Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XX, 174 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781420045468 1420045466 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lai, Poh C. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)133236951 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |c Poh-Chin Lai ; Fun-Mun So ; Ka-Wing Chan |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 174 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Geografie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Epidemiologic Methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geographic Information Systems | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geographic information systems | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geography | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Medical geography | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Medical mapping | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a So, Fun-Mun |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chan, Ka-Wing |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137796391141376 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
......................................................................................................ix
Foreword
......................................................................................................xi
Preface
.......................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments
......................................................................................xv
Authors
.....................................................................................................xvii
List of Acronyms
.......................................................................................xix
1
GIS
Concepts and Operations
..........................................................1
1.1
What Is
a GIS?
.......................................................................................1
1.2
What
a GIS
Is Not
.................................................................................2
1.3
GIS
Components and Functionalities
................................................3
1.3.1
Data
..............................................................................................5
1.3.2
Equipment
..................................................................................6
1.3.3
Methods
......................................................................................7
1.3.4
People
..........................................................................................7
1.3.5
Organization
..............................................................................8
1.4
Basic
GIS
Operations
............................................................................9
1.5
Summary
.............................................................................................11
References
.....................................................................................................12
2
GIS
and Geographic Data
................................................................15
2.1
Characteristics of Geographic Data
.................................................15
2.1.1
Topological Relations
..............................................................17
2.2
GIS
Models: Raster versus Vector
....................................................19
2.2.1
Raster
.........................................................................................21
2.2.2
Vector
........................................................................................22
2.2.3
Attribute
...................................................................................22
2.3
Data for Spatial
Epidemiológica!
Studies
........................................23
2.4
Georeferencing Locational Information
..........................................25
2.4.1
Geocoding Problems
...............................................................27
2.4.2
Choosing the Right Address
.................................................29
2.5
Aggregating Geographic Data
..........................................................29
2.5.1
Units of Aggregation
...............................................................30
2^5.2
Data Aggregation Concerns
..................................................30
2.6
Summary
.............................................................................................33
References
.....................................................................................................33
3
Spatial Analysis Software and Methods
.......................................35
3.1
Introduction
.........................................................................................35
a2 Software
...............................................................................................35
3.2.1
CrimeStat
..................................................................................36
vi
Spatial Epidemiological
Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
3.2.2
GeoDa
.......................................................................................36
3.2.3
HealthMapper
.........................................................................37
3.2.4
Summary
..................................................................................38
3.3
Data Sets
...............................................................................................40
3.4
Spatial Analysis
...................................................................................41
3.4.1
Age-Sex Standardization
.......................................................43
3.4.2
Disease Mapping
.....................................................................44
3.4.3
Spatial Autocorrelation
...........................................................47
3.4.4
Geostatistical Analysis
...........................................................48
3.5
Summary
.............................................................................................49
References
.....................................................................................................49
4
Point Pattern Methods of Disease Analysis
.................................51
4.1
Examining Point Patterns
..................................................................51
4.2
Elementary Analysis of Disease Data by Visualization
...............53
Step
1:
Examining the SARS Data File
.............................................53
Step
2:
Reading Point Data into GeoDa
...........................................53
Step
3:
Adding a Base Map in GeoDa
..............................................54
Step
4:
Linking Interactively the Map and Its Disease
Attribute Table
.........................................................................56
Step
5:
Displaying Disease Locations as Proportional Point
Symbols
....................................................................................56
4.3
Cluster Analysis: Nearest Neighbor Distance
................................58
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
.................................58
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
............................................................58
Step
3:
Specifying Measurement Parameters and
Computing
NNI..:
...................................................................59
Step
4:
Examining Local Patterns
.....................................................61
4.4
Contextual Analysis
...........................................................................63
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
.................................63
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
............................................................63
Step
3:
Specifying Measurement Parameters and
Computing SDE
.......................................................................64
Step
4:
Displaying SDE Using the HealthMapper
..........................64
4.5
Constraints and Limitations
.............................................................66
4.6
Summary
.............................................................................................69
References
.....................................................................................................69
5
Areal
Methods of Disease Analysis
...............................................71
5.1
Areal
Pattern Analysis
.......................................................................71
5.2
Areal
Mapping
....................................................................................72
5.2.1
Disease Rates
............................................................................72
5.2.2
Rate Smoothing Techniques
..................................................74
5.2.2.1
The Empirical
Bayes
Smoothing Method
..............74
5.2.2.2
The Spatial Empirical
Bayes
Smoothing
Method
......................................................................................74
Contents
vii
5.3
Constraints and Limitations of Choropleth Mapping
..................79
5.3.1
Data Classification in Choropleth Maps
..............................79
5.3.2
Modifiable
Areal
Unit and Area Dependence Problems...
83
5.4
Spatial Dependence
............................................................................84
5.4.1
Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation
....................................85
5.5
Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis with GeoDa
...............................86
Step
1:
Examining the Dengue Data File
.........................................86
Step
2:
Constructing Spatial Weights
...............................................88
Step
3:
Examining Characteristics of Spatial Weights
...................89
Step
4:
Constructing Spatially Lagged Variables
...........................89
Step
5:
Visualizing the
Moran Scatterplot
.......................................90
Step
6:
Assessing Statistical Significance of Moran s 1
...................91
Step
7:
Compiling Univariate LISA
...................................................91
5.6
Summary
.............................................................................................92
References
............................................... ......................................................93
6
Interpolation and Associative Analysis
........................................95
6.1
Spatial Sampling and Interpolation
.................................................95
6.1.1
Kernel Density Estimation
.....................................................96
6.1.1.1
Kernel Density Estimation of Asthma
Occurrences in Hong Kong
....................................................98
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
......................98
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
................................................98
Step
3:
Specifying Grid Reference
.........................................98
Step
4:
Kernel Density Estimation
......................................100
Step
5:
Displaying Results of Kernel Density
Estimation
.................................................................100
6.1.1.2
Constraints and Limitations of the Kernel
Density Method
.......................................................102
6.1.2
Spatial Interpolation Methods
.............................................103
6.1.2.1
IDW and Its Constraints
.........................................104
6.1.2.2
Spline and Its Constraints
.................:.....................104
6.1.2.3
Kriging (Ordinary or Universal) and Its
Constraints
................................................................105
6.1.2.4
Spatial Interpolation of Air Pollution Index
(API) of Hong Kong
.........:.......................................106
6.2
Associate Analysis
............................................................................108
6.2.1
Application of Interpolated Surface in Associate
Analysis: The Risk of Asthma Relative to API of
Hong Kong
..............................................................................109
6.2.2
Application of Socioeconomic Data in Associate
Analysis: Risk of Asthma Relative to Monthly
Household Income of the Population of Hong Kong
.......112
6.3
Summary
...........................................................................................116
References
...................................................................................................117
viii
Spatial Epidemiohgical
Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
7
Initiating
a GIS
Project in Spatial Epidemiology
......................121
7.1
Introduction
..................:....................................................................121
7.2
Setting Up
a GIS
Infrastructure
......................................................122
7.3
Conceptualizing
a GIS
Project
........................................................124
7.3.1
Determining the Focus of
a GIS
Development
..................125
7.3.2
Conceptualizing
a GIS
Application
....................................125
7.4
Signs of an Unfeasible Project
.........................................................133
7.5
Summary
..................................................................................,.........136
References
...................................................................................................136
8
Current
GIS
Research in Health Care and Disease
Analyses
..........................................................................:................139
8.1
Geography of Health
........................................................................139
8.1.1
Health Outcomes and Epidemiological Studies
................140
8.1.2
Health Care Delivery Applications
.....................................141
8.1.3
Health Care Commissioning and Needs Assessment
.....142
8.2
Contagious versus Noncontagious Disease Analyses
................143
8.3
Short-Term versus
Long-Term
Surveillance and Disease
Tracking
..............................................................................................145
8.4
Summary
...........................................................................................147
References
...................................................................................................148
Appendix A: List of
GIS
Software
........................................................153
Appendix B: Data Description
...............................................................155
Appendix C: Data Preparation in Microsoft Excel
.............................163
Appendix D: Useful Web References
...................................................167
Overviews and Guides to
GIS
.................................................................167
Web-Based Tools for Public Health and Data Analysis
.......................167
Index
..........................................................................................................169
Spatial Epidemiological
Approaches in Disease
Mapping and Analysis
Poh-Chin Lai
Fun-Mun So
Ka-Wing Chan
Use of
GIS
applications in the medical community is not a new
concept by any means. But the ability to apply
GIS
technology on a
wide scale is often hampered by the sophistication and complexity
of the methodology and the limited access to affordable software.
Spatial Epidemiological Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
illustrates the utilities of freeware using real-world data and leads
users down the logical decision-making path toward developing
spatial-statistical relationships.
This internationally reputable guide brings instructional clarify to its
treatment of spatial-statistical techniques, subjecting epidemiological
data to statistical rigor and advanced methodological testing. With
the help of a vivid color insert, this book illustrates the applications
of
GIS
in examining non-contagious (asthma and dengue) and
contagious (SARS) diseases, making it applicable to any public health
condition on any scale,
This example-filled resource:
Documents how
GIS
can be applied in examining disease
occurrences from the spatial perspective
•
Includes links to freeware so disease occurrence data can be
examined for spatial randomness, dependencies, patterns, and
trends
•
Allows for a variety of downloadable freeware to practice spatial
analysis, like GeoDa, CrimeStat, and Health Mapper
This landmark work follows a truly interdisciplinary model, capturing
the complexity of
GIS
for the non-specialtsf in a ready-fa-implement
way and spotlighting the global challenge of analyzing
publie
health
concerns in
о
geographical context.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword
.ix
Foreword
.xi
Preface
.xiii
Acknowledgments
.xv
Authors
.xvii
List of Acronyms
.xix
1
GIS
Concepts and Operations
.1
1.1
What Is
a GIS?
.1
1.2
What
a GIS
Is Not
.2
1.3
GIS
Components and Functionalities
.3
1.3.1
Data
.5
1.3.2
Equipment
.6
1.3.3
Methods
.7
1.3.4
People
.7
1.3.5
Organization
.8
1.4
Basic
GIS
Operations
.9
1.5
Summary
.11
References
.12
2
GIS
and Geographic Data
.15
2.1
Characteristics of Geographic Data
.15
2.1.1
Topological Relations
.17
2.2
GIS
Models: Raster versus Vector
.19
2.2.1
Raster
.21
2.2.2
Vector
.22
2.2.3
Attribute
.22
2.3
Data for Spatial
Epidemiológica!
Studies
.23
2.4
Georeferencing Locational Information
.25
2.4.1
Geocoding Problems
.27
2.4.2
Choosing the Right Address
.29
2.5
Aggregating Geographic Data
.29
2.5.1
Units of Aggregation
.30
2^5.2
Data Aggregation Concerns
.30
2.6
Summary
.33
References
.33
3
Spatial Analysis Software and Methods
.35
3.1
Introduction
.35
a2 Software
.35
3.2.1
CrimeStat
.36
vi
Spatial Epidemiological
Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
3.2.2
GeoDa
.36
3.2.3
HealthMapper
.37
3.2.4
Summary
.38
3.3
Data Sets
.40
3.4
Spatial Analysis
.41
3.4.1
Age-Sex Standardization
.43
3.4.2
Disease Mapping
.44
3.4.3
Spatial Autocorrelation
.47
3.4.4
Geostatistical Analysis
.48
3.5
Summary
.49
References
.49
4
Point Pattern Methods of Disease Analysis
.51
4.1
Examining Point Patterns
.51
4.2
Elementary Analysis of Disease Data by Visualization
.53
Step
1:
Examining the SARS Data File
.53
Step
2:
Reading Point Data into GeoDa
.53
Step
3:
Adding a Base Map in GeoDa
.54
Step
4:
Linking Interactively the Map and Its Disease
Attribute Table
.56
Step
5:
Displaying Disease Locations as Proportional Point
Symbols
.56
4.3
Cluster Analysis: Nearest Neighbor Distance
.58
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
.58
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
.58
Step
3:
Specifying Measurement Parameters and
Computing
NNI.:
.59
Step
4:
Examining Local Patterns
.61
4.4
Contextual Analysis
.63
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
.63
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
.63
Step
3:
Specifying Measurement Parameters and
Computing SDE
.64
Step
4:
Displaying SDE Using the HealthMapper
.64
4.5
Constraints and Limitations
.66
4.6
Summary
.69
References
.69
5
Areal
Methods of Disease Analysis
.71
5.1
Areal
Pattern Analysis
.71
5.2
Areal
Mapping
.72
5.2.1
Disease Rates
.72
5.2.2
Rate Smoothing Techniques
.74
5.2.2.1
The Empirical
Bayes
Smoothing Method
.74
5.2.2.2
The Spatial Empirical
Bayes
Smoothing
Method
.74
Contents
vii
5.3
Constraints and Limitations of Choropleth Mapping
.79
5.3.1
Data Classification in Choropleth Maps
.79
5.3.2
Modifiable
Areal
Unit and Area Dependence Problems.
83
5.4
Spatial Dependence
.84
5.4.1
Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation
.85
5.5
Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis with GeoDa
.86
Step
1:
Examining the Dengue Data File
.86
Step
2:
Constructing Spatial Weights
.88
Step
3:
Examining Characteristics of Spatial Weights
.89
Step
4:
Constructing Spatially Lagged Variables
.89
Step
5:
Visualizing the
Moran Scatterplot
.90
Step
6:
Assessing Statistical Significance of Moran's 1
.91
Step
7:
Compiling Univariate LISA
.91
5.6
Summary
.92
References
.'.93
6
Interpolation and Associative Analysis
.95
6.1
Spatial Sampling and Interpolation
.95
6.1.1
Kernel Density Estimation
.96
6.1.1.1
Kernel Density Estimation of Asthma
Occurrences in Hong Kong
.98
Step
1:
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat
.98
Step
2:
Specifying Input Data
.98
Step
3:
Specifying Grid Reference
.98
Step
4:
Kernel Density Estimation
.100
Step
5:
Displaying Results of Kernel Density
Estimation
.100
6.1.1.2
Constraints and Limitations of the Kernel
Density Method
.102
6.1.2
Spatial Interpolation Methods
.103
6.1.2.1
IDW and Its Constraints
.104
6.1.2.2
Spline and Its Constraints
.:.104
6.1.2.3
Kriging (Ordinary or Universal) and Its
Constraints
.105
6.1.2.4
Spatial Interpolation of Air Pollution Index
(API) of Hong Kong
.:.106
6.2
Associate Analysis
.108
6.2.1
Application of Interpolated Surface in Associate
Analysis: The Risk of Asthma Relative to API of
Hong Kong
.109
6.2.2
Application of Socioeconomic Data in Associate
Analysis: Risk of Asthma Relative to Monthly
Household Income of the Population of Hong Kong
.112
6.3
Summary
.116
References
.117
viii
Spatial Epidemiohgical
Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
7
Initiating
a GIS
Project in Spatial Epidemiology
.121
7.1
Introduction
.:.121
7.2
Setting Up
a GIS
Infrastructure
.122
7.3
Conceptualizing
a GIS
Project
.124
7.3.1
Determining the Focus of
a GIS
Development
.125
7.3.2
Conceptualizing
a GIS
Application
.125
7.4
Signs of an Unfeasible Project
.133
7.5
Summary
.,.136
References
.136
8
Current
GIS
Research in Health Care and Disease
Analyses
.:.139
8.1
Geography of Health
.139
8.1.1
Health Outcomes and Epidemiological Studies
.140
8.1.2
Health Care Delivery Applications
.141
8.1.3
Health Care Commissioning and Needs Assessment
.142
8.2
Contagious versus Noncontagious Disease Analyses
.143
8.3
Short-Term versus
Long-Term
Surveillance and Disease
Tracking
.145
8.4
Summary
.147
References
.148
Appendix A: List of
GIS
Software
.153
Appendix B: Data Description
.155
Appendix C: Data Preparation in Microsoft Excel
.163
Appendix D: Useful Web References
.167
Overviews and Guides to
GIS
.167
Web-Based Tools for Public Health and Data Analysis
.167
Index
.169
Spatial Epidemiological
Approaches in Disease
Mapping and Analysis
Poh-Chin Lai
Fun-Mun So
Ka-Wing Chan
Use of
GIS
applications in the medical community is not a new
concept by any means. But the ability to apply
GIS
technology on a
wide scale is often hampered by the sophistication and complexity
of the methodology and the limited access to affordable software.
Spatial Epidemiological Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis
illustrates the utilities of freeware using real-world data and leads
users down the logical decision-making path toward developing
spatial-statistical relationships.
This internationally reputable guide brings instructional clarify to its
treatment of spatial-statistical techniques, subjecting epidemiological
data to statistical rigor and advanced methodological testing. With
the help of a vivid color insert, this book illustrates the applications
of
GIS
in examining non-contagious (asthma and dengue) and
contagious (SARS) diseases, making it applicable to any public health
condition on any scale,
This example-filled resource:
Documents how
GIS
can be applied in examining disease
occurrences from the spatial perspective
•
Includes links to freeware so disease occurrence data can be
examined for spatial randomness, dependencies, patterns, and
trends
•
Allows for a variety of downloadable freeware to practice spatial
analysis, like GeoDa, CrimeStat, and Health Mapper
This landmark work follows a truly interdisciplinary model, capturing
the complexity of
GIS
for the non-specialtsf in a ready-fa-implement
way and spotlighting the global challenge of analyzing
publie
health
concerns in
о
geographical context. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lai, Poh C. So, Fun-Mun Chan, Ka-Wing |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133236951 |
| author_facet | Lai, Poh C. So, Fun-Mun Chan, Ka-Wing |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Lai, Poh C. |
| author_variant | p c l pc pcl f m s fms k w c kwc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023409359 |
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| callnumber-search | RA792 |
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| callnumber-subject | RA - Public Medicine |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)232257291 (DE-599)BVBBV023409359 |
| dewey-full | 614.4/2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 614 - Forensic medicine; incidence of disease |
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| dewey-search | 614.4/2 |
| dewey-sort | 3614.4 12 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Medizin Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023409359 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:26:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420045468 1420045466 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016592002 |
| oclc_num | 232257291 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| physical | XX, 174 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lai, Poh C. Verfasser (DE-588)133236951 aut Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis Poh-Chin Lai ; Fun-Mun So ; Ka-Wing Chan Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2009 XX, 174 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geografie Epidemiologic Methods Geographic Information Systems Geographic information systems Geography Medical geography Medical mapping Epidemiographie (DE-588)4234133-4 gnd rswk-swf Epidemiographie (DE-588)4234133-4 s b DE-604 So, Fun-Mun Verfasser aut Chan, Ka-Wing Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016592002&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016592002&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Lai, Poh C. So, Fun-Mun Chan, Ka-Wing Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis Geografie Epidemiologic Methods Geographic Information Systems Geographic information systems Geography Medical geography Medical mapping Epidemiographie (DE-588)4234133-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4234133-4 |
| title | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| title_auth | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| title_exact_search | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| title_full | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis Poh-Chin Lai ; Fun-Mun So ; Ka-Wing Chan |
| title_fullStr | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis Poh-Chin Lai ; Fun-Mun So ; Ka-Wing Chan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis Poh-Chin Lai ; Fun-Mun So ; Ka-Wing Chan |
| title_short | Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| title_sort | spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis |
| topic | Geografie Epidemiologic Methods Geographic Information Systems Geographic information systems Geography Medical geography Medical mapping Epidemiographie (DE-588)4234133-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Epidemiologic Methods Geographic Information Systems Geographic information systems Geography Medical geography Medical mapping Epidemiographie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016592002&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016592002&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT laipohc spatialepidemiologicalapproachesindiseasemappingandanalysis AT sofunmun spatialepidemiologicalapproachesindiseasemappingandanalysis AT chankawing spatialepidemiologicalapproachesindiseasemappingandanalysis |