Biophilosophy: analytic and holistic perspectives
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1986
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 284 S. |
| ISBN: | 3540164189 9783540164180 0387164189 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biophilosophy |b analytic and holistic perspectives |c Rolf Sattler |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1986 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 284 S. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Introduction
-
On the
importance
of Biophihsophy; De¬
finitions
................................... 1
1
Theories and Hypotheses
........................ 9
1.1
Introduction- Questions and problems
.............. 9
1.2
The Aim of Science
-
General and singular propositions.
Theories, laws, rules, hypotheses, auxiliary hypotheses,
ad hoc hypotheses, working hypotheses, models, facts
..... 9
13
Scientific Methodology or How We Gain Scientific
Knowledge
................................. 13
13.1
General Considerations
-
Importance of methodology.
Laboratory methodology
........................ 13
13.2
Induction and the Hypothetico-deductive Method
....... 15
133
Validation of Hypotheses, or: Is Certainty Attainable?
.... 18
133.1
The First Postulate of Validation
-
Hypotheses may be
proved
(
justificat
ionism). Criticism
................. 18
1 33.2
The Second Postulate o( Validation
-
Hypotheses cannot
be proved, but may be disproved (falsified) (falsification-
ism). Criticism
............................... 23
133 3
The Third Postulate of Validation Hypotheses can
neither be proved
,
nor disproved; they may only be either
confirmed or disconfirmed. Internal and external factors
of science
.................................. 28
13.4
A Systems Model of Scientific Methodology (Laszlo s
Model)
-
Empirical input, idea
b
(va kies)
of science, and
the relation
of
resistance factors to innovation. Irrational¬
ly in science. Demarcation of science
........«....... 31
XII
1.4
Is Scientific Progress Possible?
-
Incommensurability.
Progress within paradigms. Coexistence of schools of
thought. Unity of science. Complementarity and perspec-
tivism
..................................... 35
1.5
The Semantic View of Theories
.................... 40
1.6
Conclusions
................................. 41
1.7
Summary
.................................. 41
2
Laws, Explanation, Prediction, and Understanding
....... 45
2.1
Laws
-
Definition. Deterministic and probalistic laws.
Accidental generalizations. Process and coexistence laws.
Law and order versus chaos: is nature hwful?
.......... 45
2.2
Explanation
-
Two basic requirements for scientific expla¬
nation. Deductive-nomological explanation. Probabilistic
explanation. Covering-law model of explanation versus
narrative explanation. Other notions of explanation
...... 51
2 3
Prediction
-
Characterization. Comparison of prediction
and explanation. Predictive power and its limitations
...... 55
2.4
Understanding- Understanding and explanation
........ 57
2.5
Summary
.................................. 59
3
Facts
..................................... 61
3.1
Introduction
-
Facts as singular propositions
........... 61
3.2
First Definition of Fact
:
A proposition of a real particu¬
larity. Criticism of naive realism
................... 62
33
Second Definition of Fact : A proposition of an objective
datum of perception. Perceiving and sensing. Primary
realm. Culture-and theory-dependence of facts
......... 63
3.4
Objectivity
-
Two definitions. Relativity and culture-
dependence of objectivity. States of consciousness
....... 65
3-5
Facts and Reality
-
Datum
(donné ),
Observation ,
factum
(
fait
; Tatsache ).
Absolute and moderate rela¬
tivism. Criticism of absolute relativism. Patterned conti¬
nuum
.................................. ... 68
3.6
Experience
-
Perceiving, sensing, and experience as being
(Zen)
..................................... 70
3.7
Summary
.................................. 71
4
Concepts and
С
lassi fica
tion .....................
73
4.1
Concepts
.................................... 73
XIII
4.1.1
Introduction Concepts as abstractions. Abstraction as
selection. Examples
............................ 73
4.1.2
Nominalism
Versus
Realism
-
Controversy over
universais
... 75
4.1.3
Degree of Adequacy of Concepts
-
Woodger s map anal·
ogy. Restriction of map analogy. Examples. Comple¬
mentarity
.................................. 76
4.1.4
Limits of Concepts
-
Intension and extension of concepts.
Meaninglessness. Example
....................... 77
4.1.5
Classification of Concepts
-
Qualitative, comparative, and
quantitative concepts. Individual, class, relation, and
quantitative concepts
.......................... 78
4.1.6
Term, Concept, and Reality- Three level scheme
........ 78
4.1.7
Definition- Importance ofdefinition. Primitive terms
..... 80
4.1.8
Operationism
-
Advantages and disadvantages
.......... 81
4.1.9
Are There Biological Kinds of Concepts? Historical,
functional, and polytypic
(=
polythetic) concepts. Sig¬
nificance of polytypic concepts. Fuzzy sets. Injunction.
Types as injunctions
........................... 82
4.1.10
Fundamental Conclusions and Consequences
-
Fragmen¬
tation and wholeness (unity)
...................... 85
4.2
Classification
................................ 87
4.2 1
Classes Definitions of taxonomy and systematics. Class
concepts. Species concepts. The biological species as an
individual
.................................. 87
4.2.2
Systems of Classification Three steps in the construc¬
tion of systems. Sameness. Qualitative, comparative
(=
semiquantitaiive) and quantitative homology. Weight¬
ing of characters. Phenetic versus phylogenetic systems.
Are there natural systems? Complementarity
.
Hierarchical
systems versus nets.
CL·ssifyiпg
versus ordering. Social
and existential relevancy of classification and order
....... 89
4.3
Summary
.................................. 98
5
Comparative Plant Morphology: A Biophilosophical Case
Study
-
An illustration and discussion of the major con¬
cepts dealt with in Chapters
1
to
4..................101
6
Causality, Determinism, and Free Will
...............125
6.1
Causality
...................................125
XIV
6.1.1
Introduction
-
Controversy over causality. Phto, Aristot¬
le, Hume, Kant,
Comte,
Russell, Wittgentein, Colling-
wood, and
Bunge
on causality
.....................125
6.1.2
Linear Causality
-
Causal chains, simple and branched
(=
hierarchical)
...............................127
6.1.3
Circular Causality- Feedback loops
.................128
6.1
A Network Causality
-
Linear and circular causality as
special cases of network causality. Network thinking.
Wholeness
..................................129
6.1.5
Mohi s Model of Factor Analysis
-
Relation of causal
analysis and factor analysis. Examples
...............133
6.1.6
Consequences of Network Thinking
-
Integration and
systems thinking in science, society and our personal life.
Relation of cause and guilt . Fire-walkers and
kavad
і
bearers
....................................135
6.1.7
Network Thinking in Medicine
-
Cancer;Myopia
........138
6.2
Causalism
-
Two formuhtions of the principle of causal¬
ity. Spontaneity and chance
......................139
6.3
Determinism
-
Definition. Indeterminism
s. str.
Method¬
ological and ontological interpretations of
Heisenberg
s
uncertainty principle. Determinism
s. ht.
Four types of
determination. Indeterminism s.
lat.
Order and chaos
.....140
6.4
Free Will
-
Rejection of free will. Defense of free will
through scientific argumentation or existential experi¬
ence (Jaspers)
...............................145
6_5 Beyond Free Will
- Schrödinger s
mystical solution of
the apparent contradiction between determination and
the experience of free will
.......................146
6.6
Summary
..................................147
7
Teleology
..................................151
7.1
Introduction
-
Purpose and function. Semantic confusion
and complexity of phenomena
....................151
7.2
Terminology- Four definitions of teleology. Teleonomy.
External and internal teleology. Teleology of unique
events. Purposiveness. Six
deßnitions
of function. Adapt¬
ed systems. Finality
........................ 152
7 3
Goal
-intende
dness
-
Mohr
s
model of human teleology.
Relaxations of Mohr s model applied to animals and
plants. Degrees of consciousness. Do plants have emo¬
tions and consciousness?
.......... 158
XV
7.4
Goal-directedness
-
Genetic programs are open. Cyber¬
netics and its application to ontogeny and phylogeny.
Integration
.................................162
7.5
Function
-
Two meanings of function and their conse¬
quences: function as necessary for survival, and function
as any activity that relates to the system. Functionality
as complementary to causality. Network functionality
and network causality. Linear functionality and linear
causality. Can functional statements be reduced to causal
ones? Integration and function
....................165
7.6
Teleology
ала
Reality
-
Adequacy of teleological and
teleonomic concepts. No ends and no purpose in nature.
Functions as an aspect of nature, but not inherently
natural. No-purpose. Going nowhere
................168
7.7
Summary
..................................178
8
Evolution and Change
..........................181
8.1
Introduction Basic kinds of questions in biology
.......181
8.2
Universality of Change
-
Everything flows. Slow and
rapid changes. Catastrophes. Change of laws. Dynamism
in other cultures
..............................182
8.3
Historicity
-
Problems of historical science: prediction,
explanation, and uniqueness
......................186
8.4
Evolution and Progress
-
Definitions of evolution and
progress . Criticism of the idea of general progress and
superiority
.................................188
8.5
Modern Evolutionary Theory
.....................191
8-5.1
Three Aspects of Evolutionary Theory
............... 191
8.5.2
Chance and Necessity
-
External and internal selection.
Systems theory of evolution
...................... 192
8.5 3
The Status of Evolutionary Theory and Tautology
....... 196
8.6
Evolutionary Epistemology
-
Seven problems and
Ried I s
solutions. Criticism of
Riedi s
assumptions, postulates,
and basic concepts. Merits of evolutionary epistemology
. . . 198
8.7
Evolutionary Theory and Human Values- Feedback be¬
tween science and human values. Values underlying Dar¬
winism,
neo
-Darwinism, and sociobiology. Alternative
values. Pluralism. Deconstruction
...................202
8.8
Summary
..................................206
XVI
What is
Ufe?
................................211
9.1
Introduction
-
Ways of defining life
................. 211
9.2
Vitalism
-
Animism. Vital
principie.
H.
Driesch. Four
criticism of vitalism
............................ 212
93
Mechanism- Four meanings of mechanism
............ 216
9.4
Red
ucti
onism
-
Two kinds of mechanism in reductionist
terms. Three kinds of reduction:
ontologica!, epistemo¬
logica!
and methodological. Emergence. No-thingness.
DerivabiUty and oonnectability. Replacement instead of
reduction. Perspectivism. Compositionism
............. 217
9.5
Machine Theory of Life
-
Two meanings. The computa¬
tional metaphor
.............................. 225
9.6
Organicism
-
Organizing relations. Directiveness. Histo¬
ricity. Autonomy of biological theory
............... 226
9.7
What is
Ufe?
-
Monotypie,
polytypic, and fuzzy de¬
finitions. Limitations of definitions. Life as direct experi¬
ence. Oneness
............................... 228
9.8
The Mind-Body Problem
-
Statement of the problem.
Several different approaches
...................... 234
9.9
Summary
.................................. 236
10
World Hypotheses (World Views) and Truth
........... 241
10.1
Introduction- The relevance of world hypotheses (world
views)
..................................... 241
10.2
Pepper s Seven World Hypotheses
.................. 242
10.2.1
Formisrn
................................... 242
10.2.2
Mechanism
................................. 243
10.2 3
Contextualism
............................... 245
10.2.4
Organicism
................................. 246
10.2-5
Modern Biology in Relation to the Above Four World
Hypotheses
................................. 247
10.2.6
The Generating-substance Hypothesis
................ 248
10.2.7
Animism
................................... 248
10.2.8
Mysticism
.................................. 249
10.3
Truth
..................................... 249
10.4
Summary
.................................. 252
Epilogue: On the Importance of Living
............... 255
References
................................ 257
Subject Index
............................... 279
|
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| id | DE-604.BV000499841 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:14:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540164189 9783540164180 0387164189 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000309861 |
| oclc_num | 13424240 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | XVI, 284 S. |
| publishDate | 1986 |
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| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sattler, Rolf Verfasser aut Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives Rolf Sattler Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1986 XVI, 284 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologie - Philosophie Biologie gtt Filosofie gtt Philosophie Biology Biology Philosophy Philosophy Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000309861&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sattler, Rolf Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives Biologie - Philosophie Biologie gtt Filosofie gtt Philosophie Biology Biology Philosophy Philosophy Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045791-6 (DE-588)4006851-1 |
| title | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives |
| title_auth | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives |
| title_full | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives Rolf Sattler |
| title_fullStr | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives Rolf Sattler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives Rolf Sattler |
| title_short | Biophilosophy |
| title_sort | biophilosophy analytic and holistic perspectives |
| title_sub | analytic and holistic perspectives |
| topic | Biologie - Philosophie Biologie gtt Filosofie gtt Philosophie Biology Biology Philosophy Philosophy Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie - Philosophie Biologie Filosofie Philosophie Biology Biology Philosophy Philosophy |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000309861&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sattlerrolf biophilosophyanalyticandholisticperspectives |