Regional stratigraphy of North America:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York and London
Plenum Press
1987
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 659 - 688 |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 719 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 0306423243 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Frazier, William J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Regional stratigraphy of North America |c William J. Frazier ; David R. Schwimmer, Columbus College, Columbus, Georgia |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York and London |b Plenum Press |c 1987 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 719 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 659 - 688 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Géologie - Amérique du Nord | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Stratigraphie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geology, Stratigraphic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geology |z North America | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stratigraphie |0 (DE-588)4057956-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Schwimmer, David R. |d 1947- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1075075106 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000456865&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| _version_ | 1804115181566951424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Regional
Stratigraphy of
North America
William J Frazier
David R Schwimmer
Columbus College
Columbus, Georgia
Plenum Press • New York and London
Contents
CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
CHAPTER 2: The Archean 9
A Introduction 9
A 1 Distribution of Archean Rocks 9
Ala Archean Rocks outside of North America 9
Alb Archean Rocks of North America 10
A 2 Problems of Archean Geology 12
B Major Archean Lithologies 13
B l Greenstone Belts 13
Bla Shape 14
Blb Structure 14
Blc Stratigraphy 17
B2A Digression: Weathering and Sedimentation during the
Archean 21
B2a Surface Temperature 22
B2b Atmospheric Composition 22
B2c Weathering Processes 23
B2d Sedimentation 23
B 3 High-Grade Terrenes 24
B3a Isua Supracrustals: The Oldest Rocks 24
B3b The Amitsoq and Uivak Gneisses 25
B3c Malene and Upernavik Supracrustals 25
B3d Younger Quartzofeldspathic Gneisses 26
B3e Late Granites 27
B 4 Relation of High-Grade Terrenes to Greenstone Belts 27
C Hypotheses on Archean Tectonics 28
C l Classical Models: The Downsagging Basin 28
C 2 Uniformitarian Models 30
C2a Rift-Basin Model 30
C2b Marginal-Basin/Magmatic-Arc Model 31
C 3 Development of an Actualistic Model 33
C3a The Archean Geothermal Gradient 33
C3b The Primitive Stage 35
C3c The Permobile Stage 36
C3d The Archean-Proterozoic Boundary 38
xi
xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3: The Proterozoic 39
A Introduction 39
B North Atlantic Craton 39
B l Nagssugtoqidian Mobile Belt 40
B 2 Ketilidian Mobile Belt 40
B 3 The Gardar Assemblage 40
C Circum-Superior Mobile Belt 40
C l Southern Province 41
Cla Lower Proterozoic Strata of Southern Province 43
Clb The Hudsonian (Penokean) Orogeny 48
Clc Middle Proterozoic Rocks of Southern Province 50
Cld Upper Proterozoic Rocks of Southern Province 51
C 2 Churchill Province, I: Circum-Ungava Mobile Belt 52
C2a The Labrador Trough 52
C2b Cape Smith Fold Belt 53
C2c Belcher Fold Belt 55
C 3 Churchill Province, II: Western Circum-Superior Belt 55
C3a Sutton Inlier 55
C3b Fox River Belt 56
C3c Thompson Nickel Belt 56
C 4 Tectonic Interpretation of the Circum-Superior Belt 56
D Churchill Province, III: Western Churchill 57
D l Major Fold Belts 58
D1a Wollaston Lake Fold Belt 58
Dlb Foxe and Committee Fold Belts 58
D 2 Supracrustals of the Kaminak Craton 59
D 3 Thelon, Athabasca, and Borden Basins 59
D3a The Thelon Basin 59
D3b The Athabasca Basin 60
D3C The Borden Basin 60
D 4 The Hudsonian Orogeny in Western Churchill Province 60
E Bear Province 61
E 1 The Wopmay Orogen 61
E1a TTie Coronation Margin 61
Elb Great Bear Magmatic Belt 64
Elc HottahTerrane 64
Eld Tectonic Interpretation 64
E 2 Athapuscow and Bathurst Aulacogens 65
E 3 Middle and Upper Proterozoic Strata of the Amundsen Basin 67
F Grenville Orogen 68
F 1 Subdivisions of the Grenville Orogen 68
Fla Grenville Tectonic Front 68
Flb Grenville Foreland Belt 68
Flc Central Gneiss Belt 69
F1d Central Metasedimentary Belt 70
F1e Central Granulite Belt 70
Flf Baie Comeau Segment 70
F1g Eastern Grenville Province 70
Flh Adirondack Mountains of Northern New York 70
Fli Northern Appalachian Orogen 70
Flj Central and Southern Appalachians 70
Flk Llano Uplift 71
Fll Van Horn Mountains 71
CONTENTS xiii
F 2 Stratigraphy of Grenville Rocks in Canada 72
F2a Grenville Supergroup 72
F2b Wakeham Bay Group 72
F2C Grenville Foreland Belt Strata 72
F 3 Tectonics of the Grenville Orogeny 72
G Proterozoic of the United States Craton 75
G l Penokean Belt of the Northern Great Plains 75
G 2 Interior Belt 77
G2a Wisconsin 77
G2b Southern Margin of the Wyoming Craton 77
G2c Central and Southern Interior Belt 78
G 3 Southwestern Belt 79
G 4 St Francois Belt 79
H Early History of the Cordilleran Continental Margin 80
H l Belt and Purcell Rocks and Their Correlatives 80
H1a The Belt and Purcell Supergroups 80
Hlb Uinta Mountains Group and Big Cottonwood
Formation 82
HIe Grand Canyon Supergroup 82
Hld Crystal Springs and Beck Springs Formations (of Pahrump
Group) 83
HIe Other Belt-Purcell Correlatives 83
H 2 Racklan-East Kootenay-Grand Canyon Tectonic Event 84
H 3 Windermere Rocks and Their Correlatives 84
H3a The Windermere Group 84
H3b Windermere Correlatives in Southeastern Idaho and Utah 86
H3c Kingston Peak Formation (Upper Pahrump Group) 86
H3d Rapitan Group 86
H 4 Late Precambrian Tectonics and Development of the Cordilleran
Margin : 87
I Early History of the Appalachian Continental Margin 88
I 1 Upper Precambrian Rocks of the Central and Southern
Appalachians 89
I1a Northern and Central Virginia 89
11b Southwestern Virginia and Northwestern North Carolina 90
IIe Western North Carolina and Eastern Tennessee 91
1 2 Upper Precambrian Rocks of the Northern Appalachians 91
1 3 Late Precambrian Rifting and Early History of the Appalachian
Margin 92
J The Fossil Record of Early Life 93
J l Introduction 93
J 2 Archean Fossils: 3 5-2 5 Byr 93
J 3 Fossils of the Early and Middle Proterozoic: 2 5-1 4 Byr 95
J 4 The Late Precambrian Fossils: 1 4-0 6 Byr 96
CHAPTER 4: The Sauk Sequence: Ediacarian- Lower Ordovician 99
A Conditions at the Beginning of the Phanerozoic 99
A l Overview 99
A 2 Global Paleogeography 100
A 3 Paleoclimatology 100
xiv CONTENTS
B Epeiric Seas and Cratonic Sequences 101
B 1 The Concept of Epeirogeny 101
Bla Tectonic Interpretation of Epeirogeny 102
Blb Dynamics and Characteristics of Epeiric Seas 102
B 2 Cratonic Sequences 103
C A Digression, the Ediacarian: Do You Believe Rocks or Fossils? 104
C l Nomenclature for Latest Precambrian Time 106
C 2 Occurrence and Nature of North American Ediacarian Strata 106
C2a Southwestern (Great Basin) Ediacarian Strata 106
C2b Northern Rocky Mountain Ediacarian Strata 106
C2c Central and Southern Appalachians 107
C2d Newfoundland and Other Areas 107
C 3 Ediacarian Life and the Significance of Metazoans 107
C3a The Metazoan Body Plan 108
C3b The Stratigraphic Record of First Metazoans 108
C3c The Tommotian Skeletal Fossils 109
C3d Ediacarian/Tommotian Paleoecology and Hypotheses for the
Advent of Skeletons 110
D Phanerozoic Sauk Sedimentation Ill
D 1 Overview of Cambrian Sedimentation Ill
D 2 The Craton during Sauk Deposition Ill
D 3 Cambrian of the Eastern Margin Ill
D3a Lower Cambrian (Waucoban) Basal Detrital Sediments and
CarbonatesIll
D3b Middle and Upper Cambrian (Albertan and Croixan)
Lithofacies 116
D 4 Cambrian of the Western Margin 117
D 5 Cambrian of the Craton 121
D 6 Peripheral Cambrian Strata 122
D6a Eastern Cambrian Strata 122
D6b Cambrian of American Arctic Regions 122
D 7 Lower Ordovician Sedimentation 123
E Earliest Animals with Skeletons: First Recorded Taxonomic
Radiation „ 124
E 1 On the Appearance of Skeletonized Animals in the Lowermost
Cambrian 124
E 2 Trilobites 125
E2a Morphology 125
E2b Evolution and Taxonomy 127
E 3 Archaeocyatha 129
E 4 Inarticulate Brachiopods 129
E 5 Cambrian Echinoderms 130
E 6 Cambrian Miscellanea and the Burgess Shale Fauna 132
E 7 Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleobiogeography 133
CHAPTER 5: The Tippecanoe Sequence: Middle Ordovician-Lower
Devonian 135
A Introduction 135
A l Overview 135
Ala Craton 135
Alb Continental Margins 135
A 2 Global Paleogeography 136
CONTENTS XV
B Tippecanoe Cratonic Sedimentation 137
B l The Post-Sauk Regression 137
B 2 Basal Tippecanoe Detrital Sedimentation 138
B2a Blanket Sands: The St Peter Sandstone 138
B2b Other Basal Tippecanoe Detrital Sediments on the Craton 139
B 3 Chazyan Limestones: Basal Carbonates and an Introduction to
Reefs 139
B3a An Introduction to the Reef 141
B3b Skeletal Carbonates 143
B 4 Middle Tippecanoe Time: A Sea from Coast to Coast 144
B 5 The Taconic Influence: Upper Ordovician Detrital Sediments 146
B 6 Post-Cincinnati: The Sea Shallows 147
B6a Lower Silurian Sedimentation 147
B6b Middle Silurian: The Niagaran Section 148
B6c The Silurian Iron Ores 149
B 7 Upper Silurian of the Michigan Basin 150
B7a Evaporite Deposition in Salinan Time 151
B7b The Problem of Silurian Reefs 152
B 8 Final Tippecanoe Cratonic Sedimentation: Uppermost Cayugan and
Lower Devonian 152
C The Appalachian Continental Margin 154
C l Introduction to the Appalachian Orogen 154
Cla The Northern Appalachians 155
Clb The Southern Appalachians 157
Clc The Appalachian Orogen as a Tectonic Collage 159
C 2 The Taconic Orogeny 160
C2a Nature of the Taconic Orogeny 160
C2b Plate-Tectonic Speculations 162
C 3 Stratigraphic Record of the Orogeny 164
C3a Nature of Detrital Wedges 164
C3b The Blount Detrital Wedge 165
C3c The Taconic Detrital Wedge 165
C 4 The Caledonian Orogeny in Greenland 167
D The-Innuitian Continental Margin 168
D 1 Major Geological Features 168
Dla The Canadian Shield 168
Dlb Arctic Platform 168
Dlc The Innuitian Fold Belt 168
Dld Brooks Range, Alaska 169
Dle Sverdrup Basin and Arctic Coastal Plain 169
D 2 Early History of the Innuitian Continental Margin 171
D 3 Tippecanoe History 171
D3a Continental Shelf 171
D3b Hazen Trough 172
D3c Pearya Magmatic Arc 173
D3d Effects of the Caledonian Orogeny 174
E Continental Margin and Magmatic Arc Assemblages of the
Cordillera 174
E 1 Tippecanoe Cordillera: Overview and Summary of Regional
Tectonics 174
E 2 The Continental Margin Assemblages 174
E2a Middle and Upper Ordovician 174
E2b Silurian and Lower Devonian 176
E 3 Borderland Terranes and Insular Belt Facies 177
XVi CONTENTS
F Filling the Niches: Tippecanoe Life 180
F l Introduction 180
F 2 Above the Benthos 180
F2a Graptolites 180
F2b Tentaculitids and a Few Other Miscellanea 181
F 3 The Reef-Builders 182
F3a Rugose and Tabulate Coral 182
F3b Bryozoans 184
F3c Stromatoporoids 185
F3d Calcareous Algae 186
F3e Sponges and Spongelike Forms 187
F 4 Euryhaline Organisms: Eurypterids 188
F 5 Success in the Tippecanoe Seas: Articulate Brachiopods 189
F 6 Early Paleozoic Mollusks 191
F 7 Diversification of Echinoderms 193
F 8 The Shelled Microfossils 195
F 9 Early Vertebrates and Chordates 196
F9a Earliest Chordates 196
F9b Chordate Characteristics 196
F9c Cephalochordates and Conodonts 197
F9d Vertebrates of the Tippecanoe Sequence 197
F 10 Ascent to Land 199
F lO a Vascular Plants 199
F lO b Land Animals 200
CHAPTER 6: The Kaskaskia Sequence: Middle Devonian-Upper
Mississippian 203
A Introduction 203
A l Overview 203
A 2 Global Paleogeography 206
B Kaskaskian Events on the Craton 207
B l The Wallbridge Discontinuity 207
B 2 Structural Framework of Kaskaskian Cratonic Sedimentation 208
B 3 Early Devonian Events 208
B-4 Middle Devonian Events 210
B 5 Late Devonian Events 214
B5a The Eastern Craton 214
B5b The Southwestern Craton 215
B5c The Northwestern Craton 215
B 6 Kinderhookian Cratonic Strata 220
B 7 The Osagian Stage 222
B 8 Meramecian Events 225
B 9 The Chesterian Age: Final Retreat of the Kaskaskian Sea 226
C Kaskaskian of the Appalachian Mobile Belt 229
C l The Wallbridge Discontinuity in the East 229
C 2 The Onesquethaw Stage: Return of the Sea 229
C 3 The Acadian Orogeny 230
C3a Effects of the Acadian Orogeny 230
C3b Plate-Tectonics Model of the Acadian Orogeny 232
C 4 The Erian Stage: Initiation of the Acadian Detrital Wedge 234
C4a Facies Patterns in the Foreland Basin 234
CONTENTS xvii
C4b The Hamilton Group 235
C4c Erian Strata in the Southeast 236
C 5 Upper Devonian Stratigraphy and Paleogeography in the East 236
C6A New Period Begins: Kinderhookian Events in the East 237
C l Osagian Events 238
C 8 The Meramecian Stage in the East 239
C 9 Chesterian Events: End of the Kaskaskian in the East 241
C 10 Mississippian Events in the Northern and Maritime
Appalachians 242
D Ouachita Mountains, Marathon Uplift, and Related Areas 242
D l Introduction 242
D 2 Earliest History 243
D2a Cambrian Rifting 243
D2b Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen 244
D2c Early History of the Ouachita-Marathon Continental
Margin 244
D2d Devonian Events: The Arkansas/Caballos Novaculite 246
D 3 The Stanley Group: Development of a Mississippian Submarine
Fan 246
E The Cordilleran Continental Margin 248
E 1 The Pre-Antler Continental Margin 248
Ela Continental Shelf 248
Elb Oceanic and Volcanic Terranes 249
E 2 The Antler Orogeny: Destruction of the Cordilleran Passive
Margin 250
E2a Plate-Tectonics Speculations 250
E2b The Cordilleran Continental Margin during the Antler
Orogeny 251
E2c Final Stages of the Antler Orogeny 253
F The Innuitian Continental Margin 253
F 1 Middle Devonian Stratigraphy 254
Fla Continental Shelf 254
Flb Continental Slope and Marginal Basin (Hazen
— Trough) 254
FIe Pearya Magmatic Arc 255
F 2 The Ellesmere Orogeny 255
F2a Ellesmere Detrital Wedge 255
F2b Tectonic Effects of the Ellesmere Orogeny 256
F2c Plate-Tectonics Model of the Ellesmere Orogeny 257
F 3 Mississippian Events 257
G Revolutions among Invertebrates and the Age of Fishes 258
G 1 Invertebrate Revolutions 258
G 2 The Age of Fishes 258
G2a Superclass Teleostomi (Bony Fish: Acanthodii and
Osteichthyes) 259
G2b Superclass Elasmobranchiomorphi (Cartilaginous Fish:
Placodermi and Chondrichthyes) 260
G 3 The First Land Vertebrates 262
G 4 The Literal Rise of Terrestrial Plants 263
G4a Devonian Flora 263
G4b Mississippian Flora 265
G4c Pennsylvanian and Permian Floras 267
G 5 Early Insects and Related Late Paleozoic Arthropods 267
xviii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 7: The Absaroka Sequence: Lower Pennsylvanian-Lower
Jurassic 271
A Introduction 271
A l Overview of Absarokan Events 271
A 2 Paleogeography 271
B Absarokan Cratonic Sedimentation 274
B l Overview 274
Bla The Post-Kaskaskia Erosion Surface 276
Blb Index Fossils in the Absaroka Sequence 278
B 2 Early Pennsylvanian Time on the Eastern Craton 279
B2a Terrestrial and Paralic Facies in the Appalachian
Basin 279
B2b Deltaic/Marine Sequences of the Illinois and Michigan
Basins 281
B2c Marine Facies of the Midcontinent Basin 284
B 3 Cyclic Sedimentation and the Formation of Coal 285
B3a The Ideal Cyclothem 285
B3b Walther s Law and the History of a Cyclothem 286
B3c Regional Variations and Paleogeography 288
B3d Causes of Shoreline Oscillation 288
B 4 Early Pennsylvanian of the Western Craton: Shallow Seas, Uplifts,
and Yoked Basins 289
B4a Morrowan-Atokan Transgression on the Cordilleran
Platform 289
B4b Uplifts and Their Adjacent Basins: The Enigma of Cratonic
Tectonics 289
B4c Analyses of Selected Upper Paleozoic Cratonic
Basins 291
B4d Analyses of Pennsylvanian Cratonic Uplifts: The Ancestral
Rockies, Nemaha Ridge, and Others 294
B^4 e Causes of Yoked Basins and Other Intraplate
Features 294
B 5 Middle Pennsylvanian across the Craton (Desmoinesian-
Missourian) 296
B5a The Western Craton 296
B5b The Northwestern Platform 296
B5c The Williston Basin Region 296
B5d The Midcontinent Basin 297
B5e The Illinois and Michigan Basins 298
B5f Desmoinesian and Missourian Strata of the Appalachian
Basin 300
B 6 Late Pennsylvanian and Comformable Penno-Permian Sequences
(Virgilian-Wolfcampian) 301
B6a Terminal Sedimentation in the Appalachian Basin 301
B6b Latest Paleozoic in the Illinois Basin 302
B6c Pennsylvanian-Permian Transition in the
Midcontinent 303
B6d Penno-Permian of the Northwestern Craton 304
B6e The Central-Western and Southwestern Craton 305
B 7 West Texas and Eastern New Mexico: The Permian Basin 307
B7a Pennsylvanian History 307
B7b Wolfcampian 308
B7C Leonardian 310
CONTENTS XIX
B7d Guadalupian 310
B7e Ochoan and Post-Permian 311
B 8 The Midcontinent Permian Sea 312
B 9 Permo-Triassic of the Northwestern Craton 314
B9a Permian of the Eastern-Northern Craton 314
B9b Permian of the Northcentral Rockies Region 315
B9c Triassic of the Northern Craton 316
B 10 Permian through Lower Jurassic of the Southwestern Craton; Final
Retreat of the Absaroka Sea 318
B 10 a Permian History 318
B 10 b Triassic History 320
B 10 c Jurassic History 322
C The Allegheny Orogeny: Tectonic Culmination in the East 324
C 1 Evidence for the Allegheny Orogeny 324
Cla Debate on the Cause of Deformation in the Valley and
Ridge 325
Clb Are the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Allochthonous? Evidence
from Seismic Profiling 326
C 2 Plate Tectonics and the Allegheny Orogeny 330
D Events on the Ouachita-Marathon Continental Margin 331
D 1 The Southern Continental Margin before the Ouachita
Orogeny 331
Dla Continental Shelves: The Arbuckle Facies 331
D1b Outer Shelf and Slope: The Frontal Ouachitas 333
DIe Deep-Water Environments: The Ouachita Facies 333
D1d Change in Sedimentary Dynamics during Atoka Time 336
D 2 The Ouachita Orogeny 337
D 3 Molasse Sedimentation in the Ouachita Foreland System 340
D3a The Pattern Begins: Desmoinesian Strata 340
D3b The Pattern Persists: Missourian and Virgilian Strata 342
D3C End of the Pattern: Permian Strata 343
E Eastern Triassic-Jurassic Basins and the Gulf of Mexico: Onset of
Continental Rifting 344
Erl Eastern Triassic-Jurassic Basins 344
Ela Basin Structure 345
E1b Basin Geology 346
Elc The Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean 350
E 2 Early Rifting on the Southern Continental Margin 351
F The Absaroka Sequence in the Cordillera 351
F l Between Orogenies: Paleogeography during the Pennsylvanian and
Permian 351
Fla Antler Orogenic Belt and Foreland Basin 352
F1b Ocean Basin Terrane (West of the Golconda Thrust) 355
FIe Volcanic Arc Terrane 357
F 2 The Sonoma Orogeny 359
F2a Timing and Effects of the Sonoma Orogeny 359
F2b Tectonic Models 360
F 3 Early Mesozoic Tectonics of the Western Cordillera 361
F3a The Southern Cordillera 362
F3b The Northern Cordillera 367
G Upper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic Strata of the Innuitian
Continental Margin 369
G l Pennsylvanian Strata in Northern Alaska 370
G 2 Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian Strata of the Sverdrup Basin 371
XX CONTENTS
G2a Mississippian Beginnings 371
G2b Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian Facies Patterns 371
G2c Observations on Basin Tectonics 373
G 3 Permo-Triassic Strata of Northern Alaska 374
G 4 Permo-Triassic Strata of the Sverdrup Basin 375
H Late Paleozoic and Triassic Marine Life: A Study in Diversification,
Extinction, and Repopulation 375
H 1 The Late Paleozoic Invertebrate Biota 375
Hla Brachiopods 375
Hlb Late Paleozoic Radiation of Bivalves 377
Hlc Sponges 378
Hld The Mazon Creek Biota 378
H 2 The Permo-Triassic Boundary and Mass Extinction 379
H2a The Nature of the Faunal Changes at the Permo-Triassic
Boundary 380
H2b Evaluation of Conformable Boundary Sequences 380
H2c Causes of the Permo-Triassic Extinctions 380
H 3 Triassic Marine Faunas 381
H3a General Makeup of the Biota 381
H3b Scleractinia 382
I Early Amphibians and Reptiles 383
I 1 Dominant Amphibia of the Late Paleozoic 383
Ila Temnospondyli 383
Ilb Anthracosauria 384
IIe Lepospondyli 384
11d Lissamphibia 385
1 2 Origin, Morphology, and Early Radiations of Reptiles 385
12a Differences between Reptiles and Amphibians 385
I2b Reptile Systematics and Temporal Fenestrae 385
I2c Anapsida and the First Reptiles 385
I2d Synapsida 387
I2e Euryapsida and Triassic Turtles 389
~L2 f Diapsida 390
CHAPTER 8: The Zuni Sequence: Middle Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous 393
A Introduction 393
A l Overview 393
A 2 Zuni Paleogeography 394
B Zuni Cratonic Sedimentation 397
B l The Post-Absaroka Unconformity 397
B 2 Jurassic Marine Sequences in the Western Interior 397
B2a First Zuni Transgression 397
B2b Second Jurassic Transgression 399
B2c Final Jurassic Transgression 402
B 3 Jurassic Continental Deposits 404
B3a The Morrison Formation 404
B3b Jurassic Deposits of the Continental Interior 406
B 4 Early Cretaceous in the Western Interior 406
B4a Introduction to the Cretaceous System 406
B4b Lower Cretaceous Nonmarine Strata of the Central-Western
Interior 408
CONTENTS xxi
B4c Lower Cretaceous Paralic and Marine Strata in the
Southern-Western Interior 409
B4d Marginal Marine and Marine Units of Western Canada and
Northernmost United States 412
B4e The Mowry Shale and Equivalent Latest Early Cretaceous
Strata 414
B 5 Late Cretaceous in the Western Interior 415
B5a Overview of Upper Cretaceous Sequences and
Sedimentation 415
B5b Lower/Upper Boundary Sequences: Dakota
Redux 417
B5c The Colorado Group 417
B5d The Montana Group 421
B5e The Laramie Formation and Equivalents 428
C Zuni Sequence of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province 431
C l Introduction to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province 431
C 2 Jurassic Events 433
C2a Atlantic Coastal Province 433
C2b Gulf Coastal Province 437
C2c Jurassic Stratigraphy and Tectonic History of the Gulf of
Mexico 439
C 3 Cretaceous Events 443
C3a Lower Cretaceous Strata—Atlantic Coastal Province 443
C3b Lower Cretaceous Strata—Florida and the Bahamas 445
C3c Lower Cretaceous Strata—Gulf Region 448
C3d Upper Cretaceous Strata—Atlantic Coastal Province 451
C3e Upper Cretaceous Strata—Florida and the Bahamas 454
C3f Upper Cretaceous Strata—Gulf Region 455
D Zuni Sequence in the Cordillera 462
D l The Southern Cordillera: The Andean-Type Arc 463
Dla The Jurassic Arc: Nevadan Orogeny 463
Dlb The Classic Cretaceous Arc 464
D 2 The Northern Cordillera 470
Dr2 a Jurassic Events: Canada 471
D2b Cretaceous Events: Canada 474
D2c Alaska 478
E The Innuitian Continental Margin 480
E 1 The Sverdrup Basin 480
Ela Jurassic Stratigraphy 480
E1b Cretaceous Stratigraphy 481
E 2 Northern Alaska 482
E2a Jurassic History 483
E 2- b Cretaceous History 483
E 3 Early Opening of the Arctic Ocean 484
E3a The Arctic Ocean Basin 486
E3b Opening the Arctic 487
F The Transition to Modern Invertebrates 490
F 1 Mesozoic Life, in General 490
F 2 Cephalopods 490
F2a Ammonites 490
F2b Belemnites and Other Coleoids 493
F 3 Bivalves 493
F3a Oysters 493
F3b Inoceramids, Trigoniids, and Buchia 494
Xxii CONTENTS
F3c Clams, in General 495
F3d Rudists 495
F 4 Microfossils 495
F4a Planktonic Algae: Coccolithophores, Dinoflagellates, and
Silicoflagellates 495
F4b Mesozoic Foraminifera 497
F 5 Echinoderms 497
F5a Pelmatozoans 497
F5b Echinoids 499
F 6 Bryozoa 500
F 7 Brachiopods 500
F 8 Arthropods: Decapod Crustaceans 501
G Mesozoic Terrestrial Plants 502
G l Summary of Events among Terrestrial Floras at the Permo-Triassic
Boundary 502
G 2 Mesozoic Gymnosperms 503
G2a Conifers 503
G2b Cycads and Bennettitales 503
G2c Ginkgoes 504
G 3 Origin and Early Radiation of Angiosperms in the
Cretaceous 504
G 4 New Mesozoic Insects 505
H The Rise and Fail of Archosauria and Other Zuni Vertebrates 505
H l Origins and Varieties of Archosaurs 505
H1a Dinosaur Pelvises 505
H1b Earliest Dinosaurs 506
HIe Important North American Dinosaur Assemblages 507
H 2 Pterosaurs 507
H 3 Crocodilians 509
H 4 Early Birds 509
H 5 Marine Reptiles (Euryapsida) of the Zuni Sea 511
H5a Plesiosaurs 511
H5b Ichthyosaurs 511
~H 6i-Mosasaurs and Other Lepidosaurs 512
H 7 Mesozoic Marine Turtles 513
H 8 The Earliest Mammals 514
H8a Reptile-Mammal Distinctions and Subdivisions of
Mammalia 514
H8b Subdivisions of Mesozoic Mammals 515
H8c Triassic Mammals 515
H8d Jurassic Mammals 515
H8e Cretaceous Mammals 516
H 9 Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs and Related Notions 517
H 10 The End-Mesozoic [Maestrichtian-Danian(? ] Mass
Extinction 519
H lO a Boundary Clays and the Danian Stage 520
H lO b Dinosaurs and the End of the Cretaceous 521
H lO c Hypotheses, Hypotheses 521
CHAPTER 9: The Tejas Sequence: Tertiary-Recent 523
A Introduction 523
A 1 Overview of Tejas Events 523
CONTENTS xxiii
A 2 On Cenozoic Time and Time-Stratigraphic Units, and Lyellian
Curves 524
A2a Nomenclature of the Periods 524
A2b Lyellian Curves 524
A2c Quaternary Nomenclature 525
A 3 Global Paleogeography 525
B Tertiary Cratonic Sedimentation 527
B l Overview 527
Bla Summary 527
Blb Tectonic Controls on Tertiary Cratonic
Sedimentation 527
Blc The Post-Zuni Unconformity 527
B 2 Paleocene and Eocene Strata in the Intermontane Basins 528
B2a Paleocene Terrestrial Strata 529
B2bA Last Epicontinental-Marine Unit 532
B2c Eocene Strata in the Intermontane Basins 532
B 3 Oligocene Strata in Wyoming and the Dakotas 537
B 4 Miocene Strata of the Great Plains and Mountain Basins 541
B 5 Pliocene Sheet Deposits 543
C Tejas Sequence of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province 543
C l The Paleocene Series 544
C 2 The Eocene Series 548
C 3 The Oligocene Series 554
C 4 The Miocene Series 556
C 5 The Pliocene Series 559
C 6 Quaternary Deposits 561
D Tejas Sequence in the Cordillera 565
D l Overview 565
D 2 Early Cenozoic Paleogeography 566
D2a Paleocene Events 566
D2b The Laramide Orogeny 573
D2c Eocene Paleogeography 578
D2d Oligocene Paleogeography 587
D 3 -Late Cenozoic Paleogeography 593
D3a Miocene Events 594
D3b Plio-Pleistocene Events 606
E The Innuitian Continental Margin 611
E 1 Opening of the Eurasian Basin 611
E 2 Cenozoic Events in Northern Canada 611
E2a Sverdrup Basin 611
E2b Eurekan Orogeny and Related Events 613
E2c The Arctic Coastal Plain 615
E 3 Northern Alaska 615
F The Quaternary 616
F l Introduction 616
F 2 Late Cenozoic Paleoclimatology 617
F2a Ocean Cores 617
F2b Ice Cores 618
F2c Additional Paleoclimatic Data 619
F 3 The Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary Problem 619
F 4 Pre-Wisconsinan Laurentian Events 619
F 5 Wisconsinan Events of the Laurentide Ice Sheet 621
F5a Constructional Topography and l4C Dating 621
F5b Wisconsinan Chronology 621
xxiv CONTENTS
F 6 The Cordilleran Glacier Complex 622
F6a Canadian Rocky Mountains 622
F6b Cascade Mountains 623
F6c Alaska 623
F7A Case of Authentic Catastrophism: The Channeled Scablands
and the Lake Missoula Jokulhlaups 623
F 8 Retreat of Late Wisconsinan Glaciers 624
F 9 Glacio-isostatic Rebound and Sea-Level Variations 626
F 10 The Wisconsinan Lakes 627
F 10 a Lakes in the Glaciated Regions 627
F lO b Pluvial Lakes in the Great Basin 628
F 11 Causes of Ice Ages 628
F ll a Why Glaciation in the First Place? 628
F1lb Why Multiple Glaciations? 629
G Tertiary Invertebrates, Plants, and Paleoclimatology 631
G l Changes and Trends among Tertiary Invertebrates 631
G 2 Diversification of Marine Microfossil Taxa 631
G2a Nannoplankton 632
G2b Foraminifera and Ostracodes 632
G 3 Tertiary Climatology and the Diversification of Angiosperms 633
G3a Paleocene-Eocene Floras and Climates 633
G3b Oligocene-Pliocene Floras and Climates 634
H Cenozoic Mammals 634
H l Introduction and Some Generalities about Mammalian
Diversification 634
H 2 Mammals of the Latest Cretaceous-Paleocene Transition 636
H 3 Archaic Eutherians of the Paleocene and Eocene 637
H3a Creodontia and Camivora 637
H3b Condylarths and Ungulate Characteristics 638
H3c Archaic North American Ungulates 639
H 4 Chiroptera (Bats) 640
H 5 Prosimians (Primates) 640
H 6 Edentates (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos) 641
H 7rProgressive North American Mammals 642
H7a Rodents and Lagomorphs 642
H7b Cetaceans 642
H7c Perissodactyls 643
H7d Artiodactyls 646
H7e Subungulates 647
H 8 Quaternary Mammal Assemblages and Mass Extinction 649
H8a The Irvingtonian Assemblage 649
H8b The Rancholabrean Assemblage 649
H:8 c Pleistocene Mammalian Extinctions 650
H 9 Quaternary Man in North America 652
Appendix: Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups 653
References 659
Index 689
|
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| author | Frazier, William J. Schwimmer, David R. 1947- |
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| geographic | Nordamerika Nordamerika (DE-588)4042483-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordamerika |
| id | DE-604.BV000730195 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:18:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0306423243 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000456865 |
| oclc_num | 15428493 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XXIV, 719 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publishDateSearch | 1987 |
| publishDateSort | 1987 |
| publisher | Plenum Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Frazier, William J. Verfasser aut Regional stratigraphy of North America William J. Frazier ; David R. Schwimmer, Columbus College, Columbus, Georgia New York and London Plenum Press 1987 XXIV, 719 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 659 - 688 Géologie - Amérique du Nord Stratigraphie Geologie Geology, Stratigraphic Geology North America Stratigraphie (DE-588)4057956-6 gnd rswk-swf Nordamerika Nordamerika (DE-588)4042483-2 gnd rswk-swf Nordamerika (DE-588)4042483-2 g Stratigraphie (DE-588)4057956-6 s DE-604 Schwimmer, David R. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)1075075106 aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000456865&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Frazier, William J. Schwimmer, David R. 1947- Regional stratigraphy of North America Géologie - Amérique du Nord Stratigraphie Geologie Geology, Stratigraphic Geology North America Stratigraphie (DE-588)4057956-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057956-6 (DE-588)4042483-2 |
| title | Regional stratigraphy of North America |
| title_auth | Regional stratigraphy of North America |
| title_exact_search | Regional stratigraphy of North America |
| title_full | Regional stratigraphy of North America William J. Frazier ; David R. Schwimmer, Columbus College, Columbus, Georgia |
| title_fullStr | Regional stratigraphy of North America William J. Frazier ; David R. Schwimmer, Columbus College, Columbus, Georgia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regional stratigraphy of North America William J. Frazier ; David R. Schwimmer, Columbus College, Columbus, Georgia |
| title_short | Regional stratigraphy of North America |
| title_sort | regional stratigraphy of north america |
| topic | Géologie - Amérique du Nord Stratigraphie Geologie Geology, Stratigraphic Geology North America Stratigraphie (DE-588)4057956-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Géologie - Amérique du Nord Stratigraphie Geologie Geology, Stratigraphic Geology North America Nordamerika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000456865&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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