Organic pollutants: an ecotoxicological perspective
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
2009
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 414 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781420062588 |
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| 020 | |a 9781420062588 |c alk. paper |9 978-1-4200-6258-8 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Walker, Colin Harold |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Organic pollutants |b an ecotoxicological perspective |c Colin H. Walker |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Taylor & Francis |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 414 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Organic compounds |x Toxicology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Organic compounds |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental toxicology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Organische Verbindungen |0 (DE-588)4043816-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltverschmutzung |0 (DE-588)4186812-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016767244 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804138060516950016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
to First Edition
..........................................................................................xiii
Preface to Second Edition
........................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments in First Edition
........................................................................xvii
PART
1
Basic Principles
Chapter
1
Chemical Warfare
................................................................................3
1.1
Introduction
...............................................................................3
1.2
Plant-Animal Warfare
..............................................................4
1.2.1
Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants
.........................4
1.2.2
Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins
Produced by Plants
.......................................................8
1.3
Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms
................10
1.3.1
Toxins Produced by Animals
.....................................10
1.3.2
Microbial Toxins
........................................................11
1.4
Human-Made Chemical Weapons
...........................................13
1.5
Summary
.................................................................................15
Further Reading
.................................................................................15
Chapter
2
Factors Determining the
Toxicity
of Organic Pollutants to
Animals and Plants
............................................................................17
2.1
Introduction
.............................................................................17
2.2
Factors That Determine
Toxicity
and Persistence
...................19
2.3
Toxicokinetics
..........................................................................21
2.3.1
Uptake and Distribution
.............................................21
2.3.2
Metabolism
.................................................................24
2.3.2.1
General Considerations
...............................24
2.3.2.2
Monooxygenases
.........................................26
2.3.2.3
Esterases
and Other Hydrolases
.................36
2.3.2.4
Epoxide Hydrolase
(EC
4.2.1.63)................40
2.3.2.5
Reductases
..................................................41
2.3.2.6
Conjugases
..................................................42
2.3.2.7
Enzyme Induction
.......................................48
2.3.3
Storage
........................................................................50
2.3.4
Excretion
....................................................................51
2.3.4.1
Excretion by Aquatic Animals
...................52
2.3.4.2
Excretion by Terrestrial Animals
...............52
v¡
Contents
2.4 Toxicodynamics.......................................................................54
2.5
Selective
Toxicity
.....................................................................60
2.6
Potentiation and Synergism
.....................................................62
2.7
Summary
.................................................................................64
Further Reading.................................................................................
65
Chapter
3
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their
Environmental Fate
............................................................................67
3.1
Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the
Gross Environment
..................................................................68
3.2
Models of Environmental Fate
................................................70
3.3
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their
Metabolism and Disposition
....................................................71
3.4
Summary
.................................................................................72
Further Reading
.................................................................................73
Chapter
4
Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and
Ecosystems
.........................................................................................75
4.1
Introduction
.............................................................................75
4.2
Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains
...........................75
4.3
Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments
...............................81
4.4
Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals
—
the
Biomarker
Approach
.................................................................................84
4.5
Biomarkers
in a Wider Ecological Context
.............................89
4.6
Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level
.........................90
4.6.1
Population Dynamics
.................................................90
4.6.2
Population Genetics
....................................................93
4.7
Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and
Ecosystems
—
the Natural World and Model Systems
.............96
4.8
New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks
Presented by Chemicals
..........................................................97
4.9
Summary
.................................................................................98
Further Reading
.................................................................................98
PART
2
Major Organic Pollutants
Chapter
5
The Organochlorine Insecticides
.....................................................101
5.1
Background
............................................................................101
5.2
DDT [Ua.-trichloro^-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane]
.........102
5.2.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................102
5.2.2
Metabolism of DDT
.................................................104
5.2.3
Environmental Fate of DDT
.....................................105
Contents
VII
5.2.4
Toxicity
of DDT
.......................................................109
5.2.5
Ecological Effects of DDT
.......................................112
5.2.5.1
Effects on Population Numbers
................112
5.2.5.2
Effects on Population Genetics (Gene
Frequencies)
..............................................115
5.3
The Cyclodiene Insecticides
..................................................116
5.3.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................116
5.3.2
The Metabolism of Cyclodienes
...............................117
5.3.3
Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes
.........................119
5.3.4
Toxicity
of Cyclodienes
............................................122
5.3.5
Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes
............................124
5.3.5.1
Effects on Population Numbers
................124
5.3.5.2
Development of Resistance to
Cyclodienes
...............................................130
5.4
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
.......................................................131
5.5
Summary
...............................................................................132
Further Reading
...............................................................................132
Chapter
6
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls
..............133
6.1
Background
............................................................................133
6.2
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
.....................................................134
6.2.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................134
6.2.2
Metabolism of PCBs
................................................136
6.2.3
Environmental Fate of PCBs
....................................140
6.2.4
The
Toxicity
of PCBs
...............................................143
6.2.5
Ecological Effects of PCBs
......................................146
6.2.5.1
Physiological and Biochemical Effects
in the Field
................................................146
6.2.5.2
Population Effects
.....................................146
6.2.5.3
Population Genetics
..................................149
6.3
Polybrominated Biphenyls
.....................................................149
6.4
Summary
...............................................................................150
Further Reading
...............................................................................150
Chapter
7
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated
Dibenzofurans
..................................................................................151
7.1
Background
............................................................................151
7.2
Origins and Chemical Properties
..........................................151
7.3
Metabolism
............................................................................153
7.4
Environmental Fate
...............................................................153
7.5
Toxicity
..................................................................................154
7.6
Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD
.........158
7.7
Summary
...............................................................................160
Further Reading
...............................................................................161
Contents
Chapter
8 Organometallic
Compounds
............................................................163
8.1
Background
............................................................................163
8.2
Organomercury Compounds
.................................................163
8.2.1
Origins and Chemical Properties
.............................163
8.2.2
Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds
............165
8.2.3
Environmental Fate of Organomercury
...................166
8.2.4
Toxicity
of Organomercury Compounds
..................168
8.2.5
Ecological Effects of Organomercury
Compounds
...............................................................170
8.3
Organotin Compounds
..........................................................172
8.3.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................172
8.3.2
Metabolism of Tributyltin
........................................173
8.3.3
Environmental Fate of Tributyltin
............................173
8.3.4
Toxicity
of Tributyltin
..............................................174
8.3.5
Ecological Effects of TBT
........................................176
8.4
Organolead Compounds
........................................................177
8.5
Organoarsenic Compounds
...................................................178
8.6
Summary
...............................................................................179
Further Reading
...............................................................................180
Chapter
9
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
..................................................181
9.1
Background
............................................................................181
9.2
Origins and Chemical Properties
..........................................182
9.3
Metabolism
............................................................................183
9.4
Environmental Fate
...............................................................185
9.5
Toxicity
..................................................................................187
9.6
Ecological Effects
..................................................................189
9.7
Summary
...............................................................................191
Further Reading
...............................................................................191
Chapter
10
Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides
..............................193
10.1
Background
............................................................................193
10.2
Organophosphorus Insecticides
.............................................194
10.2.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................194
10.2.2
Metabolism
...............................................................197
10.2.3
Environmental Fate
..................................................200
10.2.4
Toxicity
.....................................................................202
10.2.5
Ecological Effects
....................................................208
10.2.5.1
Toxic Effects in the Field
..........................208
10.2.5.2
Population Dynamics
................................209
10.2.5.3
Population Genetics
..................................211
10.3
Carbamate Insecticides
..........................................................212
10.3.1
Chemical Properties
.................................................212
10.3.2
Metabolism
...............................................................213
Contents ix
10.3.3
Environmental
Fate
..................................................213
10.3.4
Toxicity
.....................................................................215
10.3.5
Ecological Effects
....................................................217
10.4
Summary
...............................................................................218
Further Reading
...............................................................................218
Chapter
11
Anticoagulant Rodenticides
.............................................................219
11.1
Background
............................................................................219
11.2
Chemical Properties
..............................................................219
11.3
Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides
..........................221
11.4
Environmental Fate
...............................................................222
11.5
Toxicity
..................................................................................224
11.6
Ecological Effects
..................................................................226
11.6.1
Poisoning Incidents in the Field
...............................226
11.6.2
Population Genetics
..................................................228
11.7
Summary
...............................................................................228
Further Reading
...............................................................................229
Chapter
12
Pyrethroid Insecticides
.....................................................................231
12.1
Background
............................................................................231
12.2
Chemical Properties
..............................................................231
12.3
Metabolism of Pyrethroids
....................................................232
12.4
Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids
.......................................234
12.5
Toxicity
of Pyrethroids
..........................................................236
12.6
Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids
..........................................237
12.6.1
Population Dynamics
...............................................237
12.6.2
Population Genetics
..................................................238
12.7
Summary
...............................................................................238
Further Reading
...............................................................................239
PART
3
Further Issues and Future Prospects
Chapter
13
Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems
......................................243
13.1
Introduction
...........................................................................243
13.2
Measuring the
Toxicity
of Mixtures
......................................244
13.3
Shared Mechanism of Action
—
an Integrated
Biomarker
Approach to Measuring the
Toxicity
of Mixtures
.................245
13.4
Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of
Expression
.............................................................................250
13.5
Bioassays for
Toxicity
of Mixtures
........................................251
13.6
Potentiation of
Toxicity
in Mixtures
......................................253
13.7
Summary
...............................................................................254
Further Reading
...............................................................................254
x
Contents
Chapter
14
The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides
.....................................257
14.1
Introduction
...........................................................................257
14.2
Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties
......258
14.3
Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems
................258
14.4
Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and
Drinking Water
......................................................................261
14.5
Summary
...............................................................................263
Further Reading
...............................................................................264
Chapter
15
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental
Impacts
.............................................................................................265
R. M. Goodheadand
C. R.
Tyler
15.1
Introduction
...........................................................................265
15.2
The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research
Theme
....................................................................................266
15.3
Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
..........266
15.4
Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife
................270
15.4.1
DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental
Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators
.....................270
15.4.2
TBT and Imposex in Mollusks
.................................272
15.4.3
Estrogens and Feminization of Fish
.........................273
15.4.4
Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs
.......................275
15.4.5
EDCs and Health Effects in Humans
.......................276
15.5
Screening and Testing for EDCs
...........................................276
15.6
A Lengthening List of EDCs
.................................................278
15.6.1
Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens
....................279
15.6.2
Pesticides
..................................................................279
15.6.3
PCBs
.........................................................................279
15.6.4 Dioxins.....................................................................280
15.6.5
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
.............................280
15.6.6 Bisphenols................................................................281
15.6.7
Alkylphenols
............................................................281
15.6.8
Phthalates
.................................................................282
15.6.9
Natural EDCs
...........................................................283
15.7
Effects of Mixtures
................................................................283
15.8
Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity
.........................284
15.9
Species Susceptibility
............................................................286
15.10
Effects of EDCs on Behavior
................................................288
15.11
Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their
Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology
....................................290
15.12
Summary
...............................................................................292
Further Reading
................................................................................292
Contents xi
Chapter
16 Neurotoxicity
and Behavioral Effects of Environmental
Chemicals
.........................................................................................293
16.1
Introduction
...........................................................................293
16.2
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects
...................................295
16.3
The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds
........296
16.4
Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System
...............302
16.4.1
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System
...............302
16.4.2
Effects on the Central Nervous System
....................305
16.5
Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism
.........................306
16.6
The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at
Different Organizational Levels
............................................308
16.6.1
Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode
of Action
...................................................................308
16.6.2
Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with
Differing Modes of Action
.......................................310
16.7
Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to
Adverse Effects upon Populations
.........................................311
16.8
Concluding Remarks
.............................................................313
16.9
Summary
...............................................................................316
Further Reading
................................................................................317
Chapter
17
Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects
...............................................319
17.1
Introduction
...........................................................................319
17.2
The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices
in Ecotoxicity Testing
............................................................321
17.3
The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of
Toxicity
Testing: Mechanistic
Biomarkers
............................323
17.4
The Design of New Pesticides
...............................................324
17.5
Field Studies
..........................................................................326
17.6
Ethical Questions
...................................................................328
17.7
Summary
...............................................................................328
Further Reading
................................................................................329
Glossary
................................................................................................................331
References
.............................................................................................................337
Index
......................................................................................................................377
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
to First Edition
.xiii
Preface to Second Edition
.xv
Acknowledgments in First Edition
.xvii
PART
1
Basic Principles
Chapter
1
Chemical Warfare
.3
1.1
Introduction
.3
1.2
Plant-Animal Warfare
.4
1.2.1
Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants
.4
1.2.2
Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins
Produced by Plants
.8
1.3
Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms
.10
1.3.1
Toxins Produced by Animals
.10
1.3.2
Microbial Toxins
.11
1.4
Human-Made Chemical Weapons
.13
1.5
Summary
.15
Further Reading
.15
Chapter
2
Factors Determining the
Toxicity
of Organic Pollutants to
Animals and Plants
.17
2.1
Introduction
.17
2.2
Factors That Determine
Toxicity
and Persistence
.19
2.3
Toxicokinetics
.21
2.3.1
Uptake and Distribution
.21
2.3.2
Metabolism
.24
2.3.2.1
General Considerations
.24
2.3.2.2
Monooxygenases
.26
2.3.2.3
Esterases
and Other Hydrolases
.36
2.3.2.4
Epoxide Hydrolase
(EC
4.2.1.63).40
2.3.2.5
Reductases
.41
2.3.2.6
Conjugases
.42
2.3.2.7
Enzyme Induction
.48
2.3.3
Storage
.50
2.3.4
Excretion
.51
2.3.4.1
Excretion by Aquatic Animals
.52
2.3.4.2
Excretion by Terrestrial Animals
.52
v¡
Contents
2.4 Toxicodynamics.54
2.5
Selective
Toxicity
.60
2.6
Potentiation and Synergism
.62
2.7
Summary
.64
Further Reading.
65
Chapter
3
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their
Environmental Fate
.67
3.1
Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the
Gross Environment
.68
3.2
Models of Environmental Fate
.70
3.3
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their
Metabolism and Disposition
.71
3.4
Summary
.72
Further Reading
.73
Chapter
4
Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and
Ecosystems
.75
4.1
Introduction
.75
4.2
Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains
.75
4.3
Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments
.81
4.4
Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals
—
the
Biomarker
Approach
.84
4.5
Biomarkers
in a Wider Ecological Context
.89
4.6
Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level
.90
4.6.1
Population Dynamics
.90
4.6.2
Population Genetics
.93
4.7
Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and
Ecosystems
—
the Natural World and Model Systems
.96
4.8
New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks
Presented by Chemicals
.97
4.9
Summary
.98
Further Reading
.98
PART
2
Major Organic Pollutants
Chapter
5
The Organochlorine Insecticides
.101
5.1
Background
.101
5.2
DDT [Ua.-trichloro^-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane]
.102
5.2.1
Chemical Properties
.102
5.2.2
Metabolism of DDT
.104
5.2.3
Environmental Fate of DDT
.105
Contents
VII
5.2.4
Toxicity
of DDT
.109
5.2.5
Ecological Effects of DDT
.112
5.2.5.1
Effects on Population Numbers
.112
5.2.5.2
Effects on Population Genetics (Gene
Frequencies)
.115
5.3
The Cyclodiene Insecticides
.116
5.3.1
Chemical Properties
.116
5.3.2
The Metabolism of Cyclodienes
.117
5.3.3
Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes
.119
5.3.4
Toxicity
of Cyclodienes
.122
5.3.5
Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes
.124
5.3.5.1
Effects on Population Numbers
.124
5.3.5.2
Development of Resistance to
Cyclodienes
.130
5.4
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
.131
5.5
Summary
.132
Further Reading
.132
Chapter
6
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls
.133
6.1
Background
.133
6.2
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
.134
6.2.1
Chemical Properties
.134
6.2.2
Metabolism of PCBs
.136
6.2.3
Environmental Fate of PCBs
.140
6.2.4
The
Toxicity
of PCBs
.143
6.2.5
Ecological Effects of PCBs
.146
6.2.5.1
Physiological and Biochemical Effects
in the Field
.146
6.2.5.2
Population Effects
.146
6.2.5.3
Population Genetics
.149
6.3
Polybrominated Biphenyls
.149
6.4
Summary
.150
Further Reading
.150
Chapter
7
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated
Dibenzofurans
.151
7.1
Background
.151
7.2
Origins and Chemical Properties
.151
7.3
Metabolism
.153
7.4
Environmental Fate
.153
7.5
Toxicity
.154
7.6
Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD
.158
7.7
Summary
.160
Further Reading
.161
Contents
Chapter
8 Organometallic
Compounds
.163
8.1
Background
.163
8.2
Organomercury Compounds
.163
8.2.1
Origins and Chemical Properties
.163
8.2.2
Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds
.165
8.2.3
Environmental Fate of Organomercury
.166
8.2.4
Toxicity
of Organomercury Compounds
.168
8.2.5
Ecological Effects of Organomercury
Compounds
.170
8.3
Organotin Compounds
.172
8.3.1
Chemical Properties
.172
8.3.2
Metabolism of Tributyltin
.173
8.3.3
Environmental Fate of Tributyltin
.173
8.3.4
Toxicity
of Tributyltin
.174
8.3.5
Ecological Effects of TBT
.176
8.4
Organolead Compounds
.177
8.5
Organoarsenic Compounds
.178
8.6
Summary
.179
Further Reading
.180
Chapter
9
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
.181
9.1
Background
.181
9.2
Origins and Chemical Properties
.182
9.3
Metabolism
.183
9.4
Environmental Fate
.185
9.5
Toxicity
.187
9.6
Ecological Effects
.189
9.7
Summary
.191
Further Reading
.191
Chapter
10
Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides
.193
10.1
Background
.193
10.2
Organophosphorus Insecticides
.194
10.2.1
Chemical Properties
.194
10.2.2
Metabolism
.197
10.2.3
Environmental Fate
.200
10.2.4
Toxicity
.202
10.2.5
Ecological Effects
.208
10.2.5.1
Toxic Effects in the Field
.208
10.2.5.2
Population Dynamics
.209
10.2.5.3
Population Genetics
.211
10.3
Carbamate Insecticides
.212
10.3.1
Chemical Properties
.212
10.3.2
Metabolism
.213
Contents ix
10.3.3
Environmental
Fate
.213
10.3.4
Toxicity
.215
10.3.5
Ecological Effects
.217
10.4
Summary
.218
Further Reading
.218
Chapter
11
Anticoagulant Rodenticides
.219
11.1
Background
.219
11.2
Chemical Properties
.219
11.3
Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides
.221
11.4
Environmental Fate
.222
11.5
Toxicity
.224
11.6
Ecological Effects
.226
11.6.1
Poisoning Incidents in the Field
.226
11.6.2
Population Genetics
.228
11.7
Summary
.228
Further Reading
.229
Chapter
12
Pyrethroid Insecticides
.231
12.1
Background
.231
12.2
Chemical Properties
.231
12.3
Metabolism of Pyrethroids
.232
12.4
Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids
.234
12.5
Toxicity
of Pyrethroids
.236
12.6
Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids
.237
12.6.1
Population Dynamics
.237
12.6.2
Population Genetics
.238
12.7
Summary
.238
Further Reading
.239
PART
3
Further Issues and Future Prospects
Chapter
13
Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems
.243
13.1
Introduction
.243
13.2
Measuring the
Toxicity
of Mixtures
.244
13.3
Shared Mechanism of Action
—
an Integrated
Biomarker
Approach to Measuring the
Toxicity
of Mixtures
.245
13.4
Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of
Expression
.250
13.5
Bioassays for
Toxicity
of Mixtures
.251
13.6
Potentiation of
Toxicity
in Mixtures
.253
13.7
Summary
.254
Further Reading
.254
x
Contents
Chapter
14
The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides
.257
14.1
Introduction
.257
14.2
Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties
.258
14.3
Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems
.258
14.4
Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and
Drinking Water
.261
14.5
Summary
.263
Further Reading
.264
Chapter
15
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental
Impacts
.265
R. M. Goodheadand
C. R.
Tyler
15.1
Introduction
.265
15.2
The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research
Theme
.266
15.3
Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
.266
15.4
Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife
.270
15.4.1
DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental
Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators
.270
15.4.2
TBT and Imposex in Mollusks
.272
15.4.3
Estrogens and Feminization of Fish
.273
15.4.4
Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs
.275
15.4.5
EDCs and Health Effects in Humans
.276
15.5
Screening and Testing for EDCs
.276
15.6
A Lengthening List of EDCs
.278
15.6.1
Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens
.279
15.6.2
Pesticides
.279
15.6.3
PCBs
.279
15.6.4 Dioxins.280
15.6.5
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
.280
15.6.6 Bisphenols.281
15.6.7
Alkylphenols
.281
15.6.8
Phthalates
.282
15.6.9
Natural EDCs
.283
15.7
Effects of Mixtures
.283
15.8
Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity
.284
15.9
Species Susceptibility
.286
15.10
Effects of EDCs on Behavior
.288
15.11
Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their
Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology
.290
15.12
Summary
.292
Further Reading
.292
Contents xi
Chapter
16 Neurotoxicity
and Behavioral Effects of Environmental
Chemicals
.293
16.1
Introduction
.293
16.2
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects
.295
16.3
The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds
.296
16.4
Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System
.302
16.4.1
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System
.302
16.4.2
Effects on the Central Nervous System
.305
16.5
Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism
.306
16.6
The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at
Different Organizational Levels
.308
16.6.1
Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode
of Action
.308
16.6.2
Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with
Differing Modes of Action
.310
16.7
Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to
Adverse Effects upon Populations
.311
16.8
Concluding Remarks
.313
16.9
Summary
.316
Further Reading
.317
Chapter
17
Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects
.319
17.1
Introduction
.319
17.2
The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices
in Ecotoxicity Testing
.321
17.3
The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of
Toxicity
Testing: Mechanistic
Biomarkers
.323
17.4
The Design of New Pesticides
.324
17.5
Field Studies
.326
17.6
Ethical Questions
.328
17.7
Summary
.328
Further Reading
.329
Glossary
.331
References
.337
Index
.377 |
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| id | DE-604.BV035099243 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:13:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:22:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420062588 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008030227 |
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| spelling | Walker, Colin Harold Verfasser aut Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker 2. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2009 XVII, 414 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016767244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Walker, Colin Harold Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043816-8 (DE-588)4186812-2 |
| title | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective |
| title_auth | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective |
| title_exact_search | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective |
| title_full | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker |
| title_fullStr | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker |
| title_short | Organic pollutants |
| title_sort | organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective |
| title_sub | an ecotoxicological perspective |
| topic | Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen Umweltverschmutzung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016767244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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