Atmospheric corrosion:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, New Jersey
Wiley
[2016]
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | The Electrochemical Society series
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 374 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781118762271 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176585056583680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Atmospheric corrosion
Autor: Leygraf, Christopher
Jahr: 2016
CONTENTS
Preface xv
1 The Many Faces of Atmospheric Corrosion 1
1.1 Dr. Vernon s Legacy 1
1.2 Concepts and Consequences 2
1.3 The Evolution of a Field 3
1.4 Controlled Laboratory Environments 4
1.5 Uncontrolled Field Environments 5
1.6 New Approaches to Atmospheric Corrosion Studies 6
1.7 An Overview of this Book 6
2 A Conceptual Picture of Atmospheric Corrosion 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Initial Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion 7
2.2.1 Surface Hydroxylation 7
2.2.2 Adsorption and Absorption of Water 8
2.3 Intermediate Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion II
2.3.1 Gas Deposition 11
2.3.2 Change in Liquid Layer Chemistry 12
2.3.3 Proton-and Ligand-Induced Metal Dissolution 12
2.3.4 Ion Pairing 13
2.3.5 Photosensitivity 14
2.3.6 Nucleation of Corrosion Products 14
vi
CONTENTS
2.4 Final Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion 1
2.4.1 Coalescence of Corrosion Products 17
2.4.2 Aging and Thickening of Corrosion Products 18
90
Further Reading ^
3 A Multiregime Perspective on Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry 22
3.1 Introduction to Moist-Layer Chemistry 22
3.2 The Gaseous Regime 24
3.3 The Interface Regime 25
3.4 The Liquid Regime 27
3.5 The Deposition Regime 28
3.6 The Electrodic Regime 30
3.7 The Solid Regime 31
3.8 The Multiregime Perspective 32
Further Reading 32
4 Atmospheric Gases and their Involvement in Corrosion 34
4.1 Chemical Species of Interest 34
4.2 Atmospheric Corrosive Gases 35
4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide 35
4.2.2 Ozone 36
4.2.3 Ammonia 36
4.2.4 Nitrogen Dioxide 37
4.2.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 37
4.2.6 Sulfur Dioxide 38
4.2.7 Hydrogen Chloride 39
4.2.8 Organic Acids 39
4.2.9 Corrosive Species in Aerosol Particles and Precipitation 39
4.3 Historic Trends in Atmospheric Corrosive
Gas Concentrations 40
4.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 40
4.3.2 Ozone 42
4.3.3 Ammonia 42
4.3.4 Nitrogen Dioxide 42
4.3.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 42
4.3.6 Sulfur Dioxide 42
4.3.7 Hydrogen Chloride 43
4.3.8 Organic Acids 43
4.3.9 Summary of Historic Trends 43
4.4 Predicted Future Emissions of Corrosive Species 43
Further Reading 45
5 Atmospheric Particles and their Involvement in Corrosion 46
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Species of Interest 49
CONTENTS vii
5.3 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles 50
5.4 Aerosol Particle Physics and Chemistry 51
5.5 Implications of Aerosol Particles for Atmospheric Corrosion 55
Further Reading 57
6 Corrosion in Laboratory Exposures 59
6.1 The Need for Weil-Defined Laboratory Experiments 59
6.2 Considerations for Specific Metals 59
6.3 Design Considerations 60
6.3.1 Exposure Chamber 60
6.3.2 Sample Preparation 60
6.3.3 Relative Humidity 61
6.3.4 Temperature 61
6.3.5 Exposure Time 61
6.3.6 Corrosive Substances 62
6.3.7 Delivery of Corrosive Substances 63
6.3.8 Corrosion Effect Measurements 64
6.4 Examples of Important Laboratory Exposures 65
6.4.1 Laboratory Exposures for Scientific Purposes 65
6.4.2 Laboratory Exposures for Industrial Applications 66
6.5 Can Corrosion Processes in the Field be Reasonably
Simulated by Laboratory Experiments? 67
6.6 Computational Model Studies of S02-Induced Atmospheric
Corrosion of Copper 70
6.6.1 Copper Corrosion Induced by S02 70
6.6.2 Copper Corrosion Induced by S02+03 or S02+N02 74
6.6.3 Anodic and Cathodic Reactions in the GILDES Model 75
6.7 Summary 76
Further Reading 77
7 Corrosion in Indoor Exposures 79
7.1 General Characteristics of Indoor Environments 79
7.1.1 Relative Humidity and Temperature 79
7.1.2 Deposition Velocity 80
7.1.3 Atmospheric Gases 80
7.1.4 Atmospheric Particles 84
7.2 The Interplay Between Pollutants and Corrosion Rates 85
7.3 Corrosion Rates 88
7.3.1 Measurements of Indoor Corrosion Rates 88
7.3.2 Corrosion Kinetics 89
7.3.3 Corrosion Rate Data 90
7.4 Indoor Corrosion Products 93
7.5 Indoor Environmental Classification 94
7.6 An Example of Indoor Corrosion: Metal Artifacts 95
7.7 Summary 98
Further Reading 99
viii
CONTENTS
8 Corrosion in Outdoor Exposures
8.1 The Effect of Exposure Conditions 100
8.2 Design Considerations
8.2.1 Selection of Exposure Site and Instrumentation 101
8.2.2 Specimens and Specimen Mounting 102
8.2.3 Specimen Removal and Corrosion Evaluation 102
8.3 Influence of Exposure Parameters 103
8.3.1 The Complex Interplay 103
8.3.2 Time of Wetness 105
8.3.3 Temperature 107
8.3.4 Rain Shelter 108
8.3.5 Sheltered and Unsheltered Outdoor Exposure:
An Example for Zinc 109
8.3.6 Corrosion Rates 109
8.3.7 Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone 113
8.4 Dose-Response Functions 114
8.4.1 Determination and Estimation of Corrosion Rates 114
8.4.2 Dose-Response Functions for Estimating
Corrosivity Categories 115
8.4.3 Dose-Response Functions for the S02-Dominating
Situation 116
8.4.4 Dose-Response Functions for the
Multipollutant Situation 117
8.5 Summary 118
Further Reading 118
9 Advanced Stages of Corrosion 121
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Zinc 122
9.2.1 Chloride-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 124
9.2.2 Sulfate-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 128
9.2.3 Unsheltered Exposure 130
9.3 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Copper 131
9.3.1 Sulfate-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 131
9.3.2 Chloride-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 137
9.3.3 Unsheltered Exposure 138
9.3.4 Other Patina Constituents 138
9.4 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Carbon Steel 140
9.5 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Aluminum 144
9.6 Summary ]46
Further Reading j4g
CONTENTS ix
10 Environmental Dispersion of Metals From Corroded
Outdoor Constructions 151
10.1 Introduction 151
10.2 Metal Dispersion (Runoff): Atmospheric Corrosion 152
10.3 Time-Dependent Aspects and Importance of Rain
and Environmental Conditions 154
10.4 Influence of Construction Geometry on the Metal Runoff
and Runoff Rate Predictions 159
10.5 Environmental Fate and Speciation: Importance for
Risk Assessment and Management 162
Further Reading 163
11 Applied Atmospheric Corrosion: Electronic Devices 166
11.1 Introduction 166
11.2 Corrosion-Induced Failures of Contacts
and Connectors 168
11.3 Corrosion-Induced Failures of Integrated Circuits 170
11.4 Accelerated Tests of Electronics 174
11.5 Classification of Environments with Respect to Corrosivity 175
11.6 Methods of Protection 177
11.6.1 Selection of Materials and Design of Components 177
11.6.2 Manufacture, Transport, and Storage 179
11.6.3 Installation and Service 179
Further Reading 180
12 Applied Atmospheric Corrosion: Automotive Corrosion
and Corrosion in the Road Environment 181
12.1 Introduction 181
12.2 Typical Corrosion Rates in the Road Environment 182
12.3 Parameters Affecting Corrosion in Road Environments 183
12.3.1 Effect of Salting Frequency 183
12.3.2 Effect of Sheltering 184
12.3.3 Deicing Salts and Effect of Different Cations 184
12.3.4 The Temperature and Relative Humidity Complex 186
12.4 Corrosion of Vehicles 188
12.5 Accelerated Corrosion Testing for Automotive Applications 190
Further Reading 196
13 Applied Atmospheric Corrosion: Alloys in Architecture 198
13.1 Introduction 198
13.2 Varying Exposure Conditions 199
CONTENTS
13.3 Copper-Based Alloys
13.3.1 Corrosion Mechanisms
13.3.2 Application Aspects
13.4 Aluminum-Zinc Alloys
13.4.1 Corrosion Mechanisms
13.4.2 Application Aspects
13.5 Weathering Steel
13.5.1 Corrosion Mechanisms
13.5.2 Application Aspects
13.6 Stainless Steel
13.6.1 Corrosion Mechanisms
13.6.2 Application Aspects
Further Reading
14 Applied Atmospheric Corrosion: Unesco Cultural Heritage Sites
14.1 Introduction ^24
14.2 Description of Selected Sites 225
14.2.1 The Klementinum, Prague, Czech Republic 225
14.2.2 Acropolis, Athens, Greece 226
14.3 Estimation of Corrosion Rates 227
14.3.1 Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Zinc in Prague
and around the Klementinum 228
14.3.2 Corrosion of Portland Limestone in Athens 229
14.4 Estimation of Corrosion Costs 229
14.4.1 Estimating Renovation Costs and Stock of
Materials at Risk 230
14.4.2 Estimating Amenity Loss 232
14.5 Preventing Further Damage Through Air Quality Policy 234
14.5.1 Calculation of Air Pollution Costs 234
14.5.2 Assessment of Tolerable Corrosion Rates 235
Further Reading 236
15 Scenarios for Atmospheric Corrosion in the Twenty-First
Century 238
15.1 Atmospheric Corrosion in the Recent Millenium 239
15.2 Atmospheric Corrosion in the Twentieth Century and Today 240
15.3 Atmospheric Corrosion in the Twenty-First Century:
Effect of Changes in Pollution 242
15.4 Atmospheric Corrosion in the Twenty-First Century:
Effect of Changes in Climate 246
15.5 Responding to Increasing Rates of Corrosion 246
Further Reading 248
201
205
208
209
212
214
214
216
218
218
220
221
CONTENTS xi
Appendix A Experimental Techniques in Atmospheric Corrosion 249
A. 1 Introduction 249
A.2 Techniques for Detecting Mass Change 250
A.2.1 Microgravimetry 250
A.2.2 Resistance Sensor Measurements 250
A.2.3 Electrolytic Cathodic Reduction 251
A.2.4 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements 251
A.3 Techniques for Analyzing Surface Topography 251
A.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 251
A.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 252
A.3.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 252
A.4 Techniques for Analyzing Surface Composition 253
A.4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 253
A.4.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 253
A.4.3 Analysis of Characteristic X-Rays 254
A.4.4 Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy 254
A.4.5 Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy 254
A.4.6 Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) 255
A.5 Techniques for Identifying Phases in Corrosion Products 255
A.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction 255
A.5.2 Confocal Raman Microscopy 255
A.5.3 Mossbauer Spectroscopy 256
A.5.4 Thermal Analysis 256
A.6 Techniques for Corrosion Electrode Potential 256
A.6.1 Kelvin Probe 257
A.6.2 Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) 257
A.6.3 Scanning Electrochemical Techniques 257
A.7 Techniques for Monitoring Atmospheric Corrosive Species 258
A.7.1 S02 258
A.7.2 N02 258
A.7.3 H2S and Other Reduced Sulfur Compounds 259
A.7.4 Cl2 259
A.7.5 NH3 259
A.7.6 NH4+ 259
A.7.7 CI 259
A.8 Summary 259
Further Reading 260
Appendix B Computer Models of Atmospheric Corrosion 261
B.l Formulating Computer Models 261
B.2 The Status of Computer Models of Atmospheric Corrosion 262
B.3 An Overview of Chemical Model Formulation 263
xii CONTENTS
B.4 The Transport of Reactants
B.5 Physicochemical Processes
B.6 Electrochemical Processes
Further Reading
Appendix C The Atmospheric Cor
C.l Introduction
C.2 Corrosion Layer Formation
C.3 The Morphology of Atmospheric Corrosion Layers on Aluminum 273
C.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Corrosion 274
C.4.1 Oxides and Hydroxides 274
C.4.2 Sulfides and Sulfates 276
C.4.3 Chlorides , 277
C.4.4 Carbonates and Organic Compounds 279
C.4.5 Other Components 279
C.4.6 Chemical Process Summary 279
C.5 Summary 280
Appendix D The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry
of Carbonate Stone 282
D.l Introduction 282
D.2 Corrosion Layer Formation Rates 282
D.3 Morphology of Atmospheric Corrosion on Carbonate Stone 283
D.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Carbonate Stone Corrosion 284
D.4.1 Introduction 284
D.4.2 Absorbed Water 285
D.4.3 Carbonates 286
D.4.4 Sulfites and Sulfates 286
D.4.5 Nitrates 288
D.4.6 Oxalates 288
D.5 Summary 288
Appendix E The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Copper
E. 1 Introduction
E.2 Corrosion Layer Formation Rates
E.3 The Morphology of Natural Patinas on Copper
E.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Copper Corrosion
E.4.1 Introduction
E.4.2 Adsorbed Water
E.4.3 Oxides
E.4.4 Sulfur Chemistry
E.4.5 Chlorine Chemistry
E.4.6 Carbon Chemistry
E.4.7 Nitrogen Chemistry
E.5 Discussion
, . 265
266
268
270
rosion Chemistry of Aluminum 272
¦ i 272
Rates 272
290
290
291
291
292
292
294
295
295
298
299
300
300
CONTENTS
xiii
Appendix F The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Iron
and Low Alloy Steels 302
F.l Introduction 302
F.2 Formation Rates for Rust Layers 302
F.3 The Morphology of Natural Rust Layers 303
F.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Iron and Steel Corrosion 304
F.4.1 Introduction and Overview 304
F.4.2 Adsorbed and Absorbed Water 304
F.4.3 Oxides and Hydroxides 305
F.4.4 Sulfides and Sulfates 307
F.4.5 Chlorides 310
F.4.6 Nitrates 311
F.4.7 Carbonate Compounds 312
F.4.8 Processes Involving Particulate Matter 312
F.4.9 Photoprocesses 312
F.5 Stainless Steels in the Atmosphere 313
F.6 Summary 313
Appendix G The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Lead 316
G.l Introduction 316
G.2 Environmental Interactions with Lead Surfaces 316
G.3 Physical Characteristics of Lead Corrosion 317
G.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Lead Corrosion 317
G.4.1 Introduction 317
G.4.2 Oxides 318
G.4.3 Sulfides and Sulfates 319
G.4.4 Chlorides 321
G.4.5 Nitrogen Species 322
G.4.6 Carbonates and Organic Compounds 322
G.5 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Corroding Lead Alloys 324
G.6 Summary 324
Further Reading 326
Appendix H The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Nickel 327
H.3 Introduction 327
H.2 Corrosion Layer Formation Rates 327
H.3 The Morphology of Atmospheric Corrosion Layers on Nickel 328
H.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Nickel Corrosion 328
H.4.1 Introduction 328
H.4.2 Adsorbed Water 328
H.4.3 Oxides and Hydroxides 330
H.4.4 Sulfur Compounds 331
H.4.5 Chlorides 333
H.4.6 Nitrates 334
xiv
CONTENTS
H.4.7 Carbonates and Organic Compounds 334
H.4.8 Photocorrosion 334
H.5 Laboratory and Computational Studies of Nickel s Atmospheric
Corrosion 334
H.6 Conclusions 335
Further Reading 336
Appendix I The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Silver 337
I.1 Introduction 337
1.2 Environmental Interactions with Silver Surfaces 337
1.3 Chemical Mechanisms of Silver Corrosion 339
I.3.1 Introduction 339
1.3.2 Oxides and Carbonates 340
1.3.3 Sulfides and Sulfates 340
1.3.4 Chlorides 342
1.3.5 Nitrogen Species 343
1.3.6 Multicomponent Equilibria 343
1.4 Physical Characteristics of Silver Corrosion 343
1.4.1 Corrosion Layer Formation Rates 343
1.4.2 The Morphology of Atmospheric Corrosion Layers on Silver 345
1.4.3 Contact Resistance of Corroded Silver 345
1.5 Chemical Transformation Sequences 345
Further Reading 347
Appendix J The Atmospheric Corrosion Chemistry of Zinc 348
J.l Introduction - 348
J.2 Corrosion Layer Formation Rates 348
J.3 The Morphology of Atmospheric Corrosion Layers on Zinc 349
J.4 Chemical Mechanisms of Zinc Corrosion 349
J.4.1 Oxides and Hydroxides 349
J.4.2 Carbonates and Organic Compounds . 351
J.4.3 Sulfides and Sulfates 353
J.4.4 Chlorides 355
J.5 Transformation Processes 357
J.5.1 Chemical Processes 357
J.5.2 Anion Balances • 358
J.6 Summary 35g
Appendix K
Glossary
Index
Index of Minerals Related to Atmospheric Corrosion
360
363
367
|
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| author | Leygraf, Christopher 1946- Odnevall Wallinder, Inger Tidblad, Johan Graedel, Thomas |
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| id | DE-604.BV043765952 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:34:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781118762271 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 016015705 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029177188 |
| oclc_num | 961230642 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-83 |
| physical | xvi, 374 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Electrochemical Society series |
| spelling | Leygraf, Christopher 1946- (DE-588)1114079685 aut Atmospheric corrosion Christofer Leygraf, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Johan Tidblad, Thomas Graedel Second edition Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley [2016] xvi, 374 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Electrochemical Society series Corrosion and anti-corrosives Korrosives Medium (DE-588)4194717-4 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphärische Korrosion (DE-588)4143315-4 gnd rswk-swf Kunstwerk (DE-588)4123592-7 gnd rswk-swf Gebäude (DE-588)4156127-2 gnd rswk-swf Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphärische Korrosion (DE-588)4143315-4 s Korrosives Medium (DE-588)4194717-4 s Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 s Gebäude (DE-588)4156127-2 s Kunstwerk (DE-588)4123592-7 s DE-604 Odnevall Wallinder, Inger Verfasser aut Tidblad, Johan Verfasser (DE-588)1114080373 aut Graedel, Thomas Verfasser (DE-588)1055778845 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-118-76218-9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177188&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Leygraf, Christopher 1946- Odnevall Wallinder, Inger Tidblad, Johan Graedel, Thomas Atmospheric corrosion Corrosion and anti-corrosives Korrosives Medium (DE-588)4194717-4 gnd Atmosphärische Korrosion (DE-588)4143315-4 gnd Kunstwerk (DE-588)4123592-7 gnd Gebäude (DE-588)4156127-2 gnd Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4194717-4 (DE-588)4143315-4 (DE-588)4123592-7 (DE-588)4156127-2 (DE-588)4006340-9 |
| title | Atmospheric corrosion |
| title_auth | Atmospheric corrosion |
| title_exact_search | Atmospheric corrosion |
| title_full | Atmospheric corrosion Christofer Leygraf, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Johan Tidblad, Thomas Graedel |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric corrosion Christofer Leygraf, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Johan Tidblad, Thomas Graedel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric corrosion Christofer Leygraf, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Johan Tidblad, Thomas Graedel |
| title_short | Atmospheric corrosion |
| title_sort | atmospheric corrosion |
| topic | Corrosion and anti-corrosives Korrosives Medium (DE-588)4194717-4 gnd Atmosphärische Korrosion (DE-588)4143315-4 gnd Kunstwerk (DE-588)4123592-7 gnd Gebäude (DE-588)4156127-2 gnd Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Corrosion and anti-corrosives Korrosives Medium Atmosphärische Korrosion Kunstwerk Gebäude Bewertung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177188&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leygrafchristopher atmosphericcorrosion AT odnevallwallinderinger atmosphericcorrosion AT tidbladjohan atmosphericcorrosion AT graedelthomas atmosphericcorrosion |