Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos: monografija
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
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Vilnius
Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras
2013
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 166 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9789955531463 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos |b monografija |c Vidmantas Daugirdas, Donatas Burneika, Edis Kriaučiūnas, Gintaras Ribokas, Saulius Stanaitis, Rūta Ubarevičienė |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras |c 2013 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Daugirdas, Vidmantas |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Burneika, Donatas |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kriaučiūnas, Edis |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ribokas, Gintaras |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stanaitis, Saulius |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ubarevičienė, Rūta |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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TURINYS
JVADAS 6
I. RETAI APGYVENTy TERITORIjy SAMPRATA 11
1.1. Kas yra retai apgyventa teritorija? 11
1.2. Kq rodo teritorijos gyventojq tankumas? 12
II. DEPOPULIACIJA IR RETAI APGYVENTOS
TERITORIJOS EUROPOS S^JUNGOJE 14
III. RETAI APGYVENTy TERITORIjy
PAPLITIMAS LIETUVOJE 19
3.1. Ankstesni retai apgyventq teritorijq tyrimai 19
3.2. Retai apgyventq teritorijq paplitimas 22
3.2.1. Depopuliacija ir gyventojq tankumo mazéjimas 22
3.2.2. Retai apgyventos savivaldybés 24
3.2.3. Retai apgyventos seniünijos 26
IV. GYVENTOjy DEMOGRAFINÉ BÜKLÉ IR JOS KAITOS
TENDENCIJOS RETAI APGYVENTOSE TERITORIJOSE 31
4.1. Gimstamumas, mirtingumas ir natürali kaita 31
4.2. Gyventojq sudétis pagal amziq 35
4.3. Gyventoj 14 migra cija 40
4.3.1. Emigracija is retai apgyventq savivaldybiq 40
4.3.2. Vidinés migracijos kryptys 47
4.3.3. Emigracija is retai apgyventq seniünijq 49
V. GYVENVIECiy TINKLO KAITOS JTAKA RETAI
APGYVENTy TERITORIjy RAIDAI 50
5.1. Kaimo gyvenvieciq tinklas ir jo kaita 50
5.1.1. Gyvenvieciq tinklo formavimas sovietmeciu 50
5.1.2. Gyvenviecip sistemos pokyciai 1989-2011 m. 52
5.1.3. Retai apgyventp teritorijp gyvenvieciij tinklo
apibüdinimas 53
5.1.4. Gyventoj 14 ir gyvenvieciq pasiskirstymo RAT ypatumai 55
5.1.5. Gyventojq teritoriné koncentracija 59
5.2. Miestq jtaka retai apgyventq teritorijq raidai 63
5.2.1. Miestij jtaka gyventojij skaiciaus kaitai 63
5.2.2. Vilniaus miesto jtaka Rytq Lietuvoje 65
5.2.3. Kitij didesniq miestij jtaka retai
apgyrcntom8 teritorijoms 70
VI. RETAI APGYVENTy TERITORIjy SOCIALINÉS
EKONOMINES RAIDOS YPATUMAI 73
6.1. Retai apgyventij savivaldybiij socialiné ekonominé
raida 2002-2012 m. 73
6.2. Zemés ükio ir ükininkavimo socialiniai
ekonominiai aspektai 78
6.2.1. Retai apgyventij teritorijij zemés
naudojimo ypatybés 78
6.2.1.1. Maziau palankios ükininkauti teritorijos 78
6.2.1.2. Zemés ükio intensyvumo skirtumai 80
6.2.1.3. Zeménaudos skirtumai ir zemés ükio
veiklos imitacija 85
6.2.1.4. Apleistos zemés ir jij naudojimo problema 89
6.2.1.5. Teisiné bazé apleistai zemei ir zemés ükio
plétrai joje administruoti 92
6.2.2. Ükininkij nuomoné apie ükininkavimo
galimybes retai apgyventose teritorijose 95
6.2.3. Retai apgyventrj teritorijq talpumo problema 98
6.3. Miskq naudojimo ypatumai retai apgyventose teritorijose 106
6.4. Rekreacijos ir turizmo plétra retai apgyventose teritorijose 110
6.5. Teritorinés atskirties didéjimas 115
6.6. Svarbiausios retai apgyventi} teritorijij socialinés
problemos gyventojij akimis 118
ISVADOS IR APIBENDRINIMAI 126
RETAI APGYVENTy TERITORIjy VYSTYMO
POLITIKOS GAIRÉS 130
SUMMARY 132
Literatüra 137
Priedas
144
Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos j monografija
SUMMARY
It is usually considered that Lithuania is quite well mastered and relative-
ly densely inhabited country. However, there are more and more territories or even
entire regions in Lithuania with very low and rapidly decreasing population density.
The accelerating depopulation and the spread of sparsely populated areas (further
hereafter - the SPA) are becoming a new and a serious challenge for the Lithuanian
society and the state. The problem is highly relevant, because a SPA is sort of an indi-
cator that shows what the country may expect in the future. Uneven socio-economic
development, high emigration, and other socio-demographic degradation phenome-
na threaten the Lithuanian state.
The aim of the study is to reveal demographic and social characteristics re-
lated with the spread of sparsely populated areas in Lithuania and their population,
as well as the development trends thereof. Attempts were made to highlight not only
where and how many SPAs there are in Lithuania, but also their differences from ot-
her Lithuanian territories. But it should be noted that this book does not attempt to
summarize all the topics close to this issue, or research papers conducted and publis-
hed earlier by scientists of other countries or Lithuania (specific research about SPAs
in Lithuania were simply not available), and we focused on the analysis of the recent
statistical data received and collected by ourselves.
We have made a complex analysis of the Lithuanian SPAs trying to assess
whether the reduction of population density affects rural economy, what characte-
ristic features are specific in economic activities, land use and agriculture, recreation
and tourism, what are the peculiarities of particular network of settlements, what are
the differences between the inhabitants, their main demographic trends and migrati-
on characteristics, and what problems arise while living in such areas. Its like trying
to answer the question of whether the low population density is a consequence or a
cause of processes, and can it have an impact on demographic, social, economic and
other SPA indicators.
In 2012-2013 the Institute of Human Geography and Demography at the
Lithuanian Social Research Centre conducted the research project “Sparsely popu-
lated areas in Lithuania and their residents” under the national research programme
“Social Challenges for National Security”. The study presents part of the material col-
lected and summarized during the research. The object of the research was SPAs in
Lithuania, i.e. such territorial units (neighbourhoods, municipalities), where rural
population density does not exceed 12.5 inh/km2. The main period of the analysis
covered the decade between the Lithuanian population census of 2001 and 2011, but
in some cases data of previous research or statistical data were used and compared.
The key outcomes and conclusions of the study are:
1. A large part of Lithuania is sparsely populated - it takes approximately 45%
of the territory. Major part of such areas is concentrated in the North East
and the South Lithuania where poor soils unfavourable for agriculture do-
Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos [ monografija
minates. In those forested regions SPAs make large compact areas. Howe-
ver, foci of SPAs are starting to develop also in other regions of the country,
e.g. in the Samogithia (in the counties of Siauliai, Taurage, Telsiai). Parti-
cularly sparsely populated areas in Lithuania are currently considered 183
neighbourhoods, or 29,3 thousand square km of the Lithuanian territory.
SPAs are rapidly developing and are going to develop further in the nearest
future.
Deep demographic crisis is leading to the major consequence of intensive
depopulation and particularly poor and worsening key demographic indica-
tors, that differ from the national average by a few times:
Particularly low birth rate (3.3 %o, while the national average is 10.1 %o);
High mortality rate (19,1 %o, while the national average is 13,6 %o);
Particularly negative natural change (-15,8 %o, while the national avera-
ge is -3,5 %o);
Unfavourable population reproduction age structure (children under 15
make 12.8% of the inhabitants, while the national average is 14.8%; resi-
dents over 65 make 21.7%, while the national average is 18.1%), and the
population aging;
Emigration - the majority of the younger generation move out to large
cities of Lithuania or abroad;
The number and the density of population are rapidly decreasing (by
2.2% per year).
So far there are no existing demographic preconditions for the improvement
of the situation or the change of tendencies. We have to accept the fact that
depopulation will continue, and the rural areas will be depopulating in the
nearest 15-20 years leading to the increased numbers of SPAs. The process is
natural and inevitable. It is a paradox, but it is so because even in the SPAs
live more inhabitants than the socio-economic capacity of those areas per-
mits.
Demographic situation in the East and South Lithuania may be qualified as
stabile poor one, because it is similar for a few decades already. However
situation in the West Lithuania could be assessed as a rapidly worsening one.
Differences of the key demographic indicators between the neighbourhoods
in SPAs are also rather significant. In 2011 there were 43 neighbourhoods,
where no child birth was registered, yet in another 18 neighbourhoods birth
rate was below one per mille meaning that only 1-2 children per year were
born in the neighbourhood. Mortality rate in some neighbourhoods was
very high, reaching 3-4% per year, while some neighbourhoods are losing al-
most 3.5% of the population per year due to the natural change. Consequent-
ly, a larger proportion of depopulation, or nearly %, falls under the negative
natural change, and the smaller - to emigration. This is the main difference
of SPAs from the general trends of the country.
Lietuvosretaiapgyventosteritorijos | monografija
134
4. The next sore point of SPAs with regards to demographic and social issues
after the depopulation most probably is the aging population. Though the
share of senior residents in SPAs has decreased within the decade (in 2012 it
made 21.7% of the population, in 2001 - 28.7%), however, the reduced share
of children and the increased share of residents in the working age indicate
that quite a large part of residents in SPAs are approaching the retirement
age. In some neighbourhoods of East Lithuania and in sparsely populated
neighbourhoods the share of children reduced by two times or more within
the decade and makes just up to 8% of the population. There are yet such
neighbourhoods, where a share of children is still relatively large, i.e. 17-19%.
Senior residents make about one third or more of the population in more
than ten neighbourhoods.
5. A tendency was noted that the lower the population density, the poorer de-
mographic indicators (higher mortality rate, poorer natural change, smaller
share of children, larger share of the aging population). Therefore, it is assu-
med that the threshold of 10 residents / 1 km2 may be considered important
- as having crossed it depopulation processes become critical and irreversi-
ble.
6. Depopulation in Lithuania is followed by the decline in the network of edu-
cational and other social institutions. The closed loop is developing: popula-
tion reduction leads to the decline of social infrastructure and this results to
shrinkage of population and ect. It increases social and territorial exclusion
of the population. This tendency is particularly sharp since 2005.
7. Poor social situation of the population in SPAs - high unemployment and
inactivity of the population, many disadvantaged families, increasing depen-
dence on social benefits and public support. SPAs are unattractive to new
and young residents, social and economic problems are more severe than in
other parts of the country. But on the other hand, SPAs often lie in the pro-
tected areas of Lithuania or adjacent to them, and are distinguished for wo-
odlands and lakes, beautiful landscapes, historical values, quiet, clean, nice
and well kept environment. Here one can find particularly good conditions
to live and rest, for developing recreation and tourism business. Probably
that’s why almost all residents like living in their own region (96 %), and the
number of willing to emigrate is relatively low (15%).
8. Since the restoration of independence Lithuania inherited the network of
rural settlements adapted to the Soviet economy, which is constantly chan-
ging: depopulation continues in all categories of settlements. The land re-
form carried out after the restoration of independence is poorly related with
the changes in the settlement system of rural areas. In this context, SPAs
are distinguished as areas which in general experienced the lowest adverse
developments in Lithuania. The lowest adverse developments in 200T2011
experienced middle-sized settlements with 201-500 inhabitants, and the
most stable were smaller settlements with 50-199 residents. Concentration
Uetuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos j monografija
of population in one or two largest settlements of the neighbourhood, where the
process of decline is slower, continues. Small villages will probably completely
fade away and larger ones will turn into summer resorts. Larger settlements situ-
ated in a better geographical location - close to larger cities, more important and
better roads, more beautiful environment - will persist.
9. Differences of the settlement network on the regional and local level in SPAs
have been historically developed. The consistent pattern of population distributi-
on in the smallest and largest rural settlements may be distinguished in SPAs. As
a rule there are more settlements in SPA neighbourhoods and they are smaller
than in general in Lithuania: in the average there were 54 rural settlements in
one SPA neighbourhood in 2011, and 41 populated settlements (the average of
Lithuania - 45 and 36 respectively). There are neighbourhoods with only a few
settlements, while the largest neighbourhoods have more than 100 settlements.
Approximately one half of all SPA settlements are small settlements (in other
rural territories of Lithuania such settlements make some 32%). Also, more than
half of Lithuanian settlements without residents are concentrated in SPAs.
10. At the end of the 20th century the changing character of social economic relati-
ons between cities and the surrounding regions leads to the development of cities
as focal points and welfare sources for the surrounding problem regions. It might
be stated in the case of Lithuania, that first of all such impact is made by the
city of Vilnius, also Kaunas and Klaipeda. Elsewhere depopulation will continue
until the territories reached the optimal population capacity under the existing
social economic conditions. Considering that most social economic phenome-
na are noted of inertia, it might be expected that the accelerated depopulation
process will reduce the number of inhabitants even more than provided by the
social and economic capacity threshold. In the case of favourable tendencies of
economic development in Europe, income of urban population should continue
increasing, subsequently, the impact of the three largest cities of Lithuania on
rural areas should be also increasing. This might lead to the reduction of negative
social, economic and psychological depopulation consequences.
11. Unfavourable natural geographical conditions for farming, weak social-econo-
mic development, dwindling network of social institutions and the related with
such factors social degradation and intensive depopulation make a serious obs-
tacle to further economic and social development of SPAs. Consolidation of cul-
tivated land in Eastern Lithuania is slow, dominated by smaller, less competitive
farms, where agricultural activities are less effective. There are many abandoned
buildings in the regions as well as unutilised agricultural land, the area of which
is decreasing. Land productivity influences population density and socio-econo-
mic development of the territory - on the one hand, less people live in the areas
of unproductive land, because it is difficult for them to make a living there, on
the other hand, in the areas of productive land farms are large and population
density may be low because large farms are less labour intensive.
12. The relationship between the forest cover and the population density of SPAs is
Lietuvosretaiapgyventosteritorijos j monografija
strong. According to our calculations about 52% of the Lithuanian forests are
concentrated in SPA neighbourhoods, totalling approximately to 1 230 thousand
ha, and the average wood density of a SPA neighbourhood is - 38.5%. Forestry in
the wooded SPA areas has always been and still remains one of the most impor-
tant economic activities. Multipurpose use of SPA forests is especially important
- picking up of forest products, increasing recreational and conservation values
of forest services.
13. As much as 60% of the Lithuanian rural tourism business is concentrated in
SPAs. In some regions of the Highlands and Dzukija recreational use of the area
in the SPA neighbourhoods is the most important activity or one of the key func-
tions. This shows the potential of such areas and the promising trends of activi-
ties. However, recreational function is so far concentrated in a relatively small
part of SPAs (about 13%). Due to the intensive use of the area for recreational
purposes, the number of people in some neighbourhoods in summer (especially
on weekends) redoubles, and the neighbourhood area due to the increased num-
ber of people becomes no longer as sparsely populated area. Due to the increased
number of holidaymakers (temporary residents) the turnover of shops, cafes and
other services increases. The use of the territories of such neighbourhoods in the
period of season and out of season is different in the main: as economically as
socially, as in terms of the number of people, their activities, etc. We may antici-
pate that such differences will increase in the future. Some neighbourhoods may
turn into purely recreational areas where most homesteads will remain uninha-
bited in the off-season period (only residents attending the area will stay). Such
perspective is possible exceptionally for purely “mono-functional” areas, orien-
ted to recreational use of the territory.
14. More than 85% of the SPA territories belong to the less-favoured areas for far-
ming, where traditional agricultural activities are problematic. Agricultural ac-
tivities (including EU support) are a major source of income for less than half of
farmers involved in farming on unproductive land and slightly more than half of
farmers cultivating fertile land areas. A large part of meadows and pastures are
not used, and are declared only for obtaining the EU support. It just simulates
farming. In addition, the majority of farmers (60 %) are categorically against the
change of the land use purpose, even though half of them are already over 60
years of age and there is no guarantee that someone will inherit their farm. It
is unrealistic to expect that young workforce will appear in the SPAs, therefore
tillage intensity on the territory of unproductive agricultural areas will further
decline, and this will hamper the development of agriculture. Only a few percent
of currently employed persons in agriculture of the SPA neighbourhoods with
the lowest land productivity may secure the minimal 1000 Lt income, and no
more than 50% of subjects farming on more productive land. This suggests that
rural social economic capacity is exceeded.
Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos i monograf i J A
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Daugirdas, Vidmantas Burneika, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Edis Ribokas, Gintaras Stanaitis, Saulius Ubarevičienė, Rūta |
| author_facet | Daugirdas, Vidmantas Burneika, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Edis Ribokas, Gintaras Stanaitis, Saulius Ubarevičienė, Rūta |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Daugirdas, Vidmantas |
| author_variant | v d vd d b db e k ek g r gr s s ss r u ru |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042942783 |
| contents | Englische Zusammenfassung |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931522329 (DE-599)GBV790908395 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV042942783 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:12:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1059447371 |
| isbn | 9789955531463 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028369207 |
| oclc_num | 931522329 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 166 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija Vidmantas Daugirdas, Donatas Burneika, Edis Kriaučiūnas, Gintaras Ribokas, Saulius Stanaitis, Rūta Ubarevičienė Vilnius Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras 2013 166 Seiten Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung Dünn besiedeltes Gebiet (DE-588)4494339-8 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Dünn besiedeltes Gebiet (DE-588)4494339-8 s DE-604 Daugirdas, Vidmantas aut Burneika, Donatas aut Kriaučiūnas, Edis aut Ribokas, Gintaras aut Stanaitis, Saulius aut Ubarevičienė, Rūta aut Lietuvos Socialiniu̜ Tyrimu̜ Centras (DE-588)1059447371 isb Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Daugirdas, Vidmantas Burneika, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Edis Ribokas, Gintaras Stanaitis, Saulius Ubarevičienė, Rūta Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija Englische Zusammenfassung Dünn besiedeltes Gebiet (DE-588)4494339-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4494339-8 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija |
| title_auth | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija |
| title_full | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija Vidmantas Daugirdas, Donatas Burneika, Edis Kriaučiūnas, Gintaras Ribokas, Saulius Stanaitis, Rūta Ubarevičienė |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija Vidmantas Daugirdas, Donatas Burneika, Edis Kriaučiūnas, Gintaras Ribokas, Saulius Stanaitis, Rūta Ubarevičienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija Vidmantas Daugirdas, Donatas Burneika, Edis Kriaučiūnas, Gintaras Ribokas, Saulius Stanaitis, Rūta Ubarevičienė |
| title_short | Lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos |
| title_sort | lietuvos retai apgyventos teritorijos monografija |
| title_sub | monografija |
| topic | Dünn besiedeltes Gebiet (DE-588)4494339-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dünn besiedeltes Gebiet Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028369207&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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