Growing exotic forests:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Wiley
1987
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 508 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0471809152 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Growing exotic forests |c Bruce J. Zobel ; Gerrit Van Wyk ; Per Stahl |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Wiley |c 1987 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Foresterie exotique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forêts exotiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Exotic forestry | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804115164948070400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | GROWING EXOTIC FORESTS
BRUCE J ZOBEL
Zobel Forestry Associates, Inc
Cary, North Carolina
GERRIT VAN WYK
South African Forest Research Institute
Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
PER STAHL
Swedish Forest Service
Falun, Sweden
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY amp; SONS
New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
CONTENTS
1 EXOTICS—GENERAL CONCEPTS 1
1 1 Definition of Exotic 1
1 2 Why Exotics Are Used 2
1 3 When Exotics Should Not Be Used 9
1 4 Definitions of Temperate, Tropical,
and Subtropical Areas 11
1 5 Donor and Receptor Countries 12
1 6 The Special Situation in the Tropics and Subtropics IS
161 Where Exotics Are Grown in the Tropics 17
1 7 Exotics for Nonconventional Forestry Uses 21
1 8 Necessities for a Successful Program Based upon Exotics 24
1 9 Some Biological Concepts Related to the Production
of Exotics 27
191 The Law of Limiting Factors 27
LIU The Literature On Exotics 29
V SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION IN EXOTIC FORESTRY 33
2 1 Provenance (Geographic Source) and Its Relationship
to Exotics 33
2 2 Development of Trees Suitable for Exotics 40
221 Which Species and Varieties to Use 42
xv
XVi CONTENTS
222 Which Provenances to Use • 55
223 Some Examples and Results of Provenance Tests
with Exotics 57
2 3 How and Where to Choose Provenances to Test 73
231 Environmental Assessment 76
232 Choose from the Center or Fringes
of a Species Range? 81
233 Summary: Steps Suggested for Selecting Provenances
to Use for Exotics 83
2 4 How to Test Provenances and Species for Use as Exotics 84
2 5 Seed Movement 88
2 6 Prediction of Later Growth from Early Growth 90
2 7 Secondary, or Reserve, Species 93
3 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF EXOTICS-
DEVELOPING AND USING LAND RACES-
GENOTYPE x ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 95
3 1 Introduction 95
3 2 Genetic Improvement of Exotics 100
321 Making Genetic Tests 103
322 The Problems-with Hardwoods 104
323 Genetic Studies with Exotics 105
3 3 The Place of Hybrids in Exotic Forestry 115
3 4 The Land Race Concept 124
341 Developing Land Races 129
342 Competition and Stress 132
343 How Much Wood Can an Area Produce? 133
3 5 Genotype x Environment Interaction 134
4 LIMITATIONS TO PRODUCTION IN AND UNUSUAL
PROBLEMS WITH EXOTIC FORESTS 141
4 1 General Concepts 141
4 2 Soil Limitations to the Successful Growth of Exotics 146
421 The Problem of Soil Acidity 146
422 Soil Nutfients 147
423 Other Soil Properties 151
424 The Need for Mycorrhizae 152
4 3 Weather Limitations for Exotics 154
I431 Drought and Cold 156
432 Violent Weather 159
CONTENTS XVii
4 4 Pests and Growing Exotics 160
441 Where Do Pests of Exotics Come from? 165
442 Diseases of Exotics - 167
443 The Impact of Insects upon Exotic Forestry 169
444 Miscellaneous Pests of Exotics 179
4 5 Unusual Problems with Growing Exotic Forests 179
451 Poisoning of the Soil by Trees—Allelopathy 179
452 Fume Damage and Acid Rain 180
453 Abnormal Growth and Tree Form 182
454 Weed Competition 184
4 6 Exotics as Pests 184
461 Effects of Exotics on Soil and Water 186
4 7 Limiting the Risks 186
SEED PRODUCTION, SEED CERTIFICATION, VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION, AND MONOCULTURE 189
5 1 Seed Production of Exotics 189
511 Production of Abnormal Flowers or Seed 192
512 Failure to Produce Viable Seeds—
the Pinus caribaea Example 197
513 Production of Early and Heavy Seed Crops 200
r
5 2 Seed Certification ,200
5 3 Vegetative Propagation for Quick
and Large Genetic Gains 205
531 Vegetative Propagation with Exotics 207
532 Problems with Using Rooted Cuttings
for Exotic Forestry 209
533 Using Vegetative Reproduction
Operationally in Exotic Forestry 210
5 4 Plant Uniformity and Monoculture—A Summary 214
541 What Is Monoculture? 215
542 The Dangers from Developing a Restricted
Genetic Base When Using Exotics 217
543 Summary: Exotics and Monoculture 221
GROWING EXOTIC FOREST TREES
IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS 223
6 1 General Concepts 223
611 Forest Resources in the Tropics 224
612 Species Considerations 224
xviii CONTENTS
6 2 Site Requirements 226
621 Precipitation and Temperature 227
622 Specific Site Factors 230
6 3 Silviculture 237
631 Nurseries 237
632 Site Preparation 250
633 Plantation Establishment 254
634 Fertilization 258
635 Maintenance and Cleaning 260
636 Spacing 263
637 Thinning 266
638 Pruning 270
6 4 Plantation Harvesting 273
641 Objectives 273
642 Rotation (Harvest) Age 273
643 Stand Regulation and Normality 274
644 Harvesting 275
6 5 Forest Protection 276
651 Insects 276
652 Diseases 277
653 Weed Competition and Its Control 278
654 Miscellaneous Pests and Problems 280
6 6 Potential Yields 282
661 Economics of Exotic Plantations in the Tropics 283
7 GROWING EXOTIC FOREST TREES
IN TEMPERATE CLIMATES 285
7 1 Introduction 285
7 2 History of Exotics in the Temperate and Boreal Areas 285
7 3 Differences between Exotic Forestry in Tropical
and Temperate or Boreal Climates 287
731 Biological Differences 288
732 Nonbiological Differences Between Temperate
and Tropical Areas 294
7 4 Regional Use of Exotics 298
7 5 Lodgepole Pine in Sweden: A Case Example 306
751 Site Factors 307
752 Provenance Effects 309
753 Pests: Diseases, Insects, and Other 311
CONTENTS Xix
754 Silvicultural Characteristics 313
755 Wood Characteristics 315
756 Seed Availability and Production 317
757 Conclusion of the Lodgepole Pine Example 318
8 GENE CONSERVATION AND EXOTIC FORESTRY 319
8 1 The Need to Maintain Variation 319
8 2 What to Conserve in Exotic Tree Species 322
821 Where Should Action Be Concentrated? 325
822 Cooperative Action—What Is Being Done 330
8 3 Methods of Conservation 331
8 4 Gene Conservation in Tropical Species 339
8 5 Summary of Gene Conservation for Exotics 341
9 WOOD PROPERTIES OF EXOTIC FOREST TREES 345
9 1 Introduction 345
9 2 The Effect of the New Habitat on Wood 358
921 The Effect of Growth Rate 363
9 3 Wood Properties of Exotic Conifers 364
9 4 Wood Properties of Exotic Hardwoods 366
95A Summary of Studies on the Wood of Exotics _ , 368
9 6 Product Quality of Wood from Exotics 370
9 7 Nonconventional Uses of Wood 377
10 POLITICAL AND ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS RELATED TO GROWING EXOTICS 381
10 1 General Considerations 381
10 2 The Replacement Forest Concept 386
10 3 Biological, Ecological, and Conservation
Misconceptions and Politics 388
10 3 1 Conifers Use Excess Oxygen 388
10 3 2 Soil Deterioration from Exotics 389
10 3 3 Exotics Use an Excess of Water 392
10 3 4 Forest Planations Cause Erosion 395
10 3 5 Exotics Are Allelopathic 396
10 3 6 Cutting Indigenous Forests and Planting
Exotic Species Change the Major
Weather Patterns 399
10 3 7 Diseases and Insects Are More Severe in Exotics 400
XX CONTENTS
10 3 8 Exotics Fail Because They Are Not Adapted 402
10 3 9 Exotics Destroy Wildlife
and Cause Biological Deserts 402
10 3 10 Wood Properties of Exotics Are Inferior 404
10 4 Government Support for Exotic Planting 405
10 5 Summary: Politics of Exotics 405
APPENDIX 409
REFERENCES 413
SPECIES INDEX 486
SUBJECT INDEX 499
|
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| isbn | 0471809152 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Zobel, Bruce J. Verfasser aut Growing exotic forests Bruce J. Zobel ; Gerrit Van Wyk ; Per Stahl New York u.a. Wiley 1987 XX, 508 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Foresterie exotique Forêts exotiques Exotic forestry Exotic forests Kultivierung (DE-588)4165953-3 gnd rswk-swf Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd rswk-swf Exotischer Baum (DE-588)4202968-5 gnd rswk-swf Exotischer Baum (DE-588)4202968-5 s Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 s DE-604 Kultivierung (DE-588)4165953-3 s Van Wyk, Gerrit Verfasser aut Stahl, Per Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000446867&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Zobel, Bruce J. Van Wyk, Gerrit Stahl, Per Growing exotic forests Foresterie exotique Forêts exotiques Exotic forestry Exotic forests Kultivierung (DE-588)4165953-3 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd Exotischer Baum (DE-588)4202968-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4165953-3 (DE-588)4064356-6 (DE-588)4202968-5 |
| title | Growing exotic forests |
| title_auth | Growing exotic forests |
| title_exact_search | Growing exotic forests |
| title_full | Growing exotic forests Bruce J. Zobel ; Gerrit Van Wyk ; Per Stahl |
| title_fullStr | Growing exotic forests Bruce J. Zobel ; Gerrit Van Wyk ; Per Stahl |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growing exotic forests Bruce J. Zobel ; Gerrit Van Wyk ; Per Stahl |
| title_short | Growing exotic forests |
| title_sort | growing exotic forests |
| topic | Foresterie exotique Forêts exotiques Exotic forestry Exotic forests Kultivierung (DE-588)4165953-3 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd Exotischer Baum (DE-588)4202968-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Foresterie exotique Forêts exotiques Exotic forestry Exotic forests Kultivierung Waldbau Exotischer Baum |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000446867&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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