Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Pękowice
Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil Magdalena Dzięgielewska
2011
Kraków Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |
| Series: | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Tresta Rządowa, site 1. Lusatian culture cemetery from Central Poland |
| Physical Description: | 223 S. Ill. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 29 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788393134519 9788392325949 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804149247677825024 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Trestá
Rządowa,
site
1.
Lusatian
culture cemetery
from Central Poland (summary)
The
Lusatian
culture cemetery at
Trestá
Rządowa
(in the
Tomaszów Mazowiecki
district), is located in
an ice-marginal valley of the river
Pilica,
on its right
bank, in an area now submerged under Lake
Sulejów
(fig.
1).
In
1967-1970,
rescue investigation of the site
was conducted by
Wojciech Twardowski
MSc, while
the construction of the reservoir was in process. The
cemetery was almost fully excavated, leaving now the
possibility of further grave discoveries only to the west.
One can also assume that the original number of graves
within the investigated section of the site was higher
than that recorded during the excavations as the area
had been damaged by tree roots, illegal sand acquisi¬
tion and looters. The necropolis contained some older
pits as well, probably connected with the settlement of
the
Konstantynów
group from the Bronze Age Period
III. The materials from the settlement have yet to be
studied. Our attempts to localise the settlement inha¬
bited by the population which used the cemetery were
unsuccessful. It was however most probably situated
somewhere within the two nearby sites
Trestá
Rządo¬
wa
site
2
and site
3,
where traces of the
Lusatian
cultu¬
re occupation from the final period of the Bronze Age
were recorded (Twardowski
1972, 323).
The site yielded
308
cremations, the vast majority of
which were in urns. These were usually pure graves
-
only in
12%
of cases were the graves covered with pyre
remains. Pit graves (without urns) constituted only
3%
of the total number of burials. Many graves were
covered with a single stone or stone pavement
-
this
applies to
87
burials, about
30%
of the total. The graves
were sparsely furnished, with grave goods usually li¬
mited to minor bronze objects or small vessels accom¬
panying the urn. Almost
75%
of graves were devoid of
any ceremonial artefacts. Vessels used as urns were
mainly biconical vases, which constituted
74%
of ce¬
ramic material, much less frequently egg-shaped pots
(16%
of vessels) and sporadically, amphorae
(6%).
The
accompanying vessels were scoops, miniature vessels
and perhaps sieve-vessels , although the latter forms
might have been secondarily deposited and connected
with the older settlement.
The
Trestá
Rządowa
cemetery produced very sparse
bronze objects, almost
80%
of which were small rings
and springs made from bronze wire. There were also
buttons and tubular beads, as well as two bracelets,
including one very well preserved specimen decorated
with oblique strokes (plate XXXIV:h). The closest pa¬
rallels to this artefact come from assemblages dated to
Period V.
Chemical analysis of five bronze objects showed that
they were made of low-tin bronzes. Interesting conclu¬
sions can be drawn from the chemical analysis of gre¬
enish marks found on bones. This showed that two out
of three such analysed bones bore marks which did not
originate from contact with bronze objects. This sheds
new light on the commonly accepted interpretation of
such marks as traces of bronze ornaments originally
present in grave inventories.
The most interesting find from the analysed site is
a vase found in grave
217,
used as an urn, decorated
with a frieze featuring six anthropomorphic represen¬
tations (plate XL:c, d). This artefact is entirely unique
and finds no close analogies in the Lusatian culture nor
in the whole of Central Europe. It seems most likely
that the scene incised on the vessel represents a ritual
dance. The vessel is characterised by a rather distinct
carination, which refers to the style typical of Period
IV. Also, the results of radiocarbon analysis date the
object in question to the 11th-10th century
ВС,
i.e. to
periods Ha A2-Ha Bl. Anthropological analysis reve¬
aled that bone remains deposited in the urn belonged
to a women of the adultus age category.
The chronology of the cemetery necessarily relied
primarily on typological traits of pottery, while the
chronology of metal objects and radiocarbon dating
168
were used only additionally (see Table
10).
The results
led to the conclusion that the necropolis was used for
some
200-250
years in the late Bronze Age and at the
turn of the Iron Age (Period IV/V
-
HaC). The assem¬
blage is notably homogenous and does not allow for
chronological distinctions between particular graves.
Graves which contained S-shaped pots of D2 type (ac¬
cording to J.
Miśkiewicz)
which represent an archaic
form (originating from the tulip-shaped vessels of the
Trzciniec culture) might be considered as being older.
However, such vessels also appear on other late Bronze
Age sites as relics of former periods. Their even distri¬
bution (lack of clusters) throughout the necropolis in¬
dicates that they were probably deposited into graves
contemporaneously with urns of other types, or that
they represent several zones of the cemetery founded
at the same time and subsequently developing simul¬
taneously. This is also the case with other artefacts
-
there is no evidence that any particular type of object is
concentrated in any given area. While investigating the
source basis we performed a number of analyses com¬
paring the spatial distribution of particular pottery ty¬
pes in the cemetery. Unfortunately, the distribution of
particular artefact types provided no grounds for conc¬
lusion as to the dynamics of the necropolis develop¬
ment. All the identified pottery types, bronze objects
and decoration motifs were spread irregularly over the
entire area of the cemetery, forming no clusters in any
particular zone.
During anthropological analysis no zoning was po¬
ssible according to age or sex. There was a high num¬
ber of child burials from the age categories infans I and
// (0-15
years). Unfortunately, the entire bone material
was not available for examination, which considerably
limits the potential of paleodemographic analysis.
As for the attempts to reconstruct the social struc¬
ture of the population, the only indications come from
the fact that there are no significant differences in gra¬
ve size and construction on the analysed site. Theore¬
tically, this seems to suggest an egalitarian character of
the local community. However, it should be remembe¬
red that archaeological sources do not always give evi¬
dence of social structure. As an example we can cite the
fortified settlement at
Biskupin,
where all the houses
were of the same size and construction and yet there
must have existed an elite capable of leading the tribe¬
smen to build the fortifications. Likewise, at
Trestá,
the
deceased who in their lifetime enjoyed a privileged so¬
cial position could have been buried in ordinary graves.
This seems to be evident most notably from the vase
found in grave
217,
with its unique anthropomorphic
frieze. However, the exceptional status of the woman
buried there could have stemmed from her role in cult
practices, for example leadership in religious ceremo¬
nies, rather than from her political power.
Our knowledge of the religious beliefs of the popu¬
lation buried at
Trestá
is scant. Specific posthumous
rituals, here the cremation, are obvious signs of a belief
in the afterlife. The cremated remains were carefully
collected and placed into the vessel, and were furni¬
shed with grave goods. The latter are rather modest,
although it should be noted that elements of the offe¬
rings, like wooden objects or food, may have disinte¬
grated and not survived till our times. Unfortunately,
in the vicinity of the graves no features were identified
that could be connected with burial rites. Interesting
manifestations of unidentified beliefs are five features
identified as symbolic burials and the narrative scene
from the urn. The cremation burial rite can obviously
be seen as an expression of eschatological thinking as
well. The ritual cremation of the body was probably
performed to free the soul of the deceased and to puri¬
fy it from its material form.
Regardless of its location in central Poland, the
Trestá
necropolis belongs certainly to the
górnośląsko-mało-
polska (Upper Silesian
-
Little Poland) group of Lusa-
tian culture. This is evidenced, among other things, by
vases with knobs below the maximal body width, pots
with knobs below the rim or amphorae with small
handles in the lower part of the neck. The analysed ce¬
metery, along with the nearby cemetery at
Myślibórz,
Opoczno
district, is one of very few sites representing
this group so far to the north. Contrary to the well
known site at
Myślibórz,
where chronologically earlier
materials representing the style of the
środkowopolska
(Central Poland) group from Period IV were recorded,
the
Trestá
cemetery was founded as late as Period V
or very late Period IV by people whose material cultu¬
re resembled that typical of the areas south of Central
Poland. Most numerous parallels come from the
Nida
Basin, from the
Kielce
region. Therefore, it seems that
the cemetery at
Trestá
Rządowa
may be attributed to
the
Kielce
sub-group of the
górnośląsko-małopolska
group. The cemetery also reveals a considerable simi¬
larity to the
Kraków
sub-group from the classic phase
of its development. The influences of the
górnoślą¬
sko-małopolska
group reached the region in question
probably through peaceful infiltration or as a result of
northward migration of ideas along the
Pilica
valley
from
Małopolska
in the final period of the Bronze Age,
during times when the demographic potential of the
środkowopolska
group became significantly reduced.
169
Thus, the
Trestá
Rządowa
necropolis yields further
evidence that in the final stage of the Bronze Age the
cultural forms typical of the
górnośląsko-małopolska
group expanded to Central Poland and at least partially
replaced the settlement of the
środkowopolska
group.
Anthropological analysis
(Anita Szczepanek)
Burned bones found in
138
graves, containing the re¬
mains of a total of
162
individuals, were subjected to
anthropological analysis. Table
3
presents the deta¬
iled results obtained for bones from particular graves.
Most graves in this cemetery contained the rema¬
ins of a single individual
(86%).
Moreover, through
anthropological analysis we ascertained that
14
gra¬
ves contained the remains of
2
individuals, and
5
gra¬
ves contained the remains of
3
individuals (Fig.
17).
Among double burials those of one adult and one
child prevailed
(6
graves). Four of these graves conta¬
ined the remains of a woman and a child. Two graves
merit special attention as they contained the remains
of a newborn child along with the remains of an indi¬
vidual of the age class
juvenis (gr.
281)
and a newborn
along with a woman of the age class
aduitus (gr.
288).
The majority of the remains were heavily burned,
with a creamy-beige colour of bones (Fig.
18).
Such a
colour indicates that the temperature of the pyre was
about 1000-1200°C. Only
15%
of the remains were
unevenly burned; the bones varied from a beige thro¬
ugh grey to black, which reflects a varying temperatu¬
re during cremation.
The state of preservation of the analysed material
and the presence of diagnostic fragments allowed us
to determine the age and sex of most individuals bu¬
ried at the site. Such results were not possible for just
5%
of the remains (Table
2;
Fig.
19).
Analysis of the
age and sex distribution of buried individuals reveals
a large proportion of child burials
(0-14
years of age),
which amounts to
32,71%. 22,22%
of the remains be¬
longed to women, and
17,9%
were those of men. Mor¬
tality distribution indicates that the highest incidence
of deaths was among children under
7
years of age
(infans I) and among adults of the maturus age class.
It was also observed that while grown female deaths
occurred most often in the younger age classes {adul-
tus), for grown males they occurred more regularly in
the older age categories {adultus-maturus and matu¬
rus). The
Trestá
Rządowa
necropolis belongs to such
sepulchral sites where a relatively large proportion of
deaths among the youngest age classes is observed.
Assuming that this reported proportion is represen¬
tative of the original, it can be stated that these values
are typical of a progressive population with a high re¬
production rate and a stable growth.
According to the presented data, the average bone
mass found in a single grave was
615
g
with a varia¬
bility range of between
3
and
2225
g. The bone mass
of male burials surpasses the values (average, maxi¬
mum) of female burials. There are also clear differen¬
ces between the individuals of age category infans I
and
//.
Diagnostic skeleton fragments present in the ana¬
lysed material enabled us to determine sex, age and
number of buried individuals. The incidence of dia¬
gnostic skull elements is shown in Fig.
25.
It should
be noted that for more than half of the buried
(104
individuals) the petrous part of the temporal bone
was preserved, and for as many as
54
individuals the
petrous part was present bilaterally. Fragments of the
mandible were regularly encountered
-
present in one
third of the individuals. These were mostly condylar
processes and the body of mandible with the mental
area and alveoli. The relatively frequent presence of
the jugular bone along with the frontal process and
the frontal bone with the
supraorbital
area enabled
sex determination. Bones of the postcranial skeleton
were mostly represented by long bone fragments. In
single cases larger fragments of epiphyses were pre¬
sent. Fragments of small bones, such as carpal bones
or tarsal bones and fragments of digits, were relative¬
ly more common.
Following on from the data concerning the location
of graves within the cemetery, analysis of the age and
sex distribution was conducted (Fig.
26, 27).
This
analysis is incomplete due to a considerable loss of
bone material in the Museum in
Radom.
The available
information reveals the possibility that individuals
belonging to contemporaneous family groups were
buried next to each other, without creating provinces
that would group together individuals of a particular
age or sex.
Chemical investigations of bronzes, their patinas
and tinted bones
(Ewa Koszowska)
In order to explain the origin of the celadon-green
and grass-green tints on some of the burnt human bo¬
nes from the
Trestá
Rządowa
cemetery, the chemical
170
compositions
of
bronzes,
their
patinas
and tints on
bones were examined using an energy-dispersive X-
-ray spectrometer (EDS].
Five artefacts from the
Trestá
Rządowa
cemetery
were analysed. All of them were composed of low-tin
single-phase bronzes, containing low amounts of Sn
from
2,2
to
5,3
weight percent. Admixtures of other
elements, such as
Sb, Pb, Ni, Ag
presented no more
than
2,25
(wt.
%}
in total.
One object was fully patinised. Blue and bright-
-blue patina in various proportions of carbonates and
phosphates prevailed in all cases. As compared with
pure bronzes, patina was characterised by an incre¬
ased concentration of certain elements, for example
Sn, while the concentration of others, such as Ag, was
reduced. Silver deposited itself as native Ag and silver
sulphide.
It was concluded that celadon-green and grass-gre¬
en tints on bones are connected with the presence of
Cu salts on bone surfaces (the amount of copper in
the chemical composition may reach as much as even
several dozen weight percent). This may suggest the
presence of bronze objects in the original grave in¬
ventory. On the other hand, celadon tints recorded on
some bones do not relate to Cu and may result from
the appearance of Fe aluminosilicates or Fe phospha¬
te phase on the bone surface (due to post-deposition
conditions) or from exposure to high temperatures.
171
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Oleszczak, Łukasz Twardowski, Wojciech |
| author_facet | Oleszczak, Łukasz Twardowski, Wojciech |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Oleszczak, Łukasz |
| author_variant | ł o ło w t wt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040251118 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)802344171 (DE-599)BVBBV040251118 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tomaszów Mazowiecki Region (DE-588)4403383-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tomaszów Mazowiecki Region |
| id | DE-604.BV040251118 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:20:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788393134519 9788392325949 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025107087 |
| oclc_num | 802344171 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 223 S. Ill. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 29 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil Magdalena Dzięgielewska Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne |
| series2 | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne |
| spelling | Oleszczak, Łukasz Verfasser aut Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej Łukasz Oleszczak, Wojciech Twardowski Pękowice Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil Magdalena Dzięgielewska 2011 Kraków Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 223 S. Ill. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 29 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Tresta Rządowa, site 1. Lusatian culture cemetery from Central Poland Lausitzer Kultur (DE-588)4166930-7 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Tomaszów Mazowiecki Region (DE-588)4403383-7 gnd rswk-swf Tomaszów Mazowiecki Region (DE-588)4403383-7 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Lausitzer Kultur (DE-588)4166930-7 s DE-604 Twardowski, Wojciech Verfasser aut Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 1 (DE-604)BV040496800 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025107087&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Oleszczak, Łukasz Twardowski, Wojciech Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne Lausitzer Kultur (DE-588)4166930-7 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166930-7 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4403383-7 |
| title | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej |
| title_auth | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej |
| title_exact_search | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej |
| title_full | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej Łukasz Oleszczak, Wojciech Twardowski |
| title_fullStr | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej Łukasz Oleszczak, Wojciech Twardowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej Łukasz Oleszczak, Wojciech Twardowski |
| title_short | Tresta Rządowa, stanowisko 1, cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z Polski Środkowej |
| title_sort | tresta rzadowa stanowisko 1 cmentarzysko kultury luzyckiej z polski srodkowej |
| topic | Lausitzer Kultur (DE-588)4166930-7 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lausitzer Kultur Gräberfeld Tomaszów Mazowiecki Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025107087&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040496800 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oleszczakłukasz trestarzadowastanowisko1cmentarzyskokulturyłuzyckiejzpolskisrodkowej AT twardowskiwojciech trestarzadowastanowisko1cmentarzyskokulturyłuzyckiejzpolskisrodkowej |