Theoretical epidemiology: principles of occurrence research in medicine
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York u.a.
Wiley
1985
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 359 S. |
| ISBN: | 0471867691 |
Staff View
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| adam_text | Contents THE STUDY OF OCCURRENCE PROBLEMS IN MEDICINE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. Theoretical Epidemiology as the Discipline of Occurrence Research in Medicine Generality of the Epidemiologic Discipline Occurrence Relations as the Actual Objects: Occurrence Parameters, Their Determinants, and Modifiers of Relations Descriptive vs. Causal Relations Conditional Relations: Confounders Referent of the Relation: Particularistic vs. Abstract Problems Levels of Study 1.7.1. 1.7.2. Qualitative Exploration and Hypothesis Testing Quantification, Relative and Absolute 1 1 4 5 11 12 16 17 17 18
xiv Contents PARTI 2. STUDY DESIGN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES OF DESIGN 21 DESIGN OF THE OCCURRENCE RELATION 25 2.1. Outcome Phenomenon: Definitions, Conceptual and Empirical 2.2. Outcome Parameter: Prevalence or Status Distribution vs. Incidence or Change Distribution 2.3. Determinant Scale: Validity of Contrasts 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 3. Comparability of Effects Comparability of Populations Comparability of Information Epilogue Relation: Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Modifiers: Treatment Confounders: Identification in Concept Confounders: Operational Imperfections Domain of the Relation DESIGN OF THE STUDY BASE 3.1. 3.2. 25 28 29 30 31 34 35 36 37 39 42 44 46 Introduction Membership of the Base Population 46 48 3.2.1. Admissibility 48 3.2.1.1. 3.2.1.2. 3.2.1.3. 48 52 3.2.1.4. 3.2.1.5. 3.2.2. Cohort Admissibility Dynamic Population Admissibility Admissibility in Population Cross Sections Base Membership Secondary to Case Selection Place and Time in Admissibility 53 54 55 Distribution Matrix 56 3.2.2.1. 3.2.2.2. 56 58 Distribution(s) of Determinant(s) Distributions of Modifiers
Contents 3.2.2.3. Distributions of Confounders 3.2.2.4. Joint Distribution 3.2.3. 3.3. 3.4. 4. Size XV 59 59 60 Coverage of Risk Period 62 3.3.1. Follow-up of Entry Cohort 3.3.2. Follow-up of Oblique Cohort 3.3.3. Dynamic Population Coverage 3.3.4. Retrospective Coverage 62 63 64 64 Biased Base 66 3.4.1. Censorship 3.4.2. Result-Dependent Investigation 3.4.3. Outcome-Dependent Admissibility 3.4.4. Outcome-Dependent Termination of Follow-up 66 67 68 68 DESIGN OF SAMPLING OF THE BASE 69 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 69 73 74 78 The Case-Referent Approach: Fundamentals Stratified Sampling of Cases Stratified Sampling of the Base Valid Sampling 4.4.1. Valid Sampling in the Context of a Primary Base 4.4.2. Valid Sampling in the Context of a Base Secondary to Cases 4.4.2.1. 4A.2.2 4.4.2.3. 4A.2.4. 5. The Ideal Reference Entity and Its Source Inclusions vs. Exclusions The Validity of Siblings and Neighbors Reference Series from Outside the Base 78 79 79 82 82 82 DESIGN OF INFORMATION ON THE SAMPLES 84 5.1. 5.2. 84 85 Presampling Provisions for Information Time Referent of Information
xvi Contents 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. Conditional Sufficiency of Information Content of Information Structure of Information Comparability of Information Accuracy of Information 87 88 89 91 94 6. DESIGN OF ANALYSIS 96 7. INTERDEPENDENCIES IN DESIGN 99 8. STUDY PROTOCOL 101 PART 2 9. DATAANALYSIS ELEMENTS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INFERENCE 107 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. Introduction Hypothesis vs. Its Denial The P-Value 107 109 110 9.3.1. 9.3.2. 9.3.3. Sampling Behavior of the P-Value Basic Interpretation of Р-Values Р-Values for Data-Suggested Hypotheses 9.3.4. Р-Values for Multiple Hypotheses 9.3.5. Р-Values in Repeat Testing 110 111 Testing vs. Estimation Interval Estimates 117 117 9.5.1. 9.5.2. 117 120 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8. One-Sided Interval Estimate Two-Sided Interval Estimate 113 114 116 Point Estimate The Likelihood Ratio 122 122 9.7.1. 9.7.2. 122 124 Review Essence of the Likelihood Ratio Interpretation of the Likelihood Ratio 127
Contents 10. ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE RATE 129 10.1. Single Proportion 130 10.1.1. 10.1.2. 10.1.3. 10.1.4. 130 134 135 137 10.2. 11. Chi Square Function Asymptotic LR Function Exact P-Value Function Exact LR Function Single Density 140 11.1. Two Proportions 141 11.1.1. 11.1.2. 141 143 Unstratified Series Stratified Series in General 11.1.2.2. 11.1.3. 11.2. The Cochran-MantelHaenszel Statistic LR Statistics Matched Series Two Densities 143 146 149 152 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO RATES II: CHI SQUARE FUNCTION FOR RATE DIFFERENCE 155 12.1. Contrast-Based X2 Function of RD 156 12.1.1. 12.1.2. 12.1.3. 156 162 164 12.2. 12.3. 12.4. 13. 137 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO RATES I: NULL CHI SQUARE 11.1.2.1. 12. XVII Unstratified Series Stratified Series in General Matched Series LR-Based X2 Function of RD Simple Analysis for RD Analysis for Modification of RD 165 166 168 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO RATES III: CHI SQUARE FUNCTION FOR RATE RATIO 172 13.1. Contrast-Based X2 Function of RR 172 13.1.1. Unstratified Series 172
Contents xviii 13.1.2. 13.1.3. 13.2. 13.3. 13.4. 14. 14.2. 14.3. 14.4. 16. Analysis for Modification of RR 176 177 179 180 181 184 Score-Based X2 Function of OR 184 14.1.1. 14.1.2. 14.1.3 184 189 189 Unstratified Series Stratified Series in General Matched Series ĹR-Based X2 Function of OR Simple Analysis for OR Analysis for Modification of OR 191 192 193 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL RATES: NULL CHI SQUARE 194 15.1. 15.2. 194 198 Basic Null X2 Angular Null X2 ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS 16.1. 16.2. 16.3. 17. LR-based X2 Function of RR Simple Analysis for RR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO RATES IV: CHI SQUARE FUNCTION FOR ODDS RATIO 14.1. 15. Stratified Series in General Matched Series 201 Single Mean Two Means 201 204 16.2.1. 16.2.2. 204 Null X2 or t2 X2 or t2 Function of Mean Difference 206 Several Means 207 16.3.1. 16.3.2. 207 Null X2 orr2 X2 or t2 Function of Regression Slope 210 ANALYSIS OF CASE-REFERENT DATA 211 17.1. 17.2. 17.3. 211 213 214 Null X2 X2 Function of RR Simple Analysis for RR
Contents 18. REGRESSION ANALYSIS 18.1. Linear Regression: The Concept 18.2. Independent Variates: Specification and Result Interpretation 18.2.1. Determinant Representation 18.2.1.1. 18.2.1.2. 18.2.1.3. 18.2.1.4. Representation of Nominal Determinant Representation of Ordinal or Quantitative Determinant Determinant Characterized in Two or More Dimensions Determinant History 18.2.2. 18.2.3. Confounder Representation Nonconfounder-Nonmodifier Representation 18.2.4. Modifier Representation 18.2.5. Missing Data Representation 18.3. Dependent Parameter: Specification and Result Interpretation 18.3.1. 18.3.2. 18.4. 18.5. Parameter for Binary Outcome : General Linear vs. Logistic Model Parameter for Quantitative Outcome: Mean vs. Median Regression Analysis of Case-Referent Data Implementation of Regression Analysis Preliminaries to Regression Analysis 18.5.2. Fitting of Causal Model 18.5.3. Fitting of Descriptive Model xix 216 217 218 218 218 221 223 226 221 229 229 231 233 233 237 239 241 18.5.1. 241 242 243 APPENDICES APPENDIX! A.1.1. A.1.2. RATE MEASURES OF OCCURRENCE Prevalence Rate Incidence Rates 245 245 246
Contents XX A.1.3. A.1.4. Risk Proportionate Rate APPENDIX 2. MEASURES OF OCCURRENCE RELATION A.2.1. A.2.2. Fundamental Measures of Susceptibility and Resistance Susceptibility/Resistance and Measures of Relation A.2.2.1. A.2.2.2. Rate Difference Derivatives of Rate Ratio Derivatives of Observed and Expected Numbers of Cases A.2.4. Odds Ratio * A.2.5. Correlation and Regression Coefficients A.2.6. Proportionate Mortality Ratio A.2.7. Deaths Prevented (Lives Saved) 249 250 251 251 252 252 252 A.2.3. APPENDIX 3. CAUSAL AND PREVENTIVE INTERDEPENDENCE (SYNERGISM AND ANTAGONISM) A.3.1. A.3.2. Definitions Rate Criteria APPENDIX 4, CRUDE, ADJUSTED, AND STANDARDIZED RATES Crude Rate as a Weighted Average of Specific Rates A.4.2. Adjustment and Standardization-. The Ideas A.4.3. The Notion of “Indirect” Standardization A.4.4. The Standardized Mortality (Morbidity) Ratio A.4.5. Precision-Maximizing Weights 254 256 257 260 261 262 262 264 266 A.4.1. APPENDIX 5. CENSUS VS. CASE-REFERENT APPROACH: RELATIVE INFORMATIVENESS 266 268 269 270 272 273
XX¡ Contents APPENDIX 6. CASE-REFERENT APPROACH: SAMPLE OF BASE (REFERENT) VS. SAMPLE OF NONCASE SUBDOMAIN OF BASE 277 APPENDIX 7. SERIES RELATIVE SIZES OF COMPARED 280 APPENDIX 8 REVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN A.8.1. A.8.2. A.8.3. A.8.4. Questions Questions Questions Studies Questions Studies of Validity in the Design Stage of Efficiency in the Design Stage in the Review of “Positive” 283 283 284 284 in the Review of “Negative” 285 APPENDIX 9. DISTRIBUTION OF P-VALUE AND INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS 286 APPENDIX 10. 294 A.10.1. A.10.2. A.10.3. A.10.4. A.10.5. SOME PROBABILITY MODELS Binomial Distributions Poisson Distributions Hypergeometric Distributions Noncentral Hypergeometric Distributions Gaussian Distributions 294 295 295 297 298 APPENDIX 11 P-VALUE FROM STANDARD GAUSSIAN STATISTIC 299 APPENDIX 12 P-VALUE FROM CHI SQUARE STATISTIC 301 APPENDIX 13 ANALYSIS OF MATCHED SERIES: VARIANCE ESTIMATES FOR X2 FUNCTIONS OF RATE DIFFERENCE AND RATE RATIO 303 A.13.1. A.13.2. Rate Difference Rate Ratio 304 308
Contents xxii APPENDIX 14, ANALYSIS OF MATCHED SERIES: X2 FUNCTION OF ODDS RATIO 312 GLOSSARY 317 REFERENCES 345 INDEX 351
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| spelling | Miettinen, Olli S. Verfasser aut Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine New York u.a. Wiley 1985 XXII, 359 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Epidemiologie gtt Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Épidémiologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Research Methodology Epidemiology Statistical methods (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Theoretische Epidemiologie gnd rswk-swf Theoretische Epidemiologie f DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000282799&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Miettinen, Olli S. Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine Epidemiologie gtt Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Épidémiologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Research Methodology Epidemiology Statistical methods |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_auth | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_exact_search | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_full | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_fullStr | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_short | Theoretical epidemiology |
| title_sort | theoretical epidemiology principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| title_sub | principles of occurrence research in medicine |
| topic | Epidemiologie gtt Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Épidémiologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Research Methodology Epidemiology Statistical methods |
| topic_facet | Epidemiologie Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Épidémiologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Research Methodology Epidemiology Statistical methods Aufsatzsammlung Theoretische Epidemiologie |
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