Imperialism and after: continuities and discontinuities
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London u.a.
Allen & Unwin
1986
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 368 S. |
| ISBN: | 0049090186 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV000417124 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20120223 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 870612s1986 xx ||||z00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0049090186 |9 0-04-909018-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)11918204 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV000417124 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-19 |a DE-473 |a DE-703 |a DE-824 |a DE-384 |a DE-739 |a DE-355 |a DE-29 |a DE-M352 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a JC359 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 325/.32 |2 19 | |
| 084 | |a MK 2600 |0 (DE-625)123039: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a NQ 1060 |0 (DE-625)128043: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a NQ 9200 |0 (DE-625)129159: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a NQ 9300 |0 (DE-625)129160: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a q 69.2 |2 ifzs | ||
| 084 | |a q 69 |2 ifzs | ||
| 084 | |a c 82.1 |2 ifzs | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Imperialism and after |b continuities and discontinuities |c German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London u.a. |b Allen & Unwin |c 1986 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 368 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1898-1980 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-1986 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1898-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Imperialisme |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Imperialism | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Imperialismustheorie |0 (DE-588)4161403-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Imperialismus |0 (DE-588)4026651-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neokolonialismus |0 (DE-588)4115362-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kolonialismus |0 (DE-588)4073624-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kolonialismus |0 (DE-588)4073624-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Neokolonialismus |0 (DE-588)4115362-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Imperialismus |0 (DE-588)4026651-5 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1900-1986 |A z |
| 689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 3 | 0 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | 1 | |a Imperialismus |0 (DE-588)4026651-5 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1898-1989 |A z |
| 689 | 3 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 4 | 0 | |a Imperialismus |0 (DE-588)4026651-5 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | 1 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1898-1980 |A z |
| 689 | 4 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 5 | 0 | |a Imperialismustheorie |0 (DE-588)4161403-3 |D s |
| 689 | 5 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mommsen, Wolfgang J. |d 1930-2004 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)117744301 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000257596&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 940 | 1 | |n DHB | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSBahf | |
| 940 | 1 | |q DHB_BSB_bsbahf | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000257596 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1824619390529699840 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents Preface 1 Wolfgang J. Mommsen Imperialism and Empire: An Introduction H. L. Wesseling PART ONE 13 34 41 49 63 83 90 The Legacy of Empire: Some Regional Studies 9 Imperialism and State Formation in Africa: Nigeria and Chad Albert Wirz 10 The Legacy of the British-Indian Empire in Independent India Dietmar Rothermund 11 Continuities and Discontinuities in Indo-British Economic Relations: British Multinational Corporations in India, 1920-1970 B. R. Tomlinson 12 Imperialist Domination in Vietnam and Cambodia: A LongTerm View Dieter Brötel PART THREE 13 1 The New Imperial Powers 2 The Global Role of the United States and its Imperial Conse quences, 1898-1973 Klaus Schwabe 3 The Paradox of Imperialism: The American Case A. E. Campbell 4 American Imperialism is Anti-Communism Tony Smith 5 Modern Imperialism? The Tsarist and the Soviet Examples Dietrich Geyer 6 The Politics of Expansion of the Japanese Empire : Imperialism or Pan-Asiatic Mission? Bernd Martin 7 Some Thoughts on Japanese Expansion Ian H. Nish 8 Imperialism and Revisionism in Interwar Germany Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann PART TWO page ix 123 139 154 167 Imperialism and the World Economy Historical Roots of Economic Underdevelopment: Myths and Realities Paul Bairoch 191
viii Contents 14 The Third World in the International Economy J. Forbes Мито 15 ‘A New Imperial System’? The Role of the Multinational Corporations Reconsidered David Fieldhouse 16 Multinational Corporations in World System Perspective Volker Bornschier Yl The Newly Industrializing Countries of East Asia: Imperialist Continuity or a Case of Catching Up? Ulrich Menzel PART FOUR 18 19 20 21 22 217 225 241 247 Towards a General Theory of Imperialism The Excentric Idea of Imperialism, with or without Empire Ronald Robinson Semi-Colonialism and Informal Empire in Twentieth-Century China: Towards a Framework of Analysis Jürgen Osterhammel Conflict and Convergence in Development Theory Colin Leys Theories of Imperialism in Perspective Anthony Brewer The End of Empire and the Continuity of Imperialism Wolfgang J. Mommsen 267 290 315 325 333 Notes on Contributors 359 Index 303 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)117744301 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000417124 |
| callnumber-first | J - Political Science |
| callnumber-label | JC359 |
| callnumber-raw | JC359 |
| callnumber-search | JC359 |
| callnumber-sort | JC 3359 |
| callnumber-subject | JC - Political Theory |
| classification_rvk | MK 2600 NQ 1060 NQ 9200 NQ 9300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)11918204 (DE-599)BVBBV000417124 |
| dewey-full | 325/.32 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 325 - International migration and colonization |
| dewey-raw | 325/.32 |
| dewey-search | 325/.32 |
| dewey-sort | 3325 232 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1898-1980 gnd Geschichte 1900-1986 gnd Geschichte 1898-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1898-1980 Geschichte 1900-1986 Geschichte 1898-1989 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV000417124</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20120223</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">870612s1986 xx ||||z00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0049090186</subfield><subfield code="9">0-04-909018-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)11918204</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV000417124</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-824</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M352</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">JC359</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">325/.32</subfield><subfield code="2">19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MK 2600</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123039:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 1060</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128043:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 9200</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)129159:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 9300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)129160:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">q 69.2</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">q 69</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">c 82.1</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Imperialism and after</subfield><subfield code="b">continuities and discontinuities</subfield><subfield code="c">German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London u.a.</subfield><subfield code="b">Allen & Unwin</subfield><subfield code="c">1986</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XII, 368 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1898-1980</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-1986</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1898-1989</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Imperialisme</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Imperialism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Imperialismustheorie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4161403-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Imperialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026651-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Neokolonialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4115362-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kolonialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073624-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kolonialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073624-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neokolonialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4115362-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Imperialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026651-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-1986</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Imperialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026651-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1898-1989</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Imperialismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026651-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1898-1980</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="5" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Imperialismustheorie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4161403-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="5" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mommsen, Wolfgang J.</subfield><subfield code="d">1930-2004</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)117744301</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000257596&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">DHB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSBahf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_BSB_bsbahf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000257596</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV000417124 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-20T23:04:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0049090186 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000257596 |
| oclc_num | 11918204 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-824 DE-384 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-M352 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-824 DE-384 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-M352 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XII, 368 S. |
| psigel | BSBahf DHB_BSB_bsbahf |
| publishDate | 1986 |
| publishDateSearch | 1986 |
| publishDateSort | 1986 |
| publisher | Allen & Unwin |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ... 1. publ. London u.a. Allen & Unwin 1986 XII, 368 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1898-1980 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-1986 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1898-1989 gnd rswk-swf Imperialisme gtt Imperialism Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Imperialismustheorie (DE-588)4161403-3 gnd rswk-swf Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd rswk-swf Neokolonialismus (DE-588)4115362-5 gnd rswk-swf Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 s DE-604 Neokolonialismus (DE-588)4115362-5 s Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 s Geschichte 1900-1986 z Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1898-1989 z Geschichte 1898-1980 z Imperialismustheorie (DE-588)4161403-3 s 1\p DE-604 Mommsen, Wolfgang J. 1930-2004 Sonstige (DE-588)117744301 oth Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000257596&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities Imperialisme gtt Imperialism Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Imperialismustheorie (DE-588)4161403-3 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd Neokolonialismus (DE-588)4115362-5 gnd Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4161403-3 (DE-588)4026651-5 (DE-588)4115362-5 (DE-588)4073624-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities |
| title_auth | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities |
| title_exact_search | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities |
| title_full | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ... |
| title_fullStr | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities German Historical Institute. Ed. by Wolfgang J. Mommsen ... |
| title_short | Imperialism and after |
| title_sort | imperialism and after continuities and discontinuities |
| title_sub | continuities and discontinuities |
| topic | Imperialisme gtt Imperialism Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Imperialismustheorie (DE-588)4161403-3 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd Neokolonialismus (DE-588)4115362-5 gnd Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Imperialisme Imperialism Internationale Politik Imperialismustheorie Imperialismus Neokolonialismus Kolonialismus Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000257596&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mommsenwolfgangj imperialismandaftercontinuitiesanddiscontinuities |