Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
The Hague [u.a.]
Mouton
1972
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Janua linguarum
Series minor ; 124 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 252 S. |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment 5
List of figures 13
I. Introduction 15
Background — Goal of a theory of natural language —
Essential features — Restrictions — Intuitive and nonintui¬
tive — Formal and nonformal — Sentence and Statement —
Critical aims of this book — Philosophical value of a theory
of natural language.
II. A Logical Analysis of Scientific Theories 23
Scientific Theories as Instruments 24
Descriptive Symbols — Auxiliary symbols — Experimental
laws — Overt experimental procedures — Descriptive
constants in scientific theories.
Components of Scientific Theories 26
Abstract calculus — Model or interpretation — Correspon-
dence rules — Epistemic correlations — Flexibility of
scientific theories.
III. Language Theory and Ordinary-Language
Philosophy 32
Wittgenstein 32
Description of language — Improvement of language —
Various functions of language — Intuitive and nonintuitive
— Rules of language — Language game — Intermediate
cases.
Austin 38
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Details of language — Ordinary Ianguage — Clarity —
Words as tools — Different conceptual Schemata — Excuses
— Systematic aids — Logical grammar — Comprehensive
science of language.
Ryle 44
Ordinary use of an expression — Use and usage — Unwritten
laws — Category — Category-mistake — Logical geography
of concepts — Logical cross-bearings of concepts.
IV. Language Theory and Ideal-Language Philosophy . . 53
Formalized Languages 53
Uninterpreted calculus — Requirement of effectiveness —
Interpretation — Soundness — Syntax and Semantics —
Object-language and meta-language — Carnap s formal
semantics — State-description — Meaning postualtes —
Pragmatics — Semantic rules — Synonymy — Analyticity.
Descriptive, Legislative, and Ideal Claims for Ideal-
Languages 67
Description of natural language — Stipulation — Distortion
of natural language — The ideal model — Unsystematic
nature of natural language — Consistency and elegance.
Empirical Controls upon Ideal-Language Theories . 78
Correspondence rules — Primitive semantic terms — Pure
mathematics — Relevance to natural language — Carnap s
formal semantics — Empirical behavioristic procedures for
formal semanttc notions — Intensionality — Intuitive con-
trols — Appeal to the linguistic intuition.
V. Phonological and Morphological Foundations of
Language Theory 90
Linguistics 90
Descriptive linguistics — Historical linguistics — Compar-
ative linguistics.
Descriptive Linguistics 91
Language and dialect — Collective data — Elements as
logical symbols — Phonology — Morphology — Semantics.
Phonemes 95
Intuitive and nonintuitive explanations — Phonetic difference
•— Phonemic difference — Minimal contrasting pair —
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
Phonemic relativity to particular languages — Nonintuitive
characterization of phoneme — Complementary distribution
— Contrastive distribution —Phonetic transcription —
Allophones — Kinds of phonemes in English.
Morphemes 104
Intuitive and nonintuitive explanation — A higher level of
linguistic element — Recurrent partials — Smallest meaning-
ful recurring phoneme sequences ¦— Kinds of morphemes
-— Allomorphs ¦— Infixes — Affixes — Phonological con-
ditioning — Morphological conditioning — Morphemic
Segments — Free Variation — Tentative morphemes —
Morphemes.
Parts of Speech 115
Derivation and inflection — Traditional description —
Distributional relations — Paradigmatic classes — Syntactic
classes — Infiectional Suffixes — Derivational affixes.
Grammar 118
Immediate constituent grammars — Structural similarity —
Construction — Constituent — Immediate constituent —
Comparing samples — Method of Substitution — Freedom
of occurrence.
VI. Success in Grammar — Failure in Semantics .... 122
Syntax 122
Goals — Traditional grammar — Conditions of adequacy
— Abstract grammar — Models for grammar — Frequency
model — Füllte State Markov process model — Phrase
structure model — Immediate constituent grammar —
Transformational grammar — Obligatory transformations
— Optional transformations — Success in grammar —
Grammar and meaning.
Semantics 132
Absolute meaning — Piatonic idea — Essence — Mental
image — Reference — Synonymy — Linguistic context —
Extra-linguistic context — Goal of semantics — Scope of
semantics — Components of a semantic theory — Dictionary
— Projection rules — Semantic interpretation.
The Problem of Synonymy 140
Practical and nonintuitive — Kind of synonymy — Criterion
for synonymy — Definition — Interchangeability —
Stimulus meaning — Stimulus synonymy — Sentence
synonymy — Goodman s criterion for synonymy.
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS
VII. Katz and Fodor s Semantic Theory of Natural
Language 148
The Dictionary 148
Dictionary entries — Normal form — Projection rules —
Sense characterization — Grammatical markers — Semantic
markers — Distinguishers — Ambiguity — Selection restric-
tion — Distribution of lexical information — Inadequacy
of dictionary — Conceptual economy — Inadequacy of an
evaluation procedure — Need for a discovery procedure —
The dictionary problem.
Projection Rules 161
Correlations of meanings and lexical items — Type 1
projection rule — Type 2 projection rule — Elimination
of possible meanings.
Semantic Interpretation 165
Anomalous of regulär — Ambiguous or unambiguous.
Analyticity 166
Traditional explanation — Katz s definition — Noncircularity
— Dependence upon the dictionary component —
Inadequacy of dictionary component.
VIII. Ziff s Semantic Theory of Natural Language 170
Ziffs Project 170
Evaluation procedure for competing dictionary entries —
Discovery procedure for dictionary entries — Utterance type
and utterance token — Reference of theory.
Semantic Regularities 172
Conditions generally obtaining — Statistical Correlations
— Empirical verification — Speech acts.
Principle of Conventionality 174
Derivation at will — Conditions associated with all utter-
ances — Pairing of expressions — Incorrect correlations.
Principle of Composition 176
Incorrect correlations — Structural similarity — Projected
correlation.
Relevant Semantic Difference 177
Distributive set — Contrastive set — Relevant semantic
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
difference — Common relevant semantic difference —
Dictionary entry.
Critical Evaluation 179
Inadequacy of principle of conventionality — Relevant
conditions — Irrelevant conditions — Degree of generality
— Vagueness of condition — Inadequacy of the principle
of composition — Appeal to linguistic intuition — Status of
intuitive insights — Conditions generally associated with an
utterance.
IX. A Plurality of Conceptual Schemata 187
Quine s View of the Language of Knowledge .... 188
Conflict with experience — Re-evaluation of Statements —
The Lexicographer s problem in terms of the analytic-syn-
thetic distinction — Incompatibility with lexicographer s
Problem — Exact synonymy — Fuzzy boundaries.
Duhem s View of the Postulates of Physics 191
Isolated hypotheses — Systematic principles — The nature
of light — Newton s optics versus Huygens optics —
Refutation of postulates of physics.
Putnam s View of the Statements of Physics 194
Kinetic energy — Revision of principles — Conventionality
in science — The language of science and natural language.
In Defense 196
Hofstadter s attack upon holism — The systematic view,
not the holistic view — Stipulation by the theory — A Single
dictionary — Grice and Strawson s criterion for Statement
synonymy — Appeal to linguistic intuition.
X. Difficulties in Lexicography 203
A Practical Nonintuitive Procedure 203
What Quine Claims to show — What Quine in fact shows —
The insolubility of the lexicographer s problem.
In Defense 205
A plea to our semantic intuition — Family circle of inter-
definable expressions — Informal explanation — Sentence
significance and synonymy — Putnam s criteria — Generally
accepted criterion for the use of a term — Circular
defmitions — Too streng a condition of adequacy — Mates s
12 TABLE OF CONTENTS
empirical criterion for analycity — The appeal to Intuition
— The observation of behavior — Fuzziness.
XI. Skinner s Functional Analysis 217
Functional Analysis 218
Variables controling verbal behavior — Notions of animal
experimentation — Exclusion of internal factors — Operant
— Mand — Tact — Autoclitic.
Stimulus Control 222
Extremely subtle properties — Reference — Lack of
scientific objectivity — Distortion of scientific notions —
Request — Command — Prayer.
Grammatical Sentence 225
Key responses on a skeletal frame — Lexical items in
grammatical frames — Shortcomings.
Chomsky s Conclusions 226
Metaphorical or unscientiflc — Neglect of the speaker s
contribution — Obscuring of important distinctions —
Skinner s questions hopelessly premature.
XII. Conclusion 228
Definition and goals of a theory of natural language —
Wittgenstein — Austin — Ryle — Ideal-language philoso¬
phers — Skinner s functional analysis — Descriptive linguists
— Problem of synonymy — Katz and Fodor s failure —
Ziff s failure — Insolubility of the lexicographer s problem.
Bibliography 241
Index 236
LIST OF FIGURES
1. A Constituent Structure Characterization of the Sen-
tence The Man Hit the Ball 127
2. A Dictionary Entry for Bachelor in Normal Form . . 150
3. A Partial Constituent Structure Characterization of
the Sentence The Man Hits the Colorjul Ball 163
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| spelling | Tartaglia, Philip Verfasser aut Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language by Philip Tartaglia The Hague [u.a.] Mouton 1972 252 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Janua linguarum : Series minor 124 Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s DE-604 Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 s Janua linguarum Series minor ; 124 (DE-604)BV023552230 124 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001270787&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language |
| title_auth | Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language |
| title_exact_search | Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language |
| title_full | Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language by Philip Tartaglia |
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| title_short | Problems in the construction of a theory of natural language |
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