The sound system of French:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, DC
Georgetown Univ. Press
1984
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 236 S. |
| ISBN: | 0878400850 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The sound system of French |c Jean Casagrande |
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| _version_ | 1804114644302823424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The sound system of French
Autor: Casagrande, Jean
Jahr: 1984
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part One. Phonetics and phonetic differences:
Foundation and building blocks of a sound system 1
1 By way of introduction 1
1.1 Sound and spelling 1
1.2 Grammar 2
1.3 Underlying representation and phonetic representation 3
1.4 Verbal intercourse 4
1.5 The speech chain 4
1.6 Questions 5
2 The nature of sound 6
2.1 Waves 6
2.2 Vibrations 6
2.3 Frequency and pitch 7
2.4 Amplitude and intensity 8
2.5 Sound propagation 9
2.6 Harmonics 9
2.7 Compound sounds 10
2.8 Resonators 11
2.9 Questions 12
3 The organs of speech 13
3.1 A superimposed system 13
3.2 The bellows 13
3.3 Speech production 14
3.4 The larynx 14
3.5 The vocal tract 15
iii
3.5.1 The pharynx 15
3.5.2 The nose 15
3.5.3 The mouth 16
3.6 Questions 18
4 Articulatory properties of French sounds 18
4.1 Articulation 18
4.2 Manner of articulation 8
4.3 Point of articulation 9
4.4 Vowels (syllabic sounds) 19
4.4.1 Oral vowels 19
4.4.2 Nasal vowels 20
4.4.3 Summing up the vowels 21
4.5 Consonants (nonsyllabic sounds) 21
4.5.1 Bilabials 21
4.5.2 Labiodentals 22
4.5.3 Dentals 22
4.5.4 Alveolar fricatives 23
4.5.5 Alveopalatals 23
4.5.6 Palatal nasal 23
4.5.7 Velar stops 23
4.5.8 Consonantal system 23
4.5.9 Liquids 23
4.5.10 Glides 24
4.6 Summary 25
4.7 Questions 26
5 The atomization of segments 27
5.0 Introduction 27
5.1 Major class features 28
5.1.1 Consonantal 28
5.1.2 Sonorant 28
5.1.3 Syllabic 29
5.2 The neutral position 29
5.3 Features denned in terms of resonators 30
5.3.1 Anterior 30
5.3.2 Coronal 30
5.3.3 Low 30
5.3.4 High 32
5.3.5 Front 32
5.3.6 Back 32
5.3.7 Round 32
5.4 Features determined by the manner of articulation 32
5.4.1 Continuant 33
5.4.2 Strident
5.4.3 Tense
5.5 Features defined by secondary articulation
5.5.1 Nasal
5.5.2 Lateral
5.6 A glottal feature
5.6.1 Voice
5.7 Diacritic features
5.7.1 Aspirated
5.7.2 Length
5.7.3 Stress
5.8 The distinctive features of French
5.9 The components of segments
5.10 Why features?
5.11 Questions
Part Two. Phonology: Influences, reactions,
and consequences in the society of sounds 38
6 The rise and fall of segments 38
6.0 Introduction 38
6.1 Vowel insertion 39
6.2 Vowel deletion 40
6.2.1 Apocope 41
6.2.2 Elision 41
6.2.3 Syncope 42
6.3 Consonant deletion 42
6.3.1 Final consonant deletion 42
6.3.2 Cluster simplification 44
6.3.3 Failure to link 44
6.4 Consonant insertion 45
6.4.1 Liaison mal a propos 45
6.4.2 Homorganic consonant insertion 45
6.5 Diphthongization 46
6.6 Reduction 47
6.7 Questions 48
7 Birds of a feather 50
7.0 Introduction 50
7.1 Assimilation 50
7.1.1 Voicing assimilation 50
7.1.2/R/-Devoicing 52
7.1.3 Some remarks 53
7.2 Palatalization 54
7.3 Nasalization
7.4 Contraction
7.5 Glide formation
7.6 Historical evidence
7.6.1 Voicing assimilation and nasalization 5«
7.6.2 Palatalization ^
7.6.3 Total assimilation
7.7 Questions
Part Three. French phonological rules: The forces that shape
the main traits of the French sound system 60
8 It s what s up front 60
8.1 Fronting 60
8.1.1 Tonic/pretonic vowel alternations: /a ~ e/, /o ~ oe/ 60
8.1.2 Denning Fronting 61
8.1.3 Another round vowel alternation: / oe ~ u/ ^
8.1.4 An alternation with schwa: / e ~ a/ 2
8.2 Basic classes of French morphology °2
8.2.1 Two kinds of alternations °2
8.2.2 Native and learned forms 63
8.2.3 Derivational and inflectional classes 64
8.3 Some rules 64
8.3.1 Pretonic Vowel Raising 64
8.3.2 Pretonic Vowel Reduction ^
8.4 Fronted vowels in pretonic position ^
8.5 Divisions in French vocabulary -1
8.6 The rules with morphological conditioning
8.7 Questions 67
9 The more it changes 68
9.0 Introduction 68
9.1 Pretonic/tonic vowel alternations
9.2 Alternations with schwa ^9
9.3 A more complex alternation 70
9.4 Some rules 71
9.4.1 High Vowel Lowering 7*
9.4.2 Pretonic Vowel Raising 7
9.4.3 /wa/-Adjustment 72
9.5 Diphthongized vowels in pretonic position 72
9.6 More on vocabulary divisions 73
9.7 Ordering the rules 75
9.7.1 Diphthongization and Fronting 7^
9.7.2 High Vowel Lowering and /wa/-Adjustment 75
9.8 Questions 76
10 High vowels . . . front! 77
10.0 Introduction 77
10.1 The vowels of learned vocabulary 78
10.2 Fronting 78
10.2.1 /u/ and /y/ in native and learned forms 78
10.2.2 Nonalternating /y/ and /u/ 80
10.3 Generalizing rules 81
10.3.1 Fronting 81
10.3.2 High Vowel Lowering generalized 81
10.3.3 Generalizing Pretonic Vowel Adjustment 82
10.3.4 Back Vowel Raising 83
10.4 Two fronting rules 84
10.5 Ordering the rules 84
10.6 Conclusion 85
10.7 Questions 86
11 Other oral vowels 87
11.0 Introduction 87
11.1 The syllable 87
11.2 Nonalternating vowels 87
11.2.1 /a/,/u/,/o/,/y/, and/i/ 87
11.2.2 Vowels in unrelated words 88
11.2.3 Alternations with syllabic conditioning 89
11.2.4 Vowel harmony 89
11.3 The vowels /o/ and /o/ 90
11.3.1 Low vowels alternating with nonlow vowels:
/ce~0/,/o~o/ 90
11.3.2 /o/-adjustment rules 91
11.3.2.1 /o/ from/os/ 92
11.3.2.2 Coalescence: /al/ becomes /o/ 92
11.3.2.3 Coalescence: /el/ becomes /o/ 93
11.4 Review of the vowels 94
11.5 Questions 95
12 To glide or diphthongize 96
12.0 Introduction 96
12.1 Glides and vowels 96
12.2 Gliding 97
12.2.1 Prevocalic glides 97
12.2.2 Ordering Gliding 98
12.2.3 A constraint on Gliding 99
12.2.4 Yod-Insertion 99
12.3 The postvocalic glide 100
12.4 Glide or diphthong 102
12.4.1 An apparent counterexample 1°2
12.4.2 The diphthong as a partial explanation 103
12.4.3 To glide or to diphthongize 1°3
12.4.4 Diphthongizing back vowels 1°4
12.5 Conclusion 104
12.6 Questions 104
13 Three nasals from two
106
106
107
108
108
109
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
111
111
111
112
112
14 Velum down, nasal out !*•
14.0 Introduction H3
14.1 Alternations H3
14.1.1 Alternations with /e/ I14
14.1.2 Alternations with/a/ 6
14.1.3 Alternations with / / 1
14.1.4 Alternations with /5/ l7
14.1.5 Alternations in a prefix 1
14.2 The rules H8
14.2.1 Nasalization and borrowing 1
14.2.2 Two rules, not one 1 ^
14.2.3 Nasalized Vowel Lowering 20
14.2.4 en-Adjustment 120
14.3 Ordering 120
14.4 The conditioning nasal 120
14.5 Questions 121
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Distribution
13.2 The cluster argument
13.3 The homorganic argument
13.4 The source of the palatal nasal
13.5 Distribution reviewed
13.5.1 Word-final palatal nasal
13.5.2 After a liquid
13.5.3 Intervocalically
13.5.4 Word-initially
13.5.5 Before a nasal
13.5.6 After a consonant
13.5.7 In the context of nasalization
13.6 Why /ji/ behaves like a cluster
13.7 The rule
13.8 The orthographic trap
13.9 Conclusion
13.10 Questions
15 Schwa, the chameleon 122
15.0 Introduction 122
15.1 Reduction 123
15.1.1 Posttonic Vowel Reduction 123
15.1.2 Reduction of pretonic /a/ 123
15.1.3 /e/ reduced to schwa 124
15.1.4 Alternations of schwa with diphthongs 124
15.1.5 Low Vowel Reduction 124
15.2 Syllabicity 125
15.2.1 The phonetic stuff of schwa 125
15.2.2 Syllabic liquids 127
15.2.3 In postvocalic position 130
15.2.4 After a glide 131
15.2.5 Tonic schwa 131
15.3 Demotion 132
15.3.1 Prevocalic demotion 133
15.3.2 Phrase-initial demotion 134
15.3.3 Contiguous syllable segments 135
15.3.4 In word-final position 138
15.4 Questions 141
Part Four. Some practical observations, eclectic remarks,
and drill-oriented applications 143
16 Sound production 144
16.1 The buckshot effect 144
16.2 Glottal aperture 145
16.2.1 Aspiration 145
16.2.2 Closure 146
16.3 Articulatory habits 146
16.4 Posture and breathing 147
16.5 Keep up interest 147
16.6 Assessment 148
17 Segment production 149
17.1 Preeminence of the vowel 149
17.2 Even-stressed rhythm 149
17.3 Vowel distinctness 151
17.4 Consonants 153
17.4.1 Unaspirated initial stops 153
17.4.2 Word-final stops 154
17.4.3 Word-medial stops 154
17.4.4 Point of articulation 155
17.5 Liquids 155
17.5.1 Uvular consonant vs. retroflex vocoid 155
17.5.2 Nonvelarized /I/ and its environment 156
18 Transcription
18.0 Introduction 15
18.1 Memorizing French sounds 57
18.2 Consonantal contrasts 158
18.2.1 Voiced vs. voiceless stops 58
18.2.2 Voiced vs. voiceless fricatives 159
18.2.3 Voiced vs. voiceless segments 160
18.2.4 Nasal vs. oral segments 160
18.2.4.1 Nasal consonantal segments 160
18.2.4.2 Nasal oral segments !61
18.2.5 Vowels vs. glides 161
18.3 Vowels in contrast 162
18.3.1 Front vowels: /i/, /e/, /e/ 162
18.3.2 Front rounded vowels: /y/, /o/, /oe/ 163
18.3.3 Back vowels: /u/, /o/, /o/ 163
18.4 Transcription 164
18.5 The importance of transcription 165
19 Liaison and elision * *
19.1 Enchainment and liaison 165
19.1.1 Their nature I65
19.1.2 Practical steps 165
19.1.3 Voicing and devoicing in liaison 166
19.1.4 Practice 167
19.2 Elision I67
19.3 Syntactic conditioning 168
19.3.1 Liaison obligatoire 16°
19.3.2 Liaison interdite 170
20 The front rounded vowels 172
20.0 Introduction I72
20.1 Phonologically derived front segments I72
20.1.1 Low front rounded /ce/ I72
20.1.2 Mid front rounded /a/ I74
20.1.3 Front rounded /y/ I76
20.2 Generalized fronting l7^
21 Nonhigh oral vowels 180
21.0 Introduction 180
21.1 Front unrounded nonhigh vowels: /e/, /e/ 181
21.1.1 Verb forms exhibiting the /e/ ~ /e/ contrast 181
21.1.2 /e/ alternating with /ej/ and /eje/ 182
21.1.3/e/in closed syllables 183
21.1.4 Comparison with English 185
21.2 Rounded nonhigh oral vowels: /o/, /ce/, /o/, /d/ 185
21.2.1 Mid vowels before /z/ 185
21.2.2 Nonhigh rounded vowels in other checked syllables 187
21.3 Low central tense vowel: /a/ 188
22 Glides and diphthongs 189
22.1 Glides 189
22.1.1 Phonetic production 189
22.1.2 Constraints on Gliding 194
22.2 Stem-final /j/ 195
22.3 Diphthongs 196
22.4 Glides and spelling 197
22.4.1 The front unrounded glide /j/ 197
22.4.1.1 /V/-// 197
22.4.1.2-///- 198
22.4.1.3-//V/ 198
22.4.1.4 /j/ as the letter y 198
22.4.1.4.1 y pronounced as /i/ 198
22.4.1.4.2 y pronounced as /i/ or /j/ 198
22.4.1.4.3 y pronounced as /j/ only 198
22.4.1.4.3.1 Word-initial j 198
22.4.1.4.3.2 Intervocalic y 198
22.4.1.4.3.3 Word-final y 199
22.4.1.5 /j/ as the letter i 199
22.4.2 The front rounded glide /ii/ 199
22.4.2.1 Silent w 199
22.4.2.2 u as either / w/ or /q/ in qu and gw sequences 199
22.4.2.3 u as a vowel or a glide 200
22.4.2.4 u before /j/ 200
22.4.3 The back glide /w/ 201
22.4.3.1 /w/ spelled u 201
22.4.3.2 /w/ spelled ou 201
22.4.3.3 /wa/ spelled oe 201
22.4.3.4 /wa/ and /we/ spelled o/and oi/i 201
22.4.3.5 ow before /j/ 201
22.4.3.6 w pronounced as /w/ or /v/ 201
22.5 Glides in poetry 201
22.5.1 Generally bisyllabic sequences in French poetry 202
22.5.1.1 ia 202
22.5.1.2 ie 202
22.5.1.3 ian 202
22.5.1.4 iai (a variant of ie) 202
22.5.1.5 ion 202
22.5.1.6 io 202
22.5.1.7 iau 202
22.5.1.8 ie« 202
22.5.1.9 oe 202
22.5.1.10 «e 202
22.5.2 Monosyllabic sequences in poetry 202
22.5.2.1 ie 202
22.5.2.2 oi 202
22.5.2.3 oe 202
22.5.2.4 ui 203
22.5.2.5 k « 203
22.5.2.6 o;« 203
22.5.2.7 ouin 203
23 Nasals and nasalized vowels 203
23.1 Phonetic production 203
23.1.1 Drilling /VN/ 203
23.1.2 /V/ not/VN/ 206
23.1.3 Drills for the nasalized vowels (/ V/) 207
23.1.3.1 / / 207
23.1.3.2 /e/ 208
23.1.3.2.1 /e/ ~ /in/ alternation 208
23.1.3.2.2 /e/ ~ /en/ alternation 208
23.1.3.2.3 /£/ ~ /en/ alternation 208
23.1.3.2.4 /an/ ~ /en/ ~ /e/ alternation 208
23.1.3.3 /a/: The sequence /an/ as alternant of /a/ 209
23.1.3.4/6/ 209
23.1.4 Liaison after nasalized vowels 211
23.1.4.1 Liaison obligatoire 211
23.1.4.1.1 Fixed expressions with a
prenominal modifier 211
23.1.4.1.2 Satellites 211
23.1.4.2 Liaisons facultatives 212
23.1.4.3 Liaisons interdites 212
23.1.4.3.1 Drills 213
23.1.4.3.2 Odds and ends 213
23.2 Sound to letter relationship 213
23.2.1 The spellings of /a/ 214
23.2.1.1 an 214
23.2.1.2 am 214
23.2.1.3 en 214
23.2.1.4 em 214
23.2.1.5 aen, aon, ean 214
23.2.2 The spellings of / / 214
23.2.2.1 un 214
23.2.2.2 urn 214
23.2.2.3 eun 214
23.2.3 The spellings of / 6/ 214
23.2.3.1 on 214
23.2.3.2 om 214
23.2.3.3 un, urn 214
23.2.4 The spellings of / e/ 214
23.2.4.1 in 214
23.2.4.2 im 215
23.2.4.3 ain 215
23.2.4.4 aim 215
23.2.4.5 ?« 215
23.2.4.6 ein 215
23.2.4.7 e/m 215
23.2.4.8 yn and w 215
23.2.4.9 /«# 215
23.2.5 The spellings of/ji/ 215
23.2.5.1 /ji/ 215
23.2.5.2 /gn/ 215
23.2.5.3 Either /ji/ or /gn/ 215
23.2.6 The spellings of / n/ 215
23.2.6.1 pn for /pn/ 215
23.2.6.2 wn for/mn/ 215
23.2.6.3 Pronounced as /n/ when Nasalization
does not apply 215
23.2.7 The spelling of /m/ 215
23.2.7.1 See Section 23.2.6.2 215
23.2.7.2 Pronounced as /m/ when Nasalization
does not apply 216
24 Schwa as mute e 216
24.0 Introduction 216
24.0.1 The diacritic (,) for syllabic 216
24.0.2 Syllabicization 216
24.0.3 A generative solution for traditional mute e 217
24.0.4 Organization of the chapter 217
24.1 Schwa in alternations 217
24.1.1 In verbs 217
24.1.2 As an epenthetic segment 219
24.1.3 Word-medially 221
24.2 Before the so-called aspirated h 221
24.3 Demotions 222
24.3.1 Word-final Demotion 222
24.3.2 Postvocalic Demotion 224
24.3.3 Phrase-initial Demotion 226
24.3.4 Specific Demotion 227
24.3.5 Demotion of adjacent syllabicized segments 227
24.4 Demotion in poetry 228
Appendix 1: An I PA chart of English 230
Appendix 2: The Rules 231
Appendix 3: Rule Ordering chart 235
References 236
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Casagrande, Jean |
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| dewey-full | 441/.5 |
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| dewey-ones | 441 - Writing system, phonology, phonetics |
| dewey-raw | 441/.5 |
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| dewey-sort | 3441 15 |
| dewey-tens | 440 - French & related Romance languages |
| discipline | Romanistik |
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| id | DE-604.BV000184810 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:10:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0878400850 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000106573 |
| oclc_num | 10045703 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-20 DE-824 DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-20 DE-824 DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | XIX, 236 S. |
| publishDate | 1984 |
| publishDateSearch | 1984 |
| publishDateSort | 1984 |
| publisher | Georgetown Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Casagrande, Jean Verfasser aut The sound system of French Jean Casagrande Washington, DC Georgetown Univ. Press 1984 XIX, 236 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fonetiek gtt Fonologie gtt Frans gtt Français (Langue) - Phonologie Français (Langue) - Phonétique Französisch French language Phonetics French language Phonology Phonologie (DE-588)4045836-2 gnd rswk-swf Französisch (DE-588)4113615-9 gnd rswk-swf Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd rswk-swf Französisch (DE-588)4113615-9 s Phonologie (DE-588)4045836-2 s DE-604 Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000106573&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Casagrande, Jean The sound system of French Fonetiek gtt Fonologie gtt Frans gtt Français (Langue) - Phonologie Français (Langue) - Phonétique Französisch French language Phonetics French language Phonology Phonologie (DE-588)4045836-2 gnd Französisch (DE-588)4113615-9 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045836-2 (DE-588)4113615-9 (DE-588)4045830-1 |
| title | The sound system of French |
| title_auth | The sound system of French |
| title_exact_search | The sound system of French |
| title_full | The sound system of French Jean Casagrande |
| title_fullStr | The sound system of French Jean Casagrande |
| title_full_unstemmed | The sound system of French Jean Casagrande |
| title_short | The sound system of French |
| title_sort | the sound system of french |
| topic | Fonetiek gtt Fonologie gtt Frans gtt Français (Langue) - Phonologie Français (Langue) - Phonétique Französisch French language Phonetics French language Phonology Phonologie (DE-588)4045836-2 gnd Französisch (DE-588)4113615-9 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fonetiek Fonologie Frans Français (Langue) - Phonologie Français (Langue) - Phonétique Französisch French language Phonetics French language Phonology Phonologie Phonetik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000106573&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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