As the Romans did: a sourcebook in Roman social history
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York
Oxford University Press
2022
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| Ausgabe: | Third edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLIV, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, genealogische Tafeln |
| ISBN: | 9780190072131 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Figures, Charts, and Maps xxxix Preface to the Third Edition xli Acknowledgments xlv About the Authors xlvii Introduction i Roman Ideals 2 Horatius at the Bridge 2 1 Livy, A History ofRome 2.10 3 Veturia outside the Walls 4 2 Livy, A History of Rome 2.40 5 I . THE STRUCTURE OF ROMAN SOCIETY 7 Social Structure 7 Rule by “the Best Men” 11 3 Cicero, About the Republic 1.34.52-53 12 Definitions of Justice and Law 13 4 Cicero, About the Republic 3.22.33 13 5 The Digest of Laws 1.1.10 (Ulpian) 14 Discrimination in Assigning Penalties 14 6 FIRA 2, p. 405 (Paulus, Opinions 5.i9-i9a) 15 7 FIRA 2, p. 407 (Paulus, Opinions 5.22.1-2) 15 Paternalism and Patronage 15 Patrician and Plebeian 17 8 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.9-10 17 Patrons and Clients in Republican Rome 17 9 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofMurena 70,71 18 Patrons and Clients in Imperial Rome 18 10 Seneca the Younger, Letters 19.4 18 Seeking a Handout 19 11 Martial Epigrams 6.88 19 PatronsandPatrons 19 12 Martial, Epigrams 5.22 19
ѴШ CONTENTS Rude Patrons 20 13 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about the Brevity of Life 14.4 20 Another Rude Patron 20 14 Pliny the Younger, Letters 2.6.1-2 20 No Free Lunches (or Dinners) 21 15 Juvenal, Satires 5.12-22, 24-25, 67-71 21 II. FAMILIES 22 Fathers 23 Patria Potestas 23 16 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.26-27 24 Horace’s Father 24 17 Horace, Satires 1.6.65-92 24 Quintilian’s Sons 25 18 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 6. Preface 6-11 25 Cicero’s Grief 26 19 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 12.46 27 Marcus Cornelius Statius and His Father 27 Image 2.1 Sarcophagus of Marcus Cornelius Statius 27 Mothers 28 The Ideal 28 20 Tacitus, A Biography ofAgricola 4.2-4 28 Memory of a Warm Moment 29 21 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 4.6 29 Maternal Tenderness 29 22 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 2.5 30 A Mother’s Concern 30 23 BGU 380 30 An Ungrateful Son 31 24 Sammelbuch 6263 (Select Papyri 121) 31 Blended Families 31 Step-Parents 31 25 Seneca the Younger, Consolation to His Mother Helviä 2.4 31 Brothers and Sisters 31 Brotherly Love 32 26 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 1.3.3 32 Sisterly Affection 32 27 Seneca the Younger, Consolation to His Mother Helviä 19.1-3 32 Producing a Family 32 Fertility 32
ix Contents 28 Soranus, Gynecology 1.34.1, 1.36.1-2 33 Birth Announcements 33 29 CIL 4.294· 8149 33 30 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.2.1 34 Miscarriage 34 31 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.10 34 Infant Deaths 34 32 CIL 6.19159 (ILS 8005) 35 Commemoration of a Child 35 Image 2.2 Sarcophagus Relief of an Infant’s First Bath 35 Birth Contro! 35 Contraception 36 33 Soranus, Gynecology 1.60.4,1.61.1-3 36 34 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.27.85 36 Abortion 36 35 Soranus, Gynecology 1.64.1-2,1.65.1-7 37 36 Ovid, Love Affairs 2.14.5-10,19-20, 27-28,35-40 37 Exposure 37 37 Oxyrhynchus Papyri (P. Oxy.) 744 (Select Papyri 105) 38 38 Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.669-684,704-706 38 Encouraging Fertility 39 lhe Legislation of Augustus 39 39 ADA, pp. 174,184,187 39 40 Dio Cassius, Roman History 54.16.1-2 39 41 Tacitus, Annals 3.25 40 Adoption 40 An Adoption Agreement 40 42 P. Oxy. 1206 (Select Papyri 10) 40 Giving Away One’s Child 41 43 P. Oxy. 1895 (Select Papyri 11) 41 Raising Children 41 Filial Obedience 42 44 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Kindness 3.38.2 42 Spoiled Brats 42 45 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 2.21.1-6 42 Advice about Parental Severity 43 46 Pliny the Yöunger, Letters 9.12 43 Nurses 43 47 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.1.4-5 44 48 Pliny the Younger, Letters 6.3 44
X CONTENTS Paedagogues 44 49 Cicero, An Essay about Friendship 20.74 45 A Persistent Paedagogue 45 50 Martial, Epigrams 11.39 45 Guardians 46 Appointing Guardians 46 51 Ulpian, Rules 11.1, 21, 27, 28 46 Orphans 46 An Appeal for Help 46 52 Les Papyrus Bouriant (P. Bour.) 25 (Select Papyri 165) 47 Welfare Assistance 47 Public Assistance 47 53 The Law Code of Theodosius 11.27.1 47 Trajan’s Charity 48 Image 2.3 Relief from the Arch of Trajan at Beneventum 48 Private Charity 48 54 CIL 8.1641 (ILS 6818) 49 III. MARRIAGE 50 The Age of Marriage Partners 50 Child Brides 50 55 CIL 1.2.1221 (ILS 7472) 51 Arranged Marriages 51 Matchmakers 51 56 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.14 51 Weddings 54 A Wedding Song 54 57 Catullus, Poems 61.1-5, n-20,56-75,96-100,106-110,116- 130,151-160,171-175,181-185,211-225,230-235 54 A Marriage Contract 58 58 BGU1052 (Select Papyri 3) 59 Expectations of Marriage 59 59 Plutarch, Moral Advice 139 D, F; 140 A 59 Harmonious Marriage 60 Image 3.1 Sarcophagus of Married Couple 60 Wives 60 The Duties of a Wife 60 60 CIL 1.2.1211 (ILS 8403) 61
xi Contents A Perfect Marriage 6ı 61 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.5.1-2 6ı Calpurnia, Pliny’s Wife 62 62 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.19.2-4 62 63 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.5 62 Quintilian’s Wife 63 64 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 6. Preface 4-5 63 Love for a Wife 63 65 CIL 13.1983 (ILS 8158) 63 A Good Wife 64 66 CIL 1.2.1221 (ILS 7472) 64 Image 3.2 Tombstone of Lucius Aurelius Hermia and Aurelia Philematium 64 Husbands 65 Battered Wives 65 67 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Words 6.3.9 65 Wife-Beating 65 68 Augustine, Confessions 9.9 66 Love for a Husband 66 69 CIL 6.18817 (ILS 8006) 66 In-Laws 66 Family Intervention 66 70 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.5.1 67 71 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.1.3-4 67 Divorce 68 A Divorce Agreement 68 72 BGU1103 (Select Papyri 6) 68 Response to Divorce 69 73 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 6.3.8 69 Adultery 69 Where to Meet 70 74 Ovid, The Art ofLove 1.135-163 70 Deceiving One’s Husband 71 75 Ovid, Love Affairs 1.4.1-6,9-11,15-28,35-54,63-70 71 Poems to a Mistress 72 76 Catullus, Poems 5,51 72 Another Perspective 73 77 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofCaelius 20.48-49 73 Laws to Control Adultery 74
XII CONTENTS 78 ADA pp. 113-116,123,126 74 Augustus’s Own Behavior 75 79 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Augustus 62-63, 69 75 IV. HOUSING AND CITY LIFE 77 Single-Family Houses in the City 77 Designs for City Houses 77 80 Vitruvius, On Architecture 6.3.3-8, 6.4.1-2, 6.5.1-2 79 A House at Pompeii 82 Image 4.1 House of Paquius Proculus 82 Apartments 82 Complaints from an Apartment Dweller 82 81 Juvenal, Satires 3.193-202 83 A Dingy Apartment 83 82 Martial, Epigrams 8.14.5-6 83 Apartment Buildings 84 Image 4.2 The Trellis House 84 Image 4.3 Artist’s Rendition of a Roman Insula 85 A Landlord’s Problems 85 83 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 14.9 85 House Prices 85 The High Cost of Living in Rome 85 84 Juvenal, Satires 3.223-225 86 Rental Advertisements 86 Shops and Apartments for Rent 86 85 CIL 4.138 (ILS 6035) 86 86 CIL 4.1136 (ILS 5723) 86 Homeowner’s Insurance 86 Fire Insurance 86 87 Martial, Epigrams 3.52 87 The Benefits of City Life 87 Aqueducts 87 88 Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome 2.103,124, 126-127 87 Roads, Sewers, and the Campus Martius 89 89 Strabo, Geography Book 5.3.8 89 The Streets of Herculaneum 90 Image 4.4 Street Scene with the Insula Orientalis on the Decumanus Maximus 90 Toilets 91
xiii Contents 90 CIL 4.4957 91 Roads 91 91 CIL 3.8267 (ILS 5863) 92 92 LAnnee Epigraphique 17 (1904) 21 92 Ihe Problems of City Life 92 Crowds, Traffic, and Muggers 92 93 Juvenal, Satires 3.232-248, 254-261,268-314 92 Noise 94 94 Martial, Epigrams 12.57.1-14,18-21, 24-28 94 Theft 95 95 CIL 4.64 95 Burglary 95 96 Tebtunis Papyri (P. Tebt.) 330 95 Neighbors 95 97 Martial, Epigrams 1.86 96 Housing in Rural Areas 96 Farm Houses 96 98 Columella, On Agriculture 1.6.1-11,18-24 96 Vacation Villas 99 99 Pliny the Younger, Letters 2.17 100 V. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL CONCERNS 105 Meals 105 Bread, the Staff of Life 106 Image 5.1 Oven and Mill from the Bakery of Modestus 106 Image 5.2 Carbonized Loaf of Bread 107 A Peasant’s Dinner 108 100 Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.630-634,646-650,664-668,674-678 108 A Modest Dinner 109 101 Martial, Epigrams 5.78 109 Dinner at Home 110 Image 5.3 Tombstone of Gaius Julius Maternus 110 A Dinner Invitation 111 102 Martial, Epigrams 11.52 ш A Rejected Host 111 103 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.15 112 Recipe for Fish Sauce 112 104 Geoponica 20.46.1-5 113 Numidian Chicken 114
XIV CONTENTS 105 Apicius, Cookbook 6.9.4 114 Rabbit with Fruit Sauce 114 106 Apicius, Cookbook 8.8.13 114 Liver Sausage 114 107 Apicius, Cookbook 2.1.4 114 Anchovy Delight without the Anchovies 115 108 Apicius, Cookbook 4.2.12 115 Sweet and Sour Pork 115 109 Apicius, Cookbook 4.3.6 115 Illness 115 Dysentery 116 110 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 7.26 116 Asthma 116 111 Seneca the Younger, Letters 54.1-4,6-7 116 Medical Treatments 117 Jaundice 118 112 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.64.227 118 Broken Bones 118 113 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.65.227 118 Strains and Bruises 118 114 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.72.237-238 118 Doctors 119 Medical Training 119 115 Martial, Epigrams 5.9 119 Change of Profession 119 116 Martial, Epigrams 1.47 119 117 Martial, Epigrams 8.74 119 Distrust of Doctors 120 118 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.8.16-18 120 Medical Professions 121 Image 5.4 Funerary Reliefs of Midwife and Doctor 121 Midwives 122 119 Soranus, Gynecology 1.2.4 122 Life Expectancy 122 Lutatia Secundina 123 120 CIL 6.21738 123 Magnilla 123 121 CIL 6.21846 123
xv Contents Mercurius 123 122 CIL 6.22417 123 Firminus 124 123 CIL 6.21874 124 Death 124 Death Notices 124 124 CIL 4.9116 124 Cicero’s Grief 124 125 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 12.15 124 Condolences 125 126 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 4.5.1,4-6 125 Funerary Laws and Funerals 127 Funerary Laws 127 127 FIRA 2, pp. 334-335 (Paulus, Opinions 1.21.2-5, 8-14) 127 Curses on Tomb Violators 128 128 CIL 6.36467 (ILS 8184) 128 Funerals 128 129 Polybius, History of the World 6.53.1-6.54.3 129 A Funeral Club 130 130 CIL 14.2112 (ILS 7212) 131 Final Words: An Epitaph 132 131 CIL 5.2893 (ILS 8164) 133 Personal Messages 133 The Walls of Pompeii 133 132 CIL 4-6702,1842, 5305,1321,3794, 8417, 6701, 813,4993,4917,10231 133 133 CIL 4.2409a, 3061,1650,1937,116,8972, 8162,1926, 5112, 5279,9123 133 134 CIL 4.7086,3117,4498,1951,5251, 2175, 2246,4091,1649, 8408,1837,1904 134 VI. EDUCATION 135 The Roman Ideal 135 A Traditional Education 135 135 Plutarch, The Life of Marcus Cato 20.4-7 136 A Child’s Early Years 137 The Role of the Parents 137 136 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.1.6-8,15-17,20 137 A Parent’s Hopes 138 Image 6.1 Detail from a Child’s Sarcophagus 138 Teachers and Schools 139
XV! CONTENTS Private Tutors 139 137 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 2.4.2 139 Orbilius, the Schoolteacher 139 138 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 9 140 Corporal Punishment 141 139 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.3.13-14 141 A Schoolteacher’s Hours 141 140 Martial, Epigrams 9.68 142 A Schoolteacher’s Salary 142 141 Juvenal, Satires 7.215-243 142 Incentives for Learning 143 142 Horace, Satires 1.1.25-26 144 Book Awards 144 143 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 17 144 An Endowment for a School 144 144 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.13.3-10 144 A Letter Home 146 145 Sammelbuch 6262 (Select Papyri 133) 146 The Litterator 146 A Day in the Life of a Schoolboy 146 146 Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum III, pp. 645-647 (Colloquia Monacensia) 147 Writing Equipment 148 Image 6.2 Wall Painting of Terentius Neo and His Wife 148 Morals and Memorization 149 147 Catalogue of the Literary Papyri in the British Museum 149 (Inv. No. Add. MS 34186, part 1) 149 An Arithmetic Lesson 149 148 Horace, Epistles 2.3.325-330 149 Enough Education for the Average Man 150 149 Petronius, Satyricon 58.7 150 Vocational Training 150 Apprenticeship to a Weaver 151 150 Wisconsin Papyri 16.4 151 Career Choice 152 151 Lucian, The Dream 1-4 152 Girls at Work 152 152 CIL 6.9213 (ILS 7691), 6.9731 152 The Grammaticus 153
xvii Contents Curriculum 153 153 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.4.1-5 i53 The School of the Grammaticus 154 Image 6.3 Tombstone Relief of School Scene 154 The Rhetor 154 The Good Old Days 154 154 Tacitus, Á Dialogue on Orators 34.1-6 155 Classroom Exercises 156 155 Seneca the Elder, Suasoriae 3, 6,7 156 156 Seneca the Elder, Controversiae 1.1,1.2,1.6,10.3 157 Pity the Teacher 158 157 Juvenal, Satires 7.150-154 158 Criticism of the Rhetor’s Exercises 158 158 Tacitus, A Dialogue on Orators 35.1,3-5 159 Criticism of the “New Style” 159 159 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 8. Preface 22-26; 12.10.73 159 The Ideal Orator 160 160 Cicero, About the Orator 1.16-20 161 A Year Abroad 162 Studying in Athens 162 161 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 16.21 162 VII. OCCUPATIONS 165 The Day’s Activities 165 Dividing Up the Day 165 162 Aquilius (O. Ribbeck, Scaenicorum Romanorum Fragmenta 1.33) 166 City Life 166 163 Martial, Epigrams 4.8.1-6 167 Working for a Living 167 Scorn for the Working Class 167 164 Cicero, An Essay about Duties 1.42, 2.25 168 Tradesmen and Craftsmen 169 165 Plautus, The Pot of Gold 505-522 169 A Produce Seller 170 Image 7.1 Relief of a Vegetable and Flower Merchant 170 Workers 171 166 CIL 4.206,113, 710,960, 826, 864,336,677,743,497,7164, 7273,373,7473,490, 6672 (ILS 6411c, 6412a, 6419c, 6419d, 6423,6425, 6426, 6428a, 6428b, 6429) 172
XVIII CONTENTS Pride of Workmanship 172 167 CIL 1.2.2437 (ЉЅ 9444), 406, 2489 172 Temporary Employment 173 168 Petronius, Satyrkon 117.11-12 173 Wage and Price Control 173 169 CIL 3, pp. 805, 806, 808-809 174 A Butcher’s Shop 177 Image 7.2 Relief of a Butcher and His Wife 177 The Grain Dole 177 170 Tacitus, Annals, 6.13,12.43 V^ Business and Investments 179 The Roman Attitude toward Profit 180 171 CIL 10.874,10.875 180 Traders 180 172 Cicero, Speech in Defense of Fonteius 11 181 Rome, the Center of Trade 181 173 Aelius Aristides, In Praise of Rome 200-201 (349-351) 181 Moneylending 182 174 FIRA 3, p. 393 (CIL 3, pp. 934-935) 183 Loan Companies 183 175 FIRA 3, p. 481 (CIL 3, pp. 950-951, 2215) 183 War Bonds 184 176 Livy, A History of Rome 31.13 184 Cato’s Financial Activities 186 177 Plutarch, The Life ofMarcus Cato 21.1,3,5-7 186 A Real Estate Speculator 186 178 Plutarch, The Life of Crassus 1,2.1-6 187 A Government Construction Contract 189 179 Remains of Old Latin 4, pp. 274-278 (CIL 1.2.698) 189 A Government Contract for Military Provisions 189 180 Lity, A History ofRome 23.48.4-6,10-12; 23.49.1-3 190 Contract Fraud 191 181 Livy, A History ofRome 25.3.9-13 191 Government Contracts for Tax Collection 191 182 Greek Papyri in the British Museum (P. Land.) 904, lines 18-38 (Select Papyri 220) 192 183 New Testament, Luke 2.1-5 192 Moneylending in the Provinces 193
xix Contents 184 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.16.2 193 Kingmakers 193 185 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofRabirius Postumus 2.4-3.5 194 Activities of the Senatorial Class 194 Pliny the Younger’s Investments 194 186 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.19 195 Pliny the Younger’s Activities 196 187 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.9 198 Agriculture 198 An Attempt at Land Reform 201 188 Appian, The Civil Wars 1.1.7,9-ю, 11 202 A Farmer’s Toil 205 Image 7.3 Mosaic of a Farmer 205 Tillers of the Fields 205 189 Varro, On Agriculture 1.17.2-3 206 Tenant Farmers 206 190 Columella, On Agriculture 1.7.1-3,6-7 207 Sharecroppers 208 191 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.37 208 A Farmer’s Life 209 192 Moretum (anonymous) 1-24,27,29-37,52-54,117-122 209 Shepherds 211 193 Varro, On Agriculture 2.10.1-3 211 Harassment of Shepherds 212 194 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 2.12 212 Farmers and Heroes 212 195 Cicero, An Essay on Old Age 16.55-56 213 Retreat from Reality 213 196 Horace, Epodes 2.1-16,23-26 214 The Romantic Vision 214 197 Tibullus, Elegies 1.1.1,5-8,25-32,43-46 214 The Country Mouse and the City Mouse 215 198 Horace, Satires 2.6.79-117 215 VIIL ENSLAVED PERSONS 217 Enslavement 217 Captives of War 217 199 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World 23.18.4-5 218
XX CONTENTS Enslaving People 218 Image 8.1 The Gemma Augustea 218 Selling Enslaved Persons 219 Regulations 219 200 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4.2.1 219 Buying Enslaved Persons 219 A Contract for the Sale of an Enslaved Person 219 201P. Oxy. 95 {Select Papyri 32) 219 A Friend’s Advice 220 202 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.21 220 Renting Enslaved Persons 220 A Contract for the Rental of an Enslaved Person 220 203 The Wisconsin Papyri (P. Wise.) 16.5 220 Enslaved Persons in the City and on the Farm 221 Enslaved Persons in the Household 223 204 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Peace of Mind 8.8 223 Adjusting to Enslavement 223 205 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 3.29.1-2 223 Duties of Enslaved Persons 224 Image 8.2 Painting of Lovers and Enslaved Woman from the House of Caecilius lucundus 224 Enslaved Persons Owned by the State 224 206 Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome 2.116,117 224 Choosing Enslaved Persons for the Farm 225 207 Columella, On Agriculture ւ.8.ւ֊շ, 5,6,9-10,11,16,18,19 225 Enslaved Persons on the Farm and a Frugal Owner 226 208 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 2,56-59 227 Managing Enslaved Persons 229 209 Varro, On Agriculture 1.17.1,3-5,7 229 Enslaved Persons in the Mines 230 Spanish Silver Mines 230 210 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World 5.38.1 230 Enslaved Persons in a Mill 230 A Flour Mill 230 211 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9.12 230 Cruelty to Enslaved Persons 231 Flogging 232 212 Martial, Epigrams 3.94 232 Sadism 232
xxi Contents 213 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 9-Ì9-77 232 Brutality 232 214 Juvenal, Satires 6.475-476, 480-484, 490-493 23Յ Cruel Laws 233 215 Tacitus, Annals 14.42-45 234 Flight 235 Collars for Enslaved Persons 235 Image 8.3 Tag for an Enslaved Person 236 216 CIL 15.7194 (ILS 8731) 236 217 CIL 15.7172 (ILS 8727) 237 A Search for a Fugitive Enslaved Person 237 218 Petronius, Satyricon 97.1-8,98.1 237 Revolts by Enslaved Persons 238 Revolt within the Household 238 219 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.14 238 A Widespread Revolt 239 220 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World, fragments of Book 34.2 240 Gentler Treatment 241 Benevolence 242 221 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.16 242 A Stoic View of Slavery 243 222 Seneca the Younger, Letters 47 243 Laws to Curb Cruelty 246 223 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Claudius 25.2 246 Hadrian’s Legislation 246 224 Scriptores Históriáé Augustae (Aelius Spartianus, The Life of Hadrian) 18.7-11 246 Reiteration 247 225 The Digest of Laws 48.8.11 (Modestinus) 247 Humane Interpretation of the Laws 247 226 The Digest of Laws 50.17.32 (Ulpian) 247 Enslaved Families 248 227 The Law Code of Theodosius 2.25.1 248 IX. FREĘDPERSONS 249 Reasons for Manumission 250 Recognition of Talent 252 228 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 16.16 252 Recognition of Intelligence 252
ХХП CONTENTS 229 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 27 252 Freeing Possible Witnesses 253 230 Cicero, Speech in Defense of Milo 57, 58 253 Adoption 253 231 CIL 3.14206.21 (ILS 7479) 254 Marriage 254 232 The Digest of Laws 23.2.28 (Marcianus), 29 (Ulpian) 254 Criticism of the Manumission Process 254 233 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.24.4-8 255 Roman Attitudes toward Freedpersons 256 The Stereotype of the Wealthy Freedman 257 234 Petronius, Satyricon 26.9; 32.1-3; 37.1-6, 8-9; 38.6-7; 46.3,5-8; 57; 71.1-4; 75-8-11; 76.1-9; 77-4 6 257 Resentment 261 235 Martial, Epigrams 10.76 261 Prejudice against Foreigners 262 23Ճ Juvenal, Satires 3.58-65,69-78, 81-87,100-106 262 Freedpersons and the Job Market 263 Construction Work 263 237 CIL 9.1721 (ILS 7668) 263 Herald 263 238 CIL 1.2.1210 (ILS 1932) 263 Teacher 264 239 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 13 264 Slaughterer 264 240 CIL 1.2.1604 (ibS 7642) 264 Maid 264 241 CIL 1.2.2273 (If-S 8417) 264 Freedpersons and Their Patrons 265 Legal Obligations 265 242 The Digest of Laws 38.1.17 (Paulus), 18 (Paulus), 19 (Gaius), 35 (Paulus) 265 The Ideal Freedman 265 243 CIL 6.22355a (ILS 7695) 265 A Troubled Relationship 266 244 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.21.1-3,9.24 266 A Generous Patron 266 245 CIL 14.2298 (ILS 1949) 266 Another Kind Patron 267
xxiii Contents 246 CIL 14.4827 267 Selective Kindness 267 247 CIL 6.11027 (ILS 8285) 267 Private and Social Life 268 A Life Story 268 248 CIL 11.137 (fbS 1980) 268 Friendship between Freedpersons 268 249 CIL 6.22355a (ILS 8432) 268 Freedpersons and Family 269 Image 9.1 Funerary Relief Depicting Lucius Vettius Alexander, Vettia Hospita, and Their Children 269 Mother and Daughter 270 250 CIL 1.2.1837 270 Seeking Respectability 270 251 CIL 11.5400 (ILS 7812) 270 Self-Presentation 271 Image 9.2 Funerary Relief of Lucius Ampudius Philomusus with His Wife and Daughter 271 X. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 272 The Assemblies 272 The Comitia 274 252 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 15.27.5 274 Comitia and Concilium: Some Differences 275 253 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 15.27.4 275 Lex and Plebiscitum 276 254 Gaius, Institutes 1.3 276 Contio 276 255 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofFlaccus 15-16 277 Magistrates 277 The Functions of the Magistrates 278 256 Cicero, A Book about Constitutions 3.3.6-9 278 The Titles of the Magistrates 280 257 Varro, A Book about the Latin Language 5.14.80-82 280 The Development of the Magistracies 281 258 The Digest of Laws 1.2.16-28 (Pomponius) 281 Monarchical Power and Republican Magistrates 283 Image 10.1 Silver Denarius Minted by Marcus Junius Brutus 283
XXIV CONTENTS The Duties of the Consuls 283 259 Polybius, History of the World 6.12.1-9 283 The Responsibilities of a Magistrate 284 260 Cicero, An Essay about Duties 1.34.124, 2.21.73, 2.22.78, 79, 2,23.84, 2.24.85 285 Friends in Power 286 261 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 1.24-25 286 Abuse of Power 287 262 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4.14 288 Political Campaigns 288 Planning a Campaign 289 263 Quintus Tullius Cicero, Some Thoughts about Political Campaigns 1.1-5; 8.29-31» ՅՅ; 9-34-38; 11.41-45; 12-48; 13-53; 14-54-55 290 Campaign Literature 295 264 CIL 4.275, 635,787,7866, 7221, 6625,920, 3775,429, 7872,7873, 7874· 1147, 581, 576, 575, 2887 295 Election Endorsements 296 Image 10.2 Electoral Endorsements Painted on the Wall of a Pompeian caupona (CIL 4.7872,7873, 7874) 296 The Senate 297 The Senate in the Republican Period 297 265 Polybius, History of the World 6.13.1-14.2,15.2-9, 17.1-9 298 The Senate and the People 300 266 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofSestius 45.96,97; 48.103 301 The Senate and the Equestrians 302 267 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.17.8, 9 302 Government in the Early Imperial Period 303 The Powers of Augustus 303 268 Dio Cassius, Roman History 53.12.1-3,16.1, 6-8, 17.1-11,18.1-3,19.1, 21.3, 21.6-7 304 The Prefect of the City 307 269 The Digest of Laws 1.12.1,11-13 (Ulpian) 308 Careers in the Government 308 270 CIL 10.7584 (ILS 1359) 309 271 CIL 14.2922 (ILS 1420) 309 The End of Popular Elections 310 272 Tacitus, Annals 1.15 311 Freedom of Speech 311 273 Catullus, Poems 93,57 312
xxv Contents 274 Epictetus, Lectures Collected by Arrian 4.13.5 312 The Emperor and the Senate 312 275 BGU 611 313 The Benefits of Imperial Rule 314 276 Strabo, Geography Book 6.4.2 (end) 314 277 Velleius Paterculus, A History of Rome 2.126.2-5 34 Legislation 315 Roman Self-Styling 317 278 Vergil, Aeneid 6.847-853 317 Sources of Legislation 317 279 Gaius, Institutes 1.2-7 317 Categories 318 280 The Digest of Laws 1.1.2-4 (Ulpian) 318 281 Gaius, Institutes 1.1 319 282 The Digest of Laws 1.1.6 (Ulpian) 319 Definitions 319 283 The Digest of Laws 1.1.1 (Ulpian) 320 Equity 320 284 The Digest of Laws 50.17.90 (Paulus) 320 285 The Digest ofLaws 50.16.6 (Ulpian) 320 286 The Digest of Laws 50.16.219 (Papinianus) 320 287 The Digest ofLaws 1.3.17,18 (Celsus) 320 288 The Digest of Laws 50.17.56 (Gaius) 321 289 The Digest of Laws 48.19.5 (Ulpian) 321 290 The Digest ofLaws 22.3.2 (Paulus) 321 The Force of Custom 321 291 The Digest of Laws 1.3.32 (Julian) 321 XL THE ROMAN ARMY 322 The Army during the Republican Period 322 The Army before Marius’s Reforms 324 292 Polybius, History of the World 6.22.1-24.9,26.5, 26.5, 26.7, 31.10-14, 33-6, 33-7, 33-12,34-5-11, 37.1-39.12, 39.14 325 A Good Republican Soldier 330 293 Livy, A History of Rome 42.34 331 A Triumph 332 294 Zonaras, Epitome 7.21 332 The Army during the Imperial Period 334
XXVI CONTENTS Reasons for the Army’s Success 334 295 Josephus, A History of the Jewish War 3.71-97,104-105,107-108 335 Enlistment 337 296 P. Oxy. 1022 {Select Papyri 421) 338 Training 338 297 Vegetius, A Book about Military Affairs 1.1.9-11,14,18,19, 21; 2.23, 25 338 Discipline 340 298 The Digest of Laws 49.16.3.10 (Modestinus) 340 299 The Digest of Laws 49.16.3.15 (Modestinus) 341 300 The Digest of Laws 49.16.6.2-3 (Arrius Menander) 341 Pay Records 341 301 Les Papyrus de Genève inv. Lat. 1 recto (part 1) (Roman Military Records 68) 341 Supply and Service Troops 342 302 The Digest ofLaws 50.6.7 (Tarruntenus Paternus) 342 A Letter Home 342 303 BGH 423 (Select Papyri 112) 343 A Letter of Recommendation 343 304 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.22 343 Image 11.1 Letter from Apion 344 How to Advance Quickly 345 305 Papyri in the University of Michigan Collection (P. Mich.) 8.468 (35 if.) 345 Soldiers and the Emperor 345 306 TLS 9134, 2487 346 A Mutiny 346 307 Tacitus, Annals 1.17, 20,23,32,35 346 The Height of Recruits 348 308 Vegetius, A Book about Military Affairs 1.5 349 309 The Law Code of Theodosius 7.13.3 349 Avoiding the Draft 349 310 The Law Code of Theodosius 7.13.10 349 Soldiers and Civilians 350 311 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9.39,10.13 350 Requisitions 351 312 Epictetus, Letters Collected by Arrian 4.1.79 351 Military Justice 351 313 Juvenal, Satires 16.7-14,20-23,27-34 351 Life on the Frontier 352 314 CIL 7.229 352 Retirement in the Provinces 352
xxvii Contents 315 CIL 13.1906 (ILS 7531) 352 Life and Death of a Veteran 353 Image 11.2 Tombstone of Julius Aventinus, Veteran of the Legion I Minervia 353 The Danube Frontier 353 316 CIL 3.3676 (ILS 2558) 354 Roman Families in Britain 354 317 Vindolanda, inv. no. 85/57 (Bowman and Thomas 1987, no. 5) 354 XII. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION 355 Governing the Provinces 355 Image 12.1 Aureus Showing Hadrian on Obverse and Africa with Elephant Scalp on Reverse 358 Provincial Resources and Roman Perceptions 358 Grain for Rome 358 Image 12.2 Mosaic Depicting the Measurement of Grain 359 The Theory of Provincial Administration 359 318 The Digest of Law 1.18.6,13 (Ulpian) 359 The Publican Problem 360 319 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 1.1.11.32-12.35 360 Cicero as Governor 361 320 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.16.2-3,5.21.7 362 The Noble Brutus 363 321 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.21.10-12; 6.1.3-6,16 363 A Most Unscrupulous Governor 366 322 Cicero, The Prosecution of Verres 1:1-3,10-15,18-20, 22-23; 2(і):з2֊зз, 63-67, 69,72,74-76; 2(2)168-71,74-75,120-121,169-170,186-188,190-191; 2(з)=5б-58, 100-101, 103,188-189; 2(4):!. 4, 7 49; 2(5):139 147 160-162,169-170 367 Fear of Rebellion 379 323 Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.33-34 380 Hatred of Roman Rule 381 324 Tacitus, A Biography ofAgricola 29-31 382 The Benefits of Roman Rule 383 325 Tacitus, Histories 4.74 383 Roman Shoes at the Edge of the Empire 384 Image 12.3 Roman Shoe (Carbatina) from the Site of Vindolanda 384 XIII. WOMEN IN ROM AN SOCIET Y 385 Childhood 386 Little Women 386
XXVIII CONTENTS 326 Pliny the Younger, Letters 5.16.1-7 386 Toys for Girls 387 Image 13.1 Ivory Doll, Second Century ad 387 Single Women 388 327 Catullus, Poems 62.57-65 388 Life Expectancy 388 A Brief Life 388 328 CIL 3.3572 388 Commemorating an Untimely Death 389 Image 13.2 Funerary Altar of Minicia Marcella 389 Death in Childbirth 390 329 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.21.1-2 390 Femicide 390 330 CIL 13.2182 391 Praiseworthy Behavior 391 The Virtues of Women 391 331 CIL 6.10230 (ILS 8394) 391 An Outstanding Example of Pietas 392 332 CIL 6.1527,31670 (ILS 8393) 392 Emotional Control 395 333 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.16.3-6 395 Loyalty 396 334 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.19.1,3,4, 6 396 Patience 397 335 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Words 6.7.1-3 397 Tidy Appearance 397 Image 13.3 Relief of Woman with Hairdressers 398 Unacceptable Behavior 399 Scandalous Conduct 399 336 Sallust, The Catilinarian Conspiracy 25 399 Women and Politics 400 337 Livy, A History ofRome 34.2.1-2, 8-11,14 400 Women and Too Much Education 401 338 Juvenal, Satires 6.434-456 401 Women and Luxuries 402 339 Juvenal, Satires 6.286-295,298-300 402 Women and Theatrical Performances 402 340 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.24.1,4-5 403
xxix Contents Women and Vanity 403 341 Ovid, Love Affairs 1.14.1-18, 27-28, 43-46 403 Hysteria 404 Symptoms 405 342 Aretaeus, Medical Writings 2.11.1-3, 6.10.1-4 405 Causes and Cures 406 343 Soranus, Gynecology 3.26,3.28.2,3.29.5 406 Women at Work 407 A Dressmaker 407 344 CIL 6.9980 (ILS 7428) 407 A Hairdresser 407 345 CIL 6.9732 (ILS 7420a) 407 A Fishmonger 407 346 CIL 6.9801 (ILS 7500) 408 Farm Women 408 347 Columella, On Agriculture 12.3.5-6, 8-9 408 Companions to Shepherds 409 348 Varro, Ом Agriculture 2.10.6 409 XIV. LEISURE AND ENTERTAINMENT 410 Leisure Activities 410 The Pleasures of Life 411 349 CIL 6.15258 (ILS 8157) 411 350 CIL 8.17938 411 Gambling and Gaming 411 351 Poetae Latini Minores 4.132 (p. ligf. = Carmina xii Sapientium) 412 Athletic Activities 412 352 Strabo, Geography Book 5.3.8 413 Baths 413 The Good Old Days 414 353 Seneca the Younger, Letters 86.1,4-6, 8,11,12 414 Living above a Public Bath Building 416 354 Seneca the Younger, Letters 56.1-2 417 The Design of a Bath Building 417 355 Lucian, The Baths 5-8 417 Dinner Parties 418 Fishing for a Dinner Invitation 419 356 Martial, Epigrams 12.82 419
XXX CONTENTS An Early Dinner Guest 419 357 Martial, Epigrams 8.67 419 A Thrifty Man 420 358 Martial, Epigrams 5.47 420 Roman Doggy Bags 420 359 Martial, Epigrams 2.37 420 A Shameless Guest 421 360 Martial, Epigrams 7.20 421 A Napkin Thief 421 361 Catullus, Poems 12 421 A Rude Host 422 362 Martial, Epigrams 10.49 422 House of the Moralist 422 363 CIL 4-7698 423 Recitations 423 The Persistent Poet 423 364 Martial, Epigrams 3.44,3.50 423 The Popularity of Recitations 424 365 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.13 424 A Recitation at Pliny’s House 425 366 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.21 425 Hunting and Literary Studies 426 Pliny’s Hunting Expedition 426 367 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.6 427 A Day in the Country 427 368 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 4.5 428 Travel 429 Along the Appian Way 430 369 Horace, Satires 1.5.1-33,37-51,70-97,104 430 Hotel Sign 433 370 CIL 4.807 (ILS 6036) 433 Hotel Bars 434 371 CIL 4.1679 434 Dishonest Innkeepers 434 372 CIL 4.3948 434 Hotel Prostitutes 434 373 CIL 9.2689 (ILS 7478) 434 Homesickness 435
xxxi Contents 374 CIL 4.1227 435 Loneliness 435 375 CIL 4.2146 435 No Trespassing 435 376 CIL 1.2.1831 {ILS 6 012) 435 The Ancient Jet Set 435 377 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Peace of Mind 2.13 436 Spectacles 436 Caesar’s Games 438 378 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Julius Caesar 10 439 Nero’s Games 439 379 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Nero 11-12 440 Political Wisdom 441 380 Fronto, Elements of History 18 442 The Road to Decadence 443 381 Tacitus, Annals 14.20 445 Circus Events 446 A Driver’s Winning Techniques 447 382 Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems 23.323-424 448 A Chariot Race 449 Image 14.1 Chariot Racing Mosaic 449 A Day at the Races 450 383 Ovid, Love Affairs 3.2.1-14,19-26,33-38,43-59, 61-84 450 Fanatical Fans 452 384 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.6 452 A Successful Driver 453 385 CIL 6.10048 {ILS 5287) 453 Cursing One’s Opponent 454 386 ILS 8753 455 A Young Driver 455 387 CIL 6.10050 {ILS 5285) 455 A Family of Drivers 456 388 CIL 6.10049 {ILS 5286) 456 A Famous Driver 457 389 Martial, Epigrams 10.53,10.50.5-8 457 Theater Events 458 The Problems of a Playwright 458 390 Terence, The Mother-in-Law 28-57 459
XXXII CONTENTS Pantomime 460 391 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10.30-32 460 Arena Events 461 Advertising Amphitheater Events 464 392 CIL 4.1190 465 393 CIL 4-3884 (ILS 5145) 465 Fight Statistics 465 394 CIL 4.8055 and 8056 465 A Combat of Gladiators 466 Image 14.2 Mosaic of Gladiators 466 Fans 467 395 CIL 4-4397 and 4356 (ILS 5142d) 467 An Unsympathetic Point of View 467 396 Petronius, Satyricon 45.11,12 467 A More Enlightened View 468 397 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 7.1.1-3 468 Rounding Up the Animals 469 398 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 8.9.3,2.11.2 469 The Harmful Results of Spectacles 470 399 Seneca the Younger, Letters 7.2-5 470 Escaping the Tortures of the Arena 471 400 Seneca the Younger, Letters 70.19-21,23 472 The Victim’s Perspective 472 401 [Quintilian], The Major Declamations 9.6 473 Fascination and Addiction 473 402 Augustine, Confessions 6.9 473 XV. RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY 475 Religion and Society 475 Roman Religiosity 477 403 Cicero, On the Response of the Haruspices 19 478 Religion and Roman Social Cohesion 478 404 Polybius, History of the World 6.56.6-9 478 Religion and Imperial Success 478 405 Minucius Felix, Octavius 6 479 Deities 479 “Major” Deities of Roman Public Religion 480 406 Cicero, A Book about Constitutions 2.19 480
xxxiii Contents Epithets 481 407 Cicero, About His House 144 481 408 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Augustus 91 482 “Minor” Deities with Specific Powers 482 409 Augustine, City of God 4.8 483 Deities of the Environment 484 410 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 139-140 484 411 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.8 485 Household Deities 486 412 Plautus, The Pot of Gold 1-27 486 A Lararium 487 Image 15.1 Lararium from the House of the Vettii 487 Worship on the Farm 488 413 Martial, Epigrams 10.92 488 Ancestral Deities 488 414 Plutarch, Moral Advice 267A-B 489 Imported Deities 489 415 Livy, A History of Rome 29.14.10-14 490 416 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 2.589, 608-614, 618-632 491 Welcoming the Gods of the Enemy 491 417 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.9.7-8 492 Deities in the Provinces 492 418 Année Epigraphique 1983,636 492 Emperors as Deities 493 Tiberius’s Resistance to Emperor-Worship 493 419 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 26 493 420 SEG 11.923 (Ehrenberg and Jones, Documents 102) 494 Ritual 494 Words and Actions 495 421 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.2.10-11 495 422 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.5.25 495 Prayer and Sacrifice 496 423 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 134 496 Acceptable Victims 497 424 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.5.8 497 425 Vergil, Aeneid 2.223-224 498 Ritual for Purification 498 426 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 141 498
XXXIV CONTENTS Ambarvalia 499 427 Tibullus, Elegies 2.1.1-26 499 A Suovetaurilia 500 Image 15.2 Relief Depicting a Suovetaurilia 500 Vows 501 428 Livy, Å History of Rome 36.2.1-5 501 429 CIL 7.36 (ILS 4586a), 84 (ILS 4540), 176 502 Oaths 502 430 ILS 190 503 Curses 503 431 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.4.19 503 432 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.9.7-8,10 503 433 CIL 10.8249 504 Priests 505 Pontifices 506 434 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.73.1-2 506 Vestal Virgins 507 435 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 1.12.1-3, 5 9· 14 5°7 436 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.67 508 Fratres Arvales 509 437 CIL 6.2104 (ILS 5039) 509 Divination 510 Augury and the Augures 510 438 Livy, A History ofRome 10.40.1-5,14 511 A Cautionary Tale 512 439 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 2.2 512 Extispicy and the Haruspices 512 440 Livy, A History of Rome 8.9.1-2 513 The Sibylline Books and the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis 513 441 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.62.5-6 513 442 A Book about Famous Men (anonymous) 22 514 Private Divination 515 443 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 5 515 444 Columella, On Agriculture 11.1.22 516 Religious Space 516 The Roman Calendar 517 Naming the Days 518 445 Varro, On the Latin Language 6.28-30 518
xxxv Contents Festivals 518 Lupercalia 519 446 Plutarch, The Life ofRomulus 21.3-5 519 Saturnalia 520 447 Statius, Silvae i.6.i~7 521 Saturnalia Gifts 521 448 Martial, Epigrams 14.1, 28, 70-71; 12.81 521 Crisis 522 Hannibal in Italy 522 449 Livy, A History of Rome 25.1.6-8 523 Civil War 523 450 Horace, Odes 3.6.1-8 523 Religions from the East 523 Bacchus 525 Suppression of the Bacchanalia 526 451 Livy, A History of Rome 39.8-9,14,17-18 527 The Edict of the Senate 530 452 OIL 1.2.581 (ILS 18) 530 Isis 531 Worship of the Goddess 533 453 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 11.7,9-11,16-17,22-23 533 Christian Skepticism 537 454 Minucius Felix, Octavius 22.1 537 Encounters with Monotheism 537 Judaism 538 The Jewish Community in Rome and the Emperor Tiberius 538 455 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 36 538 The Jewish Community and the Emperors Augustus and Caligula 539 456 Philo, The Embassy to Gaius 155-158 539 The Jewish Community in Alexandria and the Emperor Claudius 540 457 Greek Papyri in the British Museum 1912 (lines 73-103) 540 Christianity 541 The Promises of Christianity 541 458 New Testament: 1 Corinthians 15.51; Romans 6.4; 2 Corinthians 4.6; John 12.24, 25; John 15.1; Ephesians 6.11 542 Christians in the First Century ad 542 459 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Claudius 25.4 543 460 Tacitus, Annals 15.44 543
ÄÄÄII UUNI ĽNI S Imperial Advice about Dealing with Christians 543 461 Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96-97 544 Christian Reaction to Trajan’s Rescriptum 547 462 Tertullian, Apology 2.7-9 547 Misconceptions about Christianity 547 463 Minucius Felix, Octavius 8.4-5; 9-2, 4~7; 10.2,5; 12.5 547 A Christian’s Reply to the Accusations 549 464 Tertullian, Apology 7.1; 10.1-2; 39.1-3,5,16-17 549 Martyrs 550 465 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.1.6-9,11,13-16 550 Systematic Persecution 551 466 P. Oxy. 4.658 551 Toleration 552 467 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 8.17.1 552 Resistance to Intolerance 552 468 Symmachus, Dispatches to the Emperor 3.8-10 553 Christian Intolerance 554 469 The Law Code of Theodosius 16.5.1 554 Philosophy 554 Epicureanism 555 The Reasons for Studying Philosophy 555 470 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.107-115,127-135,146-148 556 The First Principle 556 471 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.149-158 556 The Second Principle 557 472 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.215-237, 250-264 557 Proof of the Existence of Atoms 558 473 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.265-279,305-316,319-328 558 Void 559 474 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.329-330,334-343,346-357 559 Life and Death 559 475 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 2.1002-1004,72-79,575-580 559 Stoicism 560 The Promise of Philosophy 560 476 Seneca the Younger, Letters 48.7-8 561 Stoic Definition of Happiness 561 477 Seneca the Younger, Letters 124.7,14 562 Fate and Free Will 562
xxxvii Contents 478 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 5.4, б 562 Emotions 562 479 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 1.7.2-3 563 The Invulnerability of the Wise Man 563 480 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Constancy 5.4-5, 8.3 563 Death as True Freedom 564 481 Seneca the Younger, Letters 65.21-22 564 Training and Preparation 564 482 Seneca the Younger, Letters 18.1,3,5-6 565 Self-Discipline and Steadfastness 566 483 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 2.1-4; 4.1,3, 6,11-13 566 Genealogy Charts 568 Maps 573 Appendix I: Literary and Textual Sources 580 Appendix II: Roman Money 594 Appendix III: Important Dates and Events 596 Suggestions for Further Reading 601 Thematic Questions 607 Credits 609 Index 611
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CONTENTS Figures, Charts, and Maps xxxix Preface to the Third Edition xli Acknowledgments xlv About the Authors xlvii Introduction i Roman Ideals 2 Horatius at the Bridge 2 1 Livy, A History ofRome 2.10 3 Veturia outside the Walls 4 2 Livy, A History of Rome 2.40 5 I . THE STRUCTURE OF ROMAN SOCIETY 7 Social Structure 7 Rule by “the Best Men” 11 3 Cicero, About the Republic 1.34.52-53 12 Definitions of Justice and Law 13 4 Cicero, About the Republic 3.22.33 13 5 The Digest of Laws 1.1.10 (Ulpian) 14 Discrimination in Assigning Penalties 14 6 FIRA 2, p. 405 (Paulus, Opinions 5.i9-i9a) 15 7 FIRA 2, p. 407 (Paulus, Opinions 5.22.1-2) 15 Paternalism and Patronage 15 Patrician and Plebeian 17 8 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.9-10 17 Patrons and Clients in Republican Rome 17 9 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofMurena 70,71 18 Patrons and Clients in Imperial Rome 18 10 Seneca the Younger, Letters 19.4 18 Seeking a Handout 19 11 Martial Epigrams 6.88 19 PatronsandPatrons 19 12 Martial, Epigrams 5.22 19
ѴШ CONTENTS Rude Patrons 20 13 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about the Brevity of Life 14.4 20 Another Rude Patron 20 14 Pliny the Younger, Letters 2.6.1-2 20 No Free Lunches (or Dinners) 21 15 Juvenal, Satires 5.12-22, 24-25, 67-71 21 II. FAMILIES 22 Fathers 23 Patria Potestas 23 16 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.26-27 24 Horace’s Father 24 17 Horace, Satires 1.6.65-92 24 Quintilian’s Sons 25 18 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 6. Preface 6-11 25 Cicero’s Grief 26 19 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 12.46 27 Marcus Cornelius Statius and His Father 27 Image 2.1 Sarcophagus of Marcus Cornelius Statius 27 Mothers 28 The Ideal 28 20 Tacitus, A Biography ofAgricola 4.2-4 28 Memory of a Warm Moment 29 21 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 4.6 29 Maternal Tenderness 29 22 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 2.5 30 A Mother’s Concern 30 23 BGU 380 30 An Ungrateful Son 31 24 Sammelbuch 6263 (Select Papyri 121) 31 Blended Families 31 Step-Parents 31 25 Seneca the Younger, Consolation to His Mother Helviä 2.4 31 Brothers and Sisters 31 Brotherly Love 32 26 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 1.3.3 32 Sisterly Affection 32 27 Seneca the Younger, Consolation to His Mother Helviä 19.1-3 32 Producing a Family 32 Fertility 32
ix Contents 28 Soranus, Gynecology 1.34.1, 1.36.1-2 33 Birth Announcements 33 29 CIL 4.294· 8149 33 30 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.2.1 34 Miscarriage 34 31 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.10 34 Infant Deaths 34 32 CIL 6.19159 (ILS 8005) 35 Commemoration of a Child 35 Image 2.2 Sarcophagus Relief of an Infant’s First Bath 35 Birth Contro! 35 Contraception 36 33 Soranus, Gynecology 1.60.4,1.61.1-3 36 34 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.27.85 36 Abortion 36 35 Soranus, Gynecology 1.64.1-2,1.65.1-7 37 36 Ovid, Love Affairs 2.14.5-10,19-20, 27-28,35-40 37 Exposure 37 37 Oxyrhynchus Papyri (P. Oxy.) 744 (Select Papyri 105) 38 38 Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.669-684,704-706 38 Encouraging Fertility 39 lhe Legislation of Augustus 39 39 ADA, pp. 174,184,187 39 40 Dio Cassius, Roman History 54.16.1-2 39 41 Tacitus, Annals 3.25 40 Adoption 40 An Adoption Agreement 40 42 P. Oxy. 1206 (Select Papyri 10) 40 Giving Away One’s Child 41 43 P. Oxy. 1895 (Select Papyri 11) 41 Raising Children 41 Filial Obedience 42 44 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Kindness 3.38.2 42 Spoiled Brats 42 45 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 2.21.1-6 42 Advice about Parental Severity 43 46 Pliny the Yöunger, Letters 9.12 43 Nurses 43 47 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.1.4-5 44 48 Pliny the Younger, Letters 6.3 44
X CONTENTS Paedagogues 44 49 Cicero, An Essay about Friendship 20.74 45 A Persistent Paedagogue 45 50 Martial, Epigrams 11.39 45 Guardians 46 Appointing Guardians 46 51 Ulpian, Rules 11.1, 21, 27, 28 46 Orphans 46 An Appeal for Help 46 52 Les Papyrus Bouriant (P. Bour.) 25 (Select Papyri 165) 47 Welfare Assistance 47 Public Assistance 47 53 The Law Code of Theodosius 11.27.1 47 Trajan’s Charity 48 Image 2.3 Relief from the Arch of Trajan at Beneventum 48 Private Charity 48 54 CIL 8.1641 (ILS 6818) 49 III. MARRIAGE 50 The Age of Marriage Partners 50 Child Brides 50 55 CIL 1.2.1221 (ILS 7472) 51 Arranged Marriages 51 Matchmakers 51 56 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.14 51 Weddings 54 A Wedding Song 54 57 Catullus, Poems 61.1-5, n-20,56-75,96-100,106-110,116- 130,151-160,171-175,181-185,211-225,230-235 54 A Marriage Contract 58 58 BGU1052 (Select Papyri 3) 59 Expectations of Marriage 59 59 Plutarch, Moral Advice 139 D, F; 140 A 59 Harmonious Marriage 60 Image 3.1 Sarcophagus of Married Couple 60 Wives 60 The Duties of a Wife 60 60 CIL 1.2.1211 (ILS 8403) 61
xi Contents A Perfect Marriage 6ı 61 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.5.1-2 6ı Calpurnia, Pliny’s Wife 62 62 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.19.2-4 62 63 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.5 62 Quintilian’s Wife 63 64 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 6. Preface 4-5 63 Love for a Wife 63 65 CIL 13.1983 (ILS 8158) 63 A Good Wife 64 66 CIL 1.2.1221 (ILS 7472) 64 Image 3.2 Tombstone of Lucius Aurelius Hermia and Aurelia Philematium 64 Husbands 65 Battered Wives 65 67 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Words 6.3.9 65 Wife-Beating 65 68 Augustine, Confessions 9.9 66 Love for a Husband 66 69 CIL 6.18817 (ILS 8006) 66 In-Laws 66 Family Intervention 66 70 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.5.1 67 71 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.1.3-4 67 Divorce 68 A Divorce Agreement 68 72 BGU1103 (Select Papyri 6) 68 Response to Divorce 69 73 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 6.3.8 69 Adultery 69 Where to Meet 70 74 Ovid, The Art ofLove 1.135-163 70 Deceiving One’s Husband 71 75 Ovid, Love Affairs 1.4.1-6,9-11,15-28,35-54,63-70 71 Poems to a Mistress 72 76 Catullus, Poems 5,51 72 Another Perspective 73 77 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofCaelius 20.48-49 73 Laws to Control Adultery 74
XII CONTENTS 78 ADA pp. 113-116,123,126 74 Augustus’s Own Behavior 75 79 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Augustus 62-63, 69 75 IV. HOUSING AND CITY LIFE 77 Single-Family Houses in the City 77 Designs for City Houses 77 80 Vitruvius, On Architecture 6.3.3-8, 6.4.1-2, 6.5.1-2 79 A House at Pompeii 82 Image 4.1 House of Paquius Proculus 82 Apartments 82 Complaints from an Apartment Dweller 82 81 Juvenal, Satires 3.193-202 83 A Dingy Apartment 83 82 Martial, Epigrams 8.14.5-6 83 Apartment Buildings 84 Image 4.2 The Trellis House 84 Image 4.3 Artist’s Rendition of a Roman Insula 85 A Landlord’s Problems 85 83 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 14.9 85 House Prices 85 The High Cost of Living in Rome 85 84 Juvenal, Satires 3.223-225 86 Rental Advertisements 86 Shops and Apartments for Rent 86 85 CIL 4.138 (ILS 6035) 86 86 CIL 4.1136 (ILS 5723) 86 Homeowner’s Insurance 86 Fire Insurance 86 87 Martial, Epigrams 3.52 87 The Benefits of City Life 87 Aqueducts 87 88 Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome 2.103,124, 126-127 87 Roads, Sewers, and the Campus Martius 89 89 Strabo, Geography Book 5.3.8 89 The Streets of Herculaneum 90 Image 4.4 Street Scene with the Insula Orientalis on the Decumanus Maximus 90 Toilets 91
xiii Contents 90 CIL 4.4957 91 Roads 91 91 CIL 3.8267 (ILS 5863) 92 92 LAnnee Epigraphique 17 (1904) 21 92 Ihe Problems of City Life 92 Crowds, Traffic, and Muggers 92 93 Juvenal, Satires 3.232-248, 254-261,268-314 92 Noise 94 94 Martial, Epigrams 12.57.1-14,18-21, 24-28 94 Theft 95 95 CIL 4.64 95 Burglary 95 96 Tebtunis Papyri (P. Tebt.) 330 95 Neighbors 95 97 Martial, Epigrams 1.86 96 Housing in Rural Areas 96 Farm Houses 96 98 Columella, On Agriculture 1.6.1-11,18-24 96 Vacation Villas 99 99 Pliny the Younger, Letters 2.17 100 V. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL CONCERNS 105 Meals 105 Bread, the Staff of Life 106 Image 5.1 Oven and Mill from the Bakery of Modestus 106 Image 5.2 Carbonized Loaf of Bread 107 A Peasant’s Dinner 108 100 Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.630-634,646-650,664-668,674-678 108 A Modest Dinner 109 101 Martial, Epigrams 5.78 109 Dinner at Home 110 Image 5.3 Tombstone of Gaius Julius Maternus 110 A Dinner Invitation 111 102 Martial, Epigrams 11.52 ш A Rejected Host 111 103 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.15 112 Recipe for Fish Sauce 112 104 Geoponica 20.46.1-5 113 Numidian Chicken 114
XIV CONTENTS 105 Apicius, Cookbook 6.9.4 114 Rabbit with Fruit Sauce 114 106 Apicius, Cookbook 8.8.13 114 Liver Sausage 114 107 Apicius, Cookbook 2.1.4 114 Anchovy Delight without the Anchovies 115 108 Apicius, Cookbook 4.2.12 115 Sweet and Sour Pork 115 109 Apicius, Cookbook 4.3.6 115 Illness 115 Dysentery 116 110 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 7.26 116 Asthma 116 111 Seneca the Younger, Letters 54.1-4,6-7 116 Medical Treatments 117 Jaundice 118 112 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.64.227 118 Broken Bones 118 113 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.65.227 118 Strains and Bruises 118 114 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.72.237-238 118 Doctors 119 Medical Training 119 115 Martial, Epigrams 5.9 119 Change of Profession 119 116 Martial, Epigrams 1.47 119 117 Martial, Epigrams 8.74 119 Distrust of Doctors 120 118 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 29.8.16-18 120 Medical Professions 121 Image 5.4 Funerary Reliefs of Midwife and Doctor 121 Midwives 122 119 Soranus, Gynecology 1.2.4 122 Life Expectancy 122 Lutatia Secundina 123 120 CIL 6.21738 123 Magnilla 123 121 CIL 6.21846 123
xv Contents Mercurius 123 122 CIL 6.22417 123 Firminus 124 123 CIL 6.21874 124 Death 124 Death Notices 124 124 CIL 4.9116 124 Cicero’s Grief 124 125 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 12.15 124 Condolences 125 126 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 4.5.1,4-6 125 Funerary Laws and Funerals 127 Funerary Laws 127 127 FIRA 2, pp. 334-335 (Paulus, Opinions 1.21.2-5, 8-14) 127 Curses on Tomb Violators 128 128 CIL 6.36467 (ILS 8184) 128 Funerals 128 129 Polybius, History of the World 6.53.1-6.54.3 129 A Funeral Club 130 130 CIL 14.2112 (ILS 7212) 131 Final Words: An Epitaph 132 131 CIL 5.2893 (ILS 8164) 133 Personal Messages 133 The Walls of Pompeii 133 132 CIL 4-6702,1842, 5305,1321,3794, 8417, 6701, 813,4993,4917,10231 133 133 CIL 4.2409a, 3061,1650,1937,116,8972, 8162,1926, 5112, 5279,9123 133 134 CIL 4.7086,3117,4498,1951,5251, 2175, 2246,4091,1649, 8408,1837,1904 134 VI. EDUCATION 135 The Roman Ideal 135 A Traditional Education 135 135 Plutarch, The Life of Marcus Cato 20.4-7 136 A Child’s Early Years 137 The Role of the Parents 137 136 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.1.6-8,15-17,20 137 A Parent’s Hopes 138 Image 6.1 Detail from a Child’s Sarcophagus 138 Teachers and Schools 139
XV! CONTENTS Private Tutors 139 137 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 2.4.2 139 Orbilius, the Schoolteacher 139 138 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 9 140 Corporal Punishment 141 139 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.3.13-14 141 A Schoolteacher’s Hours 141 140 Martial, Epigrams 9.68 142 A Schoolteacher’s Salary 142 141 Juvenal, Satires 7.215-243 142 Incentives for Learning 143 142 Horace, Satires 1.1.25-26 144 Book Awards 144 143 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 17 144 An Endowment for a School 144 144 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.13.3-10 144 A Letter Home 146 145 Sammelbuch 6262 (Select Papyri 133) 146 The Litterator 146 A Day in the Life of a Schoolboy 146 146 Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum III, pp. 645-647 (Colloquia Monacensia) 147 Writing Equipment 148 Image 6.2 Wall Painting of Terentius Neo and His Wife 148 Morals and Memorization 149 147 Catalogue of the Literary Papyri in the British Museum 149 (Inv. No. Add. MS 34186, part 1) 149 An Arithmetic Lesson 149 148 Horace, Epistles 2.3.325-330 149 Enough Education for the Average Man 150 149 Petronius, Satyricon 58.7 150 Vocational Training 150 Apprenticeship to a Weaver 151 150 Wisconsin Papyri 16.4 151 Career Choice 152 151 Lucian, The Dream 1-4 152 Girls at Work 152 152 CIL 6.9213 (ILS 7691), 6.9731 152 The Grammaticus 153
xvii Contents Curriculum 153 153 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 1.4.1-5 i53 The School of the Grammaticus 154 Image 6.3 Tombstone Relief of School Scene 154 The Rhetor 154 The Good Old Days 154 154 Tacitus, Á Dialogue on Orators 34.1-6 155 Classroom Exercises 156 155 Seneca the Elder, Suasoriae 3, 6,7 156 156 Seneca the Elder, Controversiae 1.1,1.2,1.6,10.3 157 Pity the Teacher 158 157 Juvenal, Satires 7.150-154 158 Criticism of the Rhetor’s Exercises 158 158 Tacitus, A Dialogue on Orators 35.1,3-5 159 Criticism of the “New Style” 159 159 Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory 8. Preface 22-26; 12.10.73 159 The Ideal Orator 160 160 Cicero, About the Orator 1.16-20 161 A Year Abroad 162 Studying in Athens 162 161 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 16.21 162 VII. OCCUPATIONS 165 The Day’s Activities 165 Dividing Up the Day 165 162 Aquilius (O. Ribbeck, Scaenicorum Romanorum Fragmenta 1.33) 166 City Life 166 163 Martial, Epigrams 4.8.1-6 167 Working for a Living 167 Scorn for the Working Class 167 164 Cicero, An Essay about Duties 1.42, 2.25 168 Tradesmen and Craftsmen 169 165 Plautus, The Pot of Gold 505-522 169 A Produce Seller 170 Image 7.1 Relief of a Vegetable and Flower Merchant 170 Workers 171 166 CIL 4.206,113, 710,960, 826, 864,336,677,743,497,7164, 7273,373,7473,490, 6672 (ILS 6411c, 6412a, 6419c, 6419d, 6423,6425, 6426, 6428a, 6428b, 6429) 172
XVIII CONTENTS Pride of Workmanship 172 167 CIL 1.2.2437 (ЉЅ 9444), 406, 2489 172 Temporary Employment 173 168 Petronius, Satyrkon 117.11-12 173 Wage and Price Control 173 169 CIL 3, pp. 805, 806, 808-809 174 A Butcher’s Shop 177 Image 7.2 Relief of a Butcher and His Wife 177 The Grain Dole 177 170 Tacitus, Annals, 6.13,12.43 V^ Business and Investments 179 The Roman Attitude toward Profit 180 171 CIL 10.874,10.875 180 Traders 180 172 Cicero, Speech in Defense of Fonteius 11 181 Rome, the Center of Trade 181 173 Aelius Aristides, In Praise of Rome 200-201 (349-351) 181 Moneylending 182 174 FIRA 3, p. 393 (CIL 3, pp. 934-935) 183 Loan Companies 183 175 FIRA 3, p. 481 (CIL 3, pp. 950-951, 2215) 183 War Bonds 184 176 Livy, A History of Rome 31.13 184 Cato’s Financial Activities 186 177 Plutarch, The Life ofMarcus Cato 21.1,3,5-7 186 A Real Estate Speculator 186 178 Plutarch, The Life of Crassus 1,2.1-6 187 A Government Construction Contract 189 179 Remains of Old Latin 4, pp. 274-278 (CIL 1.2.698) 189 A Government Contract for Military Provisions 189 180 Lity, A History ofRome 23.48.4-6,10-12; 23.49.1-3 190 Contract Fraud 191 181 Livy, A History ofRome 25.3.9-13 191 Government Contracts for Tax Collection 191 182 Greek Papyri in the British Museum (P. Land.) 904, lines 18-38 (Select Papyri 220) 192 183 New Testament, Luke 2.1-5 192 Moneylending in the Provinces 193
xix Contents 184 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.16.2 193 Kingmakers 193 185 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofRabirius Postumus 2.4-3.5 194 Activities of the Senatorial Class 194 Pliny the Younger’s Investments 194 186 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.19 195 Pliny the Younger’s Activities 196 187 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.9 198 Agriculture 198 An Attempt at Land Reform 201 188 Appian, The Civil Wars 1.1.7,9-ю, 11 202 A Farmer’s Toil 205 Image 7.3 Mosaic of a Farmer 205 Tillers of the Fields 205 189 Varro, On Agriculture 1.17.2-3 206 Tenant Farmers 206 190 Columella, On Agriculture 1.7.1-3,6-7 207 Sharecroppers 208 191 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.37 208 A Farmer’s Life 209 192 Moretum (anonymous) 1-24,27,29-37,52-54,117-122 209 Shepherds 211 193 Varro, On Agriculture 2.10.1-3 211 Harassment of Shepherds 212 194 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 2.12 212 Farmers and Heroes 212 195 Cicero, An Essay on Old Age 16.55-56 213 Retreat from Reality 213 196 Horace, Epodes 2.1-16,23-26 214 The Romantic Vision 214 197 Tibullus, Elegies 1.1.1,5-8,25-32,43-46 214 The Country Mouse and the City Mouse 215 198 Horace, Satires 2.6.79-117 215 VIIL ENSLAVED PERSONS 217 Enslavement 217 Captives of War 217 199 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World 23.18.4-5 218
XX CONTENTS Enslaving People 218 Image 8.1 The Gemma Augustea 218 Selling Enslaved Persons 219 Regulations 219 200 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4.2.1 219 Buying Enslaved Persons 219 A Contract for the Sale of an Enslaved Person 219 201P. Oxy. 95 {Select Papyri 32) 219 A Friend’s Advice 220 202 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.21 220 Renting Enslaved Persons 220 A Contract for the Rental of an Enslaved Person 220 203 The Wisconsin Papyri (P. Wise.) 16.5 220 Enslaved Persons in the City and on the Farm 221 Enslaved Persons in the Household 223 204 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Peace of Mind 8.8 223 Adjusting to Enslavement 223 205 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 3.29.1-2 223 Duties of Enslaved Persons 224 Image 8.2 Painting of Lovers and Enslaved Woman from the House of Caecilius lucundus 224 Enslaved Persons Owned by the State 224 206 Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome 2.116,117 224 Choosing Enslaved Persons for the Farm 225 207 Columella, On Agriculture ւ.8.ւ֊շ, 5,6,9-10,11,16,18,19 225 Enslaved Persons on the Farm and a Frugal Owner 226 208 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 2,56-59 227 Managing Enslaved Persons 229 209 Varro, On Agriculture 1.17.1,3-5,7 229 Enslaved Persons in the Mines 230 Spanish Silver Mines 230 210 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World 5.38.1 230 Enslaved Persons in a Mill 230 A Flour Mill 230 211 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9.12 230 Cruelty to Enslaved Persons 231 Flogging 232 212 Martial, Epigrams 3.94 232 Sadism 232
xxi Contents 213 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 9-Ì9-77 232 Brutality 232 214 Juvenal, Satires 6.475-476, 480-484, 490-493 23Յ Cruel Laws 233 215 Tacitus, Annals 14.42-45 234 Flight 235 Collars for Enslaved Persons 235 Image 8.3 Tag for an Enslaved Person 236 216 CIL 15.7194 (ILS 8731) 236 217 CIL 15.7172 (ILS 8727) 237 A Search for a Fugitive Enslaved Person 237 218 Petronius, Satyricon 97.1-8,98.1 237 Revolts by Enslaved Persons 238 Revolt within the Household 238 219 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.14 238 A Widespread Revolt 239 220 Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World, fragments of Book 34.2 240 Gentler Treatment 241 Benevolence 242 221 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.16 242 A Stoic View of Slavery 243 222 Seneca the Younger, Letters 47 243 Laws to Curb Cruelty 246 223 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Claudius 25.2 246 Hadrian’s Legislation 246 224 Scriptores Históriáé Augustae (Aelius Spartianus, The Life of Hadrian) 18.7-11 246 Reiteration 247 225 The Digest of Laws 48.8.11 (Modestinus) 247 Humane Interpretation of the Laws 247 226 The Digest of Laws 50.17.32 (Ulpian) 247 Enslaved Families 248 227 The Law Code of Theodosius 2.25.1 248 IX. FREĘDPERSONS 249 Reasons for Manumission 250 Recognition of Talent 252 228 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 16.16 252 Recognition of Intelligence 252
ХХП CONTENTS 229 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 27 252 Freeing Possible Witnesses 253 230 Cicero, Speech in Defense of Milo 57, 58 253 Adoption 253 231 CIL 3.14206.21 (ILS 7479) 254 Marriage 254 232 The Digest of Laws 23.2.28 (Marcianus), 29 (Ulpian) 254 Criticism of the Manumission Process 254 233 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.24.4-8 255 Roman Attitudes toward Freedpersons 256 The Stereotype of the Wealthy Freedman 257 234 Petronius, Satyricon 26.9; 32.1-3; 37.1-6, 8-9; 38.6-7; 46.3,5-8; 57; 71.1-4; 75-8-11; 76.1-9; 77-4 6 257 Resentment 261 235 Martial, Epigrams 10.76 261 Prejudice against Foreigners 262 23Ճ Juvenal, Satires 3.58-65,69-78, 81-87,100-106 262 Freedpersons and the Job Market 263 Construction Work 263 237 CIL 9.1721 (ILS 7668) 263 Herald 263 238 CIL 1.2.1210 (ILS 1932) 263 Teacher 264 239 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 13 264 Slaughterer 264 240 CIL 1.2.1604 (ibS 7642) 264 Maid 264 241 CIL 1.2.2273 (If-S 8417) 264 Freedpersons and Their Patrons 265 Legal Obligations 265 242 The Digest of Laws 38.1.17 (Paulus), 18 (Paulus), 19 (Gaius), 35 (Paulus) 265 The Ideal Freedman 265 243 CIL 6.22355a (ILS 7695) 265 A Troubled Relationship 266 244 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.21.1-3,9.24 266 A Generous Patron 266 245 CIL 14.2298 (ILS 1949) 266 Another Kind Patron 267
xxiii Contents 246 CIL 14.4827 267 Selective Kindness 267 247 CIL 6.11027 (ILS 8285) 267 Private and Social Life 268 A Life Story 268 248 CIL 11.137 (fbS 1980) 268 Friendship between Freedpersons 268 249 CIL 6.22355a (ILS 8432) 268 Freedpersons and Family 269 Image 9.1 Funerary Relief Depicting Lucius Vettius Alexander, Vettia Hospita, and Their Children 269 Mother and Daughter 270 250 CIL 1.2.1837 270 Seeking Respectability 270 251 CIL 11.5400 (ILS 7812) 270 Self-Presentation 271 Image 9.2 Funerary Relief of Lucius Ampudius Philomusus with His Wife and Daughter 271 X. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 272 The Assemblies 272 The Comitia 274 252 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 15.27.5 274 Comitia and Concilium: Some Differences 275 253 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 15.27.4 275 Lex and Plebiscitum 276 254 Gaius, Institutes 1.3 276 Contio 276 255 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofFlaccus 15-16 277 Magistrates 277 The Functions of the Magistrates 278 256 Cicero, A Book about Constitutions 3.3.6-9 278 The Titles of the Magistrates 280 257 Varro, A Book about the Latin Language 5.14.80-82 280 The Development of the Magistracies 281 258 The Digest of Laws 1.2.16-28 (Pomponius) 281 Monarchical Power and Republican Magistrates 283 Image 10.1 Silver Denarius Minted by Marcus Junius Brutus 283
XXIV CONTENTS The Duties of the Consuls 283 259 Polybius, History of the World 6.12.1-9 283 The Responsibilities of a Magistrate 284 260 Cicero, An Essay about Duties 1.34.124, 2.21.73, 2.22.78, 79, 2,23.84, 2.24.85 285 Friends in Power 286 261 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 1.24-25 286 Abuse of Power 287 262 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4.14 288 Political Campaigns 288 Planning a Campaign 289 263 Quintus Tullius Cicero, Some Thoughts about Political Campaigns 1.1-5; 8.29-31» ՅՅ; 9-34-38; 11.41-45; 12-48; 13-53; 14-54-55 290 Campaign Literature 295 264 CIL 4.275, 635,787,7866, 7221, 6625,920, 3775,429, 7872,7873, 7874· 1147, 581, 576, 575, 2887 295 Election Endorsements 296 Image 10.2 Electoral Endorsements Painted on the Wall of a Pompeian caupona (CIL 4.7872,7873, 7874) 296 The Senate 297 The Senate in the Republican Period 297 265 Polybius, History of the World 6.13.1-14.2,15.2-9, 17.1-9 298 The Senate and the People 300 266 Cicero, Speech in Defense ofSestius 45.96,97; 48.103 301 The Senate and the Equestrians 302 267 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.17.8, 9 302 Government in the Early Imperial Period 303 The Powers of Augustus 303 268 Dio Cassius, Roman History 53.12.1-3,16.1, 6-8, 17.1-11,18.1-3,19.1, 21.3, 21.6-7 304 The Prefect of the City 307 269 The Digest of Laws 1.12.1,11-13 (Ulpian) 308 Careers in the Government 308 270 CIL 10.7584 (ILS 1359) 309 271 CIL 14.2922 (ILS 1420) 309 The End of Popular Elections 310 272 Tacitus, Annals 1.15 311 Freedom of Speech 311 273 Catullus, Poems 93,57 312
xxv Contents 274 Epictetus, Lectures Collected by Arrian 4.13.5 312 The Emperor and the Senate 312 275 BGU 611 313 The Benefits of Imperial Rule 314 276 Strabo, Geography Book 6.4.2 (end) 314 277 Velleius Paterculus, A History of Rome 2.126.2-5 34 Legislation 315 Roman Self-Styling 317 278 Vergil, Aeneid 6.847-853 317 Sources of Legislation 317 279 Gaius, Institutes 1.2-7 317 Categories 318 280 The Digest of Laws 1.1.2-4 (Ulpian) 318 281 Gaius, Institutes 1.1 319 282 The Digest of Laws 1.1.6 (Ulpian) 319 Definitions 319 283 The Digest of Laws 1.1.1 (Ulpian) 320 Equity 320 284 The Digest of Laws 50.17.90 (Paulus) 320 285 The Digest ofLaws 50.16.6 (Ulpian) 320 286 The Digest of Laws 50.16.219 (Papinianus) 320 287 The Digest ofLaws 1.3.17,18 (Celsus) 320 288 The Digest of Laws 50.17.56 (Gaius) 321 289 The Digest of Laws 48.19.5 (Ulpian) 321 290 The Digest ofLaws 22.3.2 (Paulus) 321 The Force of Custom 321 291 The Digest of Laws 1.3.32 (Julian) 321 XL THE ROMAN ARMY 322 The Army during the Republican Period 322 The Army before Marius’s Reforms 324 292 Polybius, History of the World 6.22.1-24.9,26.5, 26.5, 26.7, 31.10-14, 33-6, 33-7, 33-12,34-5-11, 37.1-39.12, 39.14 325 A Good Republican Soldier 330 293 Livy, A History of Rome 42.34 331 A Triumph 332 294 Zonaras, Epitome 7.21 332 The Army during the Imperial Period 334
XXVI CONTENTS Reasons for the Army’s Success 334 295 Josephus, A History of the Jewish War 3.71-97,104-105,107-108 335 Enlistment 337 296 P. Oxy. 1022 {Select Papyri 421) 338 Training 338 297 Vegetius, A Book about Military Affairs 1.1.9-11,14,18,19, 21; 2.23, 25 338 Discipline 340 298 The Digest of Laws 49.16.3.10 (Modestinus) 340 299 The Digest of Laws 49.16.3.15 (Modestinus) 341 300 The Digest of Laws 49.16.6.2-3 (Arrius Menander) 341 Pay Records 341 301 Les Papyrus de Genève inv. Lat. 1 recto (part 1) (Roman Military Records 68) 341 Supply and Service Troops 342 302 The Digest ofLaws 50.6.7 (Tarruntenus Paternus) 342 A Letter Home 342 303 BGH 423 (Select Papyri 112) 343 A Letter of Recommendation 343 304 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.22 343 Image 11.1 Letter from Apion 344 How to Advance Quickly 345 305 Papyri in the University of Michigan Collection (P. Mich.) 8.468 (35 if.) 345 Soldiers and the Emperor 345 306 TLS 9134, 2487 346 A Mutiny 346 307 Tacitus, Annals 1.17, 20,23,32,35 346 The Height of Recruits 348 308 Vegetius, A Book about Military Affairs 1.5 349 309 The Law Code of Theodosius 7.13.3 349 Avoiding the Draft 349 310 The Law Code of Theodosius 7.13.10 349 Soldiers and Civilians 350 311 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9.39,10.13 350 Requisitions 351 312 Epictetus, Letters Collected by Arrian 4.1.79 351 Military Justice 351 313 Juvenal, Satires 16.7-14,20-23,27-34 351 Life on the Frontier 352 314 CIL 7.229 352 Retirement in the Provinces 352
xxvii Contents 315 CIL 13.1906 (ILS 7531) 352 Life and Death of a Veteran 353 Image 11.2 Tombstone of Julius Aventinus, Veteran of the Legion I Minervia 353 The Danube Frontier 353 316 CIL 3.3676 (ILS 2558) 354 Roman Families in Britain 354 317 Vindolanda, inv. no. 85/57 (Bowman and Thomas 1987, no. 5) 354 XII. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION 355 Governing the Provinces 355 Image 12.1 Aureus Showing Hadrian on Obverse and Africa with Elephant Scalp on Reverse 358 Provincial Resources and Roman Perceptions 358 Grain for Rome 358 Image 12.2 Mosaic Depicting the Measurement of Grain 359 The Theory of Provincial Administration 359 318 The Digest of Law 1.18.6,13 (Ulpian) 359 The Publican Problem 360 319 Cicero, Letters to His Brother Quintus 1.1.11.32-12.35 360 Cicero as Governor 361 320 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.16.2-3,5.21.7 362 The Noble Brutus 363 321 Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5.21.10-12; 6.1.3-6,16 363 A Most Unscrupulous Governor 366 322 Cicero, The Prosecution of Verres 1:1-3,10-15,18-20, 22-23; 2(і):з2֊зз, 63-67, 69,72,74-76; 2(2)168-71,74-75,120-121,169-170,186-188,190-191; 2(з)=5б-58, 100-101, 103,188-189; 2(4):!. 4, 7 49; 2(5):139 147 160-162,169-170 367 Fear of Rebellion 379 323 Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.33-34 380 Hatred of Roman Rule 381 324 Tacitus, A Biography ofAgricola 29-31 382 The Benefits of Roman Rule 383 325 Tacitus, Histories 4.74 383 Roman Shoes at the Edge of the Empire 384 Image 12.3 Roman Shoe (Carbatina) from the Site of Vindolanda 384 XIII. WOMEN IN ROM AN SOCIET Y 385 Childhood 386 Little Women 386
XXVIII CONTENTS 326 Pliny the Younger, Letters 5.16.1-7 386 Toys for Girls 387 Image 13.1 Ivory Doll, Second Century ad 387 Single Women 388 327 Catullus, Poems 62.57-65 388 Life Expectancy 388 A Brief Life 388 328 CIL 3.3572 388 Commemorating an Untimely Death 389 Image 13.2 Funerary Altar of Minicia Marcella 389 Death in Childbirth 390 329 Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.21.1-2 390 Femicide 390 330 CIL 13.2182 391 Praiseworthy Behavior 391 The Virtues of Women 391 331 CIL 6.10230 (ILS 8394) 391 An Outstanding Example of Pietas 392 332 CIL 6.1527,31670 (ILS 8393) 392 Emotional Control 395 333 Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.16.3-6 395 Loyalty 396 334 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.19.1,3,4, 6 396 Patience 397 335 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Words 6.7.1-3 397 Tidy Appearance 397 Image 13.3 Relief of Woman with Hairdressers 398 Unacceptable Behavior 399 Scandalous Conduct 399 336 Sallust, The Catilinarian Conspiracy 25 399 Women and Politics 400 337 Livy, A History ofRome 34.2.1-2, 8-11,14 400 Women and Too Much Education 401 338 Juvenal, Satires 6.434-456 401 Women and Luxuries 402 339 Juvenal, Satires 6.286-295,298-300 402 Women and Theatrical Performances 402 340 Pliny the Younger, Letters 7.24.1,4-5 403
xxix Contents Women and Vanity 403 341 Ovid, Love Affairs 1.14.1-18, 27-28, 43-46 403 Hysteria 404 Symptoms 405 342 Aretaeus, Medical Writings 2.11.1-3, 6.10.1-4 405 Causes and Cures 406 343 Soranus, Gynecology 3.26,3.28.2,3.29.5 406 Women at Work 407 A Dressmaker 407 344 CIL 6.9980 (ILS 7428) 407 A Hairdresser 407 345 CIL 6.9732 (ILS 7420a) 407 A Fishmonger 407 346 CIL 6.9801 (ILS 7500) 408 Farm Women 408 347 Columella, On Agriculture 12.3.5-6, 8-9 408 Companions to Shepherds 409 348 Varro, Ом Agriculture 2.10.6 409 XIV. LEISURE AND ENTERTAINMENT 410 Leisure Activities 410 The Pleasures of Life 411 349 CIL 6.15258 (ILS 8157) 411 350 CIL 8.17938 411 Gambling and Gaming 411 351 Poetae Latini Minores 4.132 (p. ligf. = Carmina xii Sapientium) 412 Athletic Activities 412 352 Strabo, Geography Book 5.3.8 413 Baths 413 The Good Old Days 414 353 Seneca the Younger, Letters 86.1,4-6, 8,11,12 414 Living above a Public Bath Building 416 354 Seneca the Younger, Letters 56.1-2 417 The Design of a Bath Building 417 355 Lucian, The Baths 5-8 417 Dinner Parties 418 Fishing for a Dinner Invitation 419 356 Martial, Epigrams 12.82 419
XXX CONTENTS An Early Dinner Guest 419 357 Martial, Epigrams 8.67 419 A Thrifty Man 420 358 Martial, Epigrams 5.47 420 Roman Doggy Bags 420 359 Martial, Epigrams 2.37 420 A Shameless Guest 421 360 Martial, Epigrams 7.20 421 A Napkin Thief 421 361 Catullus, Poems 12 421 A Rude Host 422 362 Martial, Epigrams 10.49 422 House of the Moralist 422 363 CIL 4-7698 423 Recitations 423 The Persistent Poet 423 364 Martial, Epigrams 3.44,3.50 423 The Popularity of Recitations 424 365 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.13 424 A Recitation at Pliny’s House 425 366 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.21 425 Hunting and Literary Studies 426 Pliny’s Hunting Expedition 426 367 Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.6 427 A Day in the Country 427 368 Marcus Aurelius, Fronto’s Letters 4.5 428 Travel 429 Along the Appian Way 430 369 Horace, Satires 1.5.1-33,37-51,70-97,104 430 Hotel Sign 433 370 CIL 4.807 (ILS 6036) 433 Hotel Bars 434 371 CIL 4.1679 434 Dishonest Innkeepers 434 372 CIL 4.3948 434 Hotel Prostitutes 434 373 CIL 9.2689 (ILS 7478) 434 Homesickness 435
xxxi Contents 374 CIL 4.1227 435 Loneliness 435 375 CIL 4.2146 435 No Trespassing 435 376 CIL 1.2.1831 {ILS 6 012) 435 The Ancient Jet Set 435 377 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Peace of Mind 2.13 436 Spectacles 436 Caesar’s Games 438 378 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Julius Caesar 10 439 Nero’s Games 439 379 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Nero 11-12 440 Political Wisdom 441 380 Fronto, Elements of History 18 442 The Road to Decadence 443 381 Tacitus, Annals 14.20 445 Circus Events 446 A Driver’s Winning Techniques 447 382 Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems 23.323-424 448 A Chariot Race 449 Image 14.1 Chariot Racing Mosaic 449 A Day at the Races 450 383 Ovid, Love Affairs 3.2.1-14,19-26,33-38,43-59, 61-84 450 Fanatical Fans 452 384 Pliny the Younger, Letters 9.6 452 A Successful Driver 453 385 CIL 6.10048 {ILS 5287) 453 Cursing One’s Opponent 454 386 ILS 8753 455 A Young Driver 455 387 CIL 6.10050 {ILS 5285) 455 A Family of Drivers 456 388 CIL 6.10049 {ILS 5286) 456 A Famous Driver 457 389 Martial, Epigrams 10.53,10.50.5-8 457 Theater Events 458 The Problems of a Playwright 458 390 Terence, The Mother-in-Law 28-57 459
XXXII CONTENTS Pantomime 460 391 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10.30-32 460 Arena Events 461 Advertising Amphitheater Events 464 392 CIL 4.1190 465 393 CIL 4-3884 (ILS 5145) 465 Fight Statistics 465 394 CIL 4.8055 and 8056 465 A Combat of Gladiators 466 Image 14.2 Mosaic of Gladiators 466 Fans 467 395 CIL 4-4397 and 4356 (ILS 5142d) 467 An Unsympathetic Point of View 467 396 Petronius, Satyricon 45.11,12 467 A More Enlightened View 468 397 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 7.1.1-3 468 Rounding Up the Animals 469 398 Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends 8.9.3,2.11.2 469 The Harmful Results of Spectacles 470 399 Seneca the Younger, Letters 7.2-5 470 Escaping the Tortures of the Arena 471 400 Seneca the Younger, Letters 70.19-21,23 472 The Victim’s Perspective 472 401 [Quintilian], The Major Declamations 9.6 473 Fascination and Addiction 473 402 Augustine, Confessions 6.9 473 XV. RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY 475 Religion and Society 475 Roman Religiosity 477 403 Cicero, On the Response of the Haruspices 19 478 Religion and Roman Social Cohesion 478 404 Polybius, History of the World 6.56.6-9 478 Religion and Imperial Success 478 405 Minucius Felix, Octavius 6 479 Deities 479 “Major” Deities of Roman Public Religion 480 406 Cicero, A Book about Constitutions 2.19 480
xxxiii Contents Epithets 481 407 Cicero, About His House 144 481 408 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Augustus 91 482 “Minor” Deities with Specific Powers 482 409 Augustine, City of God 4.8 483 Deities of the Environment 484 410 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 139-140 484 411 Pliny the Younger, Letters 8.8 485 Household Deities 486 412 Plautus, The Pot of Gold 1-27 486 A Lararium 487 Image 15.1 Lararium from the House of the Vettii 487 Worship on the Farm 488 413 Martial, Epigrams 10.92 488 Ancestral Deities 488 414 Plutarch, Moral Advice 267A-B 489 Imported Deities 489 415 Livy, A History of Rome 29.14.10-14 490 416 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 2.589, 608-614, 618-632 491 Welcoming the Gods of the Enemy 491 417 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.9.7-8 492 Deities in the Provinces 492 418 Année Epigraphique 1983,636 492 Emperors as Deities 493 Tiberius’s Resistance to Emperor-Worship 493 419 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 26 493 420 SEG 11.923 (Ehrenberg and Jones, Documents 102) 494 Ritual 494 Words and Actions 495 421 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.2.10-11 495 422 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.5.25 495 Prayer and Sacrifice 496 423 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 134 496 Acceptable Victims 497 424 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.5.8 497 425 Vergil, Aeneid 2.223-224 498 Ritual for Purification 498 426 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 141 498
XXXIV CONTENTS Ambarvalia 499 427 Tibullus, Elegies 2.1.1-26 499 A Suovetaurilia 500 Image 15.2 Relief Depicting a Suovetaurilia 500 Vows 501 428 Livy, Å History of Rome 36.2.1-5 501 429 CIL 7.36 (ILS 4586a), 84 (ILS 4540), 176 502 Oaths 502 430 ILS 190 503 Curses 503 431 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.4.19 503 432 Macrobius, Saturnalia Conversations 3.9.7-8,10 503 433 CIL 10.8249 504 Priests 505 Pontifices 506 434 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.73.1-2 506 Vestal Virgins 507 435 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 1.12.1-3, 5 9· 14 5°7 436 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.67 508 Fratres Arvales 509 437 CIL 6.2104 (ILS 5039) 509 Divination 510 Augury and the Augures 510 438 Livy, A History ofRome 10.40.1-5,14 511 A Cautionary Tale 512 439 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 2.2 512 Extispicy and the Haruspices 512 440 Livy, A History of Rome 8.9.1-2 513 The Sibylline Books and the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis 513 441 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.62.5-6 513 442 A Book about Famous Men (anonymous) 22 514 Private Divination 515 443 Cato the Elder, On Agriculture 5 515 444 Columella, On Agriculture 11.1.22 516 Religious Space 516 The Roman Calendar 517 Naming the Days 518 445 Varro, On the Latin Language 6.28-30 518
xxxv Contents Festivals 518 Lupercalia 519 446 Plutarch, The Life ofRomulus 21.3-5 519 Saturnalia 520 447 Statius, Silvae i.6.i~7 521 Saturnalia Gifts 521 448 Martial, Epigrams 14.1, 28, 70-71; 12.81 521 Crisis 522 Hannibal in Italy 522 449 Livy, A History of Rome 25.1.6-8 523 Civil War 523 450 Horace, Odes 3.6.1-8 523 Religions from the East 523 Bacchus 525 Suppression of the Bacchanalia 526 451 Livy, A History of Rome 39.8-9,14,17-18 527 The Edict of the Senate 530 452 OIL 1.2.581 (ILS 18) 530 Isis 531 Worship of the Goddess 533 453 Apuleius, The Golden Ass 11.7,9-11,16-17,22-23 533 Christian Skepticism 537 454 Minucius Felix, Octavius 22.1 537 Encounters with Monotheism 537 Judaism 538 The Jewish Community in Rome and the Emperor Tiberius 538 455 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Tiberius 36 538 The Jewish Community and the Emperors Augustus and Caligula 539 456 Philo, The Embassy to Gaius 155-158 539 The Jewish Community in Alexandria and the Emperor Claudius 540 457 Greek Papyri in the British Museum 1912 (lines 73-103) 540 Christianity 541 The Promises of Christianity 541 458 New Testament: 1 Corinthians 15.51; Romans 6.4; 2 Corinthians 4.6; John 12.24, 25; John 15.1; Ephesians 6.11 542 Christians in the First Century ad 542 459 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Claudius 25.4 543 460 Tacitus, Annals 15.44 543
ÄÄÄII UUNI ĽNI S Imperial Advice about Dealing with Christians 543 461 Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96-97 544 Christian Reaction to Trajan’s Rescriptum 547 462 Tertullian, Apology 2.7-9 547 Misconceptions about Christianity 547 463 Minucius Felix, Octavius 8.4-5; 9-2, 4~7; 10.2,5; 12.5 547 A Christian’s Reply to the Accusations 549 464 Tertullian, Apology 7.1; 10.1-2; 39.1-3,5,16-17 549 Martyrs 550 465 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.1.6-9,11,13-16 550 Systematic Persecution 551 466 P. Oxy. 4.658 551 Toleration 552 467 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 8.17.1 552 Resistance to Intolerance 552 468 Symmachus, Dispatches to the Emperor 3.8-10 553 Christian Intolerance 554 469 The Law Code of Theodosius 16.5.1 554 Philosophy 554 Epicureanism 555 The Reasons for Studying Philosophy 555 470 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.107-115,127-135,146-148 556 The First Principle 556 471 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.149-158 556 The Second Principle 557 472 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.215-237, 250-264 557 Proof of the Existence of Atoms 558 473 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.265-279,305-316,319-328 558 Void 559 474 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 1.329-330,334-343,346-357 559 Life and Death 559 475 Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe 2.1002-1004,72-79,575-580 559 Stoicism 560 The Promise of Philosophy 560 476 Seneca the Younger, Letters 48.7-8 561 Stoic Definition of Happiness 561 477 Seneca the Younger, Letters 124.7,14 562 Fate and Free Will 562
xxxvii Contents 478 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 5.4, б 562 Emotions 562 479 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 1.7.2-3 563 The Invulnerability of the Wise Man 563 480 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Constancy 5.4-5, 8.3 563 Death as True Freedom 564 481 Seneca the Younger, Letters 65.21-22 564 Training and Preparation 564 482 Seneca the Younger, Letters 18.1,3,5-6 565 Self-Discipline and Steadfastness 566 483 Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 2.1-4; 4.1,3, 6,11-13 566 Genealogy Charts 568 Maps 573 Appendix I: Literary and Textual Sources 580 Appendix II: Roman Money 594 Appendix III: Important Dates and Events 596 Suggestions for Further Reading 601 Thematic Questions 607 Credits 609 Index 611 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Rom Rome - Conditions sociales Rome - Murs et coutumes Römisches Reich Rome Social conditions Rome Social life and customs Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rom Rome - Conditions sociales Rome - Murs et coutumes Römisches Reich Rome Social conditions Rome Social life and customs |
| id | DE-604.BV048461841 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:33:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:38:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190072131 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033839829 |
| oclc_num | 1349536928 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-20 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-20 DE-384 |
| physical | XLIV, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, genealogische Tafeln |
| psigel | gbd_4_2211 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Shelton, Jo-Ann Verfasser (DE-588)1037085906 aut As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history Jo-Ann Shelton, Pauline Ripat Third edition New York Oxford University Press 2022 XLIV, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, genealogische Tafeln txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sozialgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Alltag, Brauchtum Histoire sociale - Jusqu'à 500 Romeinse oudheid gtt Sociale geschiedenis gtt Sozialgeschichte Structure sociale - Rome Social history To 500 Social structure Rome Rom Rome - Conditions sociales Rome - Murs et coutumes Römisches Reich Rome Social conditions Rome Social life and customs Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Alltagsleben (DE-2581)TH000005840 gbd Gesellschaft (DE-2581)TH000007102 gbd Römische Geschichte (DE-2581)TH000003747 gbd Römische Kulturgeschichte, allgemein (DE-2581)TH000005831 gbd Römische Sozialgeschichte (DE-2581)TH000006934 gbd Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Sozialgeschichte z DE-604 Ripat, Pauline 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1274043336 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-007214-8 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033839829&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Shelton, Jo-Ann Ripat, Pauline 1973- As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history Alltag, Brauchtum Histoire sociale - Jusqu'à 500 Romeinse oudheid gtt Sociale geschiedenis gtt Sozialgeschichte Structure sociale - Rome Social history To 500 Social structure Rome |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076778-4 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history |
| title_auth | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history |
| title_exact_search | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history |
| title_full | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history Jo-Ann Shelton, Pauline Ripat |
| title_fullStr | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history Jo-Ann Shelton, Pauline Ripat |
| title_full_unstemmed | As the Romans did a sourcebook in Roman social history Jo-Ann Shelton, Pauline Ripat |
| title_short | As the Romans did |
| title_sort | as the romans did a sourcebook in roman social history |
| title_sub | a sourcebook in Roman social history |
| topic | Alltag, Brauchtum Histoire sociale - Jusqu'à 500 Romeinse oudheid gtt Sociale geschiedenis gtt Sozialgeschichte Structure sociale - Rome Social history To 500 Social structure Rome |
| topic_facet | Alltag, Brauchtum Histoire sociale - Jusqu'à 500 Romeinse oudheid Sociale geschiedenis Sozialgeschichte Structure sociale - Rome Social history To 500 Social structure Rome Rom Rome - Conditions sociales Rome - Murs et coutumes Römisches Reich Rome Social conditions Rome Social life and customs Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033839829&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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