887-9 gnd Unkrautbekämpfung (DE-588)4061839-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weeds Tropics Herbizid Unkrautbekämpfung Tropen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000490589&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT akobunduio weedscienceinthetropicsprinciplesandpractices |