Mothers, families, or children?: family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020
"Mothers, Families, or Children? is the first comparative-historical study of family policies in Poland, Hungary, and Romania from 1945 until the eve of the global pandemic in 2020. The book highlights the emergence, consolidation, and perseverance of three types of family policies based on &qu...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Pittsburgh, Pa.
University of Pittsburgh Press
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Russian and East European studies
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Mothers, Families, or Children? is the first comparative-historical study of family policies in Poland, Hungary, and Romania from 1945 until the eve of the global pandemic in 2020. The book highlights the emergence, consolidation, and perseverance of three types of family policies based on "mother-orientation" in Poland, "family orientation" in Hungary, and "child-orientation" in Romania. It uses a new theoretical framework to identify core and contingent clusters of benefits and services in each country and trace their development across time and under different political regimes, before and after 1989. It also examines and compares policy continuity and change with special attention to institutions, ideas, and actors involved in decision making and reform. As family policies continue to evolve in the era of European Union membership and new governmental and societal actors emerge, this study reveals mechanisms that help preserve core family policy clusters while allowing reform in contingent ones in each country"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 389-440 |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 454 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780822947035 |
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION Family Policy Development in Central and Eastern Europe since 1045 A Comparative Historical Approach 3 PARTI FAMILY POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND, HUNGARY, AND ROMANIA FROM 1945 UNTIL THE EU ACCESSION IN THE EARLY 2000S 1. Comparative Historical Analysis of Family Policies in Central and Eastern Europe under Communist Rule and Bevond 29 E. The Origins and Consolidation of Mother-Dr ¡anted Family Policy in Poland, 1345-Early ZODOS 47 3. The Origins and Consolidation of Family-Oriented Policy in Hungary, 1345-Early 2000s 97 4, The Origins and Consolidation of Child-Oriented Family Policy in Romania, 1345-Early 2000s 144
PART II FAMILY POLICY REFORMS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE ERA OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, EARLY 2000S-2020 S, Family Policy Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe during the Era of European Integration A Comparative Analysis of International and Domestic Influences 197 6. The Reconstruction of Mother-Oriented Family Policy in Poland since the Early 2000s 224 7. The Reinvention of Family-Oriented Policy in Hungary since the Early 2000s 256 B, The Evolution of Child-Oriented Family Policy in Romania since the Eerly 2000s 289 CONCLUSION Understanding the Historical Trajectories of Family Policies in Eastern and Western Europe since 1945 319 LIST OF INTERVIEWS AND STATISTICAL DATA SOURCES 347 NOTES 353 BIBLIOGRAPHY 389 INDEX 441
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INDEX Note: References in italic refer to figures and tables. abortion, 54, 67, 87,102,106,110,155-58, 160,166,190, 228,334, 356n5 absentee payment {távolléti díj), 373nl6 Adamik, Mária, 139 Akcja Wyborcza Solidarności (AWS), 80, 221, 225 Alliance for the Union of Romanians, 292 Alliance of Free Democrats (Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége, or SZDSZ), 129,137, 258, 273, 281 Alliance of the Democratic Left (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, or SLD), 79, 86,225, 246; female politicians of, 87; government, 88-90; pro-labor and pro-welfare coalition of, 81 АП-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ), 91 Andor, László, 216 Andrzejewska, Anna, 242 Antall, József, 121,123,358ո20; protection of fetus, 127 Antonescu, Ion, 148 Apostol, Gheorghe, 175 Association of Active Families, 314 Association of Hungarian Wives, 278 Association of Hungarian Women, 278 Asztalos-Morell, Ildikó, 113 Austria: paid child-care leave, 325; Family Policy Advisory Council, 361n7; paternalistic continental European traditions, 71 AWS. See Akcja Wyborcza Solidarności Bączkowski, Andrzej, 90 Bąk, Mateusz, 366nl Balcerzak-Paradowska, Bożena, 66,78,237, 355Ո13 Balog, Zoltán, 275 Banach, Jolanta, 87, 88,89,90,246 Bánkuty, Tamás, 375ո31 Bárány, Ildikó Kovácsné, 276 Barbu, Sulfina, 312 Barcelona Objectives report, 201 Bârlădeanu, Alexandru, 363n22 Barszcz, Marek, 236 Bártfai-Mager, Andrea, 376ո43 Băsescu, Traian, 295, 302, 303, 310, 362nl8, 382n20, 383n25 Beissinger, Mark, 11 Bėki, Gabriella, 138, 281, 377n56 Béland, Daniel, 37 Belgium, 52, 327; family allowances, adopted, 32 Bernard Brunhes International, 314 Beveridgean
universalism, 333 Bicskei, Éva, 103 birth grant {becikowe), 234, 240, 249, 266, 330,336 Bismarckian system, 48, 50-51, 55, 344 Biome, Agnes, 12 Bobu, Emil, 176 Boc, Emil, 302,304, 313, 382n22 Bokros, Lajos, 130; austerity program, 132, 133,135; package of reforms, 131 Bonoli, Giuliano, 315 441
mOTHERS, FñmiLlES, OR CHILDREn? Borys-Szopa, Bożena, 245 family policies in, 39-43, 41, 222; Brezhnev, Leonid, 66 backwardness, 253n2; cognitive shifts Brucan, Silviu, 363ո22 in national thinking, 199-200; family Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 356n2 policy development in, 18-21; hybrid Bucur, Maria, 156 ization of policies, 11; institutional Budai, Marius, 306 legacies in welfare state development in, Bulgaria: adopted family allowances, 32; 38; societies, 200; typologies of family policies in, 321; welfare states, family policy in, 22 Opinion of the European Commission on Membership Requests, 186; popula tion growth in, 30 Cernea, Mihail, 167,36Խ14 child allowance, 8,9,15,17, 32, 327; Campan, Daniela-Enricheta, 188 eligibility for, 362nl9. See also family Câmpeanu, Mariana, 305,311,313 allowance Cană, Ionel, 171, 362nl7, 362nl8 child-care leaves, 9,16, 31; daddy quota, 17; Capoccia, Giovanni, 33, 319 in Hungary, 16-17, 82,107; in Poland, 17, Caritas, 314,335 55-56; unpaid, 57. See also paid child Castro, Fernando, 252 care leaves Catholic Church, 42,86,87, 93,123,127, child-care payments: Polish, 64, 65, 68, 69, 81, 94, 95, 111; Romanian, 111 220, 227,239-40, 244, 309, 334, 367n7; conservative ideology of, 284; and child-care policy retrenchment in Poland (1990s), 81-85 family policy, 90-91; gender inequali ties, 23; Gierek government and, 67; and child orientation, 216-17 male-breadwinner model, 83 child poverty, 365nl2; in Romania, 211, 213, 213, 337 Catholic hierarchy, 91,228,238 Ceaușescu, Elena, 161,171 Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG), 217, 353n4 Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 6,
40,104,109,110, 135,149,159-60,161, 331; antiabortion Child Poverty Center, 258-59 law, 296,361Ո10; appreciation for Child Poverty Program, 259-60,261, 271, Charles de Gaulle, 156; Black Marches, 285 37Խ49; cash payments and services, Chłoń -Domińczak, Agnieszka, 236,237, 160; child-oriented family policy, 163, 172-78; coercive pronatalism, 179,180, 368n26 Ciobanu, Lina, 165 clusters of family policy, core vs. contin 192; industrialization under, 154; inner circle, 165,171; nationalist-communist gent, defined, 13-18,15,25-26, 35 project, 175; nationalist/neo-Stalinist ideology, 332; new constitution was Coalition for the Family (Romania), 309 COFACE. See Confederation of Family Associations in the European Union urged by, 361n8; oppressive measures, 146; personality cult developed by, 172; regime, 162,167,169,170,174,177,179, COMECON. See Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 325,327; speech at Women’s National Conference, 155; visit to North Korea Committee of State Economics (Államgazdasági Bizottság), 109 (1971), 171 Confederation of Family Associations in the European Union (COFACE-Fami- CEE. See central and eastern Europe Center for the Development of Human lies Europe), 219, 252, 378n66 Constantinescu, Virgil, 168 Resources, 369n34 Cook, Linda, 39, 240, 244 Countries of the Council for Mutual Eco- central and eastern Europe (CEE), 3,4,316, 319; actors and stakeholders shaping 442
moEX nomie Assistance (COMECON), 29-30, Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 43,199,321 354nl; population growth in, dynamics EU accession, 202, 216,224, 231, 307,323, 324, 331,336, 340; agreements, 89; of of, 30 COVID-19 pandemic, 14,22,234,291,307, Hungary, 22,139,283-84,285,286,288; negotiations, 334-35; of Poland, 22,23, 346 75,76,88,89-90,226-27; of Romania, Csehák, Judit, 273 22,169, 290, 296, 303; timing of, 206 Cseh-Szombathy, László, 57nl5 Eurochild, 219 Czech Republic: adopted family allowances, European Commission, 218,219,252, 32; degenderizing, 44; EU accession, 308-9,310,335; opinion on Membership 346; family policy modernization, 10; family policy reforms, 340-46; popula Request of Poland, 363n27; opinion tion growth in, 30 on Membership Request of Romania, 363n28; 2014 report, 253n2 European Council, 335; Copenhagen crite “daddy quota,” 17,198, 304, 312 Daly, Mary, 11 ria, 363n26 European Demography Forum, 186,200, Dăncilă, Viorica, 306 Dăscălescu, Constantin, 175 286 Day of Crèches, 281 European Economic Area (EEA) Grants, de Gaulle, Charles, 156,157 309,335 European Employment Strategy, 201 Democratic Alliance of Hungarians from European Large Families Confederation Romania, 292,316 (ELFAC), 218, 219,251-52, 266, 280, 286, Democratic Union of Hungarians from Romania (RMDSZ), 302 314,335,366Ո17 Democrat-Liberal Party (PDL), 312 European Parliament, 218,219, 245 de-Stalinization, 56, 59,144,145,150,151, European Pillar of Social Rights, 201, 216 European Regional Development Fund 190,192; of Social Insurance Institution, 54-55 (ERDF), 200 Diakonia (Romania?), 314
differential fertility, 112, 334; in relation to European Regional Integration Funds, 252 Romanian family policy, 299-301 European Social Fund (ESF), 200,229,252, European Roma Strategy, 268 discursive institutionalism, 37 253, 369n34 disembedded neoliberalism, 180 Dobrev, Klára, 281,377ո57 European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), 364n5 Dohotariu, Anca, 20 European Social Investment Package, 216 European Social Model, 338-39 Drăgătoiu, Adina, 183 European Union (EU), 3,4, 20, 21, 47,197, Drăghici, Alexandru, 149, 36ІПІ2 225, 249, 254,266,282, 286, 335, 337, Dragnea, Liviu, 306 367nl4; agency-focused scholarship, dual care, 355nl5 Duman, Anil, 285 220-21; birth grants in, PPS, expen Dumitru, Elena, 311, 385n38, 385n39 changes in, 204-6; child poverty, 211, Eggers, Thurid, 7 213,213; contemporary agendas, 216; COVID-19 recovery funding, 331; ELFAC. See European Large Families directives, 321, 336; domestic political ditures on, 210; child-care services, Confederation actors and policy stakeholders, 220-23; ERDF. See European Regional Develop employment rates of mothers with ment Fund three children, 212; employment rates ESF. See European Social Fund of mothers with two children, 212; 443
MOTHERS, FAMILIES, OR снипяеп? European Union (EU) (cont.): European conservative expansion of (1956-1968), Child Guarantee, 364n5; evolution of 55-59; cost and expenditures, 50, 53; Hungarian family policies, impact on, expansion of, 31; linked to employment, 285-88; evolution of Romanian family 356nl; for nonworking spouses, 354n2; policies, impact on, 317-18; expansion, in Poland, 16,18, 49, 50-55,62-63, 346; family allowances in PPS, expen 76-77,329; political sensitivity of, 62-63 family-based tax allowance (családi ditures on, 209; family policy recom mendations and instruments, 202-14, adókedvezmény), 263-64 203; fragmentation of family policy, family orientation, 217-18 214-20; fundamental challenges to, 346; family policy, 3, 34-35,108,113; benefits and services, core vs. contingent, 10-18; Bis- funding, 222, 231,236-37,246,254,284, 330, 339; "Hungarian Model," 286-87; marckian model of, 333; continuity and integration, 26,197-223,317; interven change, 4; definition of, 8-9; historical tionism, 219; Lisbon Agenda strategy, trajectories of, 15,15-16; hybridization of, 11; institutionalization of, 9,11-12; 206, 214-15, 260, 261, 336; membership, 198-99, 222, 223, 320, 321, 322; member marginalization and neglect, period ship on Polish family policy, impact of, of, 224-35; origins of, 47-55; pillars 250-55; paid child-care leave benefits in PPS, expenditures on, 209; Parental trajectories, 14 in Europe, 9, 9; significance of, 6-7; Leave Directive, 298,341; public expen family policy agency, 42 ditures on early childhood education, family policy development: in
central 210; social expenditures on families and and eastern Europe, 18-21,32-33; children, 207; social investment and chronological trajectory in Poland, 92; child poverty, 216-17; sponsored NGO, “genderizing” or “de-genderizing,” 31; 219-20,222, 314-15; Strategy on the ideas and discourses in, 43-46; and Rights of the Child, 364n5; Structural Funds, 283,374n22; support and decen modernization, 35; periodization of, tralization, 198; total fertility rates, 204; treaties, 200; work-life balance agendas, temporary acceleration of (1947-1950), 30-32; postwar western European, 32; 51; variation in, 23 Family Policy Forum, 35,117,118,357nl5 221-22; Year of the Family (1994), 88 family policy retrenchment: in Hungary European welfare policy agenda, 21 (1995-early 2000s), 100,128-32; in European welfare states, 333, 342; old age Poland, 74-76; in Romania (1982-early 2000s), 172-89 pensions and family allowances, 35; path shifting within, 7; western, 33 family-related tax credits, 258 European Women’s Lobby (EWL), 219,246, fast-tracked policies vs. gradual change, 13, 252,287 Eurozone, 234,236, 369n27 explicit familialism, 20 15, 25 Fedak, Jolanta, 245, 277,310,376n44 female labor mobilization, 51, 333 Fábián, Katalin, 127,278, 282 Ferge, Zsuzsa, 116,117,136, 259,273, 332, factory-based kindergartens, 357nll 357Ո15 Ferragina, Emanuele, 11,46 familialism, 20 Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége-Magyar family allowances, 32,356n7; adopted in Bulgaria, 32; adopted in Czechoslo vakia, 32; for agricultural workers in Polgári Szövetség. See Fidesz Fidelis, Malgorzata, 49, 54, 67,72, 332
Fidesz (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége-Mag Hungary, 104; antipoverty aspect of, 63; yar Polgári Szövetség), 5,124,129,130, for civil servants in Hungary, 32,100; 444
шоєх conservative ideology of, 266, 284; Gheorghe, Nicolae, 169 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 149,150,167,175 family policy package, 270-71; family Ghețău, Vasile, 300,310,382nl8 tax allowance under, 267; fertility rates, Gierek, Edward, 59,61, 62, 66, 96,147,175; 132-34,135,137, 221,282, 359ո35, 372ո4; birth grants, 71; and Catholic Church, issue of, 274; government, 132,258, 67 268-69, 273, 286; grandiose plan, 264; GYED benefit, 133,134; “traditional” family, definition of, 262-63; wage Glass, Christy, 19, 20 replacement rate of maternity leave, 271 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 50,54; abandoned Goldmann, Wendy, ЗбОпЗ, 363n25 Firea, Gabriela, 316 Fischer, Mary Ellen, 172 forced collectivization of agriculture, “500+” child upbringing allowance conservative ideology, 55; government/ 61; Communist Party monopoly, 355n9; regime, 56,58, 59, 65, 68,72,150; (Poland), 68, 74,198,208,211,213, 224-27,231-33, 235, 240-42, 249, 253, 268, 273, 313,327-28, 330, 337, 339 Fodor, Éva, 19,20,123 removal of, 66; unpaid child-care leave for working mothers, 57 Ford Foundation, 57 Göncz, Árpád, 374ո28 Göncz, Kinga, 273, 374n28 Foundation for Well-Being (Jól-Lét Alapít Góralska, Helena, 30,66,69,78 vány), 375ո39 goulash communism, 107,114,172 Graniewska, Danuta, 66,78, 355nl3 France, 17-18, 71,141; family allowances, adopted, 32; work-family policies in, 36 Graziano, Paolo, 250-51 Great Depression, 50 Free Labor Union of Workers in Romania, 171 Great Recession of 2008-2010, 7,207, 214, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 246 226,261 Fulbright Foundation, 57 Greek financial crisis of 2008,338 Fundacja МаМа,
247,371ո50 Fűrész, Tünde, 276,277 Grigorescu, Pompiliu, 168 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, 248,249,250 Grzeszczyk, Tadeusz, 111 Grzymala-Busse, Anna, 13 Gábos, András, 125 Gal, Susan, 37 Gallai, Sándor, 278 GYED. See gyermekgondozási díj Gauthier, Anne, ЗО, 31, 32, 34,151,161, 218, gyermekgondozási díj (GYED), 113,119,120, GYED-extra, 265,267 328 124,125,129,130,261, 267, 357nl7; child Gayer, Gyuláné Anikó, 117 care provision, 133; and economic crisis gender equality, 17, 20,22,37; commu of 2009,132; elimination of, 131; para nist-era constitutions and, 38; Euro pean agendas of, 23,257,271, 287; long metric reform of, 265; payment, 133, 265; reduction of, 282; right of working term care policies and, 7,36; Solidarity mothers, 279; women’s organizations Women’s Section and, 87 and, 278 gender inequality, 23, 88, 301 gyermeknevelési segély (GYES), 111, 113,124, Germany: Bismarckian legislation in, 125,134,161, 258, 266, 267,298, 357nl2, 17-18; Christian Democratic Party, 341, 357nl7; adoption of, 345; austerity 344; EU accession, 346; family policy legislation of 1995 and, 130; benefit, reforms, 340-46, 372n62; Länder, 344; 279; combined with GYED, 129; design paternalistic continental European of, 120; economic crisis of 2009,132; traditions, 71; public child-care in, 18; flat-rate, 119; linked to income, 130; payment, 114,115,133, 261 Social Democratic Party, 344 445
mOTHERS, FHmiLlES, OR CHlLDREn? gyermeknevelési támogatás (GYET), 124-25, 142, 257 GYES. See gyermeknevelési segély GYET. See gyermeknevelési támogatás Gyurcsány, Ferenc, 258, 259, 260,281, 372n6; cabinets, 274; family policy deci sion-making, centralization of, 274-75; negated reforms, 266-67; received support from Ferge, 273 Gyurkó, Katalin Kardosné, 280 Hagemann, Karen, 343 Hanák, Katalin, 357nl5 Haney, Lynne, 101,110,130,257, 283 Hantrais, Linda, 8, 34 Hašková, Hana, 19 Häusermann, Silja, 36 Heinen, Jacqueline, 19, 37, 45, 332 Herczogh, Mária, 287 Hero Mothers, 54,103,108,150, 360n6 Hill, Reuben, 167 historical institutionalism, 12,18-19 Horn, Gyula, 138, 358n30; social policy agenda, 129-30 Horváth, Ägnes, 285 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 259 Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), 116,275, 276 Hungarian Democratic Forum (Magyar Demokrata Fórum, MDF), 121 Hungarian Demographic Research Institute (HDRI), 275 Hungarian Psychological Association, 110 Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocial ista Párt, MSZP), 258 Hungarian Women’s Lobby (Magyar Női Érdekérvényesítő Szövetség), 277,278, 287 Hungarian Workers’ Party (Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt, MSZMP), 102; Eighth Congress of, 109 Hungary, 3, 7, 92, 93, 97-143, 256-88; abortion ban, lifting of, 106; Act on the Support of Families, 133; aid for preg nancy and confinement, 269; Alliance of Free Democrats, 273; family-oriented packages in, 333; births to mothers, 204; 446 Bokros plan, 291,293-94; “celibacy tax,” 104,108; child-care leaves, 16-17, 82, 102 108-9,107,113,114,115,120,124,129, 130,140; child-care
services, 102-3,211, 260, 282,283,339; child poverty, 211, 213,213; Child Poverty Center, 258-59; Child Poverty Program, 259-60,261, 271,285; Child Protection Act of 1997, 131,137; Child Protection Act of 2012, 268; children attending kindergarten in, 106; children receiving nursery care in, 107; civil society activism in, 279-80; civil society organizations, 286; com prehensive package of 1997, adoption of, 134-35; conservative family model, 211; conservative family orientation, rebuilding, 132-35; constitutional tribunals or courts in, 38; Constitution of 1949,101; decentralization, 282-83; Democratic Trade Union of Nursery Workers, 131,137,142,281-82; demo graphic challenges, 5; Demographic Round Table (Népesedési Kerékasz tal), 279; domestic actors in family policy making, 41; early origins and expansion of family policy (1945-1952), 100-103; economic transition, 125-26; employment rates of mothers with three children, 212; employment rates of mothers with two children, 212; enrollment in early childhood care, 205; enrollment in preschool education, 205; EU accession, 22,139, 283-84, 285, 286,288; EU impact on family policy of, 285-88; expenditures on family benefits in, 123; explicitly genderizing, 44; extension of family policy benefits, 122-23; failed family allowance reforms, 336; family allowances, 32, 100,104,121-22,122; family-based tax allowance, 263-64; family home-build ing benefit, 269-70; family orientation, 117, 272-82; family-oriented reforms, institutions, ideas, and actors behind, 44,45,135-39; family policy develop ment in, 4,126,139,140; Family
Policy Forum, 117,118; family policy modern-
ιηοεχ fund, 355nl7; social insurance profes sionals, 40; socialist-liberal coalition, 135-36, 271; social policy housing program, 270; Sure-Start Children’s Houses, 260; tax system, 264; terhességi gyermekágyi segély, 109; three-child family model, 114; Three Princes and Three Princesses movement, 279,280; total fertility rate, 109,119,204; trade union in, 138-39; “transition crisis,” 121; upgrading of family policies (1989-1994), 120-28; welfare state development, 272-73; welfare-state institutions, reformed, 5-6; women’s organizations, 278-79. See also Fidesz; gyermekgondozási díj; gyermeknevelési seg; Kádár, János ization, 9-10,97-98,103-28,140; family policy packages, 113-20,128-29; family policy spending, 256-57; family policy trajectories, 15,15-16,97-100; female influence, 272; female policy entrepre neurs, 287; Great Recession of 2009, impact of, 261; ideational agenda, con servative, 141; ideational orientation, 10; infant care benefit, 269; kindergarten services, 105-6,115,128,284,357n9; labor policies of communist era, 101; National Association of Large Families (NOE) 125,129,136,137,138,139,142, 241, 266, 277, 279,280, 335; legislative packages of 1973 and 1984,140; living standards of families with children, 24; local government initiatives in family policy, limited room for, 282-84; long parental leave recipients, 112; Mária Kopp Institute for Demography and Families (KINCS), 276; maternity insurance benefit, 130; middle-class women’s political agency, expansion of, 313; modernization period in, 98,100, 257-58; National Consultation on the Protection of
Families, 270; National Methodological Center for Nurseries (BOMI), 116; New Economic Mecha nism, 110,117,142,161, 357Ո12; nursery care/facilities in, 13,115-16,127-28; oneparty totalitarian system in, 100; paid child-care leaves in, 110-11,113,119,120, 123,125; personal income tax system, 125,264,270; polarized and partisan family policy, 274; population decline, 23; population issue, 105,109,110,118; Population Policy Advisory Commit tee, 275; public expenditures on early childhood education, 210; reform family allowances in, 337; reorientation of Socialist Party, 258; retrenchment and reform of family policy (1995-early 2000s), 100,128-32; Roma minority in, 8,112-13; Social Act of 1993,127,128; social expenditures on families and children, 207; Social Insurance Act removed (1975), 115; social insurance IBRD. See International Bank for Recon struction and Development Iliescu, Ion, 179,181 implicit familialism, 20,70 Inglot, Tomasz, 36, 38, 39,122,141, 333 Institute of Labor and Social Policy (Poland), 237,331 institutionalism, 12, 36; discursive, 37 institutional stickiness, 272 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 160,175 International Labor Organization (ILO), 33; Convention No. 102, 253; Convention No. 109, 60 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 96, 160,162,175,181,190, 335, 337 International Sociological Association (ISA), 167 International Step by Step Association, 187, 387Ո49 Iohannis, Klaus, 305,306 Ivănescu, Paula Maria, 38Խ10 Járóka, Livia, 268 Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 66, 69, 93 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 42, 62, 64, 85,147; challenge of
Solidarity movement, 74; economic restructuring under, 84; new social insurance law for farmers, 355nl2 447
mOTHERS, FňmiLIES, OR CHILDREn? Jarvis, Sarah, 121 Kuroń , Jacek, 78,79 Jasminowicz, Irena, 220 Kurzynowski, Adam, 56-57,66, 68, 82,331 Javornik, Jana, 20,75 Lakner, Zoltán Lehel, 138 Jowitt, Kenneth, 149 Juhász, Borbála, 278,287 Large Family Discount Card, 314 Law and Justice party (PiS), 208,227,230, Kaczyński, Jarosław, 93,234,235,242 234,238,242,245, 368n21; election of Kádár, János, 100,103,113,117,121,132,134, fall 2015 and 2019,254; electoral defeat 142,147,150,173,266, 272, 325, 329, 332; ban mot, 108; vs. Ceauşescu, 109; demo of 2007, 236 graphic crises, 114,118; family policy League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin, or LPR), 234 consensus, 133; “goulash communism,” League of Polish Women (Liga Kobiet 107,114,172; population policy of, 110- Polskich), 56,68 11; supported Soviet invasion, 356n3; Leitner, Sigrid, 20,43,199 unification of benefits and services, 114; Leś, Ewa, 250 unpaid child-care leave, 109 Lesiakowski, Krzysztof, 68, 355nl4 Kahn, Alfred J., 34,113,151 Lewis, Jane, 7, 8 Kamerman, Sheila B., 34,113,151 “Letter of the Six,” 175,178, 363n22 Kapela, Teresa, 240 Lisbon Agenda strategy, 201,206, 214-15, Kapitány, Balázs, 275,373nl4 Karwacki, Arkadiusz, 232, 233 260, 261,290, 300, 336 Lisbon Chamber of Commerce, 252 Kawachi, Janette, 20 Lisbon Treaty of 2000,197 Kelemen, R. Daniel, 33, 319-20 longue durée, 7; of family policy, 13 Keller, Judit, 268 Lynch, Julia, 31, 35,96 Khrushchev, Nikita, 150 Kim Il-sung, 172 Mainwaring, Scott, 220 Király, Károly, 178, 363ո23 Maląg, Marlena, 245 Kligman, Gail, 37 Mănescu, Corneliu, 363n22 Manuilă, Sabin, 167
Klinger, András, 129, 357nl6 Kluzik-Rostkowska, Joanna, 235,236,237, Marchlewski, Julian, 68 Marczuk, Bartosz, 237, 367ո6, 370ո40 244, 245,252, 310 Kołodko, Grzegorz, 81,90 Komeński Foundation, 239, 242,243-44, Mária Kopp Institute for Demography and Families (Kopp Mária Intézet 248,251, 252, 310, 335 a Demográfiáért és a Családokért, Komorowski, Bronisław, 228,237,369ո34 KINCS), 276 Kopacz, Ewa, 229, 238,243 Marinescu, Voinea, 155-56,158 Kopp, Mária, 279,280 Korkut, Umut, 239 Kormosné Debreceni, Zsuzsa, 137, 277, 279, Márki, László, 220, 378ո61 maternalism, 5,19, 21,23, 37, 72, 248 Matolcsy, György, 375n30 286, 373Ո14 Maurer, Gheorghe, 178 Korwin-Mikke, Janusz, 355nl8 Kosiniak-Kamysz, Władysław, 246 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 81,87 Kotkin, Stephen, 11 Mécs, Imre, 137 Kovács, Borbála, 20 Medgyessy, Péter, 258, 273, 274,372n5 Merkel, Angela, 341, 344 Krupska, Joanna, 239,240,369ո37, 372ո60 Krupski, Janusz, 369ո31 Micklewright, John, 121 Miller, Leszek, 81, 90 Kulcsár, Kálmán, 357nl5 448
1П0ЕХ Minc, Hilary, 50 New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 110,117, Mișcarea Populară, 383ո25 142,161 New Right of the Republic (Nowa Prawica Mitchell, Eva, 199 modernization period, 6,14,15,33,35,43, Rzeczypospolitej), 355nl8 73, 93,323, 324, 337; benefits and ser Norwegian Funds, 218,243,316,317 vices during, 16; duration of, 94; end of, Novák, Katalin, 271,275,276,277,375n36 17; family policy, 4,9-10,13, 34, 55, 320, Nowa Matka Polka (New Polish Mother), 247 324,345; prioritized programs during, 13-14; sequencing of, 326; timing of, 13 Nyers, Rezső, 110,117 Monigl, István, 357nl6 Morawiecki, Mateusz, 250 OECD. See Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Morgan, Kimberly, 12,36-37,272, 310,331 Mother and Father Foundation (Fundacja Olteanu, Cristina-Liana, 172 Mamy i Taty), 246 Mothers of the First Quarter, 248 Open Door Foundation (Fundacja Otwarte Mothers of the Fourth Quarter (2012), 248 Drzwi), 244 open method of coordination (OMC), 200, Nagy, Imre, 357nl0; execution of (1958), 108; Orban, Ludovic, 306 201,215, 251, 252, 321 expelled from party, 105; “New Course,” Orbán, Viktor, 5-6,124,132,133,256,258, 262,267, 286, 299, 311, 359n36; altered 104-5 name of maternity leave, 269; cabinet, 268,277, 280, 295,376n43; “daddy Nastase, Adrian, 293,294,381n9 National Association of Large Families (Nagycsaládosok Országos Egyesülete, leave” proposal, rejected, 265-66; NOE), 125,129,136,137,138,139,142, expansion of family policy initiatives, 237, 238,241, 279,287, 335, 359ո37; core 271; Family Protection Action Plan, family policy programs, 280-81; pop 270; negated
reforms, 266-67; new ulation package of 2013,266; “Women population program (2013), 273; polit ical reforms of, 334; Population Policy 40” program, 280 Advisory Committee, 275 National Association of Hungarian Trade Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 96,256, Unions, 138 National Cohesion Strategy (Human Capi tal), 369n34 365nl0 Orloff, Ann, 43 National Commission for Demography Orthodox Church, Romanian, 309, 315, 334 OvidiuRo Association, 316 (NCD), 165 National Liberal Party (PNL), 316 National Methodological Center for Nurs paid child-care leaves: in Hungary, 97, 110-11,113,119; during interwar period, eries (Bölcsődék Országos Módszertani Intézete, BOMI), 138,139 31; in Poland, 57; in Romania, 17; in National Salvation Front, 179 western European nations, 98. See also National Union of Crèches, 192 child-care leaves Pălășan (Doboș), Corina, 156 NEM. See New Economic Mechanism Németh, Lászlóné, 376n41 Pálinkás, József, 376ո47 Nemțanu, Mirela, 20 Parental Leave Directive of June 1996 Netherlands, 35, 49,80; work-family poli (96/34/EC), 200 cies in, 36 Partidul Social Democrat (PSD), 304,306, “New Baby Boom” program, 274, 373nl3 311, 316 449
MOTHERS, FñmiLlES, OR CHlLDREn? Pârvulescu, Constantin, 363n22 Pâslaru, Dragoș, 384n33 Patriei, Șoimii, 164 PCR. See Romanian Communist Party Pedersen, Susan,5,12 Pérez-Linán, Aníbal, 220 periodic citizen mobilization, 336 personal income tax (PIT), 125, 264, 270, 358n27 pillars of family policy, 9 Piłsudski, Józef, 354ո4 Piotrowski, Jerzy, 66,67 Plumb, Rovana, 305,311, 385n40, 385n41 Pocora, Cristina, 311 Polakowski, Michał, 20,75,199 Poland, 3, 7, 23-24, 40, 47-96,123,127, 242, 354n6, 355nl6; births to mothers, 204-, child-care leave in, development of, 55-58; child-care payments, 111; child care policies, retrenchment of (1990s), 81-85; child-care services, 211,231, 339; child poverty, 211,213,213-, child-rear ing benefit, 365n8; Civic Platform, 211,226, 227,236, 237, 251, 254,332; coalition of societal actors (1990s), 78; coercive policies, 24; Komeński Foundation, 239, 242,243-44,248, 251, 252, 310; Committee for Labor and Wages, 66; constitutional tribunals or courts in, 38; Convention on Prevent ing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, 242; democratic political activity, 86; demo graphic challenges, 5; domestic actors in family policy making, 41; emergen cy-driven family allowance reforms in, 330; “emergency” social policy in, 63; employment rates of mothers with three children, 212-, employment rates of mothers with two children, 212-, enrollment in early childhood care, 205-, enrollment in preschool education, 205; EU accession, 22, 23,75, 76, 88, 89-90, 226-27; EU membership on family pol icy, impact of, 250-55; EU-supported parental
benefits in, 336; expenditures on family policies, 75, 75-76, 78, 79; family allowances, 18,32,49, 50-55, 62-63,76-77,232, 331; Family Discount Card scheme, 249; family policy con tinuity and reform after 1989, 85-91; family policy development in, 4,59-63, 91-93, 92; family policy modernization, 10, 59-70, 72,86-87,326-27,339; Family Policy Program (1997), 89; Family Policy Program (2007), 227-28,235, 237; family policy spending, 256-57; family-related schemes, elevation of, 6; Grodzisk Mazowiecki, 248,249,250; high birthrates, 29; home-based care 20; ideational orientation, 10; implicitly genderizing family policy, 44; Insti tute of Labor and Social Policy, 237; kindergarten attendance rate, changes in, 84; kindergarten enrollment in, 61, 230; kindergarten facilities, 58,60-61, 83; Kongres Kobiet, cabinet of, 277-78; Labor Code of 1975, 62; labor force in (1950-1988), 49; Law and Justice, 221, 226,227, 242, 292; lifting of martial law (1983), 64-65; local family policy in, rise of, 248-50; local government reform, 83; Lower Silesia, 249; Maluch (Little Toddler) program, 230, 231, 253; marginalization and neglect, period of, 224-35; maternity insurance, 79-81; maternity insurance expansion, 329; maternity insurance in, 337; Ministry of the Family and Social Policy? Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, 229-30, 231; Mother and Father Foundation, 246; mother-oriented family policy, 44, 45, 70-74,333; national family policy trajectories in, analysis of, 15,15-16; new family policy regime, 235-48; new parental leave (urlop rodzicielski), 229; nursery care/facilities in, 13,
70, 85, 370n42; Open Door Foundation, 244; origins of family policy, 47-55; political crises in, 63; population committee, 74; poverty and social inclusion have, 244, 369n33; pregnancy and maternity benefits, 17; Presidential Family Policy Program, 228; public expenditures on 450
ІПОЕХ early childhood education, 210; reforms Révész, Máriusz, 275 of maternity insurance in, 339-40; Roma families, 8, Ш-12,334,362nl6, 382nl7; health mediators, 300; in Hun rural inhabitants in, 8; “Sanacja” regime, 50,354n4; social expenditures gary, 263,267, 271; low-income, 134,295; on families and children, 207; social poverty rates among, 118; in Romania, 8, infrastructure and welfare rights, 169-70; Save the Children (in Romania), 303; welfare dependency, 299 61-62; social insurance budget, 77, 83; social insurance professionals, 40; Romania, 3,7,24,109,144-93, 305,314, Strategy for Responsible Growth, 250; 379nl; agricultural cooperatives of pro tax reform (2003), 366n5; total fertility duction, 152,154,161,163,166,173-74; rates, 204; United Right, 235; Women’s births to mothers, 204; child-care leave Congress, 277,310; Żarów, 249. See also benefits, 297,301; child-care payments, Alliance of the Democratic Left; Social 111; child-care services, 187-88, 211, 316; Insurance Institution (ZUS) child/family allowance, 32,148-49,151, 152-54,153, 161,162,173,180,181,183, Polish Institute of Labor and Social Affairs, 307; child orientation in, 44, 45,146, 29 161,163; child-oriented family policy Polish October, 54 Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 88,243, 245, (1945-early 2000s), 189-93; child- 246,292 Praga Północ, 244 oriented family policy (since early Ponta, Victor, 304,311, 385n40 Popa, Izabella, 156 policy during Ceaușescu’s austerity, Popescu, Livia, 20 child poverty, 211, 213,213; child pov Popescu-Tăriceanu, Călin, 295,299, 380ո6 erty alleviation and mothers’ employ
ment, 24-25; child poverty alleviation 2000s), 289-318; child-oriented family 172-78; child-oriented policy in, 333; population issue (népesedési kérdés), 5,105, 109,110,118 programs in, 337; children enrolled Pozsgay, Imre, 125,129,137, 358n25 PPS. See purchasing power parity standard in kindergartens in, 165; Coalition for Preda, Marian, 175, 303, 383n25,383n26 154-61,179,192; Constanta Tribunal, pregnancy insurance, 47, 55,58, 60, 93 386n44; Constitution, 2018 referendum to modify, 334; Constitutional Court the Family, 309; coercive pronatalism, pronatalism, 44; coercive, 24, 45,154-61; population issue and, 5 in 2006,298, 337-38; Constitutional purchasing power parity standard (PPS), 208,209-10 Court in 2020, 337-38; constitutional tribunals or courts in, 38; Constitu tion of 1948, 360n4; Constitution of Quality of Life Institute, 192 1952,150,360n4; Constitution of 1965, 154; Constitution of 1991,181; con Răceanu, Grigore, 363n22 tinued child-oriented social policy, Rafalska, Elżbieta, 245, 246, 250, 311 172-89; Decree 212/1974,170-71; Decree Rajkiewicz, Antoni, 70 770/1966,157,158; Democrat-Liberal Rákosi, Mátyás, 100, 111, 116,128,356n2; DA alliance, 295-98, 311; demographic family policy payments and services challenges, 5; demographic emergency under, 104; industrialization and politi of 1966,146, 290, 296; demographic planning and population policies, 34, cal repression under, 101,106; nation alization of child-care services, 105; 164-67; Department for Interethnic restrictive abortion rules under, 102 Relations, 381nl6; differential fertility Reformed
Churches, 284 in relation to family policy, 299-301; 451
maiHERs, families, Romania {cont.'): domestic actors in family or childrer? of Child Rights, 296; National Commis policy making, 41; economic trade sion for Demography, 165,169; National outside of Soviet bloc, 162; employment Commission on Population Problems, rates of mothers with three children, 295-96,309; national family policy 212; employment rates of mothers with trajectories in, analysis of, 15,15-16; two children, 212; enrollment in early neoliberal reform agenda in family pol childhood care, 205; enrollment in icies, 304-5; nurseries and kindergar preschool education, 205; EU accession, tens in, 159,163-64,164,174; oil crisis (early 1970s), 175; paid child-care leaves, 22,169, 290, 296, 303; EU membership era, old and new family policy actors in, 308-17; EU recommendations and funding, 307-8; EU-supported women’s “activation” agenda, 291; expenditures on child allowances, 153,182,184; 17,145,154,179-80,181,184-85,189, 291, 302-3, 305, 307; “Pampers strike,” 314; Parliamentary Commission on Labor and Social Protection, 308; pension reform (2000), 185; political legitimacy crisis of 1980s, 176-77; population expenditures on family policies and social assistance benefits, 185-86,186; census of 1965,155; postwar period, failed family allowance reforms, 336; family (child) allowance payment, 156, 38; pre-1945 social policy legacies, 148; Presidential Commission for Social 158; family policies during EU acces and Demographic Risks, 296, 300,309; sion, 291-99; family policy, early origins public expenditures on early childhood education, 210; quality of life, issue
of, and expansion of, 147-54; family policy convergence with European agenda, 170,178; Referendum for the Family, 290-91; family policy development in, 384n36; reform family allowances in, 4,144,191; family policy modernization, 337; repressive measures, 114; Research 10,154-72; family policy retrenchment, Institute for Quality of Life, 300; resi dential child-care institutions, reform 145,172-89, 302; family policy spend ing, 304; family policy term in, use of, 35; family policy transformation during of, 187; rights of working parents, 182; financial crisis of 2008-2010,301-8; fertility rates in, 365n9; General Direc Children, 303, 314, 383n24; Social tion for the Protection of Children, 187; expenditures on families and children, health care system, mass corruption 207; social reference indicator, 305, Roma families in, 8,169-70; Save the Democrats vs. Liberals, 293-95; social scandal in, 305-6; Hero Mothers, 384n31; supplementary allowance (alo reward for, 150; ideational orientation, cație suplimentară), 185; total fertility 10; influential women actors in, 312-13; rate in, 155; total fertility rates, 204; initial family benefits, 149-50; kinder transformation of family policy pillars, 179-89; turbulent political times in, 22; garten enrollment, 187,188; Law 4/1977, 163; Law 61/1993,183; malnutrition, Union of Crèches, 303; value-added tax, child, 174; maternity benefits, reforms 313; welfare-state transformations, 6; of, 161,167-68; maternity insurance in, 337; middle-class mothers/women, 313- women politicians, 312; women’s agency in,278 14; modernization,
belated completion Romanian Academy of Sciences, 178 of, 179-89; National Agency for Social Romanian Communist Party (PCR), 149, 168,169,171; Executive Political Coun Payments, 315; National Authority for the Protection of Children, 186-87; cil, 177; hard-liners, 156; prominent National Authority for the Protection figures of, 159 452
1ПСЕХ Romano, Serena, 126 Rotariu, Traian,155,157 Round Table Talks, 42,77-78 Sáfrány, Réka, 287 Salamin, Géza, 375ո31 Sârbu, Marian, 385ո38 Save Romania Union, 292 Save the Children, 303,314, 383n24 Saxonberg, Steven, 19, 31, 38, 43,49,188, 199, 218,238, 282,285,287, 331; family policies and gender equality, 36; family policy development, 33,54; and in-home child care, 236; legacy of “threeness,” 58,230; postcommunist political parties and politics, 39 Scheer, Éva Ferencné, 283 Sen, Amartya, 7 Skrapski, Fruzsina, 377ո48 Soare, Florin, 156,165 Socha, Barbara, 246 Social Europe, 215,338-39 social insurance bureaucracy, 50-51 Social Insurance Institution (Zakład Ubez pieczeń Społecznych, or ZUS), ЗО, 56, 76, 77,158,226, 237, 371ո56; de-Stalini zation of, 54-55; pension reform as, 79; social insurance bureaucracy of, 50-51; social insurance tax, 48 Sokołowska, Małgorzata, 34,70 Solidarity, 30, 42, 64, 68, 74,138, 325; and egalitarian distribution of payments, 78; Founding Committee of, 69 Soros Foundation, 314 Soviet Union, 86,102,108; adopted family allowances, 32; female activists of, 87; high birthrates, 29; population growth in, 30 Spéder, Zsolt, 275 Stalin, Joseph, 100,101,104,148 Stănescu, Simona, 20 Stativa, Ecaterina, 174,364ո29 “Steagul Roșu” Factory, Brașov, 178 Steinhilber, Silke, 20 Step by Step International, 314 Strategy for Responsible Growth (Strategia dla Odpowiedzialnego Rozwoju), 250 Sure-Start Children’s Houses (Biztos Kez det Gyerekházak), 260 Sweden, 34,60,98; Family Policy Commit tee, 360ո7; work-family policies in, 36 Szabad Demokraták Szövegsége.
See Alli ance of Free Democrats Szalai, Júlia, 136 Szalai, Piroska, 274,282 Székely, András, 377n48 Székely, Hajnalka, 280 Szelewa, Dorota, 19,20, 37,48,75,199 Szikra, Dorottya, 333 Szlendak, Tomasz, 232,233 Szűcs, Erika, 273 Tarasiewicz, Malgorzata, 87 Tariceanu, Adrian, 311 terhességi gyermekágyi segély (TGYÄS), 109 Three Princes and Three Princesses movement (Három Királyfi, Három Királylány Mozgalom), 279, 280, 377n50 Tismăneanu, Vladimir, 362nl8, 386n45 Tomka, Béla, 333 Trade Union of Nursery Workers (BDDSZ), 131,137,142,281-82 “traditional” family, 3, 262-63,353nl Tusk, Donald, 231, 238, 243, 248 Twenty-One Demands, 69 Udrea, Elena, 383n25 Uhereczky, Agnes, 287 UNFPA. See United Nations Population Fund UNICEF, 187,218, 309, 312, 314,332, 335 United Nations: Center for Demography, 165; Convention on Child Rights (1990), 59nl; Population Fund, 165; World Pop ulation Conference (1974), 164,165, 326 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 165, 295 United States 36, 57, 256 Uniunea Social Liberal (USL), 304, 305 Uścińska, Gertruda, 66,355nl3 van den Leyen, Ursula, 341 Varga, Judit, 277, 376n43 453
MOTHERS, FňMlLlES, OR CHILDREn? World Bank, 78, 96,122,130,160,162,178, 181,183,191, 218,309,335,337 Vasilescu, Lia Olguța, 306, 312 Velluti, Samantha, 285 Verdery, Katherine, 177 World Population Conference (1974), 34 World Vision, 314 Vukovich, György, 129 Wóycicka, Irena, 66,69,237 Waszkiewicz, Radosław, 37Խ55 Wator, Monika, 19,37,45,332 Zamfir, Cătălin, 170,332 Zeitlin, Jonathan, 199,201 Wiktorow, Aleksandra, 30,78 Zimmermann, Susan, 101 Verdeț, Ilie, 175 Winiewski, Michal, 42 Working Group for Family-Friendly Hungary, 375ո31 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 454 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Inglot, Tomasz 1961- Szikra, Dorottya 1971- Raţ, Cristina 19XX- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136252273 (DE-588)1226207502 (DE-588)1327636700 |
| author_facet | Inglot, Tomasz 1961- Szikra, Dorottya 1971- Raţ, Cristina 19XX- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Inglot, Tomasz 1961- |
| author_variant | t i ti d s ds c r cr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048848138 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 NW 8150 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1369629304 (DE-599)BVBBV048848138 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-2020 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-2020 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048848138 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:39:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:47:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780822947035 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034113445 |
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| physical | xi, 454 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230630 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | University of Pittsburgh Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Inglot, Tomasz 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)136252273 aut Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 Tomasz Inglot, Dorottya Szikra, and Cristina Raţ Pittsburgh, Pa. University of Pittsburgh Press [2022] © 2022 xi, 454 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian and East European studies Literaturverzeichnis Seite 389-440 "Mothers, Families, or Children? is the first comparative-historical study of family policies in Poland, Hungary, and Romania from 1945 until the eve of the global pandemic in 2020. The book highlights the emergence, consolidation, and perseverance of three types of family policies based on "mother-orientation" in Poland, "family orientation" in Hungary, and "child-orientation" in Romania. It uses a new theoretical framework to identify core and contingent clusters of benefits and services in each country and trace their development across time and under different political regimes, before and after 1989. It also examines and compares policy continuity and change with special attention to institutions, ideas, and actors involved in decision making and reform. As family policies continue to evolve in the era of European Union membership and new governmental and societal actors emerge, this study reveals mechanisms that help preserve core family policy clusters while allowing reform in contingent ones in each country"-- Geschichte 1945-2020 gnd rswk-swf Familienpolitik (DE-588)4016418-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Family policy / Poland Family policy / Hungary Family policy / Romania Family policy Hungary Poland Romania Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Familienpolitik (DE-588)4016418-4 s Geschichte 1945-2020 z DE-604 Szikra, Dorottya 1971- (DE-588)1226207502 aut Raţ, Cristina 19XX- (DE-588)1327636700 aut Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Inglot, Tomasz 1961- Szikra, Dorottya 1971- Raţ, Cristina 19XX- Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 Familienpolitik (DE-588)4016418-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016418-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 |
| title_auth | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 |
| title_exact_search | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 |
| title_full | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 Tomasz Inglot, Dorottya Szikra, and Cristina Raţ |
| title_fullStr | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 Tomasz Inglot, Dorottya Szikra, and Cristina Raţ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mothers, families, or children? family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 Tomasz Inglot, Dorottya Szikra, and Cristina Raţ |
| title_short | Mothers, families, or children? |
| title_sort | mothers families or children family policy in poland hungary and romania 1945 2020 |
| title_sub | family policy in Poland, Hungary, and Romania, 1945-2020 |
| topic | Familienpolitik (DE-588)4016418-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Familienpolitik Rumänien Ungarn Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034113445&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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