Verfügbarkeit: Kastellist kindluseks

Kastellist kindluseks: Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Püüa, Garel (VerfasserIn), Nurk, Ragnar (VerfasserIn), Sepp, Tõnu (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Estonian
Veröffentlicht:	Kuressaare Argo 2016
Schriftenreihe:	Saaremaa Muuseumi toimetised 9
Schlagworte:	Geschichte Bischofsburg Kuressaare
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Abstract
Beschreibung:	270 Seiten Illustrationen
ISBN:	9789949527717

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	5 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus 9 Garel Pima, Ragnar Nurk ja Tonu Sepp 1.1. Liihiulevaade linnus-kindlusest ja selle ajaloost.......................12 1.2. Ulevaade varasematest uurijatest, linnuse arenguskeemidest, historiograafiast ja kasutatud allikatest...........................16 2. Keskaeg 31 Garel Piiiia 2.1. Kuressaare pealinnus...............................................31 2.1.1. Looduslikud olud.............................................31 2.1.2. Uuringud pealinnuses. Nurgatorniga kastell...................32 2.1.3. Pealinnuse dateerimisprobleemid. Konvendihoone ehitamine.....39 2.1.4. Esimesed kaevud linnuses.....................................44 2.2. Esimene ringmuur ja selle teadaolevad ehitusetapid.................46 2.2.1. Konvendihoonet ringmiiuriga uhendav sild.....................46 2.2.2. Ringmuiiri erinevad ehitusjargud, kaimlasahti dateering......49 2.3. Algne eeslinnus ja hoonestus.......................................53 2.3.1. Hoonestus ajaloolistel plaanidel. Varasemad uuringud eeslinnuses..53 2.3.2. Eeslinnuse kujunemine viimaste valiuuringute pohjal. Esimesed tookojad......................................56 2.3.3. Arvatav dolomiitreruiiga kaimla ja uusaegne hoonestus eeslinnuses.60 2.3.4. Haruldane kaunistustega ammunooleots.........................67 2.4. Eeslinnuse laiendamine valjaspool vallikraavi. Suure ringmuiiri merepoolne kiilg ja edelatom........................................69 2.4.1. Vallikraavi ja selle valiskalda tugimuiiri rajamine. Maapinna tostmine uutes eeslinnustes....................................69 2.4.2. Teise ringmuiiri merepoolse kiilje ja edelatorni ehitamine...73 2.5. Teise eeslinnuse moodustamine vallikraavi iimbritsenud kaitsemuuri baasil. Idatorn ja Kakelborchi torn.....................76 2.5.1. Teine eeslinnus vallikraavi kirdekiiljel.....................76 2.5.2. Idatorn......................................................79 2.5.3. Kakelborchi torn. Teise ringmiiuri laskeavadega kirdekiilg...82 2.5.4. Uuringud teise eeslinnuse pohjanurgas. Hoonestus.............84 2.6. Kolmanda ja neljanda eeslinnuse rajamine. Kagutorn, Piissirohutorn ja Suurtiikitorn.....................................89 6 KASTELLIST KINDLUSEKS 2.6.1. Uute eeslinnusfe arvatav kujunemine.............................89 2.6.2. Kolmas eeslinnus vallikraavi loodekiiljel. Laskeavad 90 2.6.3. Teise ringmüüri erinevad ehitusjargud...........................92 2.6.4. Neljas eeslinnus vallikraavi kaguküljel.........................94 2.6.5. Uuringud kagutornis.............................................98 2.6.6. Püssirohutorn..................................................103 2.6.7. Suurtükitorn ja hilisem varavakaik.............................105 2.6.8. Mótteid eeslinnuste kavandamisest..............................108 3. Taani aeg (1559-1645) m Ragnar Nurk 3.1. Bastionaalkindlustuste iildisest kaitsepohimottest ja itaaliapárastest bastionidest......................................113 3.2. Pohjamaade Seitsmeaastane sóda (1563-1570) ja bastionaalkindlustuste omaksvott Taani riígis nende itaaliapárasel kujul: haruldased ja elitaarsed bastionid....................................116 3.3. Kalmari soda (1611-1613) ja hollandiparased bastionaalkindlustused: kaitseehitiste laialdane moderniseerimine Taani riigis................120 3.4. Nelja nurgabastioniga kindlusetüüp...................................121 3.5. Andmed Kuressaare kindlustamisest Taani aja] kirjalikes allikates....122 3.6. Kuressaare taaniaegsete bastionaalkindlustuste olulisemate valiuurimis- tulemuste ja kindlustuste iildise planeeringu lühiiilevaade...........126 3.7. Póhjabastioni taaniaegsed osad: varavakaik ja idaflank koos kasemattidega....................................................129 3.8. Váliuurimised ida-, lóuna- ja laánebastioni alumistel flankidel ning kagukurtiinil................................132 3.9. Üldistavalt Kuressaare taaniaegsete bastionide flankidest ja eriti nende taanduvatest osadest...................................136 3.10. Kalmari soja ja kindluse rootslaste katte mineku vahelisel ajal kindluses tehtud tood: Kuressaare kindlus esimestel teadaolevatel ajaloolistel plaanidel..................................139 3.11. Kuressaare taaniaegsete linnakindlustuste küsimus...................144 4. Rootsi aeg (1645-1710) 149 Ragnar Nurk 4.1. Kuressaare kindlus kuninganna Kristiina valitsusajal (1645-1654).....149 4.2. Kuressaare kindlus kahe soja vahelisel ajal (1655-1675)..............155 4.3. Taani-Rootsi sójast ajendatud tóod aastail 1676-1680................. 158 4.4. Kuressaare kindluse saatus kaalukausil (1681-1682): Dahlbergi külaskaik ., 163 4.5. Esseni ja Dahlbergi projektid aastail 1681-1686......................168 4.6. Kuressaare 1684.-1686. aasta projekt Dahlbergi kui fortifikatsiooniinseri ülejáanud loomingu taustal.....................175 SISUKORD 7 4.7. Kindlustustôôde personal ja eelarve...............................178 4.8. Tood Esseni-Dahlbergi projekti jargi..............................180 4.9. Kindluse kaitse korraldamine Pôhjasôja ajal (1700-1710)...........188 4.10. Ehitustôôde korraldus ja materjalide hankimine...................191 5. Kindluse areng 18.-19. sajandil 197 Tonu Sepp 5.1. Kuressaare kindlus parast Pôhjasôda kuni rekonstrueerimistôôde alguseni.................................197 5.1.1. Pôhjasôja-aegsed ja -jàrgsed purustused......................197 5.1.2. Kuressaare kindluse taastamise pôhjused......................202 5.1.3. Kindluse rekonstrueerimise projektid.........................203 5.2. Kuressaare kindluse esmased taastamistôôd aastatel 1788-1790......205 5.2.1. Ôhitud bastionide kiire taastamine...........................205 5.2.2. Pôhjabastioni alumise flangi rajamine........................208 5.2.3. Bastionide nimed.............................................211 5.2.4. Hoonete ja rajatiste ehitus- ja remonttôôd..................211 5.3. Kindluse lôplik taastamine aastatel 1791-1799......................215 5.3.1. Muldkindlustuste lôplik taastamine...........................215 5.3.2. Rajatiste remont ja uute hoonete ehitus.....................217 5.3.3. Konvendihoone................................................220 5.3.4. Kuressaare linnakindlustused 18. sajandil....................221 5.4. Hooldus- ja remontttood aastatel 1800-1833.........................223 5.4.1. Kindlustuste hooldus- ja remonttôôd..........................223 5.4.2. Rajatised ja garnisonihooned.................................225 5.4.3. Konvendihoone................................................228 5.5. Kuressaare kindlus tsiviilteenistuses..............................229 5.5.1. Kindluse üleminek rüütelkonnale..............................229 5.5.2. Kindluse kasutamine 19. sajandi lôpus ja 20. sajandi alguses.231 5.6. Viimased remonttôôd 19. sajandil...................................233 5.7. Konvendihoone restaureerimine 20. sajandi algul....................234 Kokkuvôte 239 Garel Püüa, Ragnar Nurk ja Tônu Sepp From a Castellum into a fortress. The building history of Kuressaare castle-fortress in the light of new field studies. Summary..............246 Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ajaloo kronoloogiline kokkuvôte..............251 Kuressaare muldkindlustustega seotud moisted............................257 Kasutatud allikad.......................................................262 Isikunimede loend.......................................................268 268 Isikunimede loend A Ahlberg, Nils 152-153 Alttoa, Kaur 21-25, 35,42, 46-47 Aluve, Kalvi 10-11,17-29,31-36, 38-39,41-47,49-50,53- 55, 63, 69, 72-73, 80,90-96, 98-99,103,105-107,113, 123,130,144,151,156-157,176,201,203,239,246,251 Andersson, Lars 125 Appelbom, Johan 179,187,190-191, 254 Audorf, Ernst Jacob von 176 B Barnckau, Friedrich August 201, 255 Bartholomäus Savijerwe, piiskop 81, 88 Bauer, Rudolf Felix von 190,197 Beloussov, Jelisar 212 Berch, insener-alampolkovnik 227 Blumfeldt, Evald 29, 221, 223 Bollahrt, Adrian Willemson 161,253 Borcherti (Burgardt), Georg von 152 Brachvogel(l), Johan Georg (von) 174,178-180, 254 Browne, Georg von 212 Budde, Matthias 123-124 Buhgan, Otto Eduard 232 von Buxhoeveden, perekond 236 Buxhoeveden, Axel von 237 Buxhoeveden, Peter Wilhelm von 230 Bääth, Seved 156 C Cataneo, Pietro 121 Christian III116-117 Christian IV 117-118,120,124,139,145, 252, Clasen, Johann 233,263 Coehoorn, Menno van 176 Cronstedt, Gabriel 197-199, 255 D Dahlberg(h), Erik Jönsson 214,16,26, 33,130,133,138, 155,158-159,162-163,166-180,182-183,186,189, 208, 210, 226, 243, 249,253-254, 258-260, 263-264, 266, 268 Dieskau, Hans von 116 von Ditmar, viljaaida ülevaataja 233 Drummond, leitnant 177 Dubovik, Boris 21-23, 35, 46-47 Dürer, Albrecht 257 E Eimer, Gerhard 153 Ekesparre, Alfred von 232 Ekesparre, Arthur Peter Leopold von 232 Ekesparre, Oskar von 232, 237 Engelbert, piiskop 43 Engell, Otto Samuel 221-222 Essen, Paul von 34,137,139,142,145-147,153,156-171, 173-174, 178-181, 183, 186, 249, 253-254, 260 F Fagerholtz, Johan 179 Farensbach, Jürgen 123 Felsch, Hindrich Christian (Christopher) 178-179 Fleming, Per 156 Franzon, Anders (Georg Frantzen) 179 Frederik II108,116,123,151, 252 Fölkersahm, Georg von 230 G Gardie, Magnus Gabriel De la 14,151-153,155, 253, 261 Grünblatt, Aleksander 236 Grüneberg, leitnant 177 Güldenstubbe, Ludwig von 234 H Habsburgid, dünastia 113 Hale, John Rigby 113 Hane, Reymer 43, 251 Harris, Edward C. 9 Heidemann, Christoph 176 Heinrich III, piiskop 42 Helk, Vello 124 Helleberg, Niclas 199 Henning Scharpenberg, piiskop 87 Hermann von Osnabrücke, piiskop 19,41-42 Hermat, Magda 20, 25, 27-28, 33, 35,153,155,161, 191,194, 234 Hesse, Conrad Eduard 232 Hildebrand, Hermann 43 Hirring, Johan 179 Holzmayer, Jean Baptiste 28-29 Horn af Aminne, Krister Klasson 166 Hupel, August Wilhelm 28 Hästehufvud, Anders Eriksson 150 J Jakob, piiskop 43, 251 Johannes II Bertkow, piiskop 102 Johannes IV Kievel (Kyvel), piiskop 102 Johann(es) V Münchhausen, piiskop 13,107,108, 252 K Kablukov, insener-kapten 229 Kaplinski, Küllike 26,125,152 Karl IV 42 Karl V 113 Karl IX 124 Karl X Gustav 102,155 Karl XI14, 64-65,102,155,158,163-164,176, 254 Karl XII164,180 Karling, Sten 140,151,153,155 Kartaschew, Kenneth von 159,176 Kasin, Jüri 59 Katariina II203 Kiudsoo, Mauri 37, 43 Kniprode, Winrich von, piiskop 13, 43, 239, 246 Kohl, perekond 173 Konrad II, piiskop 42 Kooskora, Kristo 240-244 Kribbeken, J(acob?) 152-154 Kristina, kuninganna 53, 66,102,149,151,156, 167-168, 253 Krutov, Ivan 213 Körber, Martin Georg Emil 24, 28-29,107, 123,151, Künnapu, Liivi 29, 221-222 L Lahrson, Oloff 174 Lange, Kuressaare kodanik? 173 Louis XIV 158 Läänelaid, Alar 49,59 Lönberg, Anders 179 Löwis of Menar, Karl von 29 Lüdighausen-Wolff, Heinrich von 54 M Magnus, hertsog 53,108,110,123,143,144, 252 Mannerburg, Engelbrecht 179,190 Mareks, Johann 178 Markus, Kersti 41-43 Mejer (Meyer), Johannes 26,139-140,142-144, 212, 253 Miller, Hans 191 Miller, Voldemar 29 Miserch (Mestserski) vürst 190 Muld, Margus 209 Munthe, Ludvig W:son 27,149,180,191 Mäesalu, Ain 25, 67 Moeller, Otto von 234, 237 Münnich, Burkhard Christoph von 202 N Napoleon 229-230,256 Neubauer, Christian 176 Neumann, Wilhelm 234 Nurk, Ragnar 11,15-16,114-115,117-118, 127,130,133, 138-139,147,162, 164, 172,175, 226 O Obbergen, Anthonis van 117,119 Orviku, Kaarel 11 Osten-Sacken, Georg von der 179 Oxenstierna, Axel 153 Oxenstierna, Gabriel Bengtsson 149 270 P Paeschen (Paaske), Hans van 117-118 Pahker, Tiit 74 Palmqvist, Magnus 177,198 Pasqualini, Alessandro 121 Plettenberg, Wolter von 105 Poll, E. von 232 Poll, Otto Johann von 190 Puzönkin, insener-kapten 225 Püüa, Garei 10-11,16-17,19-20,22,24-25, 35-41,44-53, 57-59, 61-62, 65-67, 69-88, 90-91, 93-95, 97-102, 104-105, 108,130-131,134-135,139,161,182-184, 186, 206 R Raam, Villem 17,21,26-27,35,41-43, 68 Radziwillid, suguvösa 122 Raun, Enno 106 Reikla, Tarmo 59, 74 Rodenburg(h), Johan von 53-55,127,133,136,141-143, 149-152,154,183 Rosenfeldt, Werner von 164 Ruse, Hendrik 176 Russow, Erki 4, 37, 57 S Sass, Albert von 234 Sass, Oswald von 234 Scheither, Johann Bernhard 176 Schniedewin, Jürgen 178-180 Schräder, Friedrich 233 Schultz, Philip 199 Schultz, Wilhelm 178 Schwabe, Johann - vt Swane 123-124,173 Schwengeln (Schwengell), Georg von 13, 26,109-111, 141-143,149-151,156,161,166, 212, 253 Sehested, Claus Maltesen 123,125 Selirand, Jüri 19, 60,105 Sepp, Tönu 11,16,19, 24, 50,100,107,129,131,134-135, 144,174, 182-186,189, 200, 209, 211, 214-216 Seresse, Volker 123-125 Seuberlich, Rudolf Hermann 16-18, 29, 33-35, 43, 234,236 Sinn, Jochim 179 Sjöblad, Karl Johansson 161 Skarberg, insener-major 197 KASTELLIST KINDLUSEKS Soom, Arnold 153 Specklin (Speckle), Daniel 119,121-122,152,176 Stael von Holstein (Stahl, Stael), Jacob 156,158, 159, 163, 253 Stavenhagen, Oskar 43 Steenwinckel vanem, Hans van 118-119,124 Stimer, Franz 151,153,155,253 Stuart, Carl Magnus 177,180 Sundberg, Ulf 171 Swane, Johan (ka Johann Schwabe/Svave) 123-124,173 T Tamm, Jaan 12 Tessin vanem, Nicodemus 145-147,153-154,156,253 Thumb von Weingarten, Christian 158-159,178,253 Traat, August 191 Tunzelmann, Johann Georg 217-220 Tutskov, Aleksei 203,206-207 Tuulse, Armin 17-18, 20-21,24-25, 35,43,105 U Urup, Axel 120 Utter, Johann Pendersson 151-152 V Vaga, Voldemar 17, 21, 24, 35 Valdre, Roman 107 Vassiljev, Jüri 31 Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre de 115,176,178 W Wachtmeister, Hans 164 Wassander, Sven 174 Wellingk, Elisabeth Christina 179 Wolffeit, Otto Magnus 190,199,255 Wrangell, Carl Gustaf 158,163 Wulff, sepp 179 Wärnschiöld (Wärnschiöldh; Lenaeus), Johan Andersson 33,147,153-155,157-158,179,253 Ö Örneklou, Per 179-180,188-189 Oernhelm (Oernhelm, Örnhjelm), major 190,197 From a Castellum into a Fortress THE BUILDING HISTORY OF KURESSAARE CASTLE-FORTRESS IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FIELD STUDIES SUMMARY The archaeological studies carried out in the Kuressaare (Arensburg) castle-fortress, along with archival and construction engineering studies in the period 2010-2015, gave significant new information about its formation in the medieval and modern periods. Systematic archaeological studies mainly pertained to medieval fortifications (particularly the outer baileys). Of rampart fortifications mainly bastions (above all their lower flanks) were documented. After the previous major restoration work and the studies accompanied with it, which were summed up in a monograph published in 1980 by Kalvi Aluve, it is now possible to significantly correct and specify earlier points of view. Today the Kuressaare castle-fortress is the most thoroughly studied medieval and modern period military structure in Estonia. In 1227 Saaremaa was the last Estonian county to capitulate to crusaders and in 1228-1234 the Bishopric Oesel-Wiek was formed of the Laanemaa county and Western Estonian islands. Although the date of the rise of the first settlement in Kuressaare is not quite clear, a port had probably developed at the site before the beginning of more extensive building work of the episcopal castle. Researchers have dated more extensive work at the Kuressaare castle, particularly at the Konventhaus-type main castle, to the period after the Estonians St. George s Night uprising (1343-1345). The first written records of the Kuressaare castle date only from the early 1380s, from the rule of Bishop Winrich von Kniprode (1383-1419), who chose Kuressaare for his main residence next to Haapsalu. A settlement of artisans and small traders developed in front of the castle that has been first mentioned in 1427. The exact loca- tion of the settlement is unclear as it has not been possible to establish any medieval cultural layer outside the castle of Kuressaare. Contrary to most other Estonian medieval castles the development of Kuressaare continued as a fortified site even after the Livonian War (1558-1583). In the mod- ern era the owner of the fortress changed three times: in 1559 (in fact in 1560) it passed to Denmark, in 1645 to Sweden and finally, in 1710 to Russia (legally in 1721). Kuressaare remained a manned and armed fortress until 1834. In the modern era the former centre of episcopal landholdings on Saaremaa had become a major powers foothold, which had its own small role in those countries military strategy, particu- larly in the struggle for supremacy on the Baltic Sea (dominium maris baltici). In the story of the development of the Kuressaare castle-fortress systematic realization of ambitious reconstruction projects has alternated with periods when earlier plans were significantly contracted. As a result of field studies it has been established that both in the Middle Ages, when the castle belonged to the bishop- ric Oesel-Wiek, as well as in modern times when the medieval fortifications were surrounded with earthen ramparts in the bastion system, there were several such changes in the building plans. In the case of the Kuressaare fortifications it was also quite usual that modernization works that were launched during one rule were con- cluded by the next owner. All those works, carried out on the basis of different building plans and by different owners, have left their physical trace during the five hundred years. All the different stages of development - both those that we knew about earlier as well as those that were found out in the course of recently concluded field studies - are exhibited to visitors to a bigger or smaller degree. Kuressaare was a water castle, surrounded by a moat, built right next to a favour- able port on a low coastal area. A boardwalk, found in the course of field work and dated to the end of the 13th century by the C14 method, refers to an earlier location of a port. Konventhaus was the centre of the medieval castle which has survived until today and has the Sturvolt Tower on the northern corner and Tall Hermann Tower on the eastern corner. On the basis of the latest field investigations, however, it is possible to state that the original main castle was, by its type, a castellum with a corner tower (Sturvolt) and its outer perimeter coincides with the later Konventhaus. In all likelihood the building of the castellum began at the end of the 1320s and was interrupted in connection with the uprising of 1343-1345. After that a major change took place in the building plans. In the second half of the 14th century the Konventhaus was put up which outer walls rest on the earlier surrounding walls of the castellum (Tall Hermann dates from the same period). Along with the Konventhaus the (1st) surrounding wall was built, thus forming the first outer bailey, with (in its final form) a 20 meter wide moat protecting the whole complex. From the surrounding wall it was possible to retreat into the main castle via a bridge on the southeast side. A non-flanking quadrangular Wulff Tower (ab. 1370) was built into the western corner of the surrounding wall. Next, an additional, considerably bigger outer bailey was planned on the outer bank of the moat. The clay soil dug out from the moat was used as filling in the new outer bailey that was relatively open to the sea. This was done because the natural surface around the Konventhaus that had been built on an elevation was too low and uneven - in places the surface of the new outer bailey was raised by more than two meters. To keep the filling together, powerful support walls were built both to the outer bank of the moat and at the location of the designed (2nd) surrounding wall of the new outer bailey. Landscape features have previously not been sufficiently taken into consideration in the description of the building history of the Kuressaare castle-fortress. It is clear today that the construction of the new outer bailey and the building of a corresponding big (second) surrounding wall did not happen in the course of a single building stage as has been believed before. First the new outer bailey was built on the town side of the moat (second outer bailey). Probably, in the second quarter of the 15th century two towers, both of round shape and already intended for firearms, were erected: one over the present main entrance (in the middle of the NE-curtain) and the other into the eastern corner of that outer bailey. A third, similarly flanking tower that was built on the seaward or southwest side had a quadrangular ground plan. 248 KASTELLIST KINDLUSEKS In the middle and in the second half of the 15th century building of the new surrounding wall on the northwest (third outer bailey) and the southeast (fourth outer bailey) sides continued. In connection with the latter a southeast tower with a significantly wider diameter and a round shape was completed in the last quarter of the 15th century. In all likelihood the big surrounding wall was further complemented by two towers of circular ground plan in the end of the 15th century: the Cannon Tower in the north corner next to the medieval main gate and the Gunpowder Tower in the south corner. Although the relative height of the second surrounding wall on the inner side was only five to six meters, its height on the outside (together with the substruction supporting the previously mentioned fill) was eight to nine meters. Thanks to this there was no danger in building loopholes in the bottom part of the wall (looking from the inside). The building of new outer baileys has proceeded sporadically and at a slow pace; in the course of building work plans were apparently repeatedly changed. Generally, however, a rather regular general shape and appearance has been achieved. There is no certainty when the first earthen (rampart) fortifications were built in Kuressaare castle-fortress, or even whether this took place before or after it came under the Danish rule (1560). On the basis of written records it is possible to presume that at the latest by the Kalmar War (1611-1613) the Danes had mainly already erected bastioned fortifications - apparently their building had started about a couple of dec- ades earlier. In that stage of building the Kuressaare fortress received a nearly fully regular square ground plan, with four corner bastions (nowadays known according to the cardinal points as N-, E-, S- and W-bastion). The Italian type bastions of that time in Kuressaare fortress had retired flanks - from the bombproof rooms (casemates) located there it was possible to shoot along the wall of the fortress to protect curtains and possibly to some degree also the neighbouring bastions of the fortress from the well placed casemates along the fortress wall. The main gate remained in the same medieval location near the northern corner of the fortress, now as a long vaulted passage under the earthwork of the Northern Bastion - it is preserved (partly reconstructed) as well as a casemate in the eastern flank of the same bastion. The new bastioned fortifications were outstandingly planned and skilfully marked on the ground. Probably some rather high-level engineer was involved in this; the quality of the subsequent construction work itself, however, has been rather poor, at least concerning masonry. In that period bastioned fortifications in the Baltic region (bearing in mind particularly Denmark and Sweden) were still relatively rare and there was mainly royal initiative behind them. Quite a new stage thus entered in the building history of the Kuressaare castle-fortress. The medieval fortifications that had been extended and improved over the centuries had become almost useless in a very short period of time. After the Kalmar War, in the course of which the Swedes unsuccessfully sieged the fortress, improvement of the bastioned fortifications continued adapting them to the principles of the Dutch fortification (for example, flanks were built straight and their retired (receding) parts were filled, some outworks were built). Dutch type bas- tion system fragments, visible on later maps in the northern part of the Kuressaare town, quite far from the fortress itself, could refer to a possibility that Danes, after SUMMARY 249 the war, had in their mind to build a retrenchment around the town too. Similar, relatively small-scale building work continued in the fortress also in the first part of the Swedish period (ca 1645-1680). The surviving drawings, however, refer to extensive plans (including fortification of the adjacent town). Even the possibility of moving the town and the fortress into some better defendable position (above all the tip of the Sorve Peninsula) was considered. In 1676-1680, when Sweden was in a war against Denmark, reconstruction work was started according to the design of a Swedish engineer Paul von Essen (the moat around the fortress was improved and a ravelin built for the protection of the gate). Decisive modernization of the fortifications began only in 1684 according to the design of the leading Swedish engineer, Erik Dahlberg, who started to consistently carry out the project (he had visited Saaremaa and Kuressaare in order to get acquainted with the situation in 1682). The project was approved by the king Charles XI, who in 1680 had come to rule as an absolute monarch, and, thanks to the reduction of the properties of aristocracy, could secure a constant flow of resources for Dahlberg s fortification works. Reconstruction works started with the building of three extraordinarily power- ful ravelins outside the earlier fortress wall (Essen s smaller ravelin remained inside the new NE-ravelin, as it is known nowadays, others were SE- and NW-ravelin), by which another strong defence line was created. After that the focus concentrated on extending of bastion flanks and reshaping them into two levels. The general archi- tectural conception of bastions and ravelins is similar, based on creating possibilities for a maximum flanking fire and multi-level defense. While previously earthworks had had only a thin scarp wall, which leaned on a clearly aslant soil surface, new and reconstructed parts of fortifications now got proper (self-standing) scarp walls with much steeper outer face. Due to the fall of the fortress to Russians in 1710, in the course of the Great Northern War (1700-1721), Swedes did not manage to complete some of the intended reconstruction work. Most notably the Northern bastion maintained its previous shape and seaward or SW-ravelin remained unbuilt. During the last decades of the Swedish rule also some barracks were built on the courtyard of the fortress and the lower floor of the S-bastion tower was transformed into a gunpowder cellar. To the outer bank of the moat covered way and glacis were built. In March 1710 the fortress with success stood against one Russian attack but in September of the same year sur- rendered without combat, being one of the last Swedish strongholds on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Although the renewed flanks sustained major damages as a result of blasting by temporarily retreating Russians in 1711 they were later restored and exist even today more or less in the shape Dahlberg had designed them. The fortifications designed by Dahlberg in Kuressaare and elsewhere all over the Swedish state express searches in the European military architecture of the second half of the 17th century, which led to the building of fortifications that were signifi- cantly more massive and of more complicated structure. The renewed bastions of Kuressaare fort are by their architecture very similar to those built in the major city fortresses Tallinn and Narva and also in Kalmar, but are smaller by their scale. Kuressaare appears special by the circumstance that Dahlberg s early 1680s bas- tioned fortifications have preserved here as an integral system; it gives us a good idea of the functioning of the military architecture subsequent to the middle ages. 250 KASTELLIST KINDLUSEKS This remained the last high-level and largely carried out building project after the episcopal Konventhaus and Danish period bastioned fortifications in the Italian system. After the Great Northern War the Kuressaare fortress remained in ruins for decades. Although the first major measurements and drawings were made already in the first half of the 18th century the actual restoration could only begin in 1788. Its immediate propulsion was the Swedish-Russian War that broke out in the same year and ended with the conclusion of the Varala peace in 1790. During three years the bastions blasted embankments were rapidly heaped up and their flanks were strengthened with fascines. The stone walls were restored only in the next building period of 1791-1799. Besides, the casemates and other structures of the fortress were repaired and new garrison barracks were put up. By the turn of the century the fortress had achieved its former power. No con- ceptual changes were made in the fortification system of the fortress. It was restored in the shape as it had been before the Northern War. The only considerable change was building of the lower flank of the Northern Bastion, which the Swedes had not managed to put up. In the first decades of the 19th century only regular maintenance and repair work was carried out in the fortress. More attention was paid to the reconstruc- tion of the moat and the ravelins. By 1806 the work finally reached the point where the caved-in walls and vaults of the Konventhaus were built up and the building was once again covered with a roof. The history of the Kuressaare castle-fortress as a military site ended in 1834, because in connection with the shift of Russian borders to the west after the Congress of Vienna (Sept. 1814 - June 1815) the government of the Tsarist state decided to abandon the Kuressaare fortress as a military stronghold. The armaments and other equipment were taken to the Bomarsund fortress built up close to the Swedish border on the Aland Islands. The Kuressaare fortress was sold to the Saaremaa Knighthood in 1836. As a post-medieval artillery fortress, Kuressaare had moved from one owner to another, having belonged in succession to Denmark, Sweden and Russia in the times of their sovereignty on the Baltic Sea. By the begin- ning of the 19th century also the bastioned system as such had become outdated and expenditures for the modernization of the fortress would apparently not have been reasonable, considering the decreased strategic value of its location. In the next decades the fortress was used for civil purposes in various functions. After the major restoration work in the period 1904-1912 the oldest part of the fortress, the Konventhaus, became the representative building of the Saaremaa Knighthood. Besides, several institutions and a museum found shelter in the castle. On June 9th 1920, in accordance with the law that liquidated estates in the country, the castle- fortress went into the ownership of the Republic of Estonia.
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physical	270 Seiten Illustrationen
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spelling	Püüa, Garel aut Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses Garel Püüa, Ragnar Nurk, Tõnu Sepp ; toimetaja Olavi Pesti Kuressaare Argo 2016 270 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Saaremaa Muuseumi toimetised 9 Zusammenfassung englisch Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Bischofsburg Kuressaare (DE-588)4578509-0 gnd rswk-swf Bischofsburg Kuressaare (DE-588)4578509-0 g Geschichte z DE-604 Nurk, Ragnar aut Sepp, Tõnu aut Saaremaa Muuseumi toimetised 9 (DE-604)BV022650978 9 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Püüa, Garel Nurk, Ragnar Sepp, Tõnu Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses Saaremaa Muuseumi toimetised
subject_GND	(DE-588)4578509-0
title	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses
title_auth	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses
title_exact_search	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses
title_full	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses Garel Püüa, Ragnar Nurk, Tõnu Sepp ; toimetaja Olavi Pesti
title_fullStr	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses Garel Püüa, Ragnar Nurk, Tõnu Sepp ; toimetaja Olavi Pesti
title_full_unstemmed	Kastellist kindluseks Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses Garel Püüa, Ragnar Nurk, Tõnu Sepp ; toimetaja Olavi Pesti
title_short	Kastellist kindluseks
title_sort	kastellist kindluseks kuressaare linnus kindluse ehituslugu uute valiuuringute valguses
title_sub	Kuressaare linnus-kindluse ehituslugu uute väliuuringute valguses
topic_facet	Bischofsburg Kuressaare
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029121600&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV022650978
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