Nitrogen in agricultural soils:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Undetermined |
| Published: |
Madison, Wis.
American Society of Agronomy ...
1985
|
| Edition: | 2. print. |
| Series: | Agronomy
22 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 940 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0891180702 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV000546328 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 870612s1985 a||| |||| 00||| und d | ||
| 020 | |a 0891180702 |9 0-89118-070-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)220453150 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV000546328 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | |a und | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10160 |0 (DE-625)142220:12640 |2 rvk | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nitrogen in agricultural soils |c Frank J. Stevenson, ed. |
| 250 | |a 2. print. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Madison, Wis. |b American Society of Agronomy ... |c 1985 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 940 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Agronomy |v 22 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Boden |0 (DE-588)4007348-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ackerboden |0 (DE-588)4141296-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stickstoffdünger |0 (DE-588)4183260-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stickstoffhaushalt |0 (DE-588)4183268-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stickstoff |0 (DE-588)4125639-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pflanzen |0 (DE-588)4045539-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Stickstoff |0 (DE-588)4125639-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Boden |0 (DE-588)4007348-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Stickstoffdünger |0 (DE-588)4183260-7 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Stickstoff |0 (DE-588)4125639-6 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | 1 | |a Pflanzen |0 (DE-588)4045539-7 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 3 | 0 | |a Ackerboden |0 (DE-588)4141296-5 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | 1 | |a Stickstoff |0 (DE-588)4125639-6 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 4 | 0 | |a Boden |0 (DE-588)4007348-8 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | 1 | |a Stickstoffhaushalt |0 (DE-588)4183268-1 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stevenson, Frank J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Agronomy |v 22 |w (DE-604)BV000006257 |9 22 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000336711&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000336711 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804114990482849792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION............................................................. xv
GENERAL FOREWORD AND FOREWORD ................................ xvi
PREFACE................................................................. xvii
CONTRIBUTORS.......................................................... xviii
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U.S. AND METRIC UNITS.................. xx
1 Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen in Soil
F. J. STEVENSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 1
II. The N Cycle............................................... 3
A. Geochemistry of N...................................... 4
B. Evolutionary Aspects.................................... 6
III. Mechanisms by Which N is Added to Soil in Nature............. 11
A. Nitrogen in Atmospheric Precipitation..................... 11
B. Biological N2 Fixation................................... 12
IV. Nitrogen Losses from Soil................................... 21
A. Volatilization of NH3.................................... 21
B. Bacterial Denitrification................................. 22
C. Leaching.............................................. 23
D. Chemical Reactions of NOr.............................. 24
V. Factors Affecting the N Content of Soils....................... 24
A. Nitrogen Accumulations during Soil Development
(the Time Factor)....................................... 25
B. Effect of Climate....................................... 27
C. Vegetation............................................. 30
D. Parent Material......................................... 31
E. Topography........................................... 31
F. Effect of Cropping...................................... 32
VI. Summary................................................. 38
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 39
2 Inorganic Forms of Nitrogen in Soil
J. L. YOUNG AND R. W. ALDAG
I. Introduction.............................................. 43
II. Mineral-Fixed NH«*-N...................................... 44
A. General Terminology.................................... 44
B. Origin................................................. 44
C. Methods of Estimation.................................. 46
D. Amounts of Distribution in Soil Profiles.................... 48
E. Effect on C/N Ratios.................................... 54
F. Stability, Transformation, Fluctuation, and Movement....... 55
III. Exchangeable and Water-soluble Forms....................... 56
A. Methods of Determination............................... 57
B. Amounts and Distribution............................... 58
IV. Soil Nitrogen Gases......................................... 60
A. Methods of Determination............................... 61
B. Amounts and Distribution............................... 61
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 62
vi CONTENTS
3 Organic Forms of Soil Nitrogen
F. J. STEVENSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 67
II. Fractionation of Soil N...................................... 67
A. Distribution of Organic Forms of N in Mineral Soils.......... 70
B. Distribution of the Forms of N in Histosols and Aquatic
Sediments............................................. 77
C. Humic and Fulvic Acids.................................. 79
D. Distribution and Stabilization of Newly Immobilized N....... 83
E. Natural Variations in N Isotope Abundance................ 87
III. Amino Acids.............................................. 88
A. Extraction and Quantitative Determination................. 89
B. Identification of Amino Acids............................ 90
C. Distribution Patterns in Soil.............................. 91
D. Factors Affecting the Distribution of Amino Acids........... 94
E. Amino Acids in Humic and Fulvic Acids................... 96
F. Stereochemistry of Amino Acids.......................... 97
G. Free Amino Acids....................................... 97
H. State of Amino Acids in Soil.............................. 99
IV. Amino Sugars............................................. 101
A. Extraction and Quantitative Determination................. 102
B. Isolation of Amino Sugars............................... 103
V. Other N Compounds....................................... 105
A. Nucleic Acids and Derivatives............................ 105
B. Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll Degradation Products......... 107
C. Phospholipids.......................................... 109
D. Amines, Vitamins, and Other Compounds.................. 109
E. Pesticide and Pesticide Degradation Products............... Ill
VI. Stability of Soil Organic N................................... 112
VII. Summary................................................. 114
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 114
4 Retention and Fixation of Ammonium and Ammonia in Soils
HANS NOMMIK AND KAAREL VAHTRAS
I. Introduction.............................................. 123
II. Exchangeable Binding of NH4* in Soils and Clay Minerals........ 123
A. Cation Adsorption and Exchange......................... 124
B. Cation Exchange Reactions............................... 126
III. Nonexchangeable Binding (Fixation) of NH4* in Soils and
Clay Minerals............................................. 127
A. Mechanism of NH4+ Fixation............................. 127
B. Methods Used for Studying NH/ Fixation.................. 130
C. Factors Affecting Rate and Magnitude of NH/ Fixation...... 132
D. Release of Fixed NH4* from Soils and Minerals by Different
Extraction and Distillation Procedures..................... 139
E. Availability of Fixed NH4* to Soil Microorganisms........... 143
F. Availability of Fixed NH/ to Higher Plants................. 148
IV. Retention of NH3 and Fixation of NHj in Soil Organic Matter___ 152
A. General Remarks....................................... 152
B. Physical Sorption of NH3................................ 154
C. Chemisorptionof NH3................................... 156
D. Fixation of NH3 in Soil Organic Matter..................... 156
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 166
CONTENTS vii
5 Biochemistry of Ammonification
J. N. LADD AND R. B. JACKSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 173
II. Proteins, Peptides, Amides, Amidines, and Amino Acids........ 174
A. Proteinases and Peptidases............................... 175
B. Proteinases and Peptidases in Soil......................... 178
C. Amidohydrolases and Amidinohydrolases.................. 186
D. Amino Acid Dehydrogenases and Oxidases................. 187
III. Aminopolysaccharides and Amino Sugars..................... 189
A. Origin and Hydrolysis................................... 190
B. Stability of Aminopolysaccharides in Soil................... 191
C. Hydrolysis of Aminopolysaccharides in Soil................. 192
D. Ammonia Production From Amino Sugars................. 193
IV. Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Purines, and
Pyrimidines............................................... 194
A. Nucleic Acids.......................................... 195
B. Nucleotides and Nucleosides.............................. 197
C. Nucleases, Nucleotidases, and Nucleosidases in Soil.......... 198
D. Deamination of Nucleotides and Nucleosides............... 198
E. Catabolism of Purines................................... 199
F. Degradation of Pyrimidines.............................. 204
G. Degradation of Purines and Pyrimidines in Soil.............. 207
V. Urea..................................................... 208
A. Ureases................................................ 209
B. Soil Ureases............................................ 210
VI. Other Compounds......................................... 221
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 222
6 Mineralization and Immobilization of Soil Nitrogen
S. L. JANSSON AND J. PERSSON
I. Background............................................... 229
A. The Processes of Mineralization and Immobilization......... 229
B. Relations to the Universal N Cycle......................... 230
C. Partition of the Universal N Cycle Into Three Subcycles....... 231
D. Competition Among the N Subcycles...................... 232
E. Mineralization-Immobilization Turnover (MIT)............. 233
II. Features and Functions of MIT............................... 233
A. Inadequacies of Net Effect Determinations................. 233
B. Possibilities of Measuring Gross Effects: Usefulness of
Tracer Techniques...................................... 233
C. Confusion Caused by MIT............................... 234
D. Priming Effect and Related Phenomena.................... 235
E. Fertilizer N and MIT.................................... 236
F. Evaluation of N Fertilizers............................... 238
G. MIT and Nitrification................................... 239
H. Consequences of N2 Fixation and Denitrification on MIT..... 239
I. MIT Interactions with Plants............................. 240
J. Effects of Physical and Chemical Soil Factors............... 240
K. Energy-Nutrient Relationships............................ 240
L. The C/N Ratio: C and N Interdependence.................. 241
M. The Phase Concept of Soil Organic Matter.................. 242
N. Humus Formation and Decay: A Dynamic Phenomenon..... 242
CONTENTS
O. Use of Equilibrium Concepts in Phase Determinations........ 243
P. A and Related Values................................. 244
Q. Attempts at Extended Phase Separations................... 244
III. Problems and Prospects..................................... 245
A. A New Line in Soil Organic Matter Research................ 245
B. Inorganic Phase Problems................................ 247
C. Simulation Modeling.................................... 247
D. Future Role of Tracer Techniques......................... 248
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 248
7 Nitrification in Soil
EDWIN L. SCHMIDT
I. Introduction.............................................. 253
II. The Process of Nitrification in Soils........................... 254
A. Factors Regulating Nitrification in Soils.................... 254
B. Substrates and Products................................. 257
C. Interactions with Other N Cycle Events..................... 258
D. Approaches to Soil Nitrification.......................... 259
III. Microbiological Basis of Nitrification......................... 260
A. Nitrification by Heterotrophs............................. 260
B. Methane Oxidizing Bacteria.............................. 262
C. Autotrophic Nitrifiers................................... 263
IV. Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria in Soil......................... 264
A. Biochemistry of NH/ Oxidation.......................... 264
B. Carbon Metabolism..................................... 267
C. Soil Genera............................................ 268
V. Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria of Soil............................. 269
A. Biochemistry of NO2~ Oxidation.......................... 269
B. Carbon Metabolism..................................... 269
VI. Study of Nitrifying Populations of Soils....................... 270
A. Isolation............................................... 271
B. Most Probable Number (MPN) Enumeration............... 271
C. Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Techniques..................... 272
D. Short Term Nitrification Activity.......................... 272
VII. Regulation of Nitrifying Populations in Soils................... 273
A. Naturally Occurring Inhibitors............................ 274
B. Inhibition by Pesticides Added to Soil...................... 275
C. Specific Inhibitors of Nitrification......................... 276
VIII. Growth of Nitrifying Bacteria in Soil.......................... 278
A. Growth Rates.......................................... 278
B. Yields................................................. 280
C. Activity............................................... 281
IX. Concluding Comments..................................... 282
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................... 283
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 283
Biological Denitrif ication
M. K. FIRESTONE
I. Introduction.............................................. 289
II. Biochemical and Microbiological Basis........................ 290
A. Definition and Pathway.................................. 290
CONTENTS
B. Organisms Involved..................................... 292
C. Cellular Control........................................ 294
D. Characteristics of Specific Reductases...................... 299
E. Energy Conservation During Denitrification................ 305
III. Denitrification in Soil....................................... 306
A. Carbon Supply......................................... 306
B. Oxygen Control........................................ 310
C. Nitrate Supply.......................................... 314
D. Effect of Temperature................................... 315
E. Effect of pH........................................... 316
IV. Concluding Comments...................................... 318
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 318
9 Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen Other Than Through Denitrification
DARRELL W. NELSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 327
II. Ammonia Loss From Soils................................... 327
A. Ammonia Volatilization Following Ammonium Fertilization
of Soils................................................ 328
B. Ammonia Losses from Soils Following Anhydrous Ammonia
Application............................................ 339
III. Gaseous Nitrogen Loss From Soils Through Nitrite Reactions..... 341
A. Nitrite-Nitrous Acid Equilibria in Soils..................... 343
B. Factors Affecting Nitrite Instability in Soils................. 343
C. Gaseous Products of Nitrite Reactions in Soils............... 344
D. Mechanisms for Gaseous Loss of Nitrite N from Soils........ 346
E. Importance of Nitrite Reactions in Nitrogen Losses
from Soils............................................. 354
IV. Gaseous Nitrogen Loss from Soils Through Reactions of
Nitrate and Hydroxylamine.................................. 356
V. Management Techniques to Minimize Gaseous Nitrogen Losses ... 357
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 358
10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
U. D. HAVELKA, M. G. BOYLE, AND R. W. F. HARDY
I. General Introduction....................................... 365
A. Extent of N; Fixation.................................... 366
B. Nitrogenase Enzyme.................................... 366
C. Nitrogenase Reaction.................................... 366
D. Nitrogenase Regulation.................................. 367
II. Microbiology of N2 Fixation................................. 367
A. Introduction........................................... 367
B. Free-Living Diazotrophs................................. 370
C. Symbiotic N, Fixation................................... 375
III. Physiology and Agronomy of N, Fixation—Legume/Rhizobium
Symbiosis................................................. 383
A. Introduction........................................... 383
B. Nodulation Process..................................... 384
C. Energy Relationships in N: Fixation....................... 387
D. Methodology of N3 Fixation Measurement.................. 398
E. Rhizobium Classification................................ 406
CONTENTS
F. Legume/Rhizobium Interactions.......................... 408
G. Seed Inoculant Technology............................... 409
H. Inoculant Application................................... 411
IV. Future Applications........................................ 413
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 413
11 Nitrogen Transport Processes in Soil
D. R. NIELSEN, J. W. BIGGAR, AND P. J. WIERENGA
I. Introduction.............................................. 423
II. Deterministic Analyses...................................... 424
A. Soil Water Movement................................... 425
B. Soil Solute Movement................................... 426
III. Stochastic Analyses......................................... 433
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 445
12 Nitrogen Transformations in Submerged Soils
W. H. PATRICK, JR.
I. Introduction.............................................. 449
II. Properties of Submerged Soils that Affect Nitrogen Behavior..... 449
III. Nitrogen Transformations in Submerged Soils.................. 452
A. Mineralization and Immobilization........................ 452
B. Nitrification-Denitrification.............................. 454
C. Nitrogen Fixation....................................... 457
D. Ammonium Volatilization............................... 460
IV. Management of Submerged Soil to Minimize Nitrogen Loss...... 461
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 462
13 Advances in Methodology for Research on Nitrogen Transformations
in Soils
J. M. BREMNER AND R. D. HAUCK
I. Introduction.............................................. 467
II. Determination of Different Forms of Nitrogen................. 468
A. Total Nitrogen......................................... 468
B. Inorganic Forms of Nitrogen............................. 471
C. Organic Forms of Nitrogen............................... 473
D. Gaseous Forms of Nitrogen.............................. 474
III. Tracer Techniques.......................................... 479
A. Stable N Techniques.................................... 479
B. Nitrogen-13 Techniques.................................. 483
C. Use of Variations in Natural Nitrogen-15 Abundance......... 484
IV. Methods for Assay of the Activity of Enzymes Causing Nitrogen
Transformations in Soils.................................... 486
A. Nitrogenase Activity.................................... 487
B. Urease Activity......................................... 487
C. Other Enzymes......................................... 488
V. Methods for Research on Biological Nitrogen Fixation........... 488
VI. Methods for Research on Denitrification....................... 491
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 493
CONTENTS
14 Soil Nitrogen Budgets
J. O. LEGG AND J. J. MEIS1NGER
I. Introduction.............................................. 503
II. The N Cycle in Relation to N Budgets......................... 505
A. Nitrogen Cycle Diagrams................................ 505
B. Soil N Equilibrium Concept.............................. 505
III. Nitrogen Sources in Soil-Plant Systems........................ 507
A. Indigenous Soil Organic N............................... 507
B. Additions Through Crop and Animal Wastes............... 507
C. Additions by Precipitation and Irrigation Water............. 508
D. Adsorption of Atmospheric Gases......................... 509
E. Biological N2 Fixation................................... 510
F. Commercial Fertilizers................................... 512
G. Miscellaneous Items..................................... 512
IV. Nitrogen Losses from Soil-Plant Systems...................... 512
A. Removal by Crops and Livestock.......................... 513
B. Erosion and Runoff..................................... 513
C. Leaching Losses........................................ 516
D. Denitrification and Other Gaseous Losses.................. 518
E. Ammonium Fixation.................................... 520
V. Recent Studies of N Budgets in Soil-Plant Systems.............. 521
A. Use of Labeled N in N Budgets............................ 521
B. N Balance Methodology................................. 522
C. Problems in N Balance Studies............................ 523
D. N Balance Studies....................................... 525
E. Summary.............................................. 546
VI. Applications of N Balances to Soil and Crop Problems........... 547
A. General Aspects........................................ 547
B. Nitrogen Budgets Applied to Environmental Problems....... 547
C. Summary.............................................. 555
VII. Summary and Conclusions.................................. 555
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 557
15 Crop Nitrogen Requirements, Utilization, and Fertilization
R. A. OLSON AND L. T. KURTZ
I. Introduction.............................................. 567
II. Plant Use of N............................................. 568
A. Functions of N in Plant Growth........................... 568
B. Uptake, Translocation, and Storage of N................... 570
C. Biochemical Pathways of N in the Plant.................... 575
D. Genetic Effects on Biochemical Pathways.................. 578
III. Nitrogen in Crop Production................................ 579
A. Nitrogen Levels in Crops Associated with Deficiency,
Sufficiency, and Excess.................................. 579
B. Amounts of N in Crops and Distribution within the Crop..... 581
C. Influence of Fertilizer N on Crop Quality................... 585
D. Impact of Applied Fertilizer N on Crop Utilization of
Other Nutrients......................................... 590
E. Efficient Use of N Fertilizer.............................. 592
IV. Influence of Climate and Cropping Systems on N Use............ 5%
A. Climate and N Fertilization............................... 5%
B. Nitrogen Carriers and Cropping Systems................... 598
xii CONTENTS
V. Nitrogen Fertilization in the Future........................... 598
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 599
16 Nitrogen Management for Maximum Efficiency and Minimum Pollution
DENNIS R. KEENEY
I. Introduction.............................................. 605
II. N Requirements for Food and Fiber........................... 605
III. Adverse Health and Environmental Impacts of N............... 606
A. Nitrogen and Human Health............................. 606
B. Animal Health......................................... 608
C. Environmental Impacts.................................. 608
D. Perspectives............................................ 610
IV. Trends in Anthropogenic N Fixation.......................... 611
A. Worldwide............................................. 611
B. United States........................................... 612
V. Sources of N Pollution...................................... 613
A. Point Sources.......................................... 614
B. Nonpoint Sources....................................... 614
VI. Some Examples of Agricultural N Pollution.................... 615
A. U.S. Corn Belt......................................... 615
B. Irrigated Agriculture.................................... 617
C. Livestock Operations.................................... 621
D. Grasslands............................................. 623
E. Tropical Agriculture.................................... 624
VII. Factors Affecting Crop Yields and Use of N.................... 626
VIII. Control of N Pollution From Croplands....................... 627
A. Agricultural Best Management Practices................... 628
B. Improved Management of Nutrient Systems................ 631
C. Limitations on Rates of Fertilizer Applications.............. 638
D. Fundamental Changes in Agriculture...................... 638
IX. Summary................................................. 641
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 641
17 Assessment of Soil Nitrogen Availability
GEORGE STANFORD
I. Introduction.............................................. 651
II. Estimating Residual Mineral Nitrogen in Soils.................. 653
III. Incubation Methods for Measuring Mineralization of Soil
Organic Nitrogen.......................................... 658
A. Short-term Incubation Methods........................... 659
B. Potentially Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen.................... 662
IV. Chemical Indexes of Soil Organic Nitrogen Availability.......... 664
A. Intensive Extraction Methods............................. 665
B. Extraction Methods of Intermediate Intensity............... 666
C. Relatively Mild Extraction Methods....................... 669
V. Interpreting Chemical and Biological Assays of Soil Nitrogen
Availability............................................... 673
A. Under Controlled Conditions............................. 675
B. Under Field Conditions.................................. 676
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 683
CONTENTS Xjü
18 The Effects of Pesticides on Nitrogen Transformations in Soils
C. A. I. GORING AND D. A. LASKOWSKI
I. Introduction.............................................. 689
II. Soil Variability............................................. 689
III. Behavior of Pesticides...................................... 691
IV. Effects of Pesticides on N Transformations.................... 692
A. Mineralization/Immobilization........................... 693
B. Nitrification........................................... 693
C. Denitrification ......................................... 694
D. Symbiotic N2 Fixation................................... 694
E. Nonsymbiotic N2 Fixation................................ 695
V. Agronomic Implications.................................... 695
VI. Environmental and Regulatory Implications.................... 713
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 714
19 Modeling of the Soil Nitrogen Cycle
KENNETH K. TANJI
I. Introduction.............................................. 721
II. Computers and Simulation Models........................... 721
A. Computers and Programming............................ 722
B. Development and Application of Systems Simulation Models.. 724
HI. Representative Nitrogen Models.............................. 725
A. Survey of Dynamic N Simulation Models................... 726
B. Evaluation of Selected Simulation Models.................. 731
IV. Technical and Philosophical Critique.......................... 767
A. General Critique........................................ 767
B. Specific Critique........................................ 768
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 770
20 Economic Implications of Controls on Nitrogen Fertilizer Use
EARL R. SWANSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 773
II. Alternative Methods of Control.............................. 774
III. Economic Framework...................................... 775
IV. Per-Hectare Restrictions on N Fertilizer Use.................... 778
A. National Analyses...................................... 778
B. Regional Analyses...................................... 779
C. State Analyses.......................................... 780
V. Restrictions on NOj -N Concentration in Leachate or Effluent.... 780
VI. Treatment of Water to Reduce NOr-N Content................ 781
VII. Restrictions on the N Balance at the Farm Level................. 781
VIII. An Excise Tax on N Fertilizer................................ 782
IX. An Effluent Charge........................................ 783
X. A Market for Rights to Use N Fertilizer........................ 784
XI. Information Programs...................................... 786
XII. Summary and Conclusions.................................. 787
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................... 788
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 788
xiv CONTENTS
21 Recycling of Nitrogen Through Land Application of Agricultural, Food
Processing, and Municipal Wastes
J. H. SMITH AND J. R. PETERSON
I. Introduction.............................................. 791
II. Agricultural Wastes........................................ 791
A. Crop Residues.......................................... 791
B. Animal Manures........................................ 797
III. Food Processing Wastes.................................... 806
A. The Nature and Composition of Food Processing Wastes..... 806
B. Irrigating Agricultural Land.............................. 811
C. Nitrogen Loading and Utilization on Land.................. 812
D. Nitrification and Denitrification.......................... 814
E. Pollution Potential...................................... 814
IV. Municipal Wastes.......................................... 815
A. Sewage Effluent........................................ 815
B. Sewage Sludge.......................................... 818
V. Summary................................................. 825
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 826
22 Energetics of Nitrogen Transformations
R. F. HARRIS
I. Introduction.............................................. 833
II. Bioenergetic Principles of Environmental Nitrogen
Transformations........................................... 835
A. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics...... 835
B. Ecological Considerations................................ 842
III. Calculations and Interpretation of Group Transfer Energetics..... 845
A. General Equations...................................... 845
B. Energetics of Proton Transfer............................ 847
IV. Pathway Energetics of Nitrogen Transformations............... 869
A. Assimilatory Pathways.................................. 869
B. Dissimilatory Pathways.................................. 871
C. Hydrogen Cyanide Metabolism........................... 875
V. Efficiency of Reductive Dinitrogen Fixation.................... 875
VI. Appendix................................................. 879
A. Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties for Nitrogen ... 879
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 888
23 Nitrogen Transfers and Mass Balances
R. D. HAUCK AND K. K. TANJI
I. Introduction.............................................. 891
II. N Transformations and Transfers............................ 892
A. General Considerations.................................. 892
B. N Income, Outgo, and Transfer........................... 893
III. N Mass Balances and Models................................ 902
A. N Mass Balance Models.................................. 902
B. Small-Scale Models and N Balances........................ 903
C. Regional Models and N Balances.......................... 908
D. Global Models and N Balances............................ 915
IV. Perspective................................................ 920
LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 922
SUBJECT INDEX.................................................. 926
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000546328 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10160 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)220453150 (DE-599)BVBBV000546328 |
| discipline | Geographie |
| edition | 2. print. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02312nam a2200589 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV000546328</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">870612s1985 a||| |||| 00||| und d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0891180702</subfield><subfield code="9">0-89118-070-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)220453150</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV000546328</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">und</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10160</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12640</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Nitrogen in agricultural soils</subfield><subfield code="c">Frank J. Stevenson, ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. print.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Madison, Wis.</subfield><subfield code="b">American Society of Agronomy ...</subfield><subfield code="c">1985</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XX, 940 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Agronomy</subfield><subfield code="v">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Boden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4007348-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ackerboden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4141296-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stickstoffdünger</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183260-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stickstoffhaushalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183268-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stickstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4125639-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Pflanzen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045539-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Stickstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4125639-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Boden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4007348-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Stickstoffdünger</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183260-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Stickstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4125639-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Pflanzen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045539-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ackerboden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4141296-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stickstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4125639-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Boden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4007348-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stickstoffhaushalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183268-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Stevenson, Frank J.</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Agronomy</subfield><subfield code="v">22</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000006257</subfield><subfield code="9">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000336711&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000336711</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV000546328 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:15:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0891180702 |
| language | Undetermined |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000336711 |
| oclc_num | 220453150 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XX, 940 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1985 |
| publishDateSearch | 1985 |
| publishDateSort | 1985 |
| publisher | American Society of Agronomy ... |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Agronomy |
| series2 | Agronomy |
| spelling | Nitrogen in agricultural soils Frank J. Stevenson, ed. 2. print. Madison, Wis. American Society of Agronomy ... 1985 XX, 940 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Agronomy 22 Boden (DE-588)4007348-8 gnd rswk-swf Ackerboden (DE-588)4141296-5 gnd rswk-swf Stickstoffdünger (DE-588)4183260-7 gnd rswk-swf Stickstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4183268-1 gnd rswk-swf Stickstoff (DE-588)4125639-6 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Stickstoff (DE-588)4125639-6 s Boden (DE-588)4007348-8 s DE-604 Stickstoffdünger (DE-588)4183260-7 s Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Ackerboden (DE-588)4141296-5 s 1\p DE-604 Stickstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4183268-1 s 2\p DE-604 Stevenson, Frank J. Sonstige oth Agronomy 22 (DE-604)BV000006257 22 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000336711&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Nitrogen in agricultural soils Agronomy Boden (DE-588)4007348-8 gnd Ackerboden (DE-588)4141296-5 gnd Stickstoffdünger (DE-588)4183260-7 gnd Stickstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4183268-1 gnd Stickstoff (DE-588)4125639-6 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4007348-8 (DE-588)4141296-5 (DE-588)4183260-7 (DE-588)4183268-1 (DE-588)4125639-6 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Nitrogen in agricultural soils |
| title_auth | Nitrogen in agricultural soils |
| title_exact_search | Nitrogen in agricultural soils |
| title_full | Nitrogen in agricultural soils Frank J. Stevenson, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Nitrogen in agricultural soils Frank J. Stevenson, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen in agricultural soils Frank J. Stevenson, ed. |
| title_short | Nitrogen in agricultural soils |
| title_sort | nitrogen in agricultural soils |
| topic | Boden (DE-588)4007348-8 gnd Ackerboden (DE-588)4141296-5 gnd Stickstoffdünger (DE-588)4183260-7 gnd Stickstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4183268-1 gnd Stickstoff (DE-588)4125639-6 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Boden Ackerboden Stickstoffdünger Stickstoffhaushalt Stickstoff Pflanzen Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000336711&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000006257 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stevensonfrankj nitrogeninagriculturalsoils |