Lightning: physics and effects
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Digitally printed 1. paperback version (with corr.) |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | X, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521035414 9780521035415 9780521583275 0521583276 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148318808309760 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
pagex
4.7.
Subsequent leader
164
4.8.
Continuing current
173
1.
Introduction
1
4.9.
M-component
176
1.1.
Historical overview
1
4.10.
J- and K-processes
182
1.2.
Types of lightning discharge and
4.11.
Regular pulse bursts
188
lightning terminology
4
4.12.
Summary
190
1.3.
Summary of salient lightning properties
6
References and bibliography
191
1.4.
The global electric circuit
6
1.5.
Regarding the utilization of lightning energ)
12
5.
Positive and bipolar lightning
1.6.
Summary
12
discharges to ground
214
References and bibliography
12
5.1.
Introduction
214
5.2.
Conditions conducive to the occurrence
2.
Incidence of lightning
24
of positive lightning
217
2.1.
Introduction
24
5.3.
Characterization of positive lightning
218
2.2.
Characterization of individual storms
5.4.
Bipolar lightning discharges to ground
232
and storm systems
24
5.5.
Summary
233
2.3.
Thunderstorm days
35
References and bibliography
234
2.4.
Thunderstorm hours
36
2.5.
Lightning flash density
37
6.
Upward lightning initiated by
2.6.
Long-term variations in lightning incidence
43
ground-based objects
241
2.7.
Ratio of cloud flashes to cloud-to-ground
6.1.
Introduction
241
flashes
44
6.2.
General characterization
244
2.8.
Characteristics of lightning as a function
6.3.
Overall electrical characteristics
247
of season, location, and storm type
46
6.4.
Impulsive currents
250
2.9.
Lightning incidence to various objects
49
6.5.
Lightning current reflections within tall
2.10.
Summary
52
objects
252
References and bibliography
52
6.6.
Electromagnetic fields due to lightning
strikes to tall objects
259
3.
Electrical structure of
6.7.
Acoustic output
260
lightning-producing clouds
67
6.8.
Summary
260
3.1.
Introduction
67
References and bibliography
260
3.2.
Cumulonimbus
68
3.3.
Non-cumulonimbus
91
7.
Artificial initiation (triggering) of
3.4.
Summary
93
lightning by ground-based activity
265
References and bibliography
93
7.1.
Introduction
265
7.2.
Rocket-triggered lightning
266
4.
Downward negative lightning
7.3.
Other lightning triggering techniques
296
discharges to ground
108
7.4.
Concluding remarks
299
4.1.
Introduction
108
References and bibliography
299
4.2.
General picture
108
4.3.
Initial breakdown
116
8.
Winter lightning in Japan
308
4.4.
Stepped leader
122
8.1.
Introduction
308
4.5.
Attachment process
137
8.2.
Formation of winter thunderclouds
308
4.6.
Return stroke
143
8.3.
Evolution of winter thunderclouds
309
VII
Vlil
Contents
8.4.
Characteristics of natural winter lightning
8.5.
Rocket-triggered lightning in winter
8.6.
Summary
References and bibliography
9.
Cloud discharges
9.1.
Introduction
9.2.
General information
9.3.
Phenomenology inferred from
VHF-UHF imaging
9.4.
Early (active) stage
9.5.
Late (final) stage
9.6.
Comparison with ground discharges
9.7.
Summary
References and bibliography
10.
Lightning and airborne vehicles
10.1.
Introduction
10.2.
Statistics on lightning strikes to aircraft
10.3.
Major airborne research programs
10.4.
Mechanisms of lightning-aircraft
interaction
10.5.
Lightning test standards
10.6.
Accidents
10.7.
Summary
References and bibliography
11.
Thunder
1.1.
Introduction
1.2.
Observations
1.3.
Generation mechanisms
1.4.
Propagation
1.5.
Acoustic imaging of lightning channels
1.6.
Summary
References and bibliography
12.
Modeling of lightning processes
12.1.
Introduction
12.2.
Return stroke
12.3.
Dart leader
12.4. Steppedleader
12.5.
M-component
12.6.
Other processes
12.7.
Summary
References and bibliography
13.
The distant lightning electromagnetic
environment: atmospherics,
Schumann resonances, and whistlers
13.1.
Introduction
13.2.
Theoretical background
13.3.
Atmospherics (sferics)
13.4.
Schumann resonances
311 13.5.
Whistlers
314 13.6.
Radio noise
316 13.7.
Summary
316
References and bibliography
321
321
322
326
329
338
340
341
341
346
346
348
350
353
362
364
369
369
374
374
374
377
386
387
389
389
394
394
394
415
417
419
420
420
421
432
432
435
443
449
14.
Lightning effects in the middle
and upper atmosphere
14.1.
Introduction
14.2.
Upward lightning channels from cloud tops
14.3.
Low-luminosity transient discharges in
the
mésosphère
14.4.
Elves: low-luminosity transient
phenomena in the lower ionosphere
14.5.
Runaway electrons, X-rays, and
gamma-rays
14.6.
Interaction of lightning and
thundercloud electric fields with the
ionosphere and the magnetosphere
14.7.
Summary
References and bibliography
15.
Lightning effects on the chemistry
of the atmosphere
15.1.
Introduction
15.2.
Mechanism of NO production by
return-stroke channels
15.3.
Laboratory determination of NO yield
per unit energy
15.4.
Ground-based field determination of NO
yield per lightning flash
15.5.
Estimation of global NO production using
the flash extrapolation approach
(FEA)
15.6.
Estimation of NO production from
airborne measurements
15.7.
Estimation of NO production from
extrapolation of nuclear explosion data
15.8.
Transport of lightning-produced trace gases
15.9.
Production of trace gases in the
primitive Earth atmosphere and in the
atmospheres of other planets
15.10.
Summary
References and bibliography
16.
Extraterrestrial lightning
16.1.
Introduction
16.2.
Detection techniques
16.3.
Venus
16.4.
Jupiter
16.5.
Saturn
16.6.
Uranus
16.7.
Neptune
16.8.
Concluding remarks
References and bibliography
454
459
461
461
480
480
481
482
492
493
495
497
497
507
507
511
514
514
516
516
518
518
519
520
521
528
528
530
531
536
543
544
545
546
547
Contents
Lightning locating systems
Introduction
Electric and magnetic field amplitude
techniques
Magnetic field direction finding
Time-of-arrival technique
The US National Lightning Detection
Network
Interferometry
Ground-based optical direction finding
Detection from satellites
Radar
17.
17.1.
17.2.
17.3.
17.4.
17.5.
17.6.
17.7.
17.8.
17.9.
17.10.
Summary
References and bibliography
18.
Deleterious effects of lightning
and protective techniques
18.1.
Introduction
18.2.
Basic mechanisms of lightning damage
18.3.
Protection
18.4.
Lightning interaction with specific
objects and systems
18.5.
Lightning test standards
18.6.
Summary
References and bibliography
555
555
556
558
562
565
568
570
570
572
573
573
588
588
588
589
610
624
626
626
19.
Lightning hazards to humans
and animals
19.1.
Statistics
19.2.
Electrical aspects
19.3.
Medical aspects
19.4.
Personal safety
19.5.
Summary
References and bibliography
Ball lightning, bead lightning,
and other unusual discharges
Introduction
Witness reports of ball lightning
Ball lightning statistics
Ball lightning theories
Laboratory simulation of ball lightning
Bead lightning
Other types of unusual lightning and
lightning-like discharges
Concluding comments
20.
20.1.
20.2.
20.3.
20.4.
20.5.
20.6.
20.7.
20.8.
References and bibliography
Appendix: books on lightning and related
subjects
Index
642
642
644
646
648
648
649
656
656
658
662
662
663
665
666
669
669
675
679
The colour figures referred to within this publication have been removed for this digital reprinting. At the time of going
to press the original images were available in colour for download from http://www.cambridge.org/9780521035415
Paperback
Re-issue
Vladimir
A. Rakov and Martin A. uman
are professors in the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering at
the University of Florida and co-directors
of the international center for Lightning
Research and Testing at camp
Blanding, Florida.
Cover illustration:
Courtesy Of J.AUtery.
See description on p.i
42.
Lightning was present on Earth long before human life
evolved and it may even have played a crucial role in the
evolution of life on our planet. Each year, some
25
million
cloud-to-ground lightning discharges occur in the united
States alone, killing more people than tornadoes and
hurricanes. Lightning is involved in
5
percent of all US
residential-property-damage insurance claims, including
those from tens of thousands of home fires, with total
claims of over one billion dollars annually. Lightning
initiates many forest fires, and over
30
percent of all
electric powerfailures are lightning related. Each
commercial aircraft is struck by lightning on average once
a year. A lightning strike to an unprotected object or
system can be catastrophic.
Lightning: Physics
oná
Effects is the first book that covers
essentially all aspects of lightning, including lightning
physics, lightning protection, and the interaction of
lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as
with the environment, it is written in a style that will be
accessible to the technical non-expert and is addressed to
anyone interested in lightning and its effects. This will
include physicists, engineers working in the power
industry and in the communications, computer, and
aviation industries, meteorologists, atmospheric
chemists, foresters, ecologists, physicians working in the
area of electrical trauma, and architects. This
comprehensive reference volume contains over
300
illustrations,
70
tables containing quantitative
information, and a bibliography of over
6000
references.
The colourflgures referred to within this publication have been
removed for this digital reprinting. At the time of going to press
the original images were available in colourfor download from
http://www.cambridge.org/978052i0354i5
Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.cambridge.org
ISBN
0-521-03541-4
|
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| author_GND | (DE-588)173632947 (DE-588)172429838 |
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Physik Biologie Elektrotechnik |
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| id | DE-604.BV039513443 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:05:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521035414 9780521035415 9780521583275 0521583276 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024366107 |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-384 |
| physical | X, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rakov, Vladimir A. 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)173632947 aut Lightning physics and effects Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman Digitally printed 1. paperback version (with corr.) Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2006 X, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Lightning Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd rswk-swf Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 s DE-604 Uman, Martin A. 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)172429838 aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024366107&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024366107&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Rakov, Vladimir A. 1955- Uman, Martin A. 1936- Lightning physics and effects Lightning Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124914-8 |
| title | Lightning physics and effects |
| title_auth | Lightning physics and effects |
| title_exact_search | Lightning physics and effects |
| title_full | Lightning physics and effects Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman |
| title_fullStr | Lightning physics and effects Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lightning physics and effects Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman |
| title_short | Lightning |
| title_sort | lightning physics and effects |
| title_sub | physics and effects |
| topic | Lightning Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lightning Blitz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024366107&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024366107&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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