Environmental hydrology:
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Environmental hydrology / ed. by Andy D. Ward ... |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
Lewis
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1566706165 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Ward, Andrew D. |d 19XX- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)173105157 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental hydrology |c Andy D. Ward ; Stanley W. Trimble |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] |b Lewis |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a 475 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Aspect environnemental |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Environnement |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Hidrologia (aspectos ambientais) |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Hydrologie |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecohydrology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hydraulic engineering |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hydrology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Hydrologie |0 (DE-588)4026309-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltschutz |0 (DE-588)4061644-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Trimble, Stanley W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Rev. ed. of |t Environmental hydrology / ed. by Andy D. Ward ... |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130241972535296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Environmental hydrology
Autor: Ward, Andrew D.
Jahr: 2004
Contents
Chapter 1 The Hydrologie Cycle, Water Resources, and Society.................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 The Hydrologie Cycle..............................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Precipitation...............................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Evaporation................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Transpiration..............................................................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Evapotranspiration.....................................................................................................................................5
1.2.5 Infiltration..................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.6 Percolation and Groundwater Recharge....................................................................................................6
1.2.7 Runoff and Overland Flow........................................................................................................................6
1.2.8 Interflow.....................................................................................................................................................6
1.2.9 Groundwater Flow.....................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Water Supply............................................................................................................................................................6
1.4 The Importance of Hydrology to Society.............................................................................................................10
1.5 Data Analysis and Statistics...................................................................................................................................11
1.5.1 Plotting Data............................................................................................................................................12
1.5.2 Descriptive Statistics................................................................................................................................13
1.5.3 Experimental Error..................................................................................................................................15
1.5.4 Standard Error..........................................................................................................................................15
1.5.5 Confidence Intervals................................................................................................................................16
1.5.6 Probabilities and Distributions................................................................................................................16
1.5.7 Normal Distribution.................................................................................................................................17
1.5.8 t Distribution............................................................................................................................................17
1.5.9 Properties of Statistical Procedures.........................................................................................................17
1.5.10 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing..........................................................................................18
1.5.11 Probability Values....................................................................................................................................18
1.5.12 Statistical Errors......................................................................................................................................18
1.5.13 Linear Regression....................................................................................................................................18
1.5.14 The Use and Misuse of Regression Equations.......................................................................................21
1.5.15 Data Transformations..............................................................................................................................22
1.5.16 Multiple Regression Analysis..................................................................................................................22
1.6 Modeling the Hydrologie Cycle............................................................................................................................23
1.6.1 Types of Models......................................................................................................................................24
1.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages...............................................................................................................24
1.6.3 Typical Model Architecture.....................................................................................................................25
Problems............................................................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 2 Precipitation.................................................................................................................................................29
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................29
2.1.1 Precipitation Data.....................................:..............................................................................................32
2.2 Causes of Precipitation..........................................................................................................................................32
2.2.1 Frontal Precipitation................................................................................................................................33
2.2.2 Convection...............................................................................................................................................33
2.2.3 Orographie...............................................................................................................................................33
2.3 Precipitation Events...............................................................................................................................................33
2.3.1 Geographical and Seasonal Variations....................................................................................................33
2.3.2 Historic Time Trends...............................................................................................................................34
2.3.3 Storm Area Patterns.................................................................................................................................36
2.4 Measurement of Precipitation................................................................................................................................36
2.4.1 Measurement of Snowfall........................................................................................................................39
2.4.2 Rain Gages...............................................................................................................................................39
2.5 Storm Time Trends.................................................................................................................................................41
2.5.1 Time Sequence Patterns...........................................................................................................................42
2.6 Average Precipitation over an Area.......................................................................................................................43
2.6.1 Rainfall Distributions for Short Time Periods........................................................................................44
2.7 Rainfall Frequency Distributions...........................................................................................................................45
2.7.1 St. Louis Frequency Relationship Transferred to the Contiguous U.S..................................................47
2.7.2 Regional Frequency-Magnitude Relationships: Seattle, Santa Fe, Chicago, and New Orleans...........48
2.8 Probability of an Event Occurring.........................................................................................................................50
2.8.1 Seasonality of Storm Probability............................................................................................................50
2.8.2 Probable Maximum Precipitation............................................................................................................50
2.9 Rainfall Erosivity...................................................................................................................................................50
Problems............................................................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 3 Infiltration and Soil Water Processes..........................................................................................................55
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................55
3.2 Soil Water Relationships........................................................................................................................................55
3.3 Infiltration and Soil Water Retention.....................................................................................................................58
3.4 Factors Affecting Water Movement into and through Soils.................................................................................62
3.4.1 Soil Properties..........................................................................................................................................65
3.4.2 Soil Condition..........................................................................................................................................66
3.5 Soil Water Balance.................................................................................................................................................70
3.6 Estimating Infiltration Rates..................................................................................................................................71
3.6.1 Horton Equation......................................................................................................................................71
3.6.2 Green-Ampt Equation.............................................................................................................................71
3.6.3 Physically Based Methods.......................................................................................................................72
3.7 A Perspective on Infiltration Methods...................................................................................................................73
3.8 Measurement of Soil Properties............................................................................................................................73
3.8.1 Particle Size Analysis..............................................................................................................................73
3.8.2 Particle Density........................................................................................................................................74
3.8.3 Bulk Density............................................................................................................................................74
3.8.4 Soil Hydraulic Properties........................................................................................................................75
3.8.5 Soil Water Content...................................................................................................................................75
3.8.6 Soil Suction and Soil Water Release/Retention Characteristics.............................................................77
3.8.7 Infiltration................................................................................................................................................78
3.8.8 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity.......................................................................................................79
3.8.9 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity...........................................................................................................79
Problems............................................................................................................................................................................80
Chapter 4 Evapotranspiration.......................................................................................................................................83
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 83
4.2 Evaporation Process......................................................................... 83
4.2.1 Fick s First Law of Diffusion..................................................................................................................84
4.2.2 Potential Evapotranspiration vs. Actual Evapotranspiration...................................................................84
4.2.3 Evaporation from Open Water.................................................................................................................85
4.2.4 Evaporation from Bare Soil.......................................................................................... .85
4.3 Evapotranspiration from Soil and Plants...............................................................................................................86
4.3.1 Interception............................................................................... g¿,
4.3.2 Transpiration........................................................... g^
4.3.3 Factors that Affect Transpiration Rates............................................................ 87
4.3.4 Transpiration Ratio and Consumptive Use.................................. 90
4.3.5 Potential Evapotranspiration and Actual Evapotranspiration Concepts and Practices
in Agriculture...........................................................................................................................................90
4.3.6 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration........................................................................................................91
4.4 Measuring Evaporation or Evapotranspiration......................................................................................................91
4.4.1 Evaporation Pan.......................................................................................................................................92
4.4.2 E,p Gages..................................................................................................................................................93
4.4.3 Soil Water Depletion...............................................................................................................................93
4.4.4 Water Balance..........................................................................................................................................94
4.4.5 Lysimeters................................................................................................................................................94
4.4.6 Energy Balance and Mass Transfer.........................................................................................................94
4.5 Weather Data Sources and Preparation.................................................................................................................95
4.5.1 Saturation Vapor Pressure........................................................................................................................95
4.5.2 Actual Vapor Pressure.............................................................................................................................96
4.5.3 Vapor Pressure Deficit.............................................................................................................................96
4.5.4 Mean Temperature...................................................................................................................................98
4.5.5 Solar Radiation........................................................................................................................................98
4.5.6 Extrapolating Wind Speed.......................................................................................................................99
4.6 Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration.................................................................................................100
4.6.1 Evaporation from Open Water...............................................................................................................100
4.6.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration...............................................................................................................101
4.6.3 SCS Âlaney-Criddle Method................................................................................................................103
4.6.4 Jensen-Haise Alfalfa-Reference Radiation Method.............................................................................106
4.6.5 Thornthwaite Method............................................................................................................................107
4.6.6 Penman s Method..................................................................................................................................108
4.6.7 Penman-Monteith Combination Method..............................................................................................109
4.7 Converting Potential or Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Using Crop Coefficients.....................................109
4.7.1 Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Budgets in Space and Time..........................................................111
4.7.2 Evapotranspiration Management...........................................................................................................114
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................117
Chapter 5 Runoff and Subsurface Drainage..............................................................................................................119
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................119
5.2 Factors Affecting Runoff Processes.....................................................................................................................121
5.2.1 The Horton Overland Flow Model........................................................................................................122
5.2.2 The Variable Source Area Concept or Hewlett Model.........................................................................122
5.2.3 Precipitation...........................................................................................................................................123
5.3 Watershed Factors that Affect Runoff.................................................................................................................125
5.3.1 Size.........................................................................................................................................................125
5.3.2 Topography............................................................................................................................................125
5.3.3 Shape......................................................................................................................................................126
5.3.4 Orientation or Aspect.............................................................................................................................127
5.3.5 Geology..................................................................................................................................................127
5.3.6 Soil.........................................................................................................................................................128
5.3.7 Interflow and Baseflow..........................................................................................................................128
5.4 Runoff Characteristics — the Hydrograph..........................................................................................................129
5.5 Predicting Volume of Stormflow and Total Runoff.............................................................................................132
5.6 Prediction of Peak Runoff Rate...........................................................................................................................135
5.6.1 Graphical Peak Discharge Method........................................................................................................135
5.6.2 The Rational Equation...........................................................................................................................140
5.6.3 USGS Empirical Regression Models....................................................................................................142
5.7 Stormwater Hydrographs.....................................................................................................................................147
5.7.1 Unit Hydrograph Methods.....................................................................................................................147
5.7.2 Time-Area Method................................................................................................................................150
5.7.3 The Kinematic Approach.......................................................................................................................151
5.8 Assessment of Flood Estimation Techniques......................................................................................................152
5.9 Agricultural Land Drainage Modifications..........................................................................................................152
5.9.1 Surface Improvements...........................................................................................................................153
5.9.2 Subsurface Improvements......................................................................................................................154
5.9.3 Perceptions.............................................................................................................................................155
5.10 Determining Subsurface Drainage Flows.............................................................................................................156
5.1 1 Flow Duration and Water Yield.............................................................................................................................157
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................159
Chapter 6 Stream Processes........................................................................................................................................161
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................161
6.2 Interaction of Streams with the Landscape.........................................................................................................162
6.2.1 The Influence of Temporal and Spatial Scales on Geomorphology.....................................................162
6.2.2 Basic Terms and Geomorphic Work.....................................................................................................163
6.3 Stream Orders......................................................................................................................................................165
6.4 Stream Biota.........................................................................................................................................................167
6.5 Stream Characteristics..........................................................................................................................................170
6.5.1 Channel Profile......................................................................................................................................170
6.5.2 Stream Channel Patterns........................................................................................................................170
6.5.3 Stream Dimensions................................................................................................................................172
6.5.4 Regional and Stream-Type Curves........................................................................................................174
6.6 Stream Stability and Sediment Transport............................................................................................................177
6.6.1 The Source of Sediment........................................................................................................................177
6.6.2 Shear Stresses and Tractive Force.........................................................................................................177
6.6.3 Sediment Transport................................................................................................................................178
6.6.4 Bank Stability........................................................................................................................................178
6.7 Meander Migration, Floodplains, and Streamways.............................................................................................180
6.8 Stream Classification............................................................................................................................................182
6.8.1 Mountain Stream Morphology Classes.................................................................................................183
6.8.2 An Alternative Mountain Stream Classification System......................................................................187
6.8.3 Rosgen Stream Classification Method..................................................................................................187
6.8.4 Using Stream Classification Methods...................................................................................................191
6.9 Channel Evolution................................................................................................................................................194
6.9.1 Disturbance............................................................................................................................................194
6.9.2 Evolution Models...................................................................................................................................196
6.10 What to Measure and Why the Measurement Should Be Made..........................................................................197
6.10.1 Site Selection and Reconnaissance at a Watershed Scale....................................................................198
6.10.2 Drainage Area Determination................................................................................................................199
6.10.3 Discharge and Sediment Data...............................................................................................................199
6.10.4 Channel Properties.................................................................................................................................199
6.10.5 The Elusive Nature of Bankfull (Effective Discharge) Dimensions....................................................201
6.10.6 Bed Material Characterization...............................................................................................................203
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................205
Chapter 7 Uniform Open Channel Flow........................................................................... 207
7.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 207
7.2 Row Velocity and Discharge........................................................................... 207
7.2.1 Continuity and Manning s Equation.....................................................................................................207
7.2.2 Approximation and Estimation Errors...............................................................................................211
7.2.3 The Darcy-Weisbach Equation...................................................................... ....212
7.3 Compound Channels......................................................................... 214
7.4 Channel Modifications..................................................................................... 216
7.4.1 Grassed Waterways................................................................. 218
7.5 Two-Stage Channel Design..................................................................................................................................218
7.5.1 Benefits and Costs of a Two-Stage Ditch.............................................................................................221
7.5.2 Sizing a Two-Stage Ditch......................................................................................................................222
7.5.3 Other Applications.................................................................................................................................222
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................224
Chapter 8 Hydraulic Control Structures.....................................................................................................................227
8.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................227
8.2 Specific Energy and Critical Discharge...............................................................................................................227
8.3 Weirs, Flumes, and Culverts................................................................................................................................229
8.4 Bendway Weirs, Vanes, and Barbs......................................................................................................................235
8.5 Routing Flows through Channels and Rivers......................................................................................................236
8.6 Routing Flow through Reservoirs........................................................................................................................240
8.6.1 Determination of Stage-Storage Relationships....................................................................................242
8.6.2 Detention or Residence Time................................................................................................................242
8.6.3 Sediment Storage in Large Reservoirs..................................................................................................245
8.6.4 Estimating Sediment Storage in Management Ponds...........................................................................246
8.6.5 Spillways................................................................................................................................................250
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................253
Chapter 9 Soil Conservation and Sediment Budgets.................................................................................................255
9.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................255
9.2 Factors Affecting Erosion by Water....................................................................................................................255
9.2.1 Climate...................................................................................................................................................255
9.2.2 Soil.........................................................................................................................................................256
9.2.3 Vegetation..............................................................................................................................................256
9.2.4 Topography............................................................................................................................................256
9.3 Types of Erosion..................................................................................................................................................256
9.3.1 Interrili Erosion......................................................................................................................................256
9.3.2 Rill Erosion............................................................................................................................................257
9.3.3 Gully Erosion.........................................................................................................................................257
9.3.4 Stream Channel Erosion........................................................................................................................258
9.4 Estimating Soil Losses.........................................................................................................................................259
9.5 The Universal Soil Loss Equation.......................................................................................................................259
9.5.1 Rainfall Erosivity R...............................................................................................................................260
9.5.2 Soil Erodibility Ê...................................................................................................................................261
9.5.3 Topographic Factor LS...........................................................................................................................262
9.5.4 Cover Management Factor C................................................................................................................263
9.5.5 Erosion Control Practice Ñ....................................................................................................................266
9.6 Soil Loss Tolerance Ã..........................................................................................................................................268
9.7 Applications of the Universal Soil Loss Equation..............................................................................................268
9.8 Downstream Sediment Yields..............................................................................................................................269
9.9 Single-Event Sediment Yields..............................................................................................................................270
9.10 Estimating Seasonal C Factors for Agricultural Crops.......................................................................................270
9.11 Sediment Budget Concepts..................................................................................................................................272
9.11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................272
9.11.2 Sediment Delivery from Slopes............................................................................................................273
9.11.3 Sediment in Streams..............................................................................................................................273
9.11.4 The Southern Piedmont.........................................................................................................................273
9.11.5 Hydraulic Mining in California.............................................................................................................276
9.11.6 The Driftless Area of the Upper Midwest............................................................................................278
9.11.7 Urban Streams.......................................................................................................................................285
Problems..........................................................................................................................................................................289
Chapter 10 Hydrology of Forests, Wetlands, and Cold Climates..............................................................................291
10.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................291
10.2 How Are Forests Different?.................................................................................................................................292
10.3 Forest Climates — Rain and Snow.....................................................................................................................293
10.3.1 Characteristics of Snow.........................................................................................................................294
10.4 Interception — Rain, Snow, and Fog..................................................................................................................295
10.4.1 Rain Interception...................................................................................................................................295
10.4.2 Snow Interception..................................................................................................................................296
10.4.3 Fog Drip.................................................................................................................................................297
10.5 Energy Balance in Forests...................................................................................................................................297
10.6 Evapotranspiration................................................................................................................................................298
10.7 Snowmelt..............................................................................................................................................................299
10.7.1 Snowmelt Modeling over a Watershed.................................................................................................300
10.7.2 Snow Cover Distribution.......................................................................................................................300
10.7.3 Critical Temperature for Rain-Snow Transition...................................................................................300
10.8 Infiltration.............................................................................................................................................................301
10.9 Subsurface Flow (Interflow)................................................................................................................................301
10.10 Surface Runoff.....................................................................................................................................................303
10.11 Streamflow and Watershed Hydrology................................................................................................................304
10.12 Erosion — Sediment Budget...............................................................................................................................308
10.12.1 Sheet-and-Rill Erosion..........................................................................................................................308
10.12.2 Gully Erosion.........................................................................................................................................309
10.12.3 Channel Erosion....................................................................................................................................309
10.12.4 Mass Wasting.........................................................................................................................................310
10.13 Deforestation, Fires, and Silviculture..................................................................................................................311
10.13.1 Deforestation Associated with Agriculture...........................................................................................311
10.13.2 Deforestation Associated with Silviculture...........................................................................................312
10.13.3 Impacts of Deforestation.......................................................................................................................312
10.13.4 Wildfires.................................................................................................................................................313
10.14 Rangelands and Grazing......................................................................................................................................313
10.14.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................313
10.14.2 Upland Slopes........................................................................................................................................313
10.14.3 Stream Channels....................................................................................................................................313
10.15 Wetlands...............................................................................................................................................................314
10.15.1 Definitions and Importance...................................................................................................................314
10.15.2 Identification of Wetlands......................................................................................................................315
Problems................................................................................................... 317
Chapter 11 Hydrogeology.......................................................................... 321
11.1 Introduction........................................................................ 321
11.2 Characterization of Groundwater Flow.................................................................. .321
11.3 Groundwater Flow Patterns and Stream Interaction........................... 327
11.4 Flow to Wells......................................................................... ........................................................................331
11.5 Capture Zones of Wells................................................. 334
11.6 Fracture Flow........................................................... 33^
11.6.1 Fracture Flow in Rock.................................................... 336
11.6.2 Fracture Flow in Unconsolidated Materials.................................................... ,337
11.7 Groundwater Vulnerability................................................... ................... 337
Problems......................................................... ....................................................., „
Chapter 12 Human Impacts on the Hydrologie Cycle: Prevention and Treatment Strategies..................................339
12.1 Introduction.................................................
12.2 Human Impacts on Stream Health......................................................................................................................340
12.2.1 Biological Assessment Methods............................................................................................................340
12.3 Urban Impacts......................................................................................................................................................342
12.4 Frequency Analysis..............................................................................................................................................345
12.5 Flood Forecasting and Management....................................................................................................................349
12.5.1 Flood Forecasts......................................................................................................................................349
12.5.2 Flood Zones...........................................................................................................................................350
12.5.3 Flood Management................................................................................................................................350
12.5.4 Channel Modification for Flood Mitigation..........................................................................................351
12.6 Reducing Runoff from Urban Areas...................................................................................................................354
12.7 Detention and Retention Ponds...........................................................................................................................358
12.7.1 Using Detention/Retention Ponds to Improve Water Quality..............................................................359
12.7.2 Sizing Detention Ponds to Improve Water Quality..............................................................................360
12.7.3 Detention Ponds for Channel Stability.................................................................................................363
12.8 Wetlands as Water Treatment Systems................................................................................................................364
12.8.1 Hydraulics and Treatment Characteristics............................................................................................366
12.8.2 Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Livestock Wastewater...............................................................367
12.9 Landfills................................................................................................................................................................368
12.9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................368
12.9.2 Landfill Processes..................................................................................................................................369
12.9.3 Surface Water Management in Landfills...............................................................................................369
12.9.4 Leachate Management in Landfills.......................................................................................................370
12.9.5 Landfill Water Balance..........................................................................................................................371
12.9.6 Hydrology and Landfills........................................................................................................................372
Chapter 13 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
for Hydrologie Applications....................................................................................................................373
13.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................373
What Are Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems?.....................................................373
Mapping Science and Engineering Technologies.................................................................................373
Geographic Information Systems..........................................................................................................373
Remote Sensing.....................................................................................................................................374
Photointerpretation.................................................................................................................................374
Photogrammetry.....................................................................................................................................375
Surveying...............................................................................................................................................376
13.2 Products................................................................................................................................................................376
13.2.1 Photographs and Images........................................................................................................................376
13.2.2 Maps.......................................................................................................................................................377
13.2.3 Digital Images........................................................................................................................................377
13.3 Parts of the Spectrum and Radiation Characteristics..........................................................................................377
13.3.1 Visible, Infrared, and Thermal Infrared................................................................................................378
13.3.2 Radar......................................................................................................................................................378
13.3.3 Radiation................................................................................................................................................378
13.3.4 Lambert s Law.......................................................................................................................................379
13.3.5 Projected Source Area...........................................................................................................................380
13.3.6 Isotropie Source.....................................................................................................................................381
13.3.7 Solid Angle............................................................................................................................................381
13.3.8 Radiance.................................................................................................................................................382
13.3.9 Spectral Relative Units..........................................................................................................................382
13.4 Data Types and Databases...................................................................................................................................383
13.4.1 Data Types.............................................................................................................................................383
13.4.2 Raster.....................................................................................................................................................384
13.4.3 Vector.....................................................................................................................................................384
13. .1
13. .2
13. .3
13. .4
13. .5
13. .6
13. .7
13.4.4 Attributes................................................................................................................................................384
13.4.5 Databases...............................................................................................................................................384
13.4.6 Aerial Photo Databases.........................................................................................................................384
13.4.7 Digital Elevation Model........................................................................................................................384
13.4.8 Digital Terrain Model, Digital Line Graph, and Other Data................................................................384
13.4.9 North American Landscape Characterization.......................................................................................385
13.5 Remote Sensing Characteristics of Water...........................................................................................................385
13.6 Applications.........................................................................................................................................................385
13.6.1 General Characteristics of Applications................................................................................................385
13.6.2 Planning.................................................................................................................................................385
13.6.3 Site Determination.................................................................................................................................386
13.6.4 Management...........................................................................................................................................386
13.6.5 Best Management Practices...................................................................................................................386
13.6.6 Water Resource Applications................................................................................................................386
13.6.7 Quantity..................................................................................................................................................386
13.6.8 Quality and Nonpoint Sources..............................................................................................................387
13.6.9 Erosion Studies and Wetlands...............................................................................................................387
13.6.10 Hazardous Waste....................................................................................................................................387
Chapter 14 Practical Exercises on Conducting and Reporting Hydrologie Studies.................................................389
14.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................389
14.2 Conducting a Hydrologie Study..........................................................................................................................389
14.2.1 Define the Question...............................................................................................................................389
14.2.2 Conduct a Preliminary Investigation.....................................................................................................389
14.2.3 Undertaking Detailed Planning.............................................................................................................390
14.2.4 Conducting the Detailed Study.............................................................................................................390
14.3 Reporting a Hydrologie Study.............................................................................................................................390
14.4 Report Contents....................................................................................................................................................391
14.5 General Guidelines for Preparing Exercise Reports...........................................................................................393
14.6 Exercise 14.1: Precipitation (see theory in Chapter 2).......................................................................................394
14.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................394
14.6.2 Part I. Time Trends................................................................................................................................394
14.6.3 Part II. Frequency and Magnitude.........................................................................................................394
14.6.4 Part III. Spatial Distribution..................................................................................................................395
14.7 Exercise 14.2: Evaporation (see theory in Chapter 4)........................................................................................396
14.7.1 Part I. Annual Lake Evaporation (Surrogate for Potential Evapotranspiration)..................................396
14.7.2 Part II. Daily and Monthly Lake Evaporation......................................................................................396
14.7.3 Part HI. Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration Rates...........................................................................397
14.8 Exercise 14.3: Runoff (see theory in Chapter 5)................................................................................................397
14.8.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................397
14.9 Exercise 14.4: Flow Duration (see theory in Chapter 5)....................................................................................400
14.9.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 400
14.10 Exercise 14.5: Storm Runoff, Totals, and Peaks (see theory in Chapter 5).......................................................402
14.11 Exercise 14.6: Erosion and Elementary Sediment Routing (see theory in Chapter 6)......................................405
14.12 Exercise 14.7: Streamflow Measurement in the Field (see theory in Chapter 7)..............................................407
14.12.1 Part I. Gaging Streamflow by Instrument.................................. 407
14.12.2 Part II. Gaging Streamflow by the Float Method....................................................................407
14.12.3 Part III. Stream Gaging Exercise.................................................... 407
14.13 Exercise 14.8: Watershed or Drainage Basin Morphology (see theory in Chapter 7).......................................407
14.13.1 Introduction..................................................... 407
14.14 Exercise 14.9: The Practical Use of Soil Surveys for Environmental Management............................. ............411
14.14.1 Introduction............................................................. 4j j
14.14.2 The Practical Use of Soils Maps for Management......................................ÉÃ 7........................Z....411
References.......................................................................................................................................................................413
Appendix A Unit Conversion Factors.........................................................................................................................429
Appendix  Glossary..................................................................................................................................................431
Appendix C Precipitation Frequency-Magnitude Information for the United States...............................................445
Appendix D Hydrologie Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State...............453
Appendix E Sources of Data and Images...................................................................................................................461
Index...............................................................................................................................................................................465
|
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| dewey-full | 551.48 |
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| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.48 |
| dewey-search | 551.48 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.48 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Bauingenieurwesen Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:17:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1566706165 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003061133 |
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| physical | 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| publisher | Lewis |
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| spelling | Ward, Andrew D. 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)173105157 aut Environmental hydrology Andy D. Ward ; Stanley W. Trimble 2. ed. Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] Lewis 2004 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Aspect environnemental rasuqam Ecologia larpcal Environnement rasuqam Hidrologia (aspectos ambientais) larpcal Hydrologie rasuqam Umwelt Ecohydrology Hydraulic engineering Environmental aspects Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-604 Trimble, Stanley W. Verfasser aut Rev. ed. of Environmental hydrology / ed. by Andy D. Ward ... HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010501671&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ward, Andrew D. 19XX- Trimble, Stanley W. Environmental hydrology Aspect environnemental rasuqam Ecologia larpcal Environnement rasuqam Hidrologia (aspectos ambientais) larpcal Hydrologie rasuqam Umwelt Ecohydrology Hydraulic engineering Environmental aspects Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026309-5 (DE-588)4061644-7 |
| title | Environmental hydrology |
| title_auth | Environmental hydrology |
| title_exact_search | Environmental hydrology |
| title_full | Environmental hydrology Andy D. Ward ; Stanley W. Trimble |
| title_fullStr | Environmental hydrology Andy D. Ward ; Stanley W. Trimble |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental hydrology Andy D. Ward ; Stanley W. Trimble |
| title_old | Environmental hydrology / ed. by Andy D. Ward ... |
| title_short | Environmental hydrology |
| title_sort | environmental hydrology |
| topic | Aspect environnemental rasuqam Ecologia larpcal Environnement rasuqam Hidrologia (aspectos ambientais) larpcal Hydrologie rasuqam Umwelt Ecohydrology Hydraulic engineering Environmental aspects Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aspect environnemental Ecologia Environnement Hidrologia (aspectos ambientais) Hydrologie Umwelt Ecohydrology Hydraulic engineering Environmental aspects Hydrology Umweltschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010501671&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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