The negligence liability of public authorities:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2006
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | lviii, 944 S. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 0199265410 9780199265411 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Booth, Cherie |d 1954- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124913407 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The negligence liability of public authorities |c Cherie Booth ; Dan Squires |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2006 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Administrative responsibility |z England | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Government liability |z England | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Administrative responsibility |z Wales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Government liability |z Wales | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135586532950016 |
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| adam_text | THE NEGLIGENCE LIABILITYOF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES CHERIE BOOTH QC DAN
SQUIRES OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS TABLE OFCASES XXIX TABLE
OFLEGISLATION LIII INTRODUCTION 1 STRUCTURE OF A NEGLIGENCE CLAIM 5 1.
THE PROBLEM OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY NEGLIGENCE LIABILITY A. WHY HAS THE
SEARCH FOR STABLE PRINCIPLES PROVEN SO ELUSIVE? 1.07 (1) THE
INTERSECTION BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAW 1.09 (A) PUBLIC LAW HURDLES
1.12 (B) LIABILITY FOR OMISSIONS 1.14 (2) THE INTERSECTION OF LAW AND
POLITICS 1.18 (3) PROTECTING PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND COMPENSATING THE
DESERVING 1.22 B. TRENDS IN THE LAW 1.29 (1) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES TREATED
LIKE PRIVATE PARTIES: PRE 1970S 1.30 (2) RECOGNITION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF
PUBLIC NATURE: 1970 TO LATE 1980S 1.31 (3) PUBLIC POLICY RESTRICTIONS ON
DUTIES: LATE 1980S TO LATE 1990S 1.33 (4) REJECTION OF BLANKET POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS: LATE 1990S TO MID 2000S 1.35 (5) GROWTH OF ALTERNATIVE
METHODS FOR LIMITING LIABILITY: MID 2000S ONWARDS 1.37 2. JUSTICIABILITY
A. INTRODUCTION 2.01 (1) OVERVIEW OF JUSTICIABILITY 2.02 (2) DEVELOPMENT
OF THE LAW 2.05 (3) STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER 2.07 B. THE MEANING OF
JUSTICIABILITY 2.09 (1) TECHNICAL/FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCE OF COURT TO
RESOLVE DISPUTE 2.11 (A) ISSUES UNSUITABLE FOR JUDICIAL RESOLUTION 2.13
(B) POLYCENTRIC DISPUTES 2.15 (2) PLACE OF THE COURTS WITHIN THE
DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 2.18 C. TESTS FOR DETERMINING JUSTICIABILITY 2.21 (1)
THEAPPROACH TAKEN IN THE DORSET YACHT ZNIS. .YCASES 2.22 (A) ULTRA VIRES
DECISIONS AND PUBLIC LAW HURDLES 2.23 XI CONTENTS (B) THE
POLICY/OPERATIONAL DISTINCTION 2.29 (C) CRITICISM OF THE VIRES AND
POLICY/OPERATIONAL TESTS 2.34 (2) THE APPROACH TO JUSTICIABILITY IN THE
BARRETT AND PHELPS CASES 2.42 (A) DEPARTURE FROM STRICT VIRES TEST 2.43
(B) DEPARTURE FROM STRICT POLICY/OPERATIONAL TEST 2.45 (C) SUMMARYOF
JUSTICIABILITY IN THE BARRETT AND PHELPS CASES 2.46 (3) EVALUATION OF
THE BARRETT AND PHELPS APPROACH 2.50 (A) MEANING
OF JUSTICIABILITY UNCLEAR 2.51 (B) PROBLEMS OF USE OF VIRES TEST AND
POLICY/OPERATIONAL DISTINCTION 2.53 (C) MEANING OF SUITABILITY FOR
JUDICIAL DETERMINATION 2.55 D. APPLICATIONS OF JUSTICIABILITY TESTS TO
PARTICULAR AREAS OF LAW 2.59 (1) DETENTION 2.60 (2) EDUCATION AND SOCIAL
SERVICES 2.62 (3) POLICE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES 2.65 (4) ARMEDFORCES
2.68 (5) HEALTH POLICY, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATORS 2.69 (6)
HIGHWAYS 2.72 (7) LAND USE 2.73 (8) SUMMARY OF FACTORS CONSIDERED IN
DETERMINING JUSTICIABILITY 2.75 E. AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO
JUSTICIABILITY 2.79 (1) FOCUS ON THE FORM OF A DECISION 2.80 (2)
APPLICATION TO DECIDED CASES 2.82 (3) RATIONALE FOR APPROACH 2.83 F.
UNDERLYING DIFFICULTY OF JUSTICIABILITY DETERMINATIONS 2.85 3.
DUTYOFCARE A. INTRODUCTION 3.01 (1) MEANING OF DUTY OF CARE 3.02 B.
DETERMINING WHETHER A DUTY OF CARE IS OWED 3.04 (1) THE ANNS APPROACH
AND ITS DECLINE 3.04 (2) INCREMENTALISM 3.06 (3) INCREMENTALISM AND
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 3.07 (4) DEVELOPMENT OF THE GYWW TRIPARTITE TEST 3.09
(5) WHEN IS THE TRIPARTITE TEST APPLICABLE? 3.13 (A) PURE ECONOMIC
LOSSES 3.14 (B) DIRECT AND INDIRECT INFLICTIONOF PHYSICAL INJURY 3.15
(6) THE ELEMENTS OF THE TRIPARTITE TEST 3.22 C. CAPARO TEST:
FORESEEABILITY 3.25 D. CAPARO TEST: PROXIMITY 3.27 (1) MEANING OF
PROXIMITY 3.28 (2) GROUNDS FOR DENYING PROXIMITY 3.31 XU CONTENTS (A)
CLAIMANT AS INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM GENERAL PUBLIC 3.31 (B) CONFLICTING
DUTIES OWED TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN CLAIMANT 3.37 (3) GROUNDS FOR
ESTABLISHING PROXIMITY 3.40 (A) CATEGORICAL RELATIONSHIPS 3.41 (B)
ANALOGOUS CATEGORIES 3.42 (C) SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND ASSUMPTION OF
RESPONSIBILITY 3.43 (4) RATIONALE FOR PROXIMITY RULES 3.59 (A)
LIABILITY TO UNLIMITED CLASS 3.60 (B) RATIONALE FOR PROXIMITY RULES IN
CONFLICT CASES 3.64 E. ARTICLE 6 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS AND THE DUTY OF CARE 3.65 (1) THE DECISIONS IN THE OSMAN AND Z
CASES 3.65 (A) THE OSMAN CASE 3.65 (B) ZV UNITED KINGDOM 3.69 (2) THE
CONTINUING IMPACT OF ARTICLE 6 FOLLOWING THE ZCASE 3.70 (A) PROCEDURAL
VERSUS SUBSTANTIVE BARS TO ACCESS TO THE COURT 3.70 (B) ARTICLE 6 AND
PUBLIC POLICY 3.73 (3) THE LEGACY OF THE OSMAN DECISION 3.74 F. PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.79 (1) RATIONALE FOR RESTRICTIONS ON LIABILITY FOR
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.80 (2) CATEGORIZING LOSSES AS ECONOMIC OR PHYSICAL IN
DEFECTIVE PROPERTY CASES 3.84 (3) CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH LIABILITY CAN
BE IMPOSED FOR PURE ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.85 (4) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.89 (A) PURCHASERS OF DEFECTIVE PROPERTY 3.90 (B)
OVER-ZEALOUS AND CARELESS REGULATION 3.91 (C) INAECURATE ADVICE 3.94 G.
PSYCHIATRIE HARM 3.96 (1) PRIMARY VICTIMS 3.98 (A) PARTICIPANTS IN
TRAUMATIC EVENTS 3.99 (B) WORK-RELATED STRESS 3.101 (C) RESCUERS 3.102
(2) SECONDARY VICTIMS 3.103 H. OMISSIONS 3.104 (1) RATIONALE FOR
ACT/OMISSION DISTINCTION 3.105 (2) PROXIMITY AND OMISSIONS 3.109 (3)
WHEN CAN LIABILITY BE IMPOSED FOR A PURE OMISSION? 3.110 (A) FAILURE TO
EXERCISE STATUTORY POWERS 3.111 (B) AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES TO ACT AT COMMON
LAW 3.121 (C) GENERAL RELIANCE 3.125 (4) DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ACTS
AND OMISSIONS 3.130 (A) CREATION OF DANGER 3.131 (B) PRECLUDING
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OFPROTECTION 3.133 XM CONTENTS 4. ARGUMENTS OF PUBLIC
POLICY A. INTRODUCTION: THE THIRD LIMB OF THE CAPARO TEST 4.01 (1)
APPLICABLE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 4.03 (2) PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING POLICY
CONCERNS 4.05 (3) TRENDS IN THE LAW 4.06 B. PUBLIC POLICY ARGUMENTS 4.07
(1) THE REMEDYING OF WRONGS AND PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES 4.07 (A)
RATIONALE FOR PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES 4.10 (B) DIRECT INFLICTION OF
PHYSICAL HAERM 4.11 (C) PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES IN CASES NOT INVOLVING
DIRECT INFLICTION OF PHYSICAL HAERM 4.12 (2) DIVERSION OF RESOURCES 4.17
(A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.17 (B) COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.20 (C) ANALYSIS
OF RESOURCES ARGUMENTS 4.24 (3) DEFENSIVE PRACTICES 4.26 (A) TRADITIONAL
ARGUMENTS 4.26 (B) COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.31 (C) ANALYSIS OF DEFENSIVENESS
ARGUMENTS 4.35 (D) THE CURRENT APPROACH TO DEFENSIVENESS ARGUMENTS 4.38
(4) DELICATE RELATIONSHIPS AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PRACTICES 4.43 (A)
TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.43 (B) CURRENT APPROACH 4.45 (5) FLOOD-GATES
4.46 (A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.47 (B) COUNTER ARGUMENTS 4.49 (C)
ANALYSIS OF FLOOD-GATES ARGUMENTS AND THE COURTS CURRENT APPROACH 4.51
(6) ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 4.55 (A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.55 (B)
COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.57 (C) THE COURTS CURRENT APPROACH AND ANALYSING
ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES ARGUMENTS 4.59 (7) DUTY OF CARE AND UNDERLYING
PURPOSE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY POWERS A.7A (A) NATURE OF POLICY
CONSIDERATION A.7A (B) REGULATORY AUTHORITIES 4.76 (C) NON-REGULATORY
AUTHORITIES 4.79 (8) BENEFITS OF IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE 4.85 C.
CONCLUSION: CHANGING APPROACHES TO THE FAIR, JUST AND REASONABLE LIMB
4.86 (1) THE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS REJECTED IN THE BARRETT AND PHELPS
CASES 4.87 (2) SHIFT TO OTHER TECHNIQUES TO LIMIT LIABILITY 4.90 XIV
CONTENTS (3) SHIFT FROM CONSEQUENTIAL TO SEPARATION OF POWERS
ARGUMENTS 4.95 (4) EVIDENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY ARGUMENTS 4.99 5. OTHER
ASPECTS OF NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS A. INTRODUCTION 5.01 B. BREACH OF DUTY AND
STANDARD OF CARE 5.02 (1) APPLICATION OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.03 (A) WHEN
WILL A DEFENDANT BE REGARDED AS A PROFESSIONAL ? 5.04 (B) FIRST LIMB OF
THE BOLAM TEST 5.06 (C) SECOND LIMB OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.07 (D) THE BOLAM
TEST AND CAUSATION 5.08 (E) THE BOLAM TEST AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 5.09
(F) LIMITS OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.14 (2) THE STANDARD OF CARE WHEN
RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY 5.16 (A) LACK OF TIME FOR CONSIDERED THOUGHT
AND OTHER RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 5.17 (B) WEIGHING PUBLIC BENEFIT OF
DEFENDANT SACTIVITIES 5.20 (3) FAILURE TO FOLLOW GOVERNMENT GUIDANCE
5.32 (4) NEGLIGENCE AND ULTRA VIRES ACTS 5.33 (5) RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS
ON PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND THE STANDARD OFCARE 5.35 (6) CAN LIABILITY BE
ESTABLISHED WITHOUT PROVING FAULT? 5.38 C. CAUSATION 5.43 (1) FACTUAL
CAUSATION 5.44 (2) LEGAL CAUSATION 5.45 D. DAMAGES 5.47 (1) PERSONAL
INJURY 5.49 (A) PECUNIARY LOSSES 5.50 (B) NON-PECUNIARY LOSSES 5.52 (2)
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY 5.54 (3) DAMAGES IN EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL SERVICES
CASES 5.55 E. VICARIOUS AND DIRECT LIABILITY 5.56 (1) UNAUTHORIZED ACTS
5.58 (2) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND DIRECT LIABILITY 5.62 F. STRIKE-OUT
APPLICATIONS AND SUMMARY JUDGMENT 5.65 (1) PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK 5.66 (2)
CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE CPR 5.67 (3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AND STRIKE-OUT APPLICATIONS 5.69 (4) SUMMARY JUDGMENT OF
FACTUAL ISSUES 5.70 (5) DETERMINING WHETHER A DUTY OF CARE IS OWED AT
PRELIMINARY HEARINGS 5.74 (A) THE IMPACT OF THEDECISION IN OSMAN V
UNITED KINGDOM 5.75 XV CONTENTS (B) THE DECISION IN Z V UNITED KINGDOM
5.82 (C) THE CURRENT APPROACH TO SUMMARY DISMISSAL OFCLAIMS FOR WANT OF
DUTY OF CARE 5.84 6. ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES A. INTRODUCTION 6.01 B.
MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE 6.02 (1) INTRODUCTION 6.02 (2) ELEMENTS OF
THE TORT 6.04 (A) EXERCISE OF PUBLIC POWER BY PUBLIC OFFICER 6.04 (B)
MENTAL ELEMENTS 6.10 (3) DAMAGES IN MISFEASANCE CLAIMS 6.20 (A) IS PROOF
OF LOSS NECESSARY? 6.20 (B) EXEMPLARY DAMAGES IN MISFEASANCE CLAIMS 6.24
(4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 6.27 (5) VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND EXEMPLARY
DAMAGES 6.30 C. BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 6.31 (1) INTRODUCTION 6.31 (2)
BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY AND NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 6.32 (3) DOES BREACH OF
STATUTORY DUTY GIVE RISE TO RIGHT TO DAMAGES? 6.33 (A) DUTIES IMPOSED TO
PROTECT PARTICULAR CLASS OFPERSON 6.37 (B) ALTERNATIVE MEANS OFENFORCING
STATUTE 6.46 (C) ALTERNATIVE APPROACH: STATUTES IMPOSING WELFARE OR
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES 6.51 (4) STANDARD OF CARE AND CAUSATION 6.61 D.
JUDICIAL REVIEW 6.63 E. NON-JUDICIAL MEANS OF OBTAINING REDRESS 6.65 (1)
OMBUDSMEN 6.66 (A) COMPLAINTS OF MALADMINISTRATION 6.67 (B) REMEDIES
6.70 (C) COMPLAINTS TO THE OMBUDSMEN AND LEGAL REMEDIES 6.71 (D)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PURSUING COMPLAINTS THROUGH OMBUDSMEN
6.72 (2) INTERNAL COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES 6.76 7. HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 A.
INTRODUCTION 7.01 B. THE STRUCTURE OF THE HRA 7.03 C. THE DEFINITION OF
A PUBLIC AUTHORITY UNDER THE HRA 7.05 (1) THEPROVISIONSOFTHEHRA 7.05
(2) PURE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 7.08 (3) HYBRID BODIES 7.11 XVI CONTENTS (A)
INSTITUTIONAL CONNECTION BETWEEN DEFENDANT AND CENTRAL OR LOCAL
GOVERNMENT 7.13 (B) FUNCTION PERFORMED BY THE DEFENDANT 7.16 (C)
CRITICISM OF APPROACH TAKEN TO DEFINITION OF HYBRID PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
7.18 D. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 7.21
(1) CONVENTION RIGHTS IMPOSING POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 7.21 (A) STANDARD OF
CARE IN POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS CASES 7.22 (2) MARGIN OF APPRECIATION AND
DISCRETIONARY AREA OF JUDGMENT 7.26 E. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS: CONVENTION RIGHTS 7.28 (1) ARTICLE 2: RIGHT TO LIFE 7.29 (A)
NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION UNDER ARTICLE 2 7.29 (B) ARTICLE 2 AND COMMON
LAW NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 7.31 (C) ARTICLE 2 AND SPECIFIC PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
7.38 (2) ARTICLE 3: PROHIBITION ON INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENT 7.54 (A) ILL-TREATMENT FALLING WITHIN THE AMBIT OF ARTICLE 3
7.57 (B) KNOWLEDGE OF ILL-TREATMENT 7.62 (C) NATURE OF PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 3 7.63 (D) CHILDREN ABUSED BY
PUBLIC AUTHORITY EMPLOYEES 7.66 (E) INVESTIGATIONS OF CHILD ABUSE
ALLEGATIONS 7.68 (3) ARTICLE 8: FAILURE TO PREVENT INTERFERENCE WITH
PRIVATE AND FAMILY LIFE AND HOME 7.69 (A) ARTICLE 8 IN CHILD CARE CASES
7.70 (B) ENVIRONMENTAL HAERM AND INTERFERENCE WITH THE HOME 7.77 (4)
ARTICLE 2 OF THE FIRST PROTOCOL: THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 7.91 F. DAMAGES
UNDER THE HRA 7.94 (1) HRA PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING DAMAGES 7.96 (A)
MUST THE CLAIMANT ESTABLISH FAULT TO BE AWARDED DAMAGES? 7.98 (2) THE
APPROACH TAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 7.100 (A)
APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES 7.100 (B) CAUSATION 7.103 (C) HEADSOFLOSS 7.105
(D) QUANTUM OF DAMAGES IN SPECIFIC AREAS 7.109 (3) UK COURTS DECISIONS
ON DAMAGES UNDER THE HRA 7.118 (A) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HRA AND
DOMESTIC TORT CLAIMS 7.118 (B) DAMAGES IN CASES WITH COMMON LAW
ANALOGUES 7.119 (C) DAMAGES UNDER THE HRA IN MALADMINISTRATION AND
ARTICLE 6 CASES 7.121 G. THE HRA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON LAW
7.126 (1) THEDCASE 7.127 XVII CONTENTS (2) THE MOWAN CASE 7.129 (3) HRA
UNDERMINING TRADITIONAL POLICY ARGUMENTS 7.130 (4) OTHER REASONS FOR
ALTERING THE COMMON LAW 7. 1 32 8. SOCIAL SERVICES A. INTRODUCTION 8.01
(1) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW 8.03 B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 8.05 (1)
BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 8.05 (2) COMMON LAW DUTY OF CARE 8.07 (A)
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF LAW 8.07 (B) THE DECISION IN THE XCASE 8.10
(C) THE POLICY FACTORS IN THE XCASE 8.13 (D) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW
FOLLOWING THE X CASE 8.15 (E) THE CURRENT LAW 8.24 (3) STANDARD OF CARE
8.41 (A) APPLICATION OF THE BOLAM TEST 8.42 (B) CHILDREN INJURED IN
ACCIDENTS AT HOME 8.44 (C) CHILDREN ABUSED IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE 8.45
(4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 8.46 (A) CONDUCT IN THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT
8.47 (B) IS THE TORTFEASOR AN EMPLOYEE OF THE DEFENDANT? 8.48 (5)
DAMAGES 8.49 C. SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF SOCIAL SERVICE NEGLIGENCE 8.51 (1)
RESPONSES TO EVIDENCE OF ABUSE 8.51 (A) OVER-ZEALOUS INVESTIGATION OF
ABUSE 8.52 (B) FAILURE TO PROTECT CHILDTEN FROM HAERM 8.54 (2) CHILDREN
NOT PROPERLY LOOKED AFTER WHILE IN LOCAL AUTHORITY CARE 8.55 (A)
NEGLIGENT DECISIONS AS TO UPBRINGINGOF CHILD IN CARE 8.56 (B) ACCIDENTAL
PHYSICAL INJURIES TO CHILD IN CARE 8.60 (C) CHILDREN ABUSED BY FESTER
PARENTS AND ADOPTING PARENTS 8.61 (3) DELIBERATELY INFLICTED PHYSICAL
AND SEXUAL ABUSE OFTHOSE IN CARE 8.65 (A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR
DELIBERATELY INFLICTED PHYSICAL HAERM AND SEXUAL ABUSE 8.66 (B) NEGLIGENT
FAILURE TO PREVENT ABUSE 8.67 (C) LIMITATION PERIODS IN CHILD ABUSE
CASES 8.69 (D) DAMAGES IN ABUSE CASES 8.87 (4) HARM CAUSED BY CHILDREN
FOR WHOM A PUBLIC AUTHORITY IS RESPONSIBLE 8.102 (A) HARM CAUSED TO
ADOPTING AND FOSTERING PARENTS 8.102 (B) HARM CAUSED TO THIRD PARTIES
8.113 (5) REGISTRATION OF CARE PROVIDERS 8.116 XVM CONTENTS (A) HARM
CAUSED BY AN UNSUITABLE CARE PROVIDER 8.119 (B) FINANCIAL LOSSES CAUSED
TO CARE PROVIDERS 8.122 D. APPENDIX 8.130 DAMAGES AWARDED IN KR V BRYN
ALYN COMMUNITY LTD 8.130 9. EDUCATION A. INTRODUCTION 9.01 (1) TRENDS IN
THE LAW 9.01 (2) STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER 9.03 B. ACCIDENTS, HEALTH AND
PHYSICAL SAFETY OF PUPILS 9.04 (1) DUTY OF CARE 9.04 (A) INTRODUCTION
9.04 (B) ACCIDENTS ON SCHOOL PREMISES OUTSIDE REGULAER SCHOOL HOURS 9.06
(C) INJURIES SUFFERED BY PUPILS WHILE NOT UNDER THE CARE OF THE SCHOOL
9.10 (2) STANDARD OF CARE 9.14 (A) REASONABLE LEVEL OF SUPERVISION 9.16
(B) REASONABLE PARENT OR REASONABLE EDUCATOR? 9.17 (C) DOES THE BOLAM
TEST APPLY TO HEALTH AND SAFETY AT SCHOOL? 9.24 (D) DETERMINING THE
STANDARD OF CARE IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS 9.28 (E) FAILURE TO FOLLOW
GUIDANCE 9.29 (3) CAUSATION AND DAMAGES 9.30 (4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY
9.31 (A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND UNAUTHORIZED ACTS 9.32 (B) DIRECT AND
VICARIOUS LIABILITY 9.34 (5) SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF PHYSICAL INJURY
SUFFERED AT SCHOOL 9.35 (A) INJURIES SUSTAINED DURING SUPERVISED
ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL 9.36 (B) INJURIES SUSTAINED PLAYING SPORTS 9.38 (C)
INJURIES SUSTAINED IN THE PLAYGROUND DURING BREAK-TIME 9.40 (D) INJURIES
SUSTAINED AT SCHOOL BEFORE OR AFTER THE SCHOOL DAY 9.42 (E) INJURIES
SUSTAINED DURING OFF-SITE ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED BY THE SCHOOL 9.44 (F)
INJURIES SUSTAINED IN TRANSPORTATION OF PUPILS TO AND FROM SCHOOL 9.46
(G) INJURY TO CHILDREN ESCAPING SCHOOL PREMISES 9.47 C. EDUCATIONAL
NEGLIGENCE 9.53 (1) NATURE OF DUTY OF CARE 9.53 (2) EDUCATIONAL
PROFESSIONALS WHO OWE A DUTY OF CARE 9.55 (A) EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
9.55 (B) CLASSROOM TEACHERS AND HEAD-TEACHERS 9.57 (C) EDUCATION
OFFICERS 9.61 (3) LIABILITY FOR POORQUALITY OF TEACHING 9.63 (4)
STANDARD OF CARE 9.67 XIX CONTENTS (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) CAUSATION
(A) APPLICATION OF BUT FOR TEST (B) NATURE OF DIFFERENT OUTCOME THAT
MUST BE ESTABLISHED DAMAGES AND THE NATURE OF INJURY SUFFERED IN
EDUCATIONAL NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS (A) FAILURE TO AMELIORATE A CONGENITAL
LEARNING DIFFICULTY (B) PSYCHOLOGICAL HAERM (C) IS EDUCATIONAL HAERM A
FORM OF PERSONAL INJURY OR AN ECONOMIC LOSS? ASSESSMENT OF QUANTUM (A)
NON-PECUNIARY LOSSES (B) PECUNIARY LOSSES (C) ALTERNATIVE APPROACH:
AWARDING A FIXED SUM IN DAMAGES VICARIOUS AND DIRECT LIABILITY
LIMITATION PERIOD (A) APPLICABLE LIMITATION PERIOD (B) DATE OF KNOWLEDGE
IN EDUCATIONAL NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS (C) DISCRETIONARY EXTENSION OF
LIMITATION PERIOD COSTS AND IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING NEGLIGENCE
PRECISELY D. BULLYING (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 10. POLICE
INTRODUCTION STATUTORY FRAMEWORK DUTY OF CARE (A) IS THERE A DUTY TO
PREVENT BULLYING WHICH OCCURS OFF SCHOOL PREMISES? WAS THE CLAIMANT A
VICTIM OF BULLYING? STANDARD OF CARE (A) BOLAM TEST (B) FAILURE TO
FOLLOW GUIDANCE ON BULLYING CAUSATION DAMAGES A. INTRODUCTION B. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES (1) (2) VICARIOUS LIABILITY (A) STATUTORY PROVISION (B)
VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR UNAUTHORIZED ACTS DUTY OF CARE (A)
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN CASES IN WHICH THE CAPARO TRIPARTITE TEST DOES
AND DOES NOT APPLY (B) PROXIMITY (C) POLICY CONSIDERATIONS C. SPECIFIC
INSTANCES OF POLICE NEGLIGENCE 9.70 9.71 9.73 9.74 9.75 9.78 9.81 9.93
9.94 9.97 9.99 9.102 9.111 9.112 9.114 9.121 9.126 9.128 9.128 9.129
9.130 9.131 9.133 9.135 9.135 9.136 9.137 9.138 10.01 10.03 10.03 10.03
10.04 10.09 10.11 10.16 10.22 10.35 XX CONTENTS (1) HARM CAUSED DIRECTLY
BY THE POLICE 10.35 (A) NEGLIGENT DRIVING 10.36 (B) DISCHARGE OF
FIREARMS ANDSIMILAR DEVICES 10.39 (C) DAMAGE CAUSED DURING ASEARCHOF
PREMISES 10.44 (D) OTHER EXAMPLES 10.46 (2) FAILURE TO DEAL WITH HAZARDS
CREATED BY THIRD PARTIES 10.47 (A) PURE FAILURE TO DEAL WITH A HAZARD
10.48 (B) TAKING RESPONSIBILITY FOR A HAZARD 10.50 (3) FAILURE TO
PREVENT CRIME 10.53 (A) OVERVIEWOF CURRENT LAW 10.53 (B) UNKNOWN MEMBERS
OF THE PUBLIC AS VICTIMS 10.55 (C) POLICE OFFICERS AS VICTIMS OF CRIME
10.56 (D) VICTIM KNOWN TO BE AT PARTICULAR RISK 10.65 (E) PRESENCE OF
POLICE OFFICERS AT THE SCENE OFA CRIME 10.71 (F) POLICE INFORMANTS AS
VICTIMS OF CRIME 10.74 (4) LIABILITY TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES FOR MANNER
CRIME INVESTIGATED 10.79 (A) GENERAL EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY 10.79 (B)
PROVISION OFCOUNSELLING AND SUPPORT 10.82 (C) FAILURE TO PROTECT VICTIM
FROM HARASSMENT 10.84 (D) INVESTIGATION NOT INTENDED TO LEAD TO
CONVICTION 10.87 (5) LIABILITY TO SUSPECTS FOR MANNER CRIME INVESTIGATED
AND PROSECUTED 10.90 (A) GENERAL EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY 10.90 (B)
INVESTIGATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PROSECUTION OF THE CLAIMANT 10.93
(C) POLICE DISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS 10.96 (D) CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH
A DUTY MAY BE OWED TO SUSPECTS 10.98 (6) INDIVIDUAIS INJURED WHILE
ATTEMPTING TO EVADE ARREST 10.102 (7) LIABILITY TO REPRESENTATIVES OF
SUSPECTS 10.105 (A) PSYCHIATRIE HAERM 10.106 (B) PROTECTION FROM PHYSICAL
INJURY 10.108 (C) ECONOMIC LOSSES 10.109 (8) PROPERTY DAMAGE 10.110 (A)
PROPERTY NOT PROPERLY PROTECTED BY THE POLICE 10.111 (B) REMOVAL OF
VEHICLES 10.113 (C) PROPERTY USED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME 10.115
(9) CLAIMS BROUGHT BY POLICE OFFICERS 10.117 (A) PERSONAL INJURY 10.118
(B) ECONOMIC LOSS 10.120 (10) LIABILITY ARISING FROM DETENTION AND THE
PROVISION OF EMERGENCY SERVICES 10.121 11. DETENTION A. INTRODUCTION
11.01 XXI CONTENTS B. LIABILITY TO INDIVIDUAIS HARMED WHILE IN DETENTION
11.03 (1) INTRODUCTION 11.03 (2) DETAINEES ACCIDENTALLY INJURED 11.04
(3) DETAINEES DELIBERATELY INJURED BY OTHERS IN DETENTION 11.05 (A) DUTY
OF CARE 11.05 (B) STANDARD OF CARE AND CAUSATION 11.06 (4) LIABILITY FOR
SUICIDE OR SELF-HARM OF DETAINEES 11.12 (A) KNOWLEDGE OF SUICIDE RISK
11.13 (B) REASONABLE STEPS TO PREVENT SUICIDE 11.15 (C) SIGNIFICANCE OF
SUICIDAL PRISONER BEINGOF SOUND MIND 11.20 (D) INDIVIDUAIS INJURING
THEMSELVES WHILE ATTEMPTING TO ESCAPE DETENTION 11.22 C. DETAINEES
HARMED BY DECISION TO RELEASE THEM FROM CUSTODY 11.23 (1) DETAINEE AT
PHYSICAL RISK 11.23 (2) RELEASED DETAINEE AT RISK OF OTHER FORMS OF
HAERM: THE CLUNIS CASE 11.25 (A) DUTY OF CARE 11.27 (B) EX TURPI CAUSA
11.30 D. LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO RELEASE AN INDIVIDUAL FROM CUSTODY
11.34 (1) ARTICLE 5 AND CLAIMS FOR FALSE IMPRISONMENT 11.35 (2)
NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 11.38 (A) IS THERE ANY CONTINUING ROLE FOR NEGLIGENCE
CLAIMS? 11.38 (B) WHEN WILL A DUTY OF CARE BE OWED? 11.40 E. CRIMES
COMMITTED BY INDIVIDUAIS ESCAPING OR RELEASED FROM CUSTODY 11.49 (1)
HARM CAUSED DURING COURSE OF ESCAPE 11.50 (2) HARM CAUSED TO UNKNOWN
MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC 11.54 (3) CASES LYING BETWEEN THE DORSET YACHT UND
THE PALMER AND /TCASES 11.56 12. EMERGENCY SERVICES A. INTRODUCTION
12.01 B. MATTERS OF GENERAL APPLICATION 12.03 (1) JUSTICIABILITY 12.03
(2) DUTY OF CARE 12.06 (A) DIRECTLY INFLICTED PHYSICAL HAERM 12.06 (B)
FAILURE TO PREVENT HAERM 12.07 (3) STANDARD OF CARE 12.08 (A) APPLICATION
OF THE BOLAM TEST 12.08 (B) THESTANDARD OF CARE WHEN RESPONDING TO AN
EMERGENCY 12.10 C. LIABILITY OF THE DIFFERENT EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.13
(1) FIRE SERVICES 12.13 (A) INTRODUCTION 12.13 XXII CONTENTS (B)
PROXIMITY 12.14 (C) LIABILITY FOR NON-FIRE FIGHTING FUNCTIONS 12.20 (D)
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 12.21 (E) BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 12.24 (2)
COASTGUARDS 12.25 (A) INTRODUCTION 12.25 (B) PROXIMITY 12.26 (C) POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 12.29 (3) POLICE 12.31 (A) FAILURE TO PREVENT HAERM 12.32
(B) POSITIVE CREATION OF DANGER 12.33 (4) AMBULANCE SERVICE 12.34 (A)
FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN EMERGENCY CALL 12.34 D. CURRENT LAW ON
EMERGENCY SERVICES AND AREAS OFDIFFICULTY 12.38 (1) SHOULD THE KENT CASE
BE APPLIED TO COAST GUARDS? 12.39 (2) THE EFFECT OF THE BARRETT, PHELPS
AND GORRINGE CASES ON EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.41 (3) THIRD PARTIES CEASING
RESCUE BECAUSE OF INVOLVEMENT OF EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.46 13. HEALTH AND
SAFETY REGULATORS A. INTRODUCTION (1) DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES OF
REGULATORS POWERS (2) THE NATURE OF REGULATION B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
DUTY OF CARE (1) THE CAPARO TEST (2) APPLICATION OF THE CAPARO TEST:
DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY INFLICTED PHYSICAL DAMAGE (3) THE ELEMENTS OF
THE CAPARO TEST (A) PROXIMITY (B) PUBLIC POLICY (4) LIABILITY FOR PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES (A) REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPOSING LIABILITY (B) PURCHASE OF
UNSAFE PROPERTY (C) COMMERCIAL INTERESTS AFFECTED BY REGULATION (D)
NEGLIGENT MISSTATEMENT MADE BY REGULATORY AUTHORITY C. SPECIFIC AREAS OF
REGULATION (1) TRANSPORT (A) INTRODUCTION (B) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
(C) PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO PROPERTY OR PERSONS (D) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.01
13.02 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.08 13.15 13.16 13.18 13.26 13.26 13.29 13.31
13.32 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.34 13.38 13.53 XXLLL CONTENTS (2) BUILDING
REGULATORS 13.59 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.59 (B) ECONOMIC LOSSES
CAUSED TO PURCHASERS OF DEFECTIVE PREMISES 13.60 (C) PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO
PERSON OR PROPERTY 13.72 (3) SAFETY REGULATION OFCOMMERCIAL PREMISES AND
MACHINERY 13.83 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.83 (B) PHYSICAL DAMAGE
TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY 13.85 (C) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.86 (4) ANIMALS 13.97
(A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.97 (B) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.98 (C)
PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY 13.101 (5) SPOTTS REGULATORS
13.102 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.102 (B) FACILITIES AND SAFETY
EQUIPMENT 13.104 (C) FORMULATION OF RULES OFA SPORT 13.109 (6) SOCIAL
SERVICES 13.111 14. PLANNING, ENVIRONMENTAL, BANKING AND PROFESSIONAL
REGULATION A. INTRODUCTION 14.01 B. PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.03 (1) THE
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 14.03 (2) TYPES OF NEGLIGENCE CLAIM BROUGHT AGAINST
PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.05 (3) PROPERTY DAMAGE AND PERSONAL INJURY 14.06
(A) THIRD PARTY PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROPERTY DAMAGE OR PERSONAL
INJURY 14.07 (B) PLANNING AUTHORITY ITSELF RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING
SOURCE OF DANGER 14.16 (4) ECONOMIC LOSSES OCCASIONED BY DETERMINATION
OF PLANNING PERMISSION 14.20 (5) ECONOMIC LOSSES OCCASIONED BY NEGLIGENT
ADVICE GIVEN BY PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.25 (A) ASSUMPTION OF
RESPONSIBILITY 14.28 (B) REASONABLE RELIANCE 14.29 (C) ESTABLISHING
LIABILITY 14.32 C. ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES 14.33 (1) INTRODUCTION
14.33 (2) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 14.34 (3) PERSONAL INJURY AND DAMAGE
TO PROPERTY 14.39 (A) DANGER CREATED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITY 14.39 (B)
FAILURE TO CONTROL A THIRD PARTY 14.40 (4) ECONOMIC LOSSES 14.45 XXIV
CONTENTS D. BANKING REGULATORS (1) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK (2)
LIABILITY IN TORT (A) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE AGAINST FINANCIAL REGULATORS
(B) MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE E. BODIES REGULATING PROFESSIONS (1)
INTRODUCTION (2) ECONOMIC LOSSES (A) PROFESSIONALS HARMED BY
INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY ACTION (B) CLAIMS BROUGHT BY MEMBERS OF
PUBLIC (3) PHYSICAL HAERM (A) FAILURE TO INVESTIEATE OR DISCIPLINE
DANGEROUS PRACTITIONE 14.47 14.47 14.49 14.50 14.57 14.59 14.59 14.61
14.62 14.65 14.68 :RS 14.68 (B) FAILURE TO PROVIDE GENERAL WARNINGS AND
ADVICE TO PRACTITIONERS 14.70 15. HIGHWAYS A. INTRODUCTION 15.01 (1) THE
HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 15.02 (2) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 15.03 (3) STATUTORY
AND COMMON LAW CLAIMS 15.05 B. BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY: HIGHWAYS ACT
1980, S 41 15.06 (1) NATURE OF THE DUTY 15.06 (A) MEANING OF MAINTAIN
THE HIGHWAY 15.07 (B) INJURY CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN THE HIGHWAY 15.17 (C)
INJURY MUST BE PHYSICAL 15.18 (2) STANDARD OF CARE AND THE STATUTORY
DEFENCE 15.19 (A) MAINTAINING THE HIGHWAY FREE FROM DANGER 15.19 (B)
STATUTORY DEFENCE 15.22 (C) STANDARD OF CARE AND ACCUMULATION OF ICE AND
SNOW 15.27 C. COMMON LAW CLAIMS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 15.31 (1)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY AND COMMON LAW CLAIMS
15.31 (2) DUTY OF CARE 15.33 (A) THE DECISION IN GORRINGE AND THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTS AND OMISSIONS 15.34 (B) PRECLUDED PURE
OMISSIONS CASES 15.40 (C) LIABILITY FOR ACTS 15.41 (3) STANDARD OF CARE
15.51 (A) TAKING ACCOUNT OF DANGEROUS DRIVERS 15.52 (B) APPLICATION OF
THE BOLAM TEST 15.53 (C) RESOURCES 15.54 D. SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF COMMON
LAW NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 15.55 XXV CONTENTS (1) CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS 15.55
(A) HIGHWAY BARRIERS 15.56 (B) OTHER DANGERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS 15.62 (C) POLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION 15.63 (2)
STREET LIGHTING 15.65 (A) STREET LIGHTING ITSELF POSING PHYSICAL HAZARD
15.66 (B) POSITIONING OF STREET LIGHTING MISLEADING MOTORISTS 15.67 (C)
FAILURE TO EXERCISE POWER TO LIGHT THE HIGHWAY 15.68 (3) ROADSIGNS 15.71
(A) ROAD SIGNS POSING PHYSICAL HAZARD 15.73 (B) ROAD SIGNS MISLEADING
MOTORISTS 15.75 (C) FAILURE TO EXERCISE POWER TO PROVIDE SIGNS 15.76 (4)
FAILURE TO DEAL WITH ACCUMULATION OF ICE, SNOW OR WATER ON THE HIGHWAY
15.78 (5) OBSTRUCTIONS TO VISIBILITY ON THE HIGHWAY 1 5.82 16. HOUSING
AND LAND USE A. INTRODUCTION 16.01 B. OTHER CAUSES OF ACTION AVAILABLE
TO CLAIMANTS 16.03 (1) NUISANCE 16.05 (A) ELEMENTS OF THE TORT 16.05 (B)
DEFENCE OF STATUTORY AUTHORITY 16.11 (2) RYLANDS V FLETCHER 16.15 (A)
NON-NATURAL USAGE 16.16 C. CARELESS PERFORMANCE OF STATUTORY HOUSING
FUNCTIONS 16.17 (1) HOMELESSNESS 16.18 (A) BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY
16.19 (B) NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 16.20 (2) RIGHT-TO-BUY LEGISLATION 16.21
(A) NEGLIGENT VALUATION 16.22 (B) NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO DISCLOSE DEFECTS
16.24 D. LIABILITY FOR MISBEHAVIOUR OF THIRD PARTIES 16.25 (1)
JUSTICIABILITY OFCLAIM 16.26 (2) THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TENANTS AND
LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.27 (3) LIABILITY FOR THE MISBEHAVIOUR OF
TENANTS 16.28 (A) CLAIMS IN NUISANCE 16.29 (B) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE
16.38 (C) DEROGATION FROM GRANT 1 6.46 (4) LIABILITY FOR THE
MISBEHAVIOUR OF LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.49 (A) INTERFERENCE WITH
ENJOYMENT OF LAND 16.50 (B) INTERFERENCE ARISING FROM USE OF THE
DEFENDANT S LAND 16.51 (C) NUISANCE CONTINUED OR ADOPTED BY THE LOCAL
AUTHORITY 16.53 (D) EVIDENCE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH THAT NUISANCE WAS
CONTINUED OR ADOPTED 16.57 XXVI CONTENTS (E) IS MERE KNOWLEDGE OF A
NUISANCE ALWAYS SUFFICIENT? 16.61 (5) CRITICISM OF THE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN TENANTS AND LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.65 E. ENVIRONMENTAL HARM
16.68 (1) ACTS AND OMISSIONS 16.69 (2) SEWERAGE 16.70 (A) FAILURE TO
BUILD OR IMPROVE SEWERS 16.70 (B) NUISANCE CREATED BY POSITIVE ACT OF
SEWERAGE UNDERTAKER 16.75 (3) NOISE AND POLLUTION FROM OTHER SOURCES
16.76 (A) PUBLIC AUTHORITY ACTING PURSUANT TO STATUTORY SCHEME 16.76 (B)
PUBLIC AUTHORITY NOT ACTING PURSUANT TO STATUTORY SCHEME 16.77 (C) LAND
USED IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 16.78 (D) ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS NOT ARISING
FROM USE OF DEFENDANT S LAND 16.83 17. ARMED FORCES A. INTRODUCTION
17.01 B. STATUTORY IMMUNITY: CROWN PROCEEDINGS ACT 1947, S 10 17.03 (1)
TIME AND PLACE OF INJURY 17.06 (2) CROWN IMMUNITY AND ARTICLE 6 OF THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 17.11 C. REPEAL OF STATUTORY
IMMUNITY 17.13 D. COMBAT IMMUNITY 17.15 (1) RATIONALE FOR COMBAT
IMMUNITY 17.16 (2) COMBAT IMMUNITY AND THE IDENTITY OF THE CLAIMANT
17.19 (A) ACTS OF STATE 17.20 E. SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF CLAIMS AGAINST THE
ARMED FORCES 17.21 (1) ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ENEMY 17.22 (2)
CARELESS PLANNING OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 17.25 (3) PEACEKEEPING AND
POLICING OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY ARMED FORCES 17.27 (4) INJURIES
SUSTAINED DURING TRAINING 17.30 (5) INJURIES UNCONNECTED TO COMBAT 17.33
(A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 17.34 (6) PURE ECONOMIC LOSSES SUFFERED BY
MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES 17.36 (A) DISPUTES AS TO TERMS OF SERVICE
17.37 (B) NEGLIGENT MISSTATEMENT 17.39 18. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLIC
AUTHORITY FUNCTIONS A. HEALTH WARNINGS AND HEALTH POLICY 18.01 (1)
INTRODUCTION 18 - 01 XXVII CONTENTS (2) HEALTH INFORMATION AND WARNINGS
18.02 (A) FAILURE TO PROVIDE HEALTH WARNINGS 18.02 (B) PROVISION OF
MISLEADING HEALTH INFORMATION 18.09 (3) HEALTH POLICY 18.12 (4)
LICENSING OF DRUGS 18.13 (A) FAILURE TO WITHDRAW UNSAFE DRUGS 18.13 (B)
ECONOMIC LOSSES TO DRUGS MANUFACTURERS 18.15 B. PROVISION OF SOCIAL
SECURITY BENEFITS 18.16 (1) INTRODUCTION 18.16 (2) STATUTORY APPEAL
MECHANISMS AVAILABLE 18.17 (3) NO STATUTORY APPEAL MECHANISMS AVAILABLE
18.19 (A) DISTINGUISHING THE JONES AND A CASES 18.20 (B) POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 18.21 (C) THE LIKELY FUTURE RAMIFICATIONS OF THE A CASE
18.22 C. OTHER ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 18.24 (1) LANDREGISTRY
18.24 (2) PROVISION OF INFORMATION CONCERNING LAND OWNERSHIP 18.28 (3)
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY COURTS 18.30 (4) IMMIGRATION ADVICE 18.31 (5)
TAXATION ADVICE 18.32 (6) MINISTERIAL DECISIONS 18.33 INDEX 893 XXVLLL
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THE NEGLIGENCE LIABILITYOF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES CHERIE BOOTH QC DAN
SQUIRES OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS TABLE OFCASES XXIX TABLE
OFLEGISLATION LIII INTRODUCTION 1 STRUCTURE OF A NEGLIGENCE CLAIM 5 1.
THE PROBLEM OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY NEGLIGENCE LIABILITY A. WHY HAS THE
SEARCH FOR STABLE PRINCIPLES PROVEN SO ELUSIVE? 1.07 (1) THE
INTERSECTION BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAW 1.09 (A) PUBLIC LAW HURDLES
1.12 (B) LIABILITY FOR OMISSIONS 1.14 (2) THE INTERSECTION OF LAW AND
POLITICS 1.18 (3) PROTECTING PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND COMPENSATING THE
DESERVING 1.22 B. TRENDS IN THE LAW 1.29 (1) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES TREATED
LIKE PRIVATE PARTIES: PRE 1970S 1.30 (2) RECOGNITION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF
PUBLIC NATURE: 1970 TO LATE 1980S 1.31 (3) PUBLIC POLICY RESTRICTIONS ON
DUTIES: LATE 1980S TO LATE 1990S 1.33 (4) REJECTION OF BLANKET POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS: LATE 1990S TO MID 2000S 1.35 (5) GROWTH OF ALTERNATIVE
METHODS FOR LIMITING LIABILITY: MID 2000S ONWARDS 1.37 2. JUSTICIABILITY
A. INTRODUCTION 2.01 (1) OVERVIEW OF JUSTICIABILITY 2.02 (2) DEVELOPMENT
OF THE LAW 2.05 (3) STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER 2.07 B. THE MEANING OF
JUSTICIABILITY 2.09 (1) TECHNICAL/FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCE OF COURT TO
RESOLVE DISPUTE 2.11 (A) ISSUES UNSUITABLE FOR JUDICIAL RESOLUTION 2.13
(B) POLYCENTRIC DISPUTES 2.15 (2) PLACE OF THE COURTS WITHIN THE
DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 2.18 C. TESTS FOR DETERMINING JUSTICIABILITY 2.21 (1)
THEAPPROACH TAKEN IN THE DORSET YACHT ZNIS. .YCASES 2.22 (A) ULTRA VIRES
DECISIONS AND PUBLIC LAW HURDLES 2.23 XI CONTENTS (B) THE
POLICY/OPERATIONAL DISTINCTION 2.29 (C) CRITICISM OF THE VIRES AND
POLICY/OPERATIONAL TESTS 2.34 (2) THE APPROACH TO JUSTICIABILITY IN THE
BARRETT AND PHELPS CASES 2.42 (A) DEPARTURE FROM STRICT VIRES TEST 2.43
(B) DEPARTURE FROM STRICT POLICY/OPERATIONAL TEST 2.45 (C) SUMMARYOF
JUSTICIABILITY IN THE BARRETT AND PHELPS CASES 2.46 (3) EVALUATION OF
THE BARRETT AND PHELPS APPROACH 2.50 (A) MEANING
OF'JUSTICIABILITY'UNCLEAR 2.51 (B) PROBLEMS OF USE OF VIRES TEST AND
POLICY/OPERATIONAL DISTINCTION 2.53 (C) MEANING OF 'SUITABILITY' FOR
JUDICIAL DETERMINATION 2.55 D. APPLICATIONS OF JUSTICIABILITY TESTS TO
PARTICULAR AREAS OF LAW 2.59 (1) DETENTION 2.60 (2) EDUCATION AND SOCIAL
SERVICES 2.62 (3) POLICE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES 2.65 (4) ARMEDFORCES
2.68 (5) HEALTH POLICY, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATORS 2.69 (6)
HIGHWAYS 2.72 (7) LAND USE 2.73 (8) SUMMARY OF FACTORS CONSIDERED IN
DETERMINING JUSTICIABILITY 2.75 E. AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO
JUSTICIABILITY 2.79 (1) FOCUS ON THE 'FORM' OF A DECISION 2.80 (2)
APPLICATION TO DECIDED CASES 2.82 (3) RATIONALE FOR APPROACH 2.83 F.
UNDERLYING DIFFICULTY OF JUSTICIABILITY DETERMINATIONS 2.85 3.
DUTYOFCARE A. INTRODUCTION 3.01 (1) MEANING OF 'DUTY OF CARE' 3.02 B.
DETERMINING WHETHER A DUTY OF CARE IS OWED 3.04 (1) THE ANNS APPROACH
AND ITS DECLINE 3.04 (2) INCREMENTALISM 3.06 (3) INCREMENTALISM AND
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 3.07 (4) DEVELOPMENT OF THE GYWW TRIPARTITE TEST 3.09
(5) WHEN IS THE TRIPARTITE TEST APPLICABLE? 3.13 (A) PURE ECONOMIC
LOSSES 3.14 (B) DIRECT AND INDIRECT INFLICTIONOF PHYSICAL INJURY 3.15
(6) THE ELEMENTS OF THE TRIPARTITE TEST 3.22 C. CAPARO TEST:
FORESEEABILITY 3.25 D. CAPARO TEST: PROXIMITY 3.27 (1) MEANING OF
PROXIMITY 3.28 (2) GROUNDS FOR DENYING PROXIMITY 3.31 XU CONTENTS (A)
CLAIMANT AS INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM GENERAL PUBLIC 3.31 (B) CONFLICTING
DUTIES OWED TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN CLAIMANT 3.37 (3) GROUNDS FOR
ESTABLISHING PROXIMITY 3.40 (A) CATEGORICAL RELATIONSHIPS 3.41 (B)
ANALOGOUS CATEGORIES 3.42 (C) 'SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS' AND 'ASSUMPTION OF
RESPONSIBILITY' 3.43 (4) RATIONALE FOR PROXIMITY RULES 3.59 (A)
LIABILITY TO UNLIMITED CLASS 3.60 (B) RATIONALE FOR PROXIMITY RULES IN
CONFLICT CASES 3.64 E. ARTICLE 6 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS AND THE DUTY OF CARE 3.65 (1) THE DECISIONS IN THE OSMAN AND Z
CASES 3.65 (A) THE OSMAN CASE 3.65 (B) ZV UNITED KINGDOM 3.69 (2) THE
CONTINUING IMPACT OF ARTICLE 6 FOLLOWING THE ZCASE 3.70 (A) PROCEDURAL
VERSUS SUBSTANTIVE BARS TO ACCESS TO THE COURT 3.70 (B) ARTICLE 6 AND
PUBLIC POLICY 3.73 (3) THE LEGACY OF THE OSMAN DECISION 3.74 F. PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.79 (1) RATIONALE FOR RESTRICTIONS ON LIABILITY FOR
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.80 (2) CATEGORIZING LOSSES AS ECONOMIC OR PHYSICAL IN
DEFECTIVE PROPERTY CASES 3.84 (3) CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH LIABILITY CAN
BE IMPOSED FOR PURE ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.85 (4) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES 3.89 (A) PURCHASERS OF DEFECTIVE PROPERTY 3.90 (B)
OVER-ZEALOUS AND CARELESS REGULATION 3.91 (C) INAECURATE ADVICE 3.94 G.
PSYCHIATRIE HARM 3.96 (1) PRIMARY VICTIMS 3.98 (A) 'PARTICIPANTS' IN
TRAUMATIC EVENTS 3.99 (B) WORK-RELATED STRESS 3.101 (C) RESCUERS 3.102
(2) SECONDARY VICTIMS 3.103 H. OMISSIONS 3.104 (1) RATIONALE FOR
ACT/OMISSION DISTINCTION 3.105 (2) PROXIMITY AND OMISSIONS 3.109 (3)
WHEN CAN LIABILITY BE IMPOSED FOR A PURE OMISSION? 3.110 (A) FAILURE TO
EXERCISE STATUTORY POWERS 3.111 (B) AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES TO ACT AT COMMON
LAW 3.121 (C) 'GENERAL RELIANCE' 3.125 (4) DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ACTS
AND OMISSIONS 3.130 (A) CREATION OF DANGER 3.131 (B) PRECLUDING
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OFPROTECTION 3.133 XM CONTENTS 4. ARGUMENTS OF PUBLIC
POLICY A. INTRODUCTION: THE THIRD LIMB OF THE CAPARO TEST 4.01 (1)
APPLICABLE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 4.03 (2) PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING POLICY
CONCERNS 4.05 (3) TRENDS IN THE LAW 4.06 B. PUBLIC POLICY ARGUMENTS 4.07
(1) THE REMEDYING OF WRONGS AND PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES 4.07 (A)
RATIONALE FOR PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES 4.10 (B) DIRECT INFLICTION OF
PHYSICAL HAERM 4.11 (C) PRIVATE PARTY ANALOGIES IN CASES NOT INVOLVING
DIRECT INFLICTION OF PHYSICAL HAERM 4.12 (2) DIVERSION OF RESOURCES 4.17
(A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.17 (B) COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.20 (C) ANALYSIS
OF RESOURCES ARGUMENTS 4.24 (3) DEFENSIVE PRACTICES 4.26 (A) TRADITIONAL
ARGUMENTS 4.26 (B) COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.31 (C) ANALYSIS OF DEFENSIVENESS
ARGUMENTS 4.35 (D) THE CURRENT APPROACH TO DEFENSIVENESS ARGUMENTS 4.38
(4) DELICATE RELATIONSHIPS AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PRACTICES 4.43 (A)
TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.43 (B) CURRENT APPROACH 4.45 (5) 'FLOOD-GATES'
4.46 (A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.47 (B) COUNTER ARGUMENTS 4.49 (C)
ANALYSIS OF FLOOD-GATES ARGUMENTS AND THE COURTS' CURRENT APPROACH 4.51
(6) ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 4.55 (A) TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS 4.55 (B)
COUNTER-ARGUMENTS 4.57 (C) THE COURTS' CURRENT APPROACH AND ANALYSING
ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES ARGUMENTS 4.59 (7) DUTY OF CARE AND UNDERLYING
PURPOSE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY POWERS A.7A (A) NATURE OF POLICY
CONSIDERATION A.7A (B) REGULATORY AUTHORITIES 4.76 (C) NON-REGULATORY
AUTHORITIES 4.79 (8) BENEFITS OF IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE 4.85 C.
CONCLUSION: CHANGING APPROACHES TO THE 'FAIR, JUST AND REASONABLE' LIMB
4.86 (1) THE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS REJECTED IN THE BARRETT AND PHELPS
CASES 4.87 (2) SHIFT TO OTHER TECHNIQUES TO LIMIT LIABILITY 4.90 XIV
CONTENTS (3) SHIFT FROM 'CONSEQUENTIAL' TO 'SEPARATION OF POWERS'
ARGUMENTS 4.95 (4) EVIDENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY ARGUMENTS 4.99 5. OTHER
ASPECTS OF NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS A. INTRODUCTION 5.01 B. BREACH OF DUTY AND
STANDARD OF CARE 5.02 (1) APPLICATION OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.03 (A) WHEN
WILL A DEFENDANT BE REGARDED AS A'PROFESSIONAL'? 5.04 (B) FIRST LIMB OF
THE BOLAM TEST 5.06 (C) SECOND LIMB OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.07 (D) THE BOLAM
TEST AND CAUSATION 5.08 (E) THE BOLAM TEST AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 5.09
(F) LIMITS OF THE BOLAM TEST 5.14 (2) THE STANDARD OF CARE WHEN
RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY 5.16 (A) LACK OF TIME FOR CONSIDERED THOUGHT
AND OTHER RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 5.17 (B) WEIGHING PUBLIC BENEFIT OF
DEFENDANT'SACTIVITIES 5.20 (3) FAILURE TO FOLLOW GOVERNMENT GUIDANCE
5.32 (4) NEGLIGENCE AND ULTRA VIRES ACTS 5.33 (5) RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS
ON PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND THE STANDARD OFCARE 5.35 (6) CAN LIABILITY BE
ESTABLISHED WITHOUT PROVING FAULT? 5.38 C. CAUSATION 5.43 (1) FACTUAL
CAUSATION 5.44 (2) LEGAL CAUSATION 5.45 D. DAMAGES 5.47 (1) PERSONAL
INJURY 5.49 (A) PECUNIARY LOSSES 5.50 (B) NON-PECUNIARY LOSSES 5.52 (2)
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY 5.54 (3) DAMAGES IN EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL SERVICES
CASES 5.55 E. VICARIOUS AND DIRECT LIABILITY 5.56 (1) UNAUTHORIZED ACTS
5.58 (2) PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND DIRECT LIABILITY 5.62 F. STRIKE-OUT
APPLICATIONS AND SUMMARY JUDGMENT 5.65 (1) PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK 5.66 (2)
CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE CPR 5.67 (3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AND STRIKE-OUT APPLICATIONS 5.69 (4) SUMMARY JUDGMENT OF
FACTUAL ISSUES 5.70 (5) DETERMINING WHETHER A DUTY OF CARE IS OWED AT
PRELIMINARY HEARINGS 5.74 (A) THE IMPACT OF THEDECISION IN OSMAN V
UNITED KINGDOM 5.75 XV CONTENTS (B) THE DECISION IN Z V UNITED KINGDOM
5.82 (C) THE CURRENT APPROACH TO SUMMARY DISMISSAL OFCLAIMS FOR WANT OF
DUTY OF CARE 5.84 6. ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES A. INTRODUCTION 6.01 B.
MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE 6.02 (1) INTRODUCTION 6.02 (2) ELEMENTS OF
THE TORT 6.04 (A) EXERCISE OF PUBLIC POWER BY PUBLIC OFFICER 6.04 (B)
MENTAL ELEMENTS 6.10 (3) DAMAGES IN MISFEASANCE CLAIMS 6.20 (A) IS PROOF
OF LOSS NECESSARY? 6.20 (B) EXEMPLARY DAMAGES IN MISFEASANCE CLAIMS 6.24
(4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 6.27 (5) VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND EXEMPLARY
DAMAGES 6.30 C. BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 6.31 (1) INTRODUCTION 6.31 (2)
BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY AND NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 6.32 (3) DOES BREACH OF
STATUTORY DUTY GIVE RISE TO RIGHT TO DAMAGES? 6.33 (A) DUTIES IMPOSED TO
PROTECT PARTICULAR CLASS OFPERSON 6.37 (B) ALTERNATIVE MEANS OFENFORCING
STATUTE 6.46 (C) ALTERNATIVE APPROACH: STATUTES IMPOSING WELFARE OR
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES 6.51 (4) STANDARD OF CARE AND CAUSATION 6.61 D.
JUDICIAL REVIEW 6.63 E. NON-JUDICIAL MEANS OF OBTAINING REDRESS 6.65 (1)
OMBUDSMEN 6.66 (A) COMPLAINTS OF MALADMINISTRATION 6.67 (B) REMEDIES
6.70 (C) COMPLAINTS TO THE OMBUDSMEN AND LEGAL REMEDIES 6.71 (D)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PURSUING COMPLAINTS THROUGH OMBUDSMEN
6.72 (2) INTERNAL COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES 6.76 7. HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 A.
INTRODUCTION 7.01 B. THE STRUCTURE OF THE HRA 7.03 C. THE DEFINITION OF
A 'PUBLIC AUTHORITY' UNDER THE HRA 7.05 (1) THEPROVISIONSOFTHEHRA 7.05
(2) PURE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 7.08 (3) HYBRID BODIES 7.11 XVI CONTENTS (A)
INSTITUTIONAL CONNECTION BETWEEN DEFENDANT AND CENTRAL OR LOCAL
GOVERNMENT 7.13 (B) FUNCTION PERFORMED BY THE DEFENDANT 7.16 (C)
CRITICISM OF APPROACH TAKEN TO DEFINITION OF 'HYBRID PUBLIC AUTHORITIES'
7.18 D. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 7.21
(1) CONVENTION RIGHTS IMPOSING POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 7.21 (A) STANDARD OF
CARE IN POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS CASES 7.22 (2) MARGIN OF APPRECIATION AND
DISCRETIONARY AREA OF JUDGMENT 7.26 E. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS: CONVENTION RIGHTS 7.28 (1) ARTICLE 2: RIGHT TO LIFE 7.29 (A)
NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION UNDER ARTICLE 2 7.29 (B) ARTICLE 2 AND COMMON
LAW NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 7.31 (C) ARTICLE 2 AND SPECIFIC PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
7.38 (2) ARTICLE 3: PROHIBITION ON INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENT 7.54 (A) ILL-TREATMENT FALLING WITHIN THE AMBIT OF ARTICLE 3
7.57 (B) KNOWLEDGE OF ILL-TREATMENT 7.62 (C) NATURE OF PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES' OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 3 7.63 (D) CHILDREN ABUSED BY
PUBLIC AUTHORITY EMPLOYEES 7.66 (E) INVESTIGATIONS OF CHILD ABUSE
ALLEGATIONS 7.68 (3) ARTICLE 8: FAILURE TO PREVENT INTERFERENCE WITH
PRIVATE AND FAMILY LIFE AND HOME 7.69 (A) ARTICLE 8 IN CHILD CARE CASES
7.70 (B) ENVIRONMENTAL HAERM AND INTERFERENCE WITH THE HOME 7.77 (4)
ARTICLE 2 OF THE FIRST PROTOCOL: THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 7.91 F. DAMAGES
UNDER THE HRA 7.94 (1) HRA PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING DAMAGES 7.96 (A)
MUST THE CLAIMANT ESTABLISH FAULT TO BE AWARDED DAMAGES? 7.98 (2) THE
APPROACH TAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 7.100 (A)
APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES 7.100 (B) CAUSATION 7.103 (C) HEADSOFLOSS 7.105
(D) QUANTUM OF DAMAGES IN SPECIFIC AREAS 7.109 (3) UK COURTS' DECISIONS
ON DAMAGES UNDER THE HRA 7.118 (A) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HRA AND
DOMESTIC TORT CLAIMS 7.118 (B) DAMAGES IN CASES WITH COMMON LAW
ANALOGUES 7.119 (C) DAMAGES UNDER THE HRA IN MALADMINISTRATION AND
ARTICLE 6 CASES 7.121 G. THE HRA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON LAW
7.126 (1) THEDCASE 7.127 XVII CONTENTS (2) THE MOWAN CASE 7.129 (3) HRA
UNDERMINING TRADITIONAL POLICY ARGUMENTS 7.130 (4) OTHER REASONS FOR
ALTERING THE COMMON LAW 7. 1 32 8. SOCIAL SERVICES A. INTRODUCTION 8.01
(1) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW 8.03 B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 8.05 (1)
BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 8.05 (2) COMMON LAW DUTY OF CARE 8.07 (A)
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF LAW 8.07 (B) THE DECISION IN THE XCASE 8.10
(C) THE POLICY FACTORS IN THE XCASE 8.13 (D) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW
FOLLOWING THE X CASE 8.15 (E) THE CURRENT LAW 8.24 (3) STANDARD OF CARE
8.41 (A) APPLICATION OF THE BOLAM TEST 8.42 (B) CHILDREN INJURED IN
ACCIDENTS AT HOME 8.44 (C) CHILDREN ABUSED IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE 8.45
(4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 8.46 (A) CONDUCT IN THE 'COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT'
8.47 (B) IS THE TORTFEASOR AN EMPLOYEE OF THE DEFENDANT? 8.48 (5)
DAMAGES 8.49 C. SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF SOCIAL SERVICE NEGLIGENCE 8.51 (1)
RESPONSES TO EVIDENCE OF ABUSE 8.51 (A) OVER-ZEALOUS INVESTIGATION OF
ABUSE 8.52 (B) FAILURE TO PROTECT CHILDTEN FROM HAERM 8.54 (2) CHILDREN
NOT PROPERLY LOOKED AFTER WHILE IN LOCAL AUTHORITY CARE 8.55 (A)
NEGLIGENT DECISIONS AS TO UPBRINGINGOF CHILD IN CARE 8.56 (B) ACCIDENTAL
PHYSICAL INJURIES TO CHILD IN CARE 8.60 (C) CHILDREN ABUSED BY FESTER
PARENTS AND ADOPTING PARENTS 8.61 (3) DELIBERATELY INFLICTED PHYSICAL
AND SEXUAL ABUSE OFTHOSE IN CARE 8.65 (A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR
DELIBERATELY INFLICTED PHYSICAL HAERM AND SEXUAL ABUSE 8.66 (B) NEGLIGENT
FAILURE TO PREVENT ABUSE 8.67 (C) LIMITATION PERIODS IN CHILD ABUSE
CASES 8.69 (D) DAMAGES IN ABUSE CASES 8.87 (4) HARM CAUSED BY CHILDREN
FOR WHOM A PUBLIC AUTHORITY IS RESPONSIBLE 8.102 (A) HARM CAUSED TO
ADOPTING AND FOSTERING PARENTS 8.102 (B) HARM CAUSED TO THIRD PARTIES
8.113 (5) REGISTRATION OF CARE PROVIDERS 8.116 XVM CONTENTS (A) HARM
CAUSED BY AN UNSUITABLE CARE PROVIDER 8.119 (B) FINANCIAL LOSSES CAUSED
TO CARE PROVIDERS 8.122 D. APPENDIX 8.130 DAMAGES AWARDED IN KR V BRYN
ALYN COMMUNITY LTD 8.130 9. EDUCATION A. INTRODUCTION 9.01 (1) TRENDS IN
THE LAW 9.01 (2) STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER 9.03 B. ACCIDENTS, HEALTH AND
PHYSICAL SAFETY OF PUPILS 9.04 (1) DUTY OF CARE 9.04 (A) INTRODUCTION
9.04 (B) ACCIDENTS ON SCHOOL PREMISES OUTSIDE REGULAER SCHOOL HOURS 9.06
(C) INJURIES SUFFERED BY PUPILS WHILE NOT UNDER THE CARE OF THE SCHOOL
9.10 (2) STANDARD OF CARE 9.14 (A) REASONABLE LEVEL OF SUPERVISION 9.16
(B) REASONABLE PARENT OR REASONABLE EDUCATOR? 9.17 (C) DOES THE BOLAM
TEST APPLY TO HEALTH AND SAFETY AT SCHOOL? 9.24 (D) DETERMINING THE
STANDARD OF CARE IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS 9.28 (E) FAILURE TO FOLLOW
GUIDANCE 9.29 (3) CAUSATION AND DAMAGES 9.30 (4) VICARIOUS LIABILITY
9.31 (A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND UNAUTHORIZED ACTS 9.32 (B) DIRECT AND
VICARIOUS LIABILITY 9.34 (5) SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF PHYSICAL INJURY
SUFFERED AT SCHOOL 9.35 (A) INJURIES SUSTAINED DURING SUPERVISED
ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL 9.36 (B) INJURIES SUSTAINED PLAYING SPORTS 9.38 (C)
INJURIES SUSTAINED IN THE PLAYGROUND DURING BREAK-TIME 9.40 (D) INJURIES
SUSTAINED AT SCHOOL BEFORE OR AFTER THE SCHOOL DAY 9.42 (E) INJURIES
SUSTAINED DURING OFF-SITE ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED BY THE SCHOOL 9.44 (F)
INJURIES SUSTAINED IN TRANSPORTATION OF PUPILS TO AND FROM SCHOOL 9.46
(G) INJURY TO CHILDREN ESCAPING SCHOOL PREMISES 9.47 C. EDUCATIONAL
NEGLIGENCE 9.53 (1) NATURE OF DUTY OF CARE 9.53 (2) EDUCATIONAL
PROFESSIONALS WHO OWE A DUTY OF CARE 9.55 (A) EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
9.55 (B) CLASSROOM TEACHERS AND HEAD-TEACHERS 9.57 (C) EDUCATION
OFFICERS 9.61 (3) LIABILITY FOR POORQUALITY OF TEACHING 9.63 (4)
STANDARD OF CARE 9.67 XIX CONTENTS (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) CAUSATION
(A) APPLICATION OF'BUT FOR'TEST (B) NATURE OF'DIFFERENT OUTCOME' THAT
MUST BE ESTABLISHED DAMAGES AND THE NATURE OF INJURY SUFFERED IN
EDUCATIONAL NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS (A) FAILURE TO AMELIORATE A CONGENITAL
LEARNING DIFFICULTY (B) PSYCHOLOGICAL HAERM (C) IS EDUCATIONAL HAERM A
FORM OF PERSONAL INJURY OR AN ECONOMIC LOSS? ASSESSMENT OF QUANTUM (A)
NON-PECUNIARY LOSSES (B) PECUNIARY LOSSES (C) ALTERNATIVE APPROACH:
AWARDING A FIXED SUM IN DAMAGES VICARIOUS AND DIRECT LIABILITY
LIMITATION PERIOD (A) APPLICABLE LIMITATION PERIOD (B) DATE OF KNOWLEDGE
IN EDUCATIONAL NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS (C) DISCRETIONARY EXTENSION OF
LIMITATION PERIOD COSTS AND IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING NEGLIGENCE
PRECISELY D. BULLYING (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 10. POLICE
INTRODUCTION STATUTORY FRAMEWORK DUTY OF CARE (A) IS THERE A DUTY TO
PREVENT BULLYING WHICH OCCURS OFF SCHOOL PREMISES? WAS THE CLAIMANT A
VICTIM OF BULLYING? STANDARD OF CARE (A) BOLAM TEST (B) FAILURE TO
FOLLOW GUIDANCE ON BULLYING CAUSATION DAMAGES A. INTRODUCTION B. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES (1) (2) VICARIOUS LIABILITY (A) STATUTORY PROVISION (B)
VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR UNAUTHORIZED ACTS DUTY OF CARE (A)
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN CASES IN WHICH THE CAPARO TRIPARTITE TEST DOES
AND DOES NOT APPLY (B) PROXIMITY (C) POLICY CONSIDERATIONS C. SPECIFIC
INSTANCES OF POLICE NEGLIGENCE 9.70 9.71 9.73 9.74 9.75 9.78 9.81 9.93
9.94 9.97 9.99 9.102 9.111 9.112 9.114 9.121 9.126 9.128 9.128 9.129
9.130 9.131 9.133 9.135 9.135 9.136 9.137 9.138 10.01 10.03 10.03 10.03
10.04 10.09 10.11 10.16 10.22 10.35 XX CONTENTS (1) HARM CAUSED DIRECTLY
BY THE POLICE 10.35 (A) NEGLIGENT DRIVING 10.36 (B) DISCHARGE OF
FIREARMS ANDSIMILAR DEVICES 10.39 (C) DAMAGE CAUSED DURING ASEARCHOF
PREMISES 10.44 (D) OTHER EXAMPLES 10.46 (2) FAILURE TO DEAL WITH HAZARDS
CREATED BY THIRD PARTIES 10.47 (A) PURE FAILURE TO DEAL WITH A HAZARD
10.48 (B) TAKING RESPONSIBILITY FOR A HAZARD 10.50 (3) FAILURE TO
PREVENT CRIME 10.53 (A) OVERVIEWOF CURRENT LAW 10.53 (B) UNKNOWN MEMBERS
OF THE PUBLIC AS VICTIMS 10.55 (C) POLICE OFFICERS AS VICTIMS OF CRIME
10.56 (D) VICTIM KNOWN TO BE AT PARTICULAR RISK 10.65 (E) PRESENCE OF
POLICE OFFICERS AT THE SCENE OFA CRIME 10.71 (F) POLICE INFORMANTS AS
VICTIMS OF CRIME 10.74 (4) LIABILITY TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES FOR MANNER
CRIME INVESTIGATED 10.79 (A) GENERAL EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY 10.79 (B)
PROVISION OFCOUNSELLING AND SUPPORT 10.82 (C) FAILURE TO PROTECT VICTIM
FROM HARASSMENT 10.84 (D) INVESTIGATION NOT INTENDED TO LEAD TO
CONVICTION 10.87 (5) LIABILITY TO SUSPECTS FOR MANNER CRIME INVESTIGATED
AND PROSECUTED 10.90 (A) GENERAL EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY 10.90 (B)
INVESTIGATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PROSECUTION OF THE CLAIMANT 10.93
(C) POLICE DISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS 10.96 (D) CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH
A DUTY MAY BE OWED TO SUSPECTS 10.98 (6) INDIVIDUAIS INJURED WHILE
ATTEMPTING TO EVADE ARREST 10.102 (7) LIABILITY TO REPRESENTATIVES OF
SUSPECTS 10.105 (A) PSYCHIATRIE HAERM 10.106 (B) PROTECTION FROM PHYSICAL
INJURY 10.108 (C) ECONOMIC LOSSES 10.109 (8) PROPERTY DAMAGE 10.110 (A)
PROPERTY NOT PROPERLY PROTECTED BY THE POLICE 10.111 (B) REMOVAL OF
VEHICLES 10.113 (C) PROPERTY USED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME 10.115
(9) CLAIMS BROUGHT BY POLICE OFFICERS 10.117 (A) PERSONAL INJURY 10.118
(B) ECONOMIC LOSS 10.120 (10) LIABILITY ARISING FROM DETENTION AND THE
PROVISION OF EMERGENCY SERVICES 10.121 11. DETENTION A. INTRODUCTION
11.01 XXI CONTENTS B. LIABILITY TO INDIVIDUAIS HARMED WHILE IN DETENTION
11.03 (1) INTRODUCTION 11.03 (2) DETAINEES ACCIDENTALLY INJURED 11.04
(3) DETAINEES DELIBERATELY INJURED BY OTHERS IN DETENTION 11.05 (A) DUTY
OF CARE 11.05 (B) STANDARD OF CARE AND CAUSATION 11.06 (4) LIABILITY FOR
SUICIDE OR SELF-HARM OF DETAINEES 11.12 (A) KNOWLEDGE OF SUICIDE RISK
11.13 (B) REASONABLE STEPS TO PREVENT SUICIDE 11.15 (C) SIGNIFICANCE OF
SUICIDAL PRISONER BEINGOF SOUND MIND 11.20 (D) INDIVIDUAIS INJURING
THEMSELVES WHILE ATTEMPTING TO ESCAPE DETENTION 11.22 C. DETAINEES
HARMED BY DECISION TO RELEASE THEM FROM CUSTODY 11.23 (1) DETAINEE AT
PHYSICAL RISK 11.23 (2) RELEASED DETAINEE AT RISK OF OTHER FORMS OF
HAERM: THE CLUNIS CASE 11.25 (A) DUTY OF CARE 11.27 (B) EX TURPI CAUSA
11.30 D. LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO RELEASE AN INDIVIDUAL FROM CUSTODY
11.34 (1) ARTICLE 5 AND CLAIMS FOR FALSE IMPRISONMENT 11.35 (2)
NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 11.38 (A) IS THERE ANY CONTINUING ROLE FOR NEGLIGENCE
CLAIMS? 11.38 (B) WHEN WILL A DUTY OF CARE BE OWED? 11.40 E. CRIMES
COMMITTED BY INDIVIDUAIS ESCAPING OR RELEASED FROM CUSTODY 11.49 (1)
HARM CAUSED DURING COURSE OF ESCAPE 11.50 (2) HARM CAUSED TO UNKNOWN
MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC 11.54 (3) CASES LYING BETWEEN THE DORSET YACHT UND
THE PALMER AND /TCASES 11.56 12. EMERGENCY SERVICES A. INTRODUCTION
12.01 B. MATTERS OF GENERAL APPLICATION 12.03 (1) JUSTICIABILITY 12.03
(2) DUTY OF CARE 12.06 (A) DIRECTLY INFLICTED PHYSICAL HAERM 12.06 (B)
FAILURE TO PREVENT HAERM 12.07 (3) STANDARD OF CARE 12.08 (A) APPLICATION
OF THE BOLAM TEST 12.08 (B) THESTANDARD OF CARE WHEN RESPONDING TO AN
EMERGENCY 12.10 C. LIABILITY OF THE DIFFERENT EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.13
(1) FIRE SERVICES 12.13 (A) INTRODUCTION 12.13 XXII CONTENTS (B)
PROXIMITY 12.14 (C) LIABILITY FOR NON-FIRE FIGHTING FUNCTIONS 12.20 (D)
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 12.21 (E) BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY 12.24 (2)
COASTGUARDS 12.25 (A) INTRODUCTION 12.25 (B) PROXIMITY 12.26 (C) POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 12.29 (3) POLICE 12.31 (A) FAILURE TO PREVENT HAERM 12.32
(B) POSITIVE CREATION OF DANGER 12.33 (4) AMBULANCE SERVICE 12.34 (A)
FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN EMERGENCY CALL 12.34 D. CURRENT LAW ON
EMERGENCY SERVICES AND AREAS OFDIFFICULTY 12.38 (1) SHOULD THE KENT CASE
BE APPLIED TO COAST GUARDS? 12.39 (2) THE EFFECT OF THE BARRETT, PHELPS
AND GORRINGE CASES ON EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.41 (3) THIRD PARTIES CEASING
RESCUE BECAUSE OF INVOLVEMENT OF EMERGENCY SERVICES 12.46 13. HEALTH AND
SAFETY REGULATORS A. INTRODUCTION (1) DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES OF
REGULATORS' POWERS (2) THE NATURE OF REGULATION B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
DUTY OF CARE (1) THE CAPARO TEST (2) APPLICATION OF THE CAPARO TEST:
DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY INFLICTED PHYSICAL DAMAGE (3) THE ELEMENTS OF
THE CAPARO TEST (A) PROXIMITY (B) PUBLIC POLICY (4) LIABILITY FOR PURE
ECONOMIC LOSSES (A) REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPOSING LIABILITY (B) PURCHASE OF
UNSAFE PROPERTY (C) COMMERCIAL INTERESTS AFFECTED BY REGULATION (D)
NEGLIGENT MISSTATEMENT MADE BY REGULATORY AUTHORITY C. SPECIFIC AREAS OF
REGULATION (1) TRANSPORT (A) INTRODUCTION (B) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
(C) PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO PROPERTY OR PERSONS (D) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.01
13.02 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.08 13.15 13.16 13.18 13.26 13.26 13.29 13.31
13.32 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.34 13.38 13.53 XXLLL CONTENTS (2) BUILDING
REGULATORS 13.59 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.59 (B) ECONOMIC LOSSES
CAUSED TO PURCHASERS OF DEFECTIVE PREMISES 13.60 (C) PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO
PERSON OR PROPERTY 13.72 (3) SAFETY REGULATION OFCOMMERCIAL PREMISES AND
MACHINERY 13.83 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.83 (B) PHYSICAL DAMAGE
TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY 13.85 (C) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.86 (4) ANIMALS 13.97
(A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.97 (B) ECONOMIC LOSSES 13.98 (C)
PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY 13.101 (5) SPOTTS REGULATORS
13.102 (A) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 13.102 (B) FACILITIES AND SAFETY
EQUIPMENT 13.104 (C) FORMULATION OF RULES OFA SPORT 13.109 (6) SOCIAL
SERVICES 13.111 14. PLANNING, ENVIRONMENTAL, BANKING AND PROFESSIONAL
REGULATION A. INTRODUCTION 14.01 B. PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.03 (1) THE
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 14.03 (2) TYPES OF NEGLIGENCE CLAIM BROUGHT AGAINST
PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.05 (3) PROPERTY DAMAGE AND PERSONAL INJURY 14.06
(A) THIRD PARTY PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROPERTY DAMAGE OR PERSONAL
INJURY 14.07 (B) PLANNING AUTHORITY ITSELF RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING
SOURCE OF DANGER 14.16 (4) ECONOMIC LOSSES OCCASIONED BY DETERMINATION
OF PLANNING PERMISSION 14.20 (5) ECONOMIC LOSSES OCCASIONED BY NEGLIGENT
ADVICE GIVEN BY PLANNING AUTHORITIES 14.25 (A) ASSUMPTION OF
RESPONSIBILITY 14.28 (B) REASONABLE RELIANCE 14.29 (C) ESTABLISHING
LIABILITY 14.32 C. ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES 14.33 (1) INTRODUCTION
14.33 (2) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 14.34 (3) PERSONAL INJURY AND DAMAGE
TO PROPERTY 14.39 (A) DANGER CREATED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITY 14.39 (B)
FAILURE TO CONTROL A THIRD PARTY 14.40 (4) ECONOMIC LOSSES 14.45 XXIV
CONTENTS D. BANKING REGULATORS (1) THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK (2)
LIABILITY IN TORT (A) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE AGAINST FINANCIAL REGULATORS
(B) MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE E. BODIES REGULATING PROFESSIONS (1)
INTRODUCTION (2) ECONOMIC LOSSES (A) PROFESSIONALS HARMED BY
INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY ACTION (B) CLAIMS BROUGHT BY MEMBERS OF
PUBLIC (3) PHYSICAL HAERM (A) FAILURE TO INVESTIEATE OR DISCIPLINE
DANGEROUS PRACTITIONE 14.47 14.47 14.49 14.50 14.57 14.59 14.59 14.61
14.62 14.65 14.68 :RS 14.68 (B) FAILURE TO PROVIDE GENERAL WARNINGS AND
ADVICE TO PRACTITIONERS 14.70 15. HIGHWAYS A. INTRODUCTION 15.01 (1) THE
HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 15.02 (2) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 15.03 (3) STATUTORY
AND COMMON LAW CLAIMS 15.05 B. BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY: HIGHWAYS ACT
1980, S 41 15.06 (1) NATURE OF THE DUTY 15.06 (A) MEANING OF 'MAINTAIN'
THE HIGHWAY 15.07 (B) INJURY CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN THE HIGHWAY 15.17 (C)
INJURY MUST BE PHYSICAL 15.18 (2) STANDARD OF CARE AND THE STATUTORY
DEFENCE 15.19 (A) MAINTAINING THE HIGHWAY FREE FROM DANGER 15.19 (B)
STATUTORY DEFENCE 15.22 (C) STANDARD OF CARE AND ACCUMULATION OF ICE AND
SNOW 15.27 C. COMMON LAW CLAIMS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 15.31 (1)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY AND COMMON LAW CLAIMS
15.31 (2) DUTY OF CARE 15.33 (A) THE DECISION IN GORRINGE AND THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTS AND OMISSIONS 15.34 (B) PRECLUDED PURE
OMISSIONS CASES 15.40 (C) LIABILITY FOR ACTS 15.41 (3) STANDARD OF CARE
15.51 (A) TAKING ACCOUNT OF DANGEROUS DRIVERS 15.52 (B) APPLICATION OF
THE BOLAM TEST 15.53 (C) RESOURCES 15.54 D. SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF COMMON
LAW NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 15.55 XXV CONTENTS (1) CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS 15.55
(A) HIGHWAY BARRIERS 15.56 (B) OTHER DANGERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS 15.62 (C) POLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION 15.63 (2)
STREET LIGHTING 15.65 (A) STREET LIGHTING ITSELF POSING PHYSICAL HAZARD
15.66 (B) POSITIONING OF STREET LIGHTING MISLEADING MOTORISTS 15.67 (C)
FAILURE TO EXERCISE POWER TO LIGHT THE HIGHWAY 15.68 (3) ROADSIGNS 15.71
(A) ROAD SIGNS POSING PHYSICAL HAZARD 15.73 (B) ROAD SIGNS MISLEADING
MOTORISTS 15.75 (C) FAILURE TO EXERCISE POWER TO PROVIDE SIGNS 15.76 (4)
FAILURE TO DEAL WITH ACCUMULATION OF ICE, SNOW OR WATER ON THE HIGHWAY
15.78 (5) OBSTRUCTIONS TO VISIBILITY ON THE HIGHWAY 1 5.82 16. HOUSING
AND LAND USE A. INTRODUCTION 16.01 B. OTHER CAUSES OF ACTION AVAILABLE
TO CLAIMANTS 16.03 (1) NUISANCE 16.05 (A) ELEMENTS OF THE TORT 16.05 (B)
DEFENCE OF STATUTORY AUTHORITY 16.11 (2) RYLANDS V FLETCHER 16.15 (A)
NON-NATURAL USAGE 16.16 C. CARELESS PERFORMANCE OF STATUTORY HOUSING
FUNCTIONS 16.17 (1) HOMELESSNESS 16.18 (A) BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY
16.19 (B) NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS 16.20 (2) 'RIGHT-TO-BUY'LEGISLATION 16.21
(A) NEGLIGENT VALUATION 16.22 (B) NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO DISCLOSE DEFECTS
16.24 D. LIABILITY FOR MISBEHAVIOUR OF THIRD PARTIES 16.25 (1)
JUSTICIABILITY OFCLAIM 16.26 (2) THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TENANTS AND
LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.27 (3) LIABILITY FOR THE MISBEHAVIOUR OF
TENANTS 16.28 (A) CLAIMS IN NUISANCE 16.29 (B) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE
16.38 (C) DEROGATION FROM GRANT 1 6.46 (4) LIABILITY FOR THE
MISBEHAVIOUR OF LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.49 (A) INTERFERENCE WITH
ENJOYMENT OF LAND 16.50 (B) INTERFERENCE ARISING FROM'USE'OF THE
DEFENDANT'S LAND 16.51 (C) NUISANCE'CONTINUED'OR'ADOPTED'BY THE LOCAL
AUTHORITY 16.53 (D) EVIDENCE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH THAT NUISANCE WAS
CONTINUED OR ADOPTED 16.57 XXVI CONTENTS (E) IS MERE KNOWLEDGE OF A
NUISANCE ALWAYS SUFFICIENT? 16.61 (5) CRITICISM OF THE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN TENANTS AND LICENSEES/TRESPASSERS 16.65 E. ENVIRONMENTAL HARM
16.68 (1) ACTS AND OMISSIONS 16.69 (2) SEWERAGE 16.70 (A) FAILURE TO
BUILD OR IMPROVE SEWERS 16.70 (B) NUISANCE CREATED BY POSITIVE ACT OF
SEWERAGE UNDERTAKER 16.75 (3) NOISE AND POLLUTION FROM OTHER SOURCES
16.76 (A) PUBLIC AUTHORITY ACTING PURSUANT TO STATUTORY SCHEME 16.76 (B)
PUBLIC AUTHORITY NOT ACTING PURSUANT TO STATUTORY SCHEME 16.77 (C) LAND
USED IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 16.78 (D) ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS NOT ARISING
FROM 'USE' OF DEFENDANT'S LAND 16.83 17. ARMED FORCES A. INTRODUCTION
17.01 B. STATUTORY IMMUNITY: CROWN PROCEEDINGS ACT 1947, S 10 17.03 (1)
TIME AND PLACE OF INJURY 17.06 (2) CROWN IMMUNITY AND ARTICLE 6 OF THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 17.11 C. REPEAL OF STATUTORY
IMMUNITY 17.13 D. COMBAT IMMUNITY 17.15 (1) RATIONALE FOR COMBAT
IMMUNITY 17.16 (2) COMBAT IMMUNITY AND THE IDENTITY OF THE CLAIMANT
17.19 (A) ACTS OF STATE 17.20 E. SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF CLAIMS AGAINST THE
ARMED FORCES 17.21 (1) ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ENEMY 17.22 (2)
CARELESS PLANNING OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 17.25 (3) PEACEKEEPING AND
POLICING OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY ARMED FORCES 17.27 (4) INJURIES
SUSTAINED DURING TRAINING 17.30 (5) INJURIES UNCONNECTED TO COMBAT 17.33
(A) VICARIOUS LIABILITY 17.34 (6) PURE ECONOMIC LOSSES SUFFERED BY
MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES 17.36 (A) DISPUTES AS TO TERMS OF SERVICE
17.37 (B) NEGLIGENT MISSTATEMENT 17.39 18. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLIC
AUTHORITY FUNCTIONS A. HEALTH WARNINGS AND HEALTH POLICY 18.01 (1)
INTRODUCTION 18 - 01 XXVII CONTENTS (2) HEALTH INFORMATION AND WARNINGS
18.02 (A) FAILURE TO PROVIDE HEALTH WARNINGS 18.02 (B) PROVISION OF
MISLEADING HEALTH INFORMATION 18.09 (3) HEALTH POLICY 18.12 (4)
LICENSING OF DRUGS 18.13 (A) FAILURE TO WITHDRAW UNSAFE DRUGS 18.13 (B)
ECONOMIC LOSSES TO DRUGS MANUFACTURERS 18.15 B. PROVISION OF SOCIAL
SECURITY BENEFITS 18.16 (1) INTRODUCTION 18.16 (2) STATUTORY APPEAL
MECHANISMS AVAILABLE 18.17 (3) NO STATUTORY APPEAL MECHANISMS AVAILABLE
18.19 (A) DISTINGUISHING THE JONES AND A CASES 18.20 (B) POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 18.21 (C) THE LIKELY FUTURE RAMIFICATIONS OF THE A CASE
18.22 C. OTHER ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 18.24 (1) LANDREGISTRY
18.24 (2) PROVISION OF INFORMATION CONCERNING LAND OWNERSHIP 18.28 (3)
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY COURTS 18.30 (4) IMMIGRATION ADVICE 18.31 (5)
TAXATION ADVICE 18.32 (6) MINISTERIAL DECISIONS 18.33 INDEX 893 XXVLLL |
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| author | Booth, Cherie 1954- Squires, Daniel |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124913407 |
| author_facet | Booth, Cherie 1954- Squires, Daniel |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Booth, Cherie 1954- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021736843 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KD1994 |
| callnumber-raw | KD1994 |
| callnumber-search | KD1994 |
| callnumber-sort | KD 41994 |
| callnumber-subject | KD - United Kingdom and Ireland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)249591376 (DE-599)BVBBV021736843 |
| dewey-full | 342.4208/8 342.42088 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
| dewey-raw | 342.4208/8 342.42088 |
| dewey-search | 342.4208/8 342.42088 |
| dewey-sort | 3342.4208 18 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV021736843 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:28:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0199265410 9780199265411 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006000245 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014950270 |
| oclc_num | 249591376 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | lviii, 944 S. 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Booth, Cherie 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)124913407 aut The negligence liability of public authorities Cherie Booth ; Dan Squires 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2006 lviii, 944 S. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Administrative responsibility England Government liability England Administrative responsibility Wales Government liability Wales Sozialverwaltung (DE-588)4055912-9 gnd rswk-swf Vernachlässigung (DE-588)4345674-1 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Aufgaben (DE-588)4077776-5 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Vernachlässigung (DE-588)4345674-1 s Sozialverwaltung (DE-588)4055912-9 s Öffentliche Aufgaben (DE-588)4077776-5 s DE-604 Squires, Daniel Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip066/2006000245.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0635/2006000245-d.html Publisher description GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014950270&sequence=000009&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Booth, Cherie 1954- Squires, Daniel The negligence liability of public authorities Administrative responsibility England Government liability England Administrative responsibility Wales Government liability Wales Sozialverwaltung (DE-588)4055912-9 gnd Vernachlässigung (DE-588)4345674-1 gnd Öffentliche Aufgaben (DE-588)4077776-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055912-9 (DE-588)4345674-1 (DE-588)4077776-5 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | The negligence liability of public authorities |
| title_auth | The negligence liability of public authorities |
| title_exact_search | The negligence liability of public authorities |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The negligence liability of public authorities |
| title_full | The negligence liability of public authorities Cherie Booth ; Dan Squires |
| title_fullStr | The negligence liability of public authorities Cherie Booth ; Dan Squires |
| title_full_unstemmed | The negligence liability of public authorities Cherie Booth ; Dan Squires |
| title_short | The negligence liability of public authorities |
| title_sort | the negligence liability of public authorities |
| topic | Administrative responsibility England Government liability England Administrative responsibility Wales Government liability Wales Sozialverwaltung (DE-588)4055912-9 gnd Vernachlässigung (DE-588)4345674-1 gnd Öffentliche Aufgaben (DE-588)4077776-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Administrative responsibility England Government liability England Administrative responsibility Wales Government liability Wales Sozialverwaltung Vernachlässigung Öffentliche Aufgaben Großbritannien |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip066/2006000245.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0635/2006000245-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014950270&sequence=000009&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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