Strongmen saviours: a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil
"An introduction to rightwing populist movements outside of the West, looking at four key case studies, their commonalities, and differences. Populism has been on the rise globally since the global financial crisis of 2008, with few countries left entirely untouched by the phenomenon. At the sa...
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London ; New York
Routledge
2023
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| Zusammenfassung: | "An introduction to rightwing populist movements outside of the West, looking at four key case studies, their commonalities, and differences. Populism has been on the rise globally since the global financial crisis of 2008, with few countries left entirely untouched by the phenomenon. At the same time, the specific circumstances in each country vary considerably, and its important in understanding these movements we do not assume they are all the same, even while they have some characteristics in common. Mohan and Padmanabhan take the cases of India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil in turn, looking at how they took quite distinct journeys to similar destinations. They offer both, a better understanding of the details of each country's slide towards strongman authoritarianism, and an analysis of the common elements shared between them. An essential introduction to the rise of populism outside the West, for students of international political economy, and comparative politics"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 228 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781032288321 9781032288314 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS List offigures List of tables Acknowledgements xi xiii xiv 1 Introduction 1 PART I India 19 2 India’s Transformation:From Nehru to Vajpayee 21 3 From ‘Pracharak’ to ‘Pradhan Sevak’: The Rise of Narendra Damodardas Modi 36 4 India under Modi’s Leadership 45 5 Part Conclusion: India 63 PART II Turkey 69 6 The Inception of Modem Turkey: A Background Context 71 7 TheBoy from Anatolia 83 8 Turkey under the Ruleof Erdoğan 91 9 PartConclusion: Turkey 107
x Contents PART III Russia 113 10 From the Tsars to Gorbachev 115 11 Vladimir Putin: His Life before the Limelight 129 12 Putin’s Russia: The System and the Man 136 13 Part Conclusion: Russia 155 PART IV Brazil 161 14 The Past as a Guide to the Present 163 15 The ‘Poor Boy from Sao Paulo’ and his Rise to Power 176 16 An Election Victory — and a New Era for Brazil under Bolsonaro? 182 17 Part Conclusion: Brazil 18 In Summation: What We Can Learn from Cross-Country Narratives Index 197 203 218
INDEX Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page 1-2-3 Agreement see Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 2G spectrum scam 49 1961 Constitution 76 1962 Indo-China War 24 1990-91 Economic Crisis of India 29-30 1991 reform package 30-31, 47, 203 1996 Russian presidential election 138—139 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections 41 2002 Gujarat riots 40-41, 45, 66 2008 financial crisis, impacts of 48 2014 Indian general election 41; ‘Achhe din aayenge’ slogan of 53; class-wise party preference in 50; core issue during 46; Modi’s campaign 52-53; ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas’ slogan 43, 52; voter blocs in 53, 67; see ако Indian general election Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) 177 Advani, LK 31-32, 39, 41, 43, 65 Afghan War 124 agriculture 57, 71, 75, 120, 122, 155, 192 Aiyar, Mani Shankar 49 Akar, Hulusi 102 Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) 38 Albayrak, Berat 102 Allahabad High Court 26 Amazon rainforest 13, 14-15, 192 ‘American dream’ 2 Anatolia 73-74, 83, 85, 87 Anatolian bourgeoisie 80 anti-capitalist sentiment 64 anti-corruption: movement 50, 52, 67, 167; sentiment 50, 52, 210, 212 Anti-Corruption Foundation 150 anti-Eastern Bloc protests 133 anti-immigrant rhetoric 1 anti-secular sentiment 10 apartment bombings 141 Araujo, Carlos 186 Arican, Menderes 101 Armistice of Mudros 73 Article 370, revocation of 57 assassination 28-30, 64-65, 121, 159, 165, 205 ‘Ataturk’ 9-10, 74-76, 84, 107-108, 111 authoritarianism 60; populism 2, 21; neoliberalism 7 Aydınlar Ocagi (‘Intellectuals’ Hearth’) 78 Ayodhya Rath
Yatra see Ram Rath Yatra Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme 54 Babri Masjid: catalyst for destruction of 39; movement 65; opening of 28, 34nl8, 65, 204 balance of payments (BOP) crisis 25, 30, 32, 33, 46, 65, 166, 168
Index 219 Bangladesh liberation war 26 policies of 14-15; promises of 14; Banking Regulation and Supervision promises of fighting corruption 187; Agency 96 school education of 176-177; scrapping beef ban 56 of Bolsa Familia scheme 14; sexist and Behura, Siddharth 49 authoritarian rhetoric of 192 Bengal famine of 1943 23 Brasilia 166 Berezovsky, Boris 134-135 Brazil: bloodless coup in 164-165, 197-198; Berlin Wall, fall of 133 civilian rule reinstatement in 14; class Beslan school siege 144 system of 198; colonisation of 163; Besli, Hüseyin 99 contemporary history of 14; corruption in Bhanot, Lalit 49 169, 187—189; Corruption Perceptions Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) 31—32, 64; early Index ranking of 187; credit ratings 183; electoral success of 31; formation of 31; crime rate in 189-190, 199; dictatorial under Indira Gandhi’s rule 31; political regime 164-165, 173, 197; discovery by mainstreaming of 26; political pact with Cabral 163; as emerging world power 13; opposition parties 32 first Constitution of 164, 197; formation of resistance groups in 168, 198—199; Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 9, 11, 28, 31-33, 38-41, 45, 48, 50-57, 59, 64-66, Freedom in the World ranking of 4; 65, 211; 2019 election campaign 56; globalisation and 13; immigration policies criticism of 1-2-3 Agreement 48; defeat of 172; income inequality in 167; in 2004 national elections 43, 45, 66; independence of 197; as independent state 163; inequality problem of 190; economic socialism of 32; election military coup in 167-168; military rule in finances to 57; growth of 32-33; 168, 173, 198; mixed-race
population of initiation of 31, 32, 64; Modi 172—173; national characteristics of 13; transitioning to 38-39; reasons for rise of oil reserves 184; population growth of 33; voter base of 56-57 198; poverty in 13; press freedom ranking Birth of a Leader - Recep Ταγγίρ Erdoğan, The (Besli and Özbay) 99 of 192; racial inequalities in 173; redemocratisation of 169, 172; response black economy 123 to COVID-19 pandemic 214—215; role ‘Bloody Sunday’ massacre 117 Bofors corruption scandal 28-29 in fight against climate change 13; social inequalities in 173; systemic inequality in Bolotnaya Square protest 148 167; violence problem 14; violent crime Bolsa Familia scheme 14, 185, 185, 192, 201, 208 problem in 169 ‘Brazilian Autumn’ 187 Bolshevik Party/Bolsheviks 115, 119, 117-121, 122, 156 Brazilian Constitution 185; of 1988 169; Articles 3 and 5 of 173 Bolshevik Red Army 119 Brazilian economy 165, 168-170, 200—202; Bolsonaro, Jair Messias 3, 14-15, 173, 176, automobile industry 166, 198; under 199, 201-203, 208, 212, 214-216; 2018 Bolsonaro 192; Collor Plan and 169-170; election campaign of 182, 190-191, 201; current account deficit 17Í, 171-172; on Amazon rainforest fire 192; campaign external debt crisis of 1980s 168, 199; promises of 190; as city councillor of Rio GDP per capita growth 168, 184, de Janeiro 179, 199; context and rise of 184—185; Great Depression impact on 203; controversial statements by 178-180, 164; high interest rates 171; import 190; drop in approval ratings of 191, 193; substitution industrialisation 165; entry to politics 179—181; factors industrial growth
165, 165-166, 168; impacting rise of 193; family background inflation rates 168—171, 170; under Lula of 176; as federal deputy in Chamber of 183-184; Operation Car Wash impact on Deputies 179-180, 199; first presidential 189; Plano Real and 170-172, 200; speech of 191; hobbies of 177; military privatisation and liberalisation policies career of 177-179, 199; military 170—172; problems affecting 13; reforms nickname of 177; naming of 176; 168; under Rousseff 186—187; stagnation nominated as presidential candidate 190; 169; terms of trade under Cardoso and nostalgia for dictatorship period 180; Lula 183, 183; trap of twin deficits popularity of 180, 191; pro-development
220 Index 168—169, 189; urban population impact on 165-166 Brazilian society 15, 164, 166-167, 172, 197, 201; institutionalised discrimination within 173; race and religion in 172-173; workers’ welfare inclusion in 164 Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos 7 Brezhnev, Leonid 123-124, 146, 156-157 Brown, Wendy 7 bureaucracy 28, 47, 77, 122-123, 126, 136 Bush, George 48 Cabral, Pedro Alvares 163 capital account 30, 80, 206-207 capitalism 5, 23, 63, 172 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 164, 170—172, 183, 185, 200 caste-based electoral practice 52 Catholic Church 169, 174nl3, 199, 204 Catholicism 172-173 Central Bureau of Investigations (CBI) 49, 49-50 centre-right politics 76 Chamberlin, William Henry 117 Chandolia, RK 49 Chechen conflict 140-141 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 139 China 24 Christian Democratic Party (PDC) 179 Chubais, Anatoly 138 Citizenship Amendment Act (2019) 9, 57-58, 67 civil disobedience 22 civil war 119, 121, 137, 156, 180 coal allocation scam see ‘Coalgate’ ‘Coalgate’ 49-50 coalition governments 9, 27, 30, 32, 33, 65, 77, 88, 96-97, 109, 197 Collor Plan 169-170 colonialism, capitalism-led 63 colonisation 13, 163, 197; Brazil 163; capitalism-led 63; and India’s economy 23 Commonwealth Games scandal 49 communalism 22, 56 communism 12, 75, 78, 108, 115, 146, 167, 198, 204, 211 Communist Party 121-126, 131-132, 136, 157, 165 comptroller and auditor general of India (CAG) report: on auction of 2G licences 49; on coal block allocation 50 Congress (O) 25, 64 Congress (R) 25, 64 Congress of People’s Deputies 125, 137 constitutional referendum 102 Constitution of Russian Federation 137
corporate tax cut 57 corruption 4, 13-15, 28, 40, 46-50, 52, 55, 63, 66, 80, 87, 97, 134, 141, 146, 150, 158, 167, 169, 182, 187, 191, 200-201, 203, 205, 209-212, 210, 216 Corruption Perceptions Index 142 corruption scandals 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 29, 46, 52, 67, 101, 167, 170, 182, 187, 188, 193, 200—202; Bofors corruption scandal 28-29; in Brazil 169; bureaucracy and 28, 46; Gujarat government 40; involving money laundering 101; ‘Lost Trillion’ 98; Operation Car Wash 187-188, 193, 197; outcome of 209; Petrobras scandal 14, 187-188, 201; in Russia 210-211; Türkbank Scandal 98; in Turkey 210; UPA II 48-51, 66, 67, 209-210 Costa, Paulo Roberto 188 coup 28, 75-76, 86, 99, 101-102, 110-111, 119, 126, 133, 137, 158, 164, 176, 186, 197-198; bloodless 77, 103, 165, 197; civil-military 199; against Pedro II 164; postmodem 88, 98, 110; in Turkey 76, 77, 86, 101-102; against Vargas 164-165 Coup Investigation Commission 101 COVID-19 pandemic 57, 212; Brazil’s response to 214-215; India’s response to 214; Russia’s response to 213; Turkey’s response to 213-214 ‘crawling peg’ 174n9 crime 15, 98, 130, 134, 141, 158, 180, 182, 187, 188, 189-192, 199, 201, 215 Crimea, annexation of 125, 146, 148-149 Cruzado Plan 169, 174n6 cult personality 4 currency 97, 116, 169, 206 current account balance 59, 93, 93, 171 current account deficit 29, 29-30, 171-172 da Silva, Lula Inacio 14-15, 171-172, 182-187, 189-191, 200-202, 208, 210, 212; ban on 191; centrist economic stance of 183, 185; popularity of 184, 185; socialist image of 182-183, 185; support to Rousseff՜ 185-186; as trade union leader 182; see
aho Lula’s presidency deficit financing 93 Delhi state government, allegations of corruption against 49 democracies 7, 13-14, 26, 75, 100, 126, 135, 142, 144, 159, 167, 178, 204 Democratic Labour Party (PDT) 186
Index Democratic Left Party 95 Democrat Party 76 demonetisation campaign 54—55, 59, 67 depoliticised Islam, in Turkey 78 Desai, Morarji 24, 25, 27, 32 discrimination 4, 23, 84-85 dissent 4, 15, 56, 100, 103, 119, 122-123, 136, 143-144, 157, 168, 198 dissidents 26, 64, 129 ‘Drain Theory’ 23 Dresden 132-133 Dubrovka Theatre, siege of 144 Duma 117-118, 143, 155 Dutra, Eurico Gaspar 165, 198 East Germany 132-133, 157 Eatwell, Roger 1 Ecevit, Bülent 77, 95 economic crisis 29, 87, 92, 95-97, 187, 207, 215 economic growth 14, 25, 45-47, 52, 66, 93, 185, 204; performance, fall in 58; under UPA I 46, 47, 66; under Vajpayee 45 economic inequality 13 economic instability 10, 92, 165, 210-211 economic liberalisation: attempt to further 28; capital account 80; under conditionality clause 28; exchange rate regime 80; New Economic Policy 30-31, 65; under Özal 79—80; people’s pessimism about 29; under Putin 142-143 economic policies 6-7, 11, 14-15, 28, 75, 167, 191, 202-203, 206 economic reforms 45, 59, 95, 99, 126, 142, 159, 201 economic stability 110, 171, 206-207 education 12, 14, 42, 54, 64, 73, 80, 84-85, 109-110, 121, 130, 150, 157, 177, 185 employment 29, 47, 53-54, 78, 95, 97, 109, 112, 130-131, 166, 176, 183, 201, 206-207, 214-215 Erbakan, Necmettin 77-80, 85-89, 97-99, 109-110, 210, 212; 1987 elections and 87; ban on 88, 89, 98; corruption scandal 98; primary focus of 85; as prime minister 88, 97; resignation of 98 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 3, 83-89, 107, 109-112, 201-203, 212-216; 2002 general elections 11, 100; 2007 general elections 11, 100—101; 2011 general elections 11; 2014
general elections 11, 101; 2018 general elections 102; attempted coup against 101-102; banned from holding public office 11, 100; 221 childhood experiences of 83-84; consolidation of power 101, 102; context and rise of 203; convicted of reading incendiary poem 89, 98-99; corruption scandal 11, 101; discrimination faced by 84-85; election promises of 100; Erbakan’s influence on 86; ‘executive presidency’ granted to 102; family background of 83; generation influenced by 10; income inequality under 103; leadership of 10; at Marmara University 85; mayoral election campaign of 87; as mayor of Istanbul 87-88; political ideology of 83, 85; popularity of 89, 91, 100; as president of MSP youth branch 86; as prime minister 10; protest against deaths of Islamist youths 86; re-entered politics 87; religious education of 84; reputation of 88; rise of 98-101; ‘sledgehammer conspiracy’ against 100; strategic partnership with Gulen 100; suppression of opposition 102; time with IETT 86; unemployment under 103 Europe 11, 115-116, 124, 155, 167, 189 Eurozone crisis 185 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) 28, 34nl5 Farias, Paulo Cesar 170 Faulkner, Neil 118, 122 Federal Security Service (FSB) 135 ‘Fifty Years in Five’ programme 166, 198, 203 Figueiredo, João 169 Filho, Salon Pereira 179 financial crisis 48, 98, 116, 139, 142, 144, 146, 159, 200, 208 five-year plans 23, 27—28, 63, 122 fixed exchange rate 174n9 Ford 41 foreign capital 9, 31, 116, 204—205 foreign direct investment (FDI) 42, 46, 54 foreign exchange 205; deposit accounts 79; inflow of 30; reserves 94—95, 142, 148, 168; and short-term
capital 92 Foreign Intelligence Agency 133 Franco, Itamar 200 Freedom in the World report 4 Gandesha, Samir 7 Gandhi, Indira 4, 21, 24-28, 32, 38, 64; 1971 election campaign 25-26; 1980 elections and 27; assassination of 27, 65; centralisation of power 26, 27, 59, 64; decision to nationalise banks 25; expulsion from party 25; forced policies of liberalisation 25; guilty of electoral
222 Index malpractice 26, 64; imposing state of emergency 26, 64; left-wing populism under 60; and Modi, connection between 27; Operation Bluestar 27; populistic rhetoric of 25-26, 59, 64; selected for INC leadership 24; shift away from liberalisation 25 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 64 Gandhi, Rajiv 21, 65; assassination of 29, 30, 65; Bofors corruption scandal 28-29; economic vision of 28; Shah Bano case and 28 Gandhi, Sonia 51 ‘Garibi Hatao’ (‘Eradicate poverty’) slogan 25, 59 GDP (gross domestic product) 29, 46-48, 57-61, 71, 93, 96, 120, 139-140, 142, 168, 171-172, 184-185, 189; growth rate 148, 165, 184; per capita growth 72, 168 Georgia, war with 147 Gezi Park, protests relating to removal of 11, 104 globalisation and populism 6 Global North 4, 7 Global South 2, 4, 7, 216 Golden Temple 27 goods and services tax, introduction of 55 Goodwin, Mathew 1 Gorbachev, Mikhail 124-126, 133, 136-137, 150, 151, 203, 206-207 Goulart, Joao 167, 176, 198 governmentality 27 Grand National Assembly (GNA) 74, 107 Great Transformation, The (Polanyi) 91 gross domestic product see GDP (gross domestic product) Gujarat 36, 38-44, 52-53, 65-66, 212; annual average growth rate of 52, 52-53; chief minister of 9, 42, 56; organisational hierarchy of 43; social indices of 53 Gujarat Model 9, 52, 66; circulation of narrative of 53; inspection of data relating to 52, 52-53; pro-big capital model 41-42 Gul, Abdullah 99-100 Gulbaran, Emine 86 Gulen, Fethullah 78, 99, 100-102 Gulen movement 78 Gurevich, Vera Dmitrievna 130 Haddad, Fernando 191 hate crime 56 hate speech 9 Hayek, Friedrich 91-92 Hazare,
Anna 50 Helsinki Accords 124 Helsinki European Council 95 Higher Education Council 88 ‘Hindu growth rate’ 28 Hindu Mahasabha 31 Hindu nationalist ideology 32 ‘hot money’ 171 Human Development Index (HDI) 42 ‘hyper-nationalist’ populace 15 identity politics 33, 65, 67 Illarionov, Andrey 144 illicit drug activity 189 imam-hatips 10, 77, 84, 86, 88, 109 immigration 2, 172 import substitution industrialisation 23, 165 Inamdar, Lakshmanrao 36-37 income inequality 47, 103 India 9, 63; colonialism impact on economy of 23; corruption in 209-210; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; India, emergency in 26-27, 60, 64-65; independence of 22; partition of 22; political history of 21; response to COVID-19 pandemic 214; right-wing populism in 7; unification challenges of 63; see ako postcolonial India Indian Constitution 63; 42nd Amendment of 23; equal right to citizens 23; secular principles enshrined in 23 Indian general election: 1967 election 25; 1971 election 25-26, 641; 1977 election 32, 38, 651; 1980 election 32; 1989 election 33; 1996 election 33; 1998 election 33, 39; 1999 election 33; 2004 election 43, 45; 2009 election 50; 2019 election 56; see ako 2014 Indian general election Indian National Congress (INC) 21-22, 24-25, 27-28, 30-34, 45-46, 51, 63-66, 204, 209; Bofors corruption scandal and 28-29; change in perceptions of 30, 65; choice for Nehru’s successor 24, 64; decline of 27, 31; factions of 31, 64; Indira Gandhi’s expulsion from 25; internal leadership crisis 51; minority government 30, 65; as poster child for Indian independence 22, 63; religious appeasement 204; spht in
32, 64; transformations as political party 21 ‘India Shining,’ campaign slogan of 45 indigenous peoples 172 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 48 industrialisation 10, 41, 75, 83, 108, 116, 122, 155-156, 165, 182, 208
Index inflation 5, 29-30, 48, 50-51, 51, 58-60, 59, 78-79, 79-80, 92, 94-95, 137, 139, 142, 166, 168-171, 170, 178, 187, 199-200, 208 interdependence model 33ո2 interest rates 57, 80, 93, 94, 94, 96-97, 168-169, 171, 184, 187 International Atomic Energy Agency 48 international competition 6, 12 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 6, 28, 30, 58, 79, 94-97, 166, 170-171, 205, 208; 1999 programme 96; stabiflsation programme under guidance of 94-96, 104n3; standby credit to India 30 In the Ruins of Neoliberalism - Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West (Brown) 7 investment 28, 57, 142, 168, 186, 189 Iran, political change in 78 Islam/Islamic 75, 78, 85, 169; conservatism 10; revolution 78; re-politicisation of 78 Islamism 10, 78, 84, 100 Islamist Movement 76, 86-87 Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel (IETT) football team 86 Jaffrelot, Christopher 42 Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcation of 57, 67 Jana Sangh see Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) Janata Party 31-32 Jan Dhan Vojana 54 Janta alliance 27, 65 jobs 39, 42, 46, 54-55, 77-78, 84, 86, 102, 120, 129-130, 133, 178, 183-184, 198, 200 Jose, Vinod K. 42 justice 10, 22, 39, 46, 56, 79, 96, 110 Justice and Development Party (AKP) 10-11, 79, 99-102, 104, 110-111; inception of 11; rise of 10, 96-97; success in 2002 elections 11 Jyoti Punj (Modi) 37 Kalmadi, Suresh 49 Kamaraj, К 24 Kanimozhi, MK 49 Karaveli, Halil 100 Kamad, Bharat 38 Kasimpasa 83 Kemalism 74-75, 83, 107-109, 211; fundamental pillars of 74; interpretation of 75; Kemalist-Islamic hybrid, emergence of 78-79; obstacles to propagation of 76; on religion 104 Kemal, Mustafa
9-10, 107; achievements in war 73-74; anointed with ‘Ataturk’ title 223 75; death of 75; economic policies of 75; family background of 72-73; military career of 73; one-party system 75, 76; political and cultural reform 75, 76; school education of 73; as speaker of GNA 74; speech to GNA 74—75; as Turkey’s president 74 KGB 131-135, 157 Khalistan 34nl4 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 143 Khomeini, Ayatollah 79 Khrushchev, Nikita 123, 156, 207 Kubitschek, Juscelino 166, 198, 203 labour market 47 laicism 74, 74-77, 108 Lal Bahadur Shastri 24, 64 Lamarca, Carlos 177 land compensation movement 41 left wing: parties 4; populism 4, 6, 60 legal activism, under RTI Act 47 Leningrad, siege of 129 Leningrad State University 133 Lenin, Vladimir see Ulyanov, Vladimir Urich LGBTQI+ community 149 liberal and competitive market 12 liberalisation 10, 12, 25, 28-30, 46, 63, 79-80, 100, 137, 139, 142, 164, 170, 172, 205-209 ‘Licence Raj’ period 23—24 loans-for-shares programme 138, 151 ‘Lost Trillion’ 98 Lula’s presidency: economic growth under 183-185; education expenditure in 186; government spending under 14, 183-184; policies of 15; social welfare programmes of 185; vote-buying scandal 186; see ako da Silva, Lula Inacio macroeconomic growth performance 58, 59, 59 Macron, Emmanuel 192 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 46, 47 majoritarian politics 67 ‘Make in India’ campaign 54 Maldives 28 manufacturing jobs, shift of 2 Maravall, Jose Maria 7 ‘March for the Family with God for Liberty’ 176 market economy 32, 116, 136 Marmara earthquake of 1999 95
224 Index medium-term loan, conditionality clause of 28 Medvedev, Dimitri 147-148 Mehta, Suresh 39 Meirelles, Henrique 183 Mello, Fernando Collor de 169-170 Merkel, Angela 150 Mesquitta, Ary Schittini 178 military: coup 167-168, 199; dictatorship 13-14, 167-168, 172, 177-178, 186, 198-200, 204 Milli Gendik Dergisi (Journal of National Youth) 86 ‘Missing Trillion’ see ‘Lost Trillion’ Modi, Jashodaben 37 Modi, Narendra 3, 9, 15, 21, 27-28, 49, 63-67, 64, 201-203, 212, 214; 2002 Godhra riots and 40-41, 66; 2014 election campaign 52-53; as BJP general secretary 39, 65; as BJP’s prime ministerial candidate 51—52, 66; calls for removal of 41; campaign targeting Pakistan-sponsored terrorism 41; centralisation of power 43, 67; as chief minister of Gujarat 40-41, 66-67; as chief minister’s aide 39, 66; childhood experiences of 36; college education of 38; context and rise of 203; electoral record in Gujarat 41, 43; family background of 36; first campaign of 11 ; first tenure as prime minister 54, 67; ‘Gujarat Model’ of 41-42, 66; image of 41—43, 42-43; and Indira Gandhi, connection between 27, 59; marriage of 37; mass support to 59, 67; as member of ABVP 38; oratory and public speaking abilities of 37, 67; participation in protests 37; political mentor of 36-37, 39; post-election behaviour of 41; as pracharak of RSS 37-39, 64-65; reasons of ascent of 63; second tenure as prime minister 56—60; as strategist for NDA 39; transitioning to BJP 38-40; ‘us versus them’ rhetoric of 41; and Vaghela, rivalry between 39 Modi, Sombhai 36 Modi government 67; Ayushman Bharat health insurance
scheme 54; bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir 57, 67; corporate tax cut 57; demonetisation campaign 54-55, 59, 67; goods and services tax, introduction of 55; Jan Dhan Yojana 54; macroeconomic growth performance 58-59; ‘Make in India’ campaign 54; ‘surgical strike’ 55; Swacch Bharat campaign 54; Ujjwala campaign 54; welfare schemes of 54, 56 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 22 Moises, Jose Alvaro 179-180 Monteiro, Felipe 179 Motherland Party 80, 92 Mudde, Cas 1 Mukherjee, Shyama Prasad 31 Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan 43 Mulchand, Damodardas 36 multi-party politics/system 59, 75 Muslim Women (Protection of Kights on Divorce) Act 1986 34nl7 Nag, Kingshuk 37 Naoroji, Dadabhai 23 National Army 74 National Bank of Economic Development 166 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) 33, 39, 43, 46, 53, 59 national emergency 102 National Front 29, 30 nationalisation 97, 119, 156 nationalism 10, 12, 21, 73-74, 85, 108, 117, 125, 215 National Order Party (MNP) 85-86 National Order Party (NOP) 77 national populism 1 National Register of Citizens 9 National Salvation Party (NSP) 77, 79, 86 National Security Alliance (MGK) 76 National Security Council 88, 97-98,102,110 National Turkish Student Union (MTTB) 85, 86 Navalny, Alexei 143, 150, 159 Nehru, Jawaharlal 63; death of 22, 63, 64; five-year plan 23, 63; government’s control 24, 63; import substitution industrialisation 23; ‘Licence Raj’ period 23-24; mixed economy model of 23; popular appeal of 21; as prime minister 21; promoting domestic investment 23; speech of 21; tensions with Pakistan and China 24; visions of 9 Nehru, Motilal 22 neoliberal economic
policies 6-7, 11, 15, 202-207, 203-205, 206, 209, 215; adopted by Brazil 208; adopted by India 205-207; adopted by Russia 207-208; adopted by Turkey 207 neoliberalism 92; consequences of 7; definition of 6; and right-wing 7; and right-wing populism, link between 6-7; social inequalities and right-wing populism, link between 7, 15
Index 225 political violence 77, 78 Politkovskaya, Anna 143—144 populism/populist movement 15, 74, 108, 111; characteristics of 5; definitions of 1-2, 5, 7-8; factors contributing to international interest in 2; form and goals of 5; niche for 5; reasons for expansion of 5—6; reasons for focusing research on 2—3; rise in 1; see also specific types Portuguese Empire 163 OBCs (other backward classes) 54, 56-57 October Revolution 119 postcolonial India 21-24; five-year plans 23, Odebrecht 188 63; government’s control 24, 63; import oil prices 92, 139, 146-147, 208 substitution industrialisation 23; ‘Licence Oktay, Fuat 102 Raj’ period 23-24; promoting domestic oligarchs 12, 134, 138, 141-143, 159, investment 23; tensions with Pakistan and 208, 211 China 24 one-party system 75—76, 108 ‘postmodern coup’ 88, 98 Operation Bluestar 27 poverty 12-14, 22, 97, 109, 144, 167, 208; Operation Cactus 28 alleviation programmes 29, 32; alleviation rhetoric 25-26, 46, 59; and inequality in Operation Car Wash 187-188, 193, 197, 208 Operation Dead End’ 179 Russia 145, 155 Organisation for Economic Co-operation poverty and inequality, in Russia 145 and Development (OECD) 94, 171 Pracharaks 37—38 pragmatism 11 Orthodox Church 130, 204 other backward classes see OBCs (other press freedom ranking 192 backward classes) private agriculture 122 privatisation 45, 92, 141, 158, 172, 182, Otsch, Walter 7 Ottoman Constitution 71—72 200, 206 protests 9, 11, 37, 51, 57, 59, 67, 88, Ottoman Empire 71-74, 107; Ataturk’s 117-119, 132-133, 148, 187, 189; reformation of 10; dealing with anti-government
demonstrations 37; international wars 72; ethnic and cultural Bolotnaya Square protest 148; ‘Brazilian tensions within 71-72; as party in World Autumn’ 187; against Citizenship War I 72 Amendment Act 57-58; relating to Oxfam India 2018 Inequality Report 47 Özal, Halil Turgut 79, 86, 87, 92, 203 removal of Gezi Park 11, 104; against Özbay, Ömer 99 revocation of Article 370 57; against rise of prices of essential goods 26 Przeworski, Adam 7 Passos, Fabio 178—179 public interest litigation movement 47 Patel, Keshubhai 39, 40 Public Ministry see Public Prosecutor’s Patel, Vallabhbhai 31 Pedro I, Dorn 163-164, 197 Office Public Prosecutor’s Office 169, 188 Pedro II 164, 197 Puhringer, Stephen 7 personal freedoms 12 personality cult 27, 43, 60, 123 Pussy Riot 146 Petrobras corporation 185, 188-189, 201 Putin, Lyudmila 132 Petrobras scandal 14, 187—189, 191, 192, Putin, Spiridon 129 Putin, Vladimir Spiridonovich 129 201, 210 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich 3, 12, 15, Peugeot 41 119, 157-159, 201-203, 211-213; Pew Research Center 147 approval ratings for 12-13; backdrop to Plano Real and Brazilian economy rise of 136-139; college education of 170-172, 200 131-132; consolidation of power 13, Polanyi, Karl 91 144; context and rise of 203; corruption political economy 2, 4, 9, 13, 136; academic allegations against 134; as deputy mayor attention in 4-5; challenges to 5; of St Petersburg 134, 136; economy cross-comparative 3 Neves, Tancredo 169 New Economie Policy (NEP) ЗО, 65, 120,122 Nicholas Π, tsar 116-117 Nixon, Richard 124 Non-Aligned Movement 24 Nuclear Suppliers Group 48 Nyay
Yatra 39
226 Index under 12; family of 129-130; first two terms as president 142-147; Foreign Intelligence Agency’s job offer 133; fourth term as president 149; generation grown up under 12; as head of foreign section 133; as head of FSB 135; image as strongman 141; inducted into Pioneers 131; joined KGB 132; opposition to 148; personality and perceptions of 150; reconnected with Sobchak 133-134; resigned from KGB 133; resistance to 13; rise of 139-142, 150-151; school education of 130-131; spy’s duties of 132; stay in Dresden 132-133; third term as president 148-149; usefulness to Yeltsin 135 Quadros, Janio 167, 198 Qutb, Sayyid 85 race 75, 87, 172, 203 “racial democracy’ 173 racial inequalities 173 radical right emergence and modernisation, link between 6 Raja, A 49 Ram Rajya Parishad 31 Ram Rath Yatra 39, 65 Rao, PV Narsimha 21, 30, 46, 65 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 9, 31-33, 36-41, 53-54, 56, 64-65; banned during state of emergency 38; grassroots mobilisation by 65 Red Banner Institute 132 referendum 86, 92, 102-103, 111, 125, 137-138 reformism 74, 76, 108 religion/religious 9-10, 22-23, 26, 55, 63-64, 67, 72, 74-76, 78-79, 107-109, 111, 145-146, 169, 172, 203-204, 207; conservatism in 15; education 78; hate crime against minorities 9; mobilisations 65 republicanism 74, 108 Republican Party 75 Republican People’s Party 76 Right Path Party 97 Right to Information Act, 2005 (‘RTI Act’) 46-47 right wing: governments 4; ideology 3; political parties 4, 31 right-wing populism 2-4, 6-8, 15, 60; authoritarian 4; catalysts for 7; dichotomisation of society 6; factors contributing
to rise of 6-7; groups 208; and neoliberalism, link between 6-7; sociopolitical roots of 3 Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek) 91 Rodrigues, Cassia Maria 178-179 Rodrik, Dani 6, 7 Roman Catholic Church 172 Romanov dynasty, downfall of 12 Rousseff Dilma 14, 180, 182, 185, 200-201, 212; corruption scandals and 187-188, 193, 197, 200-201; impeachment of 189; Lula’s support to 185-186; as member of guerrilla group 186; public career of 186; welfare spending by 186 rupee 40, 205-206; devaluation of 30; dual exchange rate of 30; political opposition to devaluation of 34n8 Russia see Russian Federation Russian Constituent Assembly 119 Russian Constitution 147 Russian economy 95, 116; black economy 123; dependence on fuel prices 144; economic change in 1990—2002 140; fast-paced transformation of 137-138; financial crisis in 1899 116; five-year plans 122; GDP growth rate 148, 148; GKO market 139; global financial crisis of 2008 impacting 147-148; growth rate 142, 143; impact of falling oil prices 139, 140; industrial output of 23, 124; mixed economy 120; partial privatisation of economic activity 120; recovery from 1998 financial crisis 142, 144; revenue diversification 144 Russian Empire 116-117 Russian Orthodox Church 146, 149 Russian Revolution 118; 1905 revolution 117; 1917 revolution 117-119 Russian Socialist movement 118 Russian Federation 11, 12, 136; 1905 revolution 115, 117; 1917 revolution 117-119; abolition of serfdom 115-116; administrative challenges for 11-12; annexation of Crimea 148-149; “Bloody Sunday’ massacre 117; church and Bolsheviks 121; civil war in 119-120;
corruption in 210-211; emergency in 126, 137; fall in per capita GDP of 120, 120; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; history of political transitions 115-119; industrialisation of 116; influence of church in 149; LGBTQI+ community of 149; political history vs. oil prices 146; poverty and inequality in 145; public debt exchange rate crisis 139; religion and
Index 227 Thachil, Tariq 56 Thapar, Karan 42, 44n5 top-down system 43 trade deficit 30 Treaty of Lausanne 74 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro 163 Treaty of Sevres 72-74, 107 Trotsky, Leon 121 True Path Party 81 Salt March 22 Trump, Donald 1, 7 Sarney, Jose 169, 179 Türkbank Scandal 98 Satter, David 141, 152n2 Turkey 9; chances ofEU accession 11; satyagraha 22 corruption in 210; economy of 11; secularism 10, 23, 63, 76, 84, 88, 98, 107 emergency in 102, 111; employment to serfdom 91, 115-116, 155 population ratio 95; evolution of 76; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; full shadow economy, creation of 12 universal suffrage of 75; GDP per capita Shah Bano case 28, 204 growth of 72, 72; independence, National Shariati, Ali 85 Army for 74; Islamist movement and 76; Singh, Manmohan 21, 46 leaders of 79-81; lira 94, 96, 97; military Singh, VP 29, 30 establishment 78; under Özal 79—80; single-party politics 59 partnership with IMF 94—96; political Sitapati, Vinay 32 slavery, abolition of 164, 197, 198 violence of 1980 77, 78; politics 75, 78, 79, 85, 87, 99, 108-109; response to ‘sledgehammer conspiracy’ 100 small and medium-sized enterprises COVID-19 pandemic 213-214; (SMEs) 54 right-wing populism in 7; rise of 72-74; secularism propagated by leaders of 74, 76, ‘Smart Voting’ 150 Sobchak, Anatoly 131, 133-134, 77, 83, 84, 88, 97-98, 107; strategic location of 71; transformation into secular 157-158, 212 state 74; transition to multi-party system social conservatism 11 social inequalities 6, 7 75, 76 Socialist Revolutionary Party 119 Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) 110; attempted coup against
Erdoğan 86, social media campaigning 53 101—102; and government, tensions society-state relations 204 between 88 Southern Common Market 13 Turkish Constitution 76 Soviet Union 12, 30, 74, 120, 123-126, Turkish economy 71, 75, 79-80, 87, 92, 129-133, 139, 144-146, 155-158, 208, 94—97, 111; 1994 economic crisis 87, 211; as atheist state 145; collapse of 133; 92-96; 2001 crisis of 96-97; budget deficit fall of 12; population of 123; see aho Russian Federation 93; Central Bank’s monetary programme stagnation 7, 14, 169 92; contraction of 94; deficit financing 93-94; diversity for 75; economic crisis in Stalin, Joseph 12, 119, 121-123, 125, 151, 1970s 92; during Erdoğan’s first term 100; 156-157, 210; collectivisation of agriculture inflation rates 79; instability throughout under 122; death of 123; grip on economic front 122; succeeding Lenin 121 1990s 80; monetary policy reform 95; Özal’s liberalisation reforms 79-80; public standby credit 30 deficits 93; public saving-investment state control 12,76,92,110,126,165,198,206 balance 94; Russian economic crisis impact stimulus packages 48 on 95; stabilisation programme for 94 Stint, Angela 140-141 Turkish general election: 1994 election 95; ‘surgical strike’ 55 1995 election 81; 2002 election 100 Swaech Bharat campaign 54 ‘Turkish-Islamic synthesis’ 78, 80 Syndicate 24-25, 33n5 Turkish society, religion réintroduction in 75, 104; 1961 Constitution and 76; Tata, Nano plant 41 changes with 103; with Democrat Party’s Temer, Michel 169 145-147, 147; response to COVID-19 pandemic 213; shocking liberalisation methods 12; society 117,
120, 126, 139, 146, 158; transitions witnessed by 115; tryst with democracy 126-127; unemployment rates in 145; war in Chechnya 139-141; war with Japan 117; wealth disparities within 151
228 Index rule 76; friction within society 77; Islamist political parties and 77-78; multi-party system 76 Ujjwala campaign 54 Ukraine 125, 146-147, 149, 215 Ulyanov, Vladimir Urich 117-119, 121-122, 145, 150; assassination attempts 121; in exile 117, 118; political candidates to succeed 121; USSR after 121—126; utopia of 119—121 unemployment 50, 58, 94, 95, 97, 105, 144-145, 172, 184, 190 Uniao Democratica Nacional (UDN) 164, 167-168, 197-198 Union of South American Nation 13 United Front 33 United Progressive Alliance (UPA) 43, 45; see abo UPA government United Russia 149—150 United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR) 119; under Brezhnev 123-124; fall of 126; under Gorbachev 124—125; under Khrushchev 123; under Lenin 119-121; member states of 125; under Stahn 121-123; and United States, relations between 124 United States 78, 123-124, 164, 214 UPA government 45, 46-50, 66; Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 48; NREGA 47; policies of 46-47; pre-tax national income 51; UPA I 46-48; UPA II 46, 48-50, 48-51, 52, 58-59, 201 Vagheia, Shankersinh 39 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 21, 31-32, 41, 43, 45, 45 Varank, Mustafa 102 Vargas, Getúlio 164-165, 167, 173, 197-198, 203 Veja 178-179 violence 4, И, 14, 56, 78, 86, 169, 190 violent crime 169 Virtue Party 11, 88-89 voters: base 11, 57, 64, 77, 87-88, 111, 180, 190; perceptions of‘biggest problem’ 45-46 voucher programme 138, 151 wages 47, 94-95, 122, 125 war communism 119 Welfare Party (RP) 11, 77, 91; ban on 88, 98; charges of favouritism against 88; coalition government 97; corruption scandal 98; rise of 80-81; success in local elections 87
Western constitutions 23 White Army 119 ‘whitening’ 172 Witte, Sergei 116 Workers’ Party (PT) 182, 208 World Economic Forum 13 World War I 72 Yeltsin, Boris 12, 125-126, 134, 136-142, 146, 150, 158, 203, 206, 211-212; 1996 elections and 138-139; decision of war in Chechnya 139; disbanded the Parliament 137; as president of Russian Federation 136-137; privatisation efforts under 137-138; public image of 134, 138 Yiğit, Korkmaz 98 Yildirim, Binali 103 Yildiz, Bekir 88 Yilmaz, Mesut 98 Young Turk Revolution 72, 73 Youssef, Alberto 188 Yukos 143 Zadafia, Gordhan 43 Bayerische ì Staatsbibliothek München |
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CONTENTS List offigures List of tables Acknowledgements xi xiii xiv 1 Introduction 1 PART I India 19 2 India’s Transformation:From Nehru to Vajpayee 21 3 From ‘Pracharak’ to ‘Pradhan Sevak’: The Rise of Narendra Damodardas Modi 36 4 India under Modi’s Leadership 45 5 Part Conclusion: India 63 PART II Turkey 69 6 The Inception of Modem Turkey: A Background Context 71 7 TheBoy from Anatolia 83 8 Turkey under the Ruleof Erdoğan 91 9 PartConclusion: Turkey 107
x Contents PART III Russia 113 10 From the Tsars to Gorbachev 115 11 Vladimir Putin: His Life before the Limelight 129 12 Putin’s Russia: The System and the Man 136 13 Part Conclusion: Russia 155 PART IV Brazil 161 14 The Past as a Guide to the Present 163 15 The ‘Poor Boy from Sao Paulo’ and his Rise to Power 176 16 An Election Victory — and a New Era for Brazil under Bolsonaro? 182 17 Part Conclusion: Brazil 18 In Summation: What We Can Learn from Cross-Country Narratives Index 197 203 218
INDEX Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page 1-2-3 Agreement see Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 2G spectrum scam 49 1961 Constitution 76 1962 Indo-China War 24 1990-91 Economic Crisis of India 29-30 1991 reform package 30-31, 47, 203 1996 Russian presidential election 138—139 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections 41 2002 Gujarat riots 40-41, 45, 66 2008 financial crisis, impacts of 48 2014 Indian general election 41; ‘Achhe din aayenge’ slogan of 53; class-wise party preference in 50; core issue during 46; Modi’s campaign 52-53; ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas’ slogan 43, 52; voter blocs in 53, 67; see ако Indian general election Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) 177 Advani, LK 31-32, 39, 41, 43, 65 Afghan War 124 agriculture 57, 71, 75, 120, 122, 155, 192 Aiyar, Mani Shankar 49 Akar, Hulusi 102 Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) 38 Albayrak, Berat 102 Allahabad High Court 26 Amazon rainforest 13, 14-15, 192 ‘American dream’ 2 Anatolia 73-74, 83, 85, 87 Anatolian bourgeoisie 80 anti-capitalist sentiment 64 anti-corruption: movement 50, 52, 67, 167; sentiment 50, 52, 210, 212 Anti-Corruption Foundation 150 anti-Eastern Bloc protests 133 anti-immigrant rhetoric 1 anti-secular sentiment 10 apartment bombings 141 Araujo, Carlos 186 Arican, Menderes 101 Armistice of Mudros 73 Article 370, revocation of 57 assassination 28-30, 64-65, 121, 159, 165, 205 ‘Ataturk’ 9-10, 74-76, 84, 107-108, 111 authoritarianism 60; populism 2, 21; neoliberalism 7 Aydınlar Ocagi (‘Intellectuals’ Hearth’) 78 Ayodhya Rath
Yatra see Ram Rath Yatra Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme 54 Babri Masjid: catalyst for destruction of 39; movement 65; opening of 28, 34nl8, 65, 204 balance of payments (BOP) crisis 25, 30, 32, 33, 46, 65, 166, 168
Index 219 Bangladesh liberation war 26 policies of 14-15; promises of 14; Banking Regulation and Supervision promises of fighting corruption 187; Agency 96 school education of 176-177; scrapping beef ban 56 of Bolsa Familia scheme 14; sexist and Behura, Siddharth 49 authoritarian rhetoric of 192 Bengal famine of 1943 23 Brasilia 166 Berezovsky, Boris 134-135 Brazil: bloodless coup in 164-165, 197-198; Berlin Wall, fall of 133 civilian rule reinstatement in 14; class Beslan school siege 144 system of 198; colonisation of 163; Besli, Hüseyin 99 contemporary history of 14; corruption in Bhanot, Lalit 49 169, 187—189; Corruption Perceptions Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) 31—32, 64; early Index ranking of 187; credit ratings 183; electoral success of 31; formation of 31; crime rate in 189-190, 199; dictatorial under Indira Gandhi’s rule 31; political regime 164-165, 173, 197; discovery by mainstreaming of 26; political pact with Cabral 163; as emerging world power 13; opposition parties 32 first Constitution of 164, 197; formation of resistance groups in 168, 198—199; Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 9, 11, 28, 31-33, 38-41, 45, 48, 50-57, 59, 64-66, Freedom in the World ranking of 4; 65, 211; 2019 election campaign 56; globalisation and 13; immigration policies criticism of 1-2-3 Agreement 48; defeat of 172; income inequality in 167; in 2004 national elections 43, 45, 66; independence of 197; as independent state 163; inequality problem of 190; economic socialism of 32; election military coup in 167-168; military rule in finances to 57; growth of 32-33; 168, 173, 198; mixed-race
population of initiation of 31, 32, 64; Modi 172—173; national characteristics of 13; transitioning to 38-39; reasons for rise of oil reserves 184; population growth of 33; voter base of 56-57 198; poverty in 13; press freedom ranking Birth of a Leader - Recep Ταγγίρ Erdoğan, The (Besli and Özbay) 99 of 192; racial inequalities in 173; redemocratisation of 169, 172; response black economy 123 to COVID-19 pandemic 214—215; role ‘Bloody Sunday’ massacre 117 Bofors corruption scandal 28-29 in fight against climate change 13; social inequalities in 173; systemic inequality in Bolotnaya Square protest 148 167; violence problem 14; violent crime Bolsa Familia scheme 14, 185, 185, 192, 201, 208 problem in 169 ‘Brazilian Autumn’ 187 Bolshevik Party/Bolsheviks 115, 119, 117-121, 122, 156 Brazilian Constitution 185; of 1988 169; Articles 3 and 5 of 173 Bolshevik Red Army 119 Brazilian economy 165, 168-170, 200—202; Bolsonaro, Jair Messias 3, 14-15, 173, 176, automobile industry 166, 198; under 199, 201-203, 208, 212, 214-216; 2018 Bolsonaro 192; Collor Plan and 169-170; election campaign of 182, 190-191, 201; current account deficit 17Í, 171-172; on Amazon rainforest fire 192; campaign external debt crisis of 1980s 168, 199; promises of 190; as city councillor of Rio GDP per capita growth 168, 184, de Janeiro 179, 199; context and rise of 184—185; Great Depression impact on 203; controversial statements by 178-180, 164; high interest rates 171; import 190; drop in approval ratings of 191, 193; substitution industrialisation 165; entry to politics 179—181; factors industrial growth
165, 165-166, 168; impacting rise of 193; family background inflation rates 168—171, 170; under Lula of 176; as federal deputy in Chamber of 183-184; Operation Car Wash impact on Deputies 179-180, 199; first presidential 189; Plano Real and 170-172, 200; speech of 191; hobbies of 177; military privatisation and liberalisation policies career of 177-179, 199; military 170—172; problems affecting 13; reforms nickname of 177; naming of 176; 168; under Rousseff 186—187; stagnation nominated as presidential candidate 190; 169; terms of trade under Cardoso and nostalgia for dictatorship period 180; Lula 183, 183; trap of twin deficits popularity of 180, 191; pro-development
220 Index 168—169, 189; urban population impact on 165-166 Brazilian society 15, 164, 166-167, 172, 197, 201; institutionalised discrimination within 173; race and religion in 172-173; workers’ welfare inclusion in 164 Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos 7 Brezhnev, Leonid 123-124, 146, 156-157 Brown, Wendy 7 bureaucracy 28, 47, 77, 122-123, 126, 136 Bush, George 48 Cabral, Pedro Alvares 163 capital account 30, 80, 206-207 capitalism 5, 23, 63, 172 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 164, 170—172, 183, 185, 200 caste-based electoral practice 52 Catholic Church 169, 174nl3, 199, 204 Catholicism 172-173 Central Bureau of Investigations (CBI) 49, 49-50 centre-right politics 76 Chamberlin, William Henry 117 Chandolia, RK 49 Chechen conflict 140-141 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 139 China 24 Christian Democratic Party (PDC) 179 Chubais, Anatoly 138 Citizenship Amendment Act (2019) 9, 57-58, 67 civil disobedience 22 civil war 119, 121, 137, 156, 180 coal allocation scam see ‘Coalgate’ ‘Coalgate’ 49-50 coalition governments 9, 27, 30, 32, 33, 65, 77, 88, 96-97, 109, 197 Collor Plan 169-170 colonialism, capitalism-led 63 colonisation 13, 163, 197; Brazil 163; capitalism-led 63; and India’s economy 23 Commonwealth Games scandal 49 communalism 22, 56 communism 12, 75, 78, 108, 115, 146, 167, 198, 204, 211 Communist Party 121-126, 131-132, 136, 157, 165 comptroller and auditor general of India (CAG) report: on auction of 2G licences 49; on coal block allocation 50 Congress (O) 25, 64 Congress (R) 25, 64 Congress of People’s Deputies 125, 137 constitutional referendum 102 Constitution of Russian Federation 137
corporate tax cut 57 corruption 4, 13-15, 28, 40, 46-50, 52, 55, 63, 66, 80, 87, 97, 134, 141, 146, 150, 158, 167, 169, 182, 187, 191, 200-201, 203, 205, 209-212, 210, 216 Corruption Perceptions Index 142 corruption scandals 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 29, 46, 52, 67, 101, 167, 170, 182, 187, 188, 193, 200—202; Bofors corruption scandal 28-29; in Brazil 169; bureaucracy and 28, 46; Gujarat government 40; involving money laundering 101; ‘Lost Trillion’ 98; Operation Car Wash 187-188, 193, 197; outcome of 209; Petrobras scandal 14, 187-188, 201; in Russia 210-211; Türkbank Scandal 98; in Turkey 210; UPA II 48-51, 66, 67, 209-210 Costa, Paulo Roberto 188 coup 28, 75-76, 86, 99, 101-102, 110-111, 119, 126, 133, 137, 158, 164, 176, 186, 197-198; bloodless 77, 103, 165, 197; civil-military 199; against Pedro II 164; postmodem 88, 98, 110; in Turkey 76, 77, 86, 101-102; against Vargas 164-165 Coup Investigation Commission 101 COVID-19 pandemic 57, 212; Brazil’s response to 214-215; India’s response to 214; Russia’s response to 213; Turkey’s response to 213-214 ‘crawling peg’ 174n9 crime 15, 98, 130, 134, 141, 158, 180, 182, 187, 188, 189-192, 199, 201, 215 Crimea, annexation of 125, 146, 148-149 Cruzado Plan 169, 174n6 cult personality 4 currency 97, 116, 169, 206 current account balance 59, 93, 93, 171 current account deficit 29, 29-30, 171-172 da Silva, Lula Inacio 14-15, 171-172, 182-187, 189-191, 200-202, 208, 210, 212; ban on 191; centrist economic stance of 183, 185; popularity of 184, 185; socialist image of 182-183, 185; support to Rousseff՜ 185-186; as trade union leader 182; see
aho Lula’s presidency deficit financing 93 Delhi state government, allegations of corruption against 49 democracies 7, 13-14, 26, 75, 100, 126, 135, 142, 144, 159, 167, 178, 204 Democratic Labour Party (PDT) 186
Index Democratic Left Party 95 Democrat Party 76 demonetisation campaign 54—55, 59, 67 depoliticised Islam, in Turkey 78 Desai, Morarji 24, 25, 27, 32 discrimination 4, 23, 84-85 dissent 4, 15, 56, 100, 103, 119, 122-123, 136, 143-144, 157, 168, 198 dissidents 26, 64, 129 ‘Drain Theory’ 23 Dresden 132-133 Dubrovka Theatre, siege of 144 Duma 117-118, 143, 155 Dutra, Eurico Gaspar 165, 198 East Germany 132-133, 157 Eatwell, Roger 1 Ecevit, Bülent 77, 95 economic crisis 29, 87, 92, 95-97, 187, 207, 215 economic growth 14, 25, 45-47, 52, 66, 93, 185, 204; performance, fall in 58; under UPA I 46, 47, 66; under Vajpayee 45 economic inequality 13 economic instability 10, 92, 165, 210-211 economic liberalisation: attempt to further 28; capital account 80; under conditionality clause 28; exchange rate regime 80; New Economic Policy 30-31, 65; under Özal 79—80; people’s pessimism about 29; under Putin 142-143 economic policies 6-7, 11, 14-15, 28, 75, 167, 191, 202-203, 206 economic reforms 45, 59, 95, 99, 126, 142, 159, 201 economic stability 110, 171, 206-207 education 12, 14, 42, 54, 64, 73, 80, 84-85, 109-110, 121, 130, 150, 157, 177, 185 employment 29, 47, 53-54, 78, 95, 97, 109, 112, 130-131, 166, 176, 183, 201, 206-207, 214-215 Erbakan, Necmettin 77-80, 85-89, 97-99, 109-110, 210, 212; 1987 elections and 87; ban on 88, 89, 98; corruption scandal 98; primary focus of 85; as prime minister 88, 97; resignation of 98 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 3, 83-89, 107, 109-112, 201-203, 212-216; 2002 general elections 11, 100; 2007 general elections 11, 100—101; 2011 general elections 11; 2014
general elections 11, 101; 2018 general elections 102; attempted coup against 101-102; banned from holding public office 11, 100; 221 childhood experiences of 83-84; consolidation of power 101, 102; context and rise of 203; convicted of reading incendiary poem 89, 98-99; corruption scandal 11, 101; discrimination faced by 84-85; election promises of 100; Erbakan’s influence on 86; ‘executive presidency’ granted to 102; family background of 83; generation influenced by 10; income inequality under 103; leadership of 10; at Marmara University 85; mayoral election campaign of 87; as mayor of Istanbul 87-88; political ideology of 83, 85; popularity of 89, 91, 100; as president of MSP youth branch 86; as prime minister 10; protest against deaths of Islamist youths 86; re-entered politics 87; religious education of 84; reputation of 88; rise of 98-101; ‘sledgehammer conspiracy’ against 100; strategic partnership with Gulen 100; suppression of opposition 102; time with IETT 86; unemployment under 103 Europe 11, 115-116, 124, 155, 167, 189 Eurozone crisis 185 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) 28, 34nl5 Farias, Paulo Cesar 170 Faulkner, Neil 118, 122 Federal Security Service (FSB) 135 ‘Fifty Years in Five’ programme 166, 198, 203 Figueiredo, João 169 Filho, Salon Pereira 179 financial crisis 48, 98, 116, 139, 142, 144, 146, 159, 200, 208 five-year plans 23, 27—28, 63, 122 fixed exchange rate 174n9 Ford 41 foreign capital 9, 31, 116, 204—205 foreign direct investment (FDI) 42, 46, 54 foreign exchange 205; deposit accounts 79; inflow of 30; reserves 94—95, 142, 148, 168; and short-term
capital 92 Foreign Intelligence Agency 133 Franco, Itamar 200 Freedom in the World report 4 Gandesha, Samir 7 Gandhi, Indira 4, 21, 24-28, 32, 38, 64; 1971 election campaign 25-26; 1980 elections and 27; assassination of 27, 65; centralisation of power 26, 27, 59, 64; decision to nationalise banks 25; expulsion from party 25; forced policies of liberalisation 25; guilty of electoral
222 Index malpractice 26, 64; imposing state of emergency 26, 64; left-wing populism under 60; and Modi, connection between 27; Operation Bluestar 27; populistic rhetoric of 25-26, 59, 64; selected for INC leadership 24; shift away from liberalisation 25 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 64 Gandhi, Rajiv 21, 65; assassination of 29, 30, 65; Bofors corruption scandal 28-29; economic vision of 28; Shah Bano case and 28 Gandhi, Sonia 51 ‘Garibi Hatao’ (‘Eradicate poverty’) slogan 25, 59 GDP (gross domestic product) 29, 46-48, 57-61, 71, 93, 96, 120, 139-140, 142, 168, 171-172, 184-185, 189; growth rate 148, 165, 184; per capita growth 72, 168 Georgia, war with 147 Gezi Park, protests relating to removal of 11, 104 globalisation and populism 6 Global North 4, 7 Global South 2, 4, 7, 216 Golden Temple 27 goods and services tax, introduction of 55 Goodwin, Mathew 1 Gorbachev, Mikhail 124-126, 133, 136-137, 150, 151, 203, 206-207 Goulart, Joao 167, 176, 198 governmentality 27 Grand National Assembly (GNA) 74, 107 Great Transformation, The (Polanyi) 91 gross domestic product see GDP (gross domestic product) Gujarat 36, 38-44, 52-53, 65-66, 212; annual average growth rate of 52, 52-53; chief minister of 9, 42, 56; organisational hierarchy of 43; social indices of 53 Gujarat Model 9, 52, 66; circulation of narrative of 53; inspection of data relating to 52, 52-53; pro-big capital model 41-42 Gul, Abdullah 99-100 Gulbaran, Emine 86 Gulen, Fethullah 78, 99, 100-102 Gulen movement 78 Gurevich, Vera Dmitrievna 130 Haddad, Fernando 191 hate crime 56 hate speech 9 Hayek, Friedrich 91-92 Hazare,
Anna 50 Helsinki Accords 124 Helsinki European Council 95 Higher Education Council 88 ‘Hindu growth rate’ 28 Hindu Mahasabha 31 Hindu nationalist ideology 32 ‘hot money’ 171 Human Development Index (HDI) 42 ‘hyper-nationalist’ populace 15 identity politics 33, 65, 67 Illarionov, Andrey 144 illicit drug activity 189 imam-hatips 10, 77, 84, 86, 88, 109 immigration 2, 172 import substitution industrialisation 23, 165 Inamdar, Lakshmanrao 36-37 income inequality 47, 103 India 9, 63; colonialism impact on economy of 23; corruption in 209-210; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; India, emergency in 26-27, 60, 64-65; independence of 22; partition of 22; political history of 21; response to COVID-19 pandemic 214; right-wing populism in 7; unification challenges of 63; see ako postcolonial India Indian Constitution 63; 42nd Amendment of 23; equal right to citizens 23; secular principles enshrined in 23 Indian general election: 1967 election 25; 1971 election 25-26, 641; 1977 election 32, 38, 651; 1980 election 32; 1989 election 33; 1996 election 33; 1998 election 33, 39; 1999 election 33; 2004 election 43, 45; 2009 election 50; 2019 election 56; see ako 2014 Indian general election Indian National Congress (INC) 21-22, 24-25, 27-28, 30-34, 45-46, 51, 63-66, 204, 209; Bofors corruption scandal and 28-29; change in perceptions of 30, 65; choice for Nehru’s successor 24, 64; decline of 27, 31; factions of 31, 64; Indira Gandhi’s expulsion from 25; internal leadership crisis 51; minority government 30, 65; as poster child for Indian independence 22, 63; religious appeasement 204; spht in
32, 64; transformations as political party 21 ‘India Shining,’ campaign slogan of 45 indigenous peoples 172 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 48 industrialisation 10, 41, 75, 83, 108, 116, 122, 155-156, 165, 182, 208
Index inflation 5, 29-30, 48, 50-51, 51, 58-60, 59, 78-79, 79-80, 92, 94-95, 137, 139, 142, 166, 168-171, 170, 178, 187, 199-200, 208 interdependence model 33ո2 interest rates 57, 80, 93, 94, 94, 96-97, 168-169, 171, 184, 187 International Atomic Energy Agency 48 international competition 6, 12 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 6, 28, 30, 58, 79, 94-97, 166, 170-171, 205, 208; 1999 programme 96; stabiflsation programme under guidance of 94-96, 104n3; standby credit to India 30 In the Ruins of Neoliberalism - Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West (Brown) 7 investment 28, 57, 142, 168, 186, 189 Iran, political change in 78 Islam/Islamic 75, 78, 85, 169; conservatism 10; revolution 78; re-politicisation of 78 Islamism 10, 78, 84, 100 Islamist Movement 76, 86-87 Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel (IETT) football team 86 Jaffrelot, Christopher 42 Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcation of 57, 67 Jana Sangh see Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) Janata Party 31-32 Jan Dhan Vojana 54 Janta alliance 27, 65 jobs 39, 42, 46, 54-55, 77-78, 84, 86, 102, 120, 129-130, 133, 178, 183-184, 198, 200 Jose, Vinod K. 42 justice 10, 22, 39, 46, 56, 79, 96, 110 Justice and Development Party (AKP) 10-11, 79, 99-102, 104, 110-111; inception of 11; rise of 10, 96-97; success in 2002 elections 11 Jyoti Punj (Modi) 37 Kalmadi, Suresh 49 Kamaraj, К 24 Kanimozhi, MK 49 Karaveli, Halil 100 Kamad, Bharat 38 Kasimpasa 83 Kemalism 74-75, 83, 107-109, 211; fundamental pillars of 74; interpretation of 75; Kemalist-Islamic hybrid, emergence of 78-79; obstacles to propagation of 76; on religion 104 Kemal, Mustafa
9-10, 107; achievements in war 73-74; anointed with ‘Ataturk’ title 223 75; death of 75; economic policies of 75; family background of 72-73; military career of 73; one-party system 75, 76; political and cultural reform 75, 76; school education of 73; as speaker of GNA 74; speech to GNA 74—75; as Turkey’s president 74 KGB 131-135, 157 Khalistan 34nl4 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 143 Khomeini, Ayatollah 79 Khrushchev, Nikita 123, 156, 207 Kubitschek, Juscelino 166, 198, 203 labour market 47 laicism 74, 74-77, 108 Lal Bahadur Shastri 24, 64 Lamarca, Carlos 177 land compensation movement 41 left wing: parties 4; populism 4, 6, 60 legal activism, under RTI Act 47 Leningrad, siege of 129 Leningrad State University 133 Lenin, Vladimir see Ulyanov, Vladimir Urich LGBTQI+ community 149 liberal and competitive market 12 liberalisation 10, 12, 25, 28-30, 46, 63, 79-80, 100, 137, 139, 142, 164, 170, 172, 205-209 ‘Licence Raj’ period 23—24 loans-for-shares programme 138, 151 ‘Lost Trillion’ 98 Lula’s presidency: economic growth under 183-185; education expenditure in 186; government spending under 14, 183-184; policies of 15; social welfare programmes of 185; vote-buying scandal 186; see ako da Silva, Lula Inacio macroeconomic growth performance 58, 59, 59 Macron, Emmanuel 192 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 46, 47 majoritarian politics 67 ‘Make in India’ campaign 54 Maldives 28 manufacturing jobs, shift of 2 Maravall, Jose Maria 7 ‘March for the Family with God for Liberty’ 176 market economy 32, 116, 136 Marmara earthquake of 1999 95
224 Index medium-term loan, conditionality clause of 28 Medvedev, Dimitri 147-148 Mehta, Suresh 39 Meirelles, Henrique 183 Mello, Fernando Collor de 169-170 Merkel, Angela 150 Mesquitta, Ary Schittini 178 military: coup 167-168, 199; dictatorship 13-14, 167-168, 172, 177-178, 186, 198-200, 204 Milli Gendik Dergisi (Journal of National Youth) 86 ‘Missing Trillion’ see ‘Lost Trillion’ Modi, Jashodaben 37 Modi, Narendra 3, 9, 15, 21, 27-28, 49, 63-67, 64, 201-203, 212, 214; 2002 Godhra riots and 40-41, 66; 2014 election campaign 52-53; as BJP general secretary 39, 65; as BJP’s prime ministerial candidate 51—52, 66; calls for removal of 41; campaign targeting Pakistan-sponsored terrorism 41; centralisation of power 43, 67; as chief minister of Gujarat 40-41, 66-67; as chief minister’s aide 39, 66; childhood experiences of 36; college education of 38; context and rise of 203; electoral record in Gujarat 41, 43; family background of 36; first campaign of 11 ; first tenure as prime minister 54, 67; ‘Gujarat Model’ of 41-42, 66; image of 41—43, 42-43; and Indira Gandhi, connection between 27, 59; marriage of 37; mass support to 59, 67; as member of ABVP 38; oratory and public speaking abilities of 37, 67; participation in protests 37; political mentor of 36-37, 39; post-election behaviour of 41; as pracharak of RSS 37-39, 64-65; reasons of ascent of 63; second tenure as prime minister 56—60; as strategist for NDA 39; transitioning to BJP 38-40; ‘us versus them’ rhetoric of 41; and Vaghela, rivalry between 39 Modi, Sombhai 36 Modi government 67; Ayushman Bharat health insurance
scheme 54; bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir 57, 67; corporate tax cut 57; demonetisation campaign 54-55, 59, 67; goods and services tax, introduction of 55; Jan Dhan Yojana 54; macroeconomic growth performance 58-59; ‘Make in India’ campaign 54; ‘surgical strike’ 55; Swacch Bharat campaign 54; Ujjwala campaign 54; welfare schemes of 54, 56 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 22 Moises, Jose Alvaro 179-180 Monteiro, Felipe 179 Motherland Party 80, 92 Mudde, Cas 1 Mukherjee, Shyama Prasad 31 Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan 43 Mulchand, Damodardas 36 multi-party politics/system 59, 75 Muslim Women (Protection of Kights on Divorce) Act 1986 34nl7 Nag, Kingshuk 37 Naoroji, Dadabhai 23 National Army 74 National Bank of Economic Development 166 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) 33, 39, 43, 46, 53, 59 national emergency 102 National Front 29, 30 nationalisation 97, 119, 156 nationalism 10, 12, 21, 73-74, 85, 108, 117, 125, 215 National Order Party (MNP) 85-86 National Order Party (NOP) 77 national populism 1 National Register of Citizens 9 National Salvation Party (NSP) 77, 79, 86 National Security Alliance (MGK) 76 National Security Council 88, 97-98,102,110 National Turkish Student Union (MTTB) 85, 86 Navalny, Alexei 143, 150, 159 Nehru, Jawaharlal 63; death of 22, 63, 64; five-year plan 23, 63; government’s control 24, 63; import substitution industrialisation 23; ‘Licence Raj’ period 23-24; mixed economy model of 23; popular appeal of 21; as prime minister 21; promoting domestic investment 23; speech of 21; tensions with Pakistan and China 24; visions of 9 Nehru, Motilal 22 neoliberal economic
policies 6-7, 11, 15, 202-207, 203-205, 206, 209, 215; adopted by Brazil 208; adopted by India 205-207; adopted by Russia 207-208; adopted by Turkey 207 neoliberalism 92; consequences of 7; definition of 6; and right-wing 7; and right-wing populism, link between 6-7; social inequalities and right-wing populism, link between 7, 15
Index 225 political violence 77, 78 Politkovskaya, Anna 143—144 populism/populist movement 15, 74, 108, 111; characteristics of 5; definitions of 1-2, 5, 7-8; factors contributing to international interest in 2; form and goals of 5; niche for 5; reasons for expansion of 5—6; reasons for focusing research on 2—3; rise in 1; see also specific types Portuguese Empire 163 OBCs (other backward classes) 54, 56-57 October Revolution 119 postcolonial India 21-24; five-year plans 23, Odebrecht 188 63; government’s control 24, 63; import oil prices 92, 139, 146-147, 208 substitution industrialisation 23; ‘Licence Oktay, Fuat 102 Raj’ period 23-24; promoting domestic oligarchs 12, 134, 138, 141-143, 159, investment 23; tensions with Pakistan and 208, 211 China 24 one-party system 75—76, 108 ‘postmodern coup’ 88, 98 Operation Bluestar 27 poverty 12-14, 22, 97, 109, 144, 167, 208; Operation Cactus 28 alleviation programmes 29, 32; alleviation rhetoric 25-26, 46, 59; and inequality in Operation Car Wash 187-188, 193, 197, 208 Operation Dead End’ 179 Russia 145, 155 Organisation for Economic Co-operation poverty and inequality, in Russia 145 and Development (OECD) 94, 171 Pracharaks 37—38 pragmatism 11 Orthodox Church 130, 204 other backward classes see OBCs (other press freedom ranking 192 backward classes) private agriculture 122 privatisation 45, 92, 141, 158, 172, 182, Otsch, Walter 7 Ottoman Constitution 71—72 200, 206 protests 9, 11, 37, 51, 57, 59, 67, 88, Ottoman Empire 71-74, 107; Ataturk’s 117-119, 132-133, 148, 187, 189; reformation of 10; dealing with anti-government
demonstrations 37; international wars 72; ethnic and cultural Bolotnaya Square protest 148; ‘Brazilian tensions within 71-72; as party in World Autumn’ 187; against Citizenship War I 72 Amendment Act 57-58; relating to Oxfam India 2018 Inequality Report 47 Özal, Halil Turgut 79, 86, 87, 92, 203 removal of Gezi Park 11, 104; against Özbay, Ömer 99 revocation of Article 370 57; against rise of prices of essential goods 26 Przeworski, Adam 7 Passos, Fabio 178—179 public interest litigation movement 47 Patel, Keshubhai 39, 40 Public Ministry see Public Prosecutor’s Patel, Vallabhbhai 31 Pedro I, Dorn 163-164, 197 Office Public Prosecutor’s Office 169, 188 Pedro II 164, 197 Puhringer, Stephen 7 personal freedoms 12 personality cult 27, 43, 60, 123 Pussy Riot 146 Petrobras corporation 185, 188-189, 201 Putin, Lyudmila 132 Petrobras scandal 14, 187—189, 191, 192, Putin, Spiridon 129 Putin, Vladimir Spiridonovich 129 201, 210 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich 3, 12, 15, Peugeot 41 119, 157-159, 201-203, 211-213; Pew Research Center 147 approval ratings for 12-13; backdrop to Plano Real and Brazilian economy rise of 136-139; college education of 170-172, 200 131-132; consolidation of power 13, Polanyi, Karl 91 144; context and rise of 203; corruption political economy 2, 4, 9, 13, 136; academic allegations against 134; as deputy mayor attention in 4-5; challenges to 5; of St Petersburg 134, 136; economy cross-comparative 3 Neves, Tancredo 169 New Economie Policy (NEP) ЗО, 65, 120,122 Nicholas Π, tsar 116-117 Nixon, Richard 124 Non-Aligned Movement 24 Nuclear Suppliers Group 48 Nyay
Yatra 39
226 Index under 12; family of 129-130; first two terms as president 142-147; Foreign Intelligence Agency’s job offer 133; fourth term as president 149; generation grown up under 12; as head of foreign section 133; as head of FSB 135; image as strongman 141; inducted into Pioneers 131; joined KGB 132; opposition to 148; personality and perceptions of 150; reconnected with Sobchak 133-134; resigned from KGB 133; resistance to 13; rise of 139-142, 150-151; school education of 130-131; spy’s duties of 132; stay in Dresden 132-133; third term as president 148-149; usefulness to Yeltsin 135 Quadros, Janio 167, 198 Qutb, Sayyid 85 race 75, 87, 172, 203 “racial democracy’ 173 racial inequalities 173 radical right emergence and modernisation, link between 6 Raja, A 49 Ram Rajya Parishad 31 Ram Rath Yatra 39, 65 Rao, PV Narsimha 21, 30, 46, 65 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 9, 31-33, 36-41, 53-54, 56, 64-65; banned during state of emergency 38; grassroots mobilisation by 65 Red Banner Institute 132 referendum 86, 92, 102-103, 111, 125, 137-138 reformism 74, 76, 108 religion/religious 9-10, 22-23, 26, 55, 63-64, 67, 72, 74-76, 78-79, 107-109, 111, 145-146, 169, 172, 203-204, 207; conservatism in 15; education 78; hate crime against minorities 9; mobilisations 65 republicanism 74, 108 Republican Party 75 Republican People’s Party 76 Right Path Party 97 Right to Information Act, 2005 (‘RTI Act’) 46-47 right wing: governments 4; ideology 3; political parties 4, 31 right-wing populism 2-4, 6-8, 15, 60; authoritarian 4; catalysts for 7; dichotomisation of society 6; factors contributing
to rise of 6-7; groups 208; and neoliberalism, link between 6-7; sociopolitical roots of 3 Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek) 91 Rodrigues, Cassia Maria 178-179 Rodrik, Dani 6, 7 Roman Catholic Church 172 Romanov dynasty, downfall of 12 Rousseff Dilma 14, 180, 182, 185, 200-201, 212; corruption scandals and 187-188, 193, 197, 200-201; impeachment of 189; Lula’s support to 185-186; as member of guerrilla group 186; public career of 186; welfare spending by 186 rupee 40, 205-206; devaluation of 30; dual exchange rate of 30; political opposition to devaluation of 34n8 Russia see Russian Federation Russian Constituent Assembly 119 Russian Constitution 147 Russian economy 95, 116; black economy 123; dependence on fuel prices 144; economic change in 1990—2002 140; fast-paced transformation of 137-138; financial crisis in 1899 116; five-year plans 122; GDP growth rate 148, 148; GKO market 139; global financial crisis of 2008 impacting 147-148; growth rate 142, 143; impact of falling oil prices 139, 140; industrial output of 23, 124; mixed economy 120; partial privatisation of economic activity 120; recovery from 1998 financial crisis 142, 144; revenue diversification 144 Russian Empire 116-117 Russian Orthodox Church 146, 149 Russian Revolution 118; 1905 revolution 117; 1917 revolution 117-119 Russian Socialist movement 118 Russian Federation 11, 12, 136; 1905 revolution 115, 117; 1917 revolution 117-119; abolition of serfdom 115-116; administrative challenges for 11-12; annexation of Crimea 148-149; “Bloody Sunday’ massacre 117; church and Bolsheviks 121; civil war in 119-120;
corruption in 210-211; emergency in 126, 137; fall in per capita GDP of 120, 120; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; history of political transitions 115-119; industrialisation of 116; influence of church in 149; LGBTQI+ community of 149; political history vs. oil prices 146; poverty and inequality in 145; public debt exchange rate crisis 139; religion and
Index 227 Thachil, Tariq 56 Thapar, Karan 42, 44n5 top-down system 43 trade deficit 30 Treaty of Lausanne 74 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro 163 Treaty of Sevres 72-74, 107 Trotsky, Leon 121 True Path Party 81 Salt March 22 Trump, Donald 1, 7 Sarney, Jose 169, 179 Türkbank Scandal 98 Satter, David 141, 152n2 Turkey 9; chances ofEU accession 11; satyagraha 22 corruption in 210; economy of 11; secularism 10, 23, 63, 76, 84, 88, 98, 107 emergency in 102, 111; employment to serfdom 91, 115-116, 155 population ratio 95; evolution of 76; Freedom in the World ranking of 4; full shadow economy, creation of 12 universal suffrage of 75; GDP per capita Shah Bano case 28, 204 growth of 72, 72; independence, National Shariati, Ali 85 Army for 74; Islamist movement and 76; Singh, Manmohan 21, 46 leaders of 79-81; lira 94, 96, 97; military Singh, VP 29, 30 establishment 78; under Özal 79—80; single-party politics 59 partnership with IMF 94—96; political Sitapati, Vinay 32 slavery, abolition of 164, 197, 198 violence of 1980 77, 78; politics 75, 78, 79, 85, 87, 99, 108-109; response to ‘sledgehammer conspiracy’ 100 small and medium-sized enterprises COVID-19 pandemic 213-214; (SMEs) 54 right-wing populism in 7; rise of 72-74; secularism propagated by leaders of 74, 76, ‘Smart Voting’ 150 Sobchak, Anatoly 131, 133-134, 77, 83, 84, 88, 97-98, 107; strategic location of 71; transformation into secular 157-158, 212 state 74; transition to multi-party system social conservatism 11 social inequalities 6, 7 75, 76 Socialist Revolutionary Party 119 Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) 110; attempted coup against
Erdoğan 86, social media campaigning 53 101—102; and government, tensions society-state relations 204 between 88 Southern Common Market 13 Turkish Constitution 76 Soviet Union 12, 30, 74, 120, 123-126, Turkish economy 71, 75, 79-80, 87, 92, 129-133, 139, 144-146, 155-158, 208, 94—97, 111; 1994 economic crisis 87, 211; as atheist state 145; collapse of 133; 92-96; 2001 crisis of 96-97; budget deficit fall of 12; population of 123; see aho Russian Federation 93; Central Bank’s monetary programme stagnation 7, 14, 169 92; contraction of 94; deficit financing 93-94; diversity for 75; economic crisis in Stalin, Joseph 12, 119, 121-123, 125, 151, 1970s 92; during Erdoğan’s first term 100; 156-157, 210; collectivisation of agriculture inflation rates 79; instability throughout under 122; death of 123; grip on economic front 122; succeeding Lenin 121 1990s 80; monetary policy reform 95; Özal’s liberalisation reforms 79-80; public standby credit 30 deficits 93; public saving-investment state control 12,76,92,110,126,165,198,206 balance 94; Russian economic crisis impact stimulus packages 48 on 95; stabilisation programme for 94 Stint, Angela 140-141 Turkish general election: 1994 election 95; ‘surgical strike’ 55 1995 election 81; 2002 election 100 Swaech Bharat campaign 54 ‘Turkish-Islamic synthesis’ 78, 80 Syndicate 24-25, 33n5 Turkish society, religion réintroduction in 75, 104; 1961 Constitution and 76; Tata, Nano plant 41 changes with 103; with Democrat Party’s Temer, Michel 169 145-147, 147; response to COVID-19 pandemic 213; shocking liberalisation methods 12; society 117,
120, 126, 139, 146, 158; transitions witnessed by 115; tryst with democracy 126-127; unemployment rates in 145; war in Chechnya 139-141; war with Japan 117; wealth disparities within 151
228 Index rule 76; friction within society 77; Islamist political parties and 77-78; multi-party system 76 Ujjwala campaign 54 Ukraine 125, 146-147, 149, 215 Ulyanov, Vladimir Urich 117-119, 121-122, 145, 150; assassination attempts 121; in exile 117, 118; political candidates to succeed 121; USSR after 121—126; utopia of 119—121 unemployment 50, 58, 94, 95, 97, 105, 144-145, 172, 184, 190 Uniao Democratica Nacional (UDN) 164, 167-168, 197-198 Union of South American Nation 13 United Front 33 United Progressive Alliance (UPA) 43, 45; see abo UPA government United Russia 149—150 United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR) 119; under Brezhnev 123-124; fall of 126; under Gorbachev 124—125; under Khrushchev 123; under Lenin 119-121; member states of 125; under Stahn 121-123; and United States, relations between 124 United States 78, 123-124, 164, 214 UPA government 45, 46-50, 66; Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal 48; NREGA 47; policies of 46-47; pre-tax national income 51; UPA I 46-48; UPA II 46, 48-50, 48-51, 52, 58-59, 201 Vagheia, Shankersinh 39 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 21, 31-32, 41, 43, 45, 45 Varank, Mustafa 102 Vargas, Getúlio 164-165, 167, 173, 197-198, 203 Veja 178-179 violence 4, И, 14, 56, 78, 86, 169, 190 violent crime 169 Virtue Party 11, 88-89 voters: base 11, 57, 64, 77, 87-88, 111, 180, 190; perceptions of‘biggest problem’ 45-46 voucher programme 138, 151 wages 47, 94-95, 122, 125 war communism 119 Welfare Party (RP) 11, 77, 91; ban on 88, 98; charges of favouritism against 88; coalition government 97; corruption scandal 98; rise of 80-81; success in local elections 87
Western constitutions 23 White Army 119 ‘whitening’ 172 Witte, Sergei 116 Workers’ Party (PT) 182, 208 World Economic Forum 13 World War I 72 Yeltsin, Boris 12, 125-126, 134, 136-142, 146, 150, 158, 203, 206, 211-212; 1996 elections and 138-139; decision of war in Chechnya 139; disbanded the Parliament 137; as president of Russian Federation 136-137; privatisation efforts under 137-138; public image of 134, 138 Yiğit, Korkmaz 98 Yildirim, Binali 103 Yildiz, Bekir 88 Yilmaz, Mesut 98 Young Turk Revolution 72, 73 Youssef, Alberto 188 Yukos 143 Zadafia, Gordhan 43 Bayerische ì Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Mohan, Deepanshu Padmanabhan, Abhinav |
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| author_facet | Mohan, Deepanshu Padmanabhan, Abhinav |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Mohan, Deepanshu |
| author_variant | d m dm a p ap |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1389180953 (DE-599)BVBBV048858316 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048858316</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240112</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230314s2023 xx |||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781032288321</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-03-228832-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781032288314</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-03-228831-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1389180953</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048858316</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MF 3386</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)164400:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mohan, Deepanshu</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1202623476</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Strongmen saviours</subfield><subfield code="b">a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil</subfield><subfield code="c">Deepanshu Mohan and Abhinav Padmanabhan</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London ; New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Routledge</subfield><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xv, 228 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"An introduction to rightwing populist movements outside of the West, looking at four key case studies, their commonalities, and differences. 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| geographic | Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 gnd Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Brasilien Türkei Indien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV048858316 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:41:34Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-27T11:07:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032288321 9781032288314 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034123472 |
| oclc_num | 1389180953 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | xv, 228 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230707 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mohan, Deepanshu Verfasser (DE-588)1202623476 aut Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil Deepanshu Mohan and Abhinav Padmanabhan London ; New York Routledge 2023 xv, 228 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "An introduction to rightwing populist movements outside of the West, looking at four key case studies, their commonalities, and differences. Populism has been on the rise globally since the global financial crisis of 2008, with few countries left entirely untouched by the phenomenon. At the same time, the specific circumstances in each country vary considerably, and its important in understanding these movements we do not assume they are all the same, even while they have some characteristics in common. Mohan and Padmanabhan take the cases of India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil in turn, looking at how they took quite distinct journeys to similar destinations. They offer both, a better understanding of the details of each country's slide towards strongman authoritarianism, and an analysis of the common elements shared between them. An essential introduction to the rise of populism outside the West, for students of international political economy, and comparative politics"-- Populismus (DE-588)4129521-3 gnd rswk-swf Politische Ökonomie (DE-588)4115586-5 gnd rswk-swf Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd rswk-swf Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 gnd rswk-swf Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd rswk-swf Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Populism / Economic aspects / Case studies Populism / India / Case studies Populism / Turkey / Case studies Populism / Russia / Case studies Populism / Brazil / Case studies Authoritarianism / Case studies Right-wing extremists / Case studies Authoritarianism Populism Populism / Economic aspects Right-wing extremists Brazil India Russia Turkey Case studies Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 g Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 g Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 s Populismus (DE-588)4129521-3 s Politische Ökonomie (DE-588)4115586-5 s DE-604 Padmanabhan, Abhinav Verfasser (DE-588)1281998060 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-00-329869-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034123472&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034123472&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mohan, Deepanshu Padmanabhan, Abhinav Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil Populismus (DE-588)4129521-3 gnd Politische Ökonomie (DE-588)4115586-5 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129521-3 (DE-588)4115586-5 (DE-588)4256521-2 (DE-588)4008003-1 (DE-588)4061163-2 (DE-588)4026722-2 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil |
| title_auth | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil |
| title_exact_search | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil |
| title_full | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil Deepanshu Mohan and Abhinav Padmanabhan |
| title_fullStr | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil Deepanshu Mohan and Abhinav Padmanabhan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil Deepanshu Mohan and Abhinav Padmanabhan |
| title_short | Strongmen saviours |
| title_sort | strongmen saviours a political economy of populism in india turkey russia and brazil |
| title_sub | a political economy of populism in India, Turkey, Russia, and Brazil |
| topic | Populismus (DE-588)4129521-3 gnd Politische Ökonomie (DE-588)4115586-5 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Populismus Politische Ökonomie Autoritärer Staat Brasilien Türkei Indien Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034123472&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034123472&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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