Physics of climate:
"A superb reference." Physics Today "Will become a classic text in climate research. " Physics World "Valuable to anyone who studies, models, or uses the climate of the earth." Walter Robinson, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "Informative and author...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
American Inst. of Physics
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "A superb reference." Physics Today "Will become a classic text in climate research. " Physics World "Valuable to anyone who studies, models, or uses the climate of the earth." Walter Robinson, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "Informative and authoritative on a remarkably wide range of topics." Nature Are we entering a period of global warming? Is weather predictable? Physics of Climate offers you an in-depth description of atmospheric circulation and how environmental phenomena worldwide interact in a single, unified system. This integrated approach unites all the key features of the climate system--oceans, atmosphere, and cryosphere--to explain the structure and behavior of climate over time. Ideal for students and professionals in meteorology, oceanography, geophysics, and physics. |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIX, 520 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0883187124 0883187116 9780883187128 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Peixoto, José P. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1157328431 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Physics of climate |c José P. Peixoto and Abraham H. Oort |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b American Inst. of Physics |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIX, 520 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a "A superb reference." Physics Today "Will become a classic text in climate research. " Physics World "Valuable to anyone who studies, models, or uses the climate of the earth." Walter Robinson, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "Informative and authoritative on a remarkably wide range of topics." Nature Are we entering a period of global warming? Is weather predictable? Physics of Climate offers you an in-depth description of atmospheric circulation and how environmental phenomena worldwide interact in a single, unified system. This integrated approach unites all the key features of the climate system--oceans, atmosphere, and cryosphere--to explain the structure and behavior of climate over time. Ideal for students and professionals in meteorology, oceanography, geophysics, and physics. | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Klima |0 (DE-588)4031170-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Oort, Abraham H. |d 1934- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1145489583 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804119800167792640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
.......................................................xvii
Preface
.........................................................xix
Acknowledgments
..............................................xxi
List of symbols and definitions
................................xxvii
1.
Introduction
................................................ 1
1.1
Scope and background
...................................... 1
1.2
Layout of the book
.......................................... 4
2.
Nature of the Problem
...................................... 8
2.1
Introduction
............................................... 8
2.2
Basic concepts of thermodynamic systems
...................... 9
2.2.1
State of a system, extensive and intensive properties
2.2.2
Classification of thermodynamic systems
2.2.3
Forced and free behavior of open systems
2.2.4
Random systems
2.3
Components of the climate system
............................. 13
2.3.1
Atmosphere
2.3.2
Hydrosphere
2.3.3
Cryosphere
2.3.4
Lithosphère
2.3.5
Biosphere
2.4
The climate system
......................................... 18
2.4.1
The nature of the climate system
2.4.2
The climate state
2.4.3
Climate variability
2.5
Feedback processes in the climate system
....................... 26
2.5.1
Feedback concepts
2.5.2
Applications to the climate system
2.5.3
Some examples
3.
Basic Equations for the Atmosphere and Oceans
.......... 32
3.1
Equation of continuity
....................................... 32
3.2
Equations of motion
........................................ 34
3.2.1
Frictional effects
3.2.2
Filtering of the basic equations for the atmosphere
3.2.3
Filtering of the basic equations for the oceans
IX
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
3.3
Vorticity equation
.......................................... 42
3.3.1
Some definitions of voracity
3.3.2
General vorticity equation
3.3.3
Vorticity equation of the horizontal motion
ЪА
Thermodynamic energy equation and some applications
........... 46
3.4.1
First law of thermodynamics
3.4.2
Static stability
3.4.3
Potential vorticity
3.4.4
The thermodynamic energy equation and the local rate
of change of temperature
3.5
Equation of state
........................................... 51
3.5.1
Atmosphere
3.5.2
Oceans
3.5.3
Barotropy and baroclinicity
3.6
Equation of water vapor
..................................... 58
3.7
Summary of the basic equations in Lagrangian and Eulerian form
... 58
4.
Various Decompositions of the Circulation
................ 61
4.1
Transient and stationary eddies
............................... 61
4.1.1
Time and
horisontal
resolutions of the circulation
4.1.2
Vertical resolution of the circulation
4.2
Spectral analysis of meteorological fields
........................ 65
4.2.1
Spectral analysis in space and time
4.2.2
Limitations of sampling
4.3
Empirical orthogonal function analysis
......................... 67
5.
The Data
.................................................... 70
5.1
Observational networks
...................................... 70
5.1.1
Atmospheric data
5.1.2
Oceanic data
5.1.3
Satellite data
5.1.4
International field projects
5.2
Data processing techniques
................................... 81
5.2.1
Atmospheric data
5.2.2
Oceanic data
5.2.3
Satellite data
5.3
Objective analysis methods
................................... 84
5.3.1
Atmospheric analyses
5.3.2
Reliability of the atmospheric analyses
5.3.3
Oceanic analyses
5.4
Other atmospheric data sets
.................................. 88
6.
Radiation Balance
......................................... 91
6.1
Introduction
............................................... 91
6.1.1
Nature of solar and terrestrial radiation
6.1.2
Global radiation balance
6.2
Physical radiation laws
...................................... 95
6.2.1
Planck s law
6.2.2
Stefan-Boltzmann law
6.2.3 Wien
displacement law
6.2.4 Kirchhofs
law
6.2.5
Beer-Bouger-Lambert law
6.3
Solar radiation
............................................. 98
6.3.1
Solar spectrum and solar constant
6.3.2
Distribution of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere
6.3.3
Aerosols
6.3.4
Absorption of solar radiation
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
xi
6.3.5
Scattering of solar radiation
6.3.6
Effects of clouds on solar radiation
6.3.7
Solar radiation at the earth s surface
6.4
Terrestrial radiation
........................................104
6.4.1
Introduction
6.4.2
Absorption and emission spectra of atmospheric gases
6.4.3
Rotational and vibrational bands
6.4.4
Spectral lines
—
Lorentz
formula
6.4.5
Transmissivity functions
6.4.6
Band models
6.4.7
Nonhomogeneous paths
6.5
Radiative transfer
..........................................110
6.5.1
Schwarzchild equation
6.5.2
Radiative transfer equation
6.6
Radiation balance of the atmosphere
...........................114
6.7
Radiation balance at the earth s surface
........................116
6.8
Observed radiation balance
...................................117
6.8.1
Radiation balance of the earth
6.8.2
Global distribution of the radiation balance
7.
Observed Mean State of the Atmosphere
................... 131
7.1
Atmospheric mass and pressure
...............................131
7.1.1
Mass balance
7.1.2
Distribution of mass in terms of pressure
7.2
Mean temperature structure of the atmosphere
..................137
7.2.1
Global distribution of the temperature
7.2.2
Vertical structure of the temperature
7.2.3
Variability of the temperature
7.3
Mean geopotential height structure of the atmosphere
............144
7.3.1
Vertical structure of the geopotential
7.3.2
Variability of the geopotential height
7.4
Mean atmospheric circulation
................................149
7.4.1
Introduction
7.4.2
Global distribution of the circulation
7.4.3
Vertical structure of the circulation
7.4.4
Variability of the circulation
7.5
Mean kinetic energy in the atmosphere
.........................162
7.5.1
Global distribution of the kinetic energy
7.5.2
Vertical structure of the kinetic energy
7.6
Precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and cloudiness
................165
7.6.1
Precipitation
7.6.2
Evaporation
7.6.3
Surface runoff
7.6.4
Cloudiness
8.
Observed Mean State of the Oceans
........................176
8.1
Mean temperature structure of the oceans
...................... 176
8.1.1
Global distribution of the temperature
8.1.2
Vertical structure of the temperature
8.1.3
Variability of the temperature
8.2
Mean salinity structure of the oceans
..........................187
8.2.1
Global attribution of the salinity
8.2.2
Vertical structure of the salinity
8.3
Mean density structure of the oceans
..........................190
8.3.1
Global distribution of the density
8.3.2
Vertical structure of the density
XÜ
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
8.4
Mean ocean circulation
......................................196
8.4.1
Global distribution of the surface circulation
8.4.2
Vertical structure of the circulation
8.5
Surface kinetic energy of the oceans
...........................206
9.
Observed Mean State of the Cryosphere
.................... 207
9.1
Role of the cryosphere in the climate
...........................207
9.2
General features of the cryosphere
............................210
9.3
Ice sheets and glaciers
.......................................211
9.4
Sea ice
....................................................212
9.5
Snow
.....................................................214
9.6
Permafrost
................................................215
10.
Exchange Processes Between the Earth s
Surface and the Atmosphere
............................... 216
10.1
Introduction
...............................................216
10.2
Energy budget at the surface
.................................217
10.2.1
Energy fluxes at an ideal surface
10.2.2
Energy budget of a layer
10.3
Development of the planetary
boundary layer
.............................................222
10.3.1
Some characteristic features of the planetary boundary layer
10.3.2
Generation and maintenance of atmospheric turbulence
10.3.3
Effects of stability
10.4
Exchange of momentum
.....................................226
10.4.1
Eddy correlation approach
10.4.2
Gradient-flux approach
10.4.3
Mixing-length approach and wind profiles
10.4.4
Bulk aerodynamic method
10.5
Transfer of mechanical energy into the oceans
...................231
10.6
Exchange of sensible heat
....................................232
10.7
Exchange of water vapor, evaporation
..........................233
10.7.1
Eddy correlation, gradient-flux, and bulk transfer methods
10.7.2
Energy balance method
10.7.3
Combined approaches, Penman formula
10.8
Formation of atmospheric aerosol
.............................240
11.
Angular Momentum Cycle
................................. 241
11.1
Balance equations for angular momentum
.......................241
11.1.1
Introduction
11.1.2
Angular momentum in the climatic system
11.1.3
Angular momentum in the atmosphere
11.1.4
Volume integrals
11.1.5
Modes of transport
11.2
Observed cycle of angular momentum
..........................255
11.2.1
Angular momentum in the atmosphere
11.2.2
Angular momentum exchange between the atmosphere and the
underlying surface
11.2.3
Cycle of angular momentum in the climatic system
11.2.4
Angular momentum exchange between the oceans and the
lithosphère
12.
Water Cycle
................................................. 270
12.1
Formulation of the hydrological cycle
..........................270
12.1.1
Introduction
12.1.2
Water in the climatic system
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ХП
12.2
Equations
of hydrology
......................................273
12.2.1
Classic equation of hydrology
12.2.2
Balance equation for water vapor
12.2.3
Modes of water vapor transport
12.3
Observed atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle
...........278
12.3.1
Water
vapor
in the atmosphere
12.3.2
Transport of water vapor
12.3.3
Divergence of water vapor
-
12.4
Synthesis of the water balance
................................297
12.5
Hydrology of the polar regions
................................302
12.5.1
Equations of hydrology including vapor, liquid, and solid water substance
12.5.2
Observed water budget of the polar regions
13.
Energetics
.................................................. 308
13.1
Basic forms of energy
.......................................308
13.2
Energy balance equations
....................................310
13.2.1
Introduction
13.2.2
The climate equations
13.2.3
Volume integrals
13.2.4
Globally averaged climate equations
13.3
Observed energy balance
.....................................319
, 13.3.1
Diabatic heating in the atmosphere
13.3.2
Energy in the atmosphere
13.3.3
Transport of atmospheric energy
13.3.4
Energy in the oceans
13.3.5
Transport of oceanic energy
13.3.6
Synthesis of the energy balance
13.4
Energetics of the polar regions
................................353
13.4.1
Formulation of the energy budget
13.4.2
Observed energy budget in atmospheric polar caps
13.4.3
Observed energy budget in ocean-land-ice polar caps
13.4.4
Synthesis of the polar energetics
14.
The Ocean-Atmosphere Heat Engine
...................... 365
14.1
Availability of energy in the atmosphere
........................365
14.2
Availability of energy in the ocean
............................370
14.3
Balance equations for kinetic and available potential energy
........373
14.3.1
Formal derivation of the balance equations
14.3.2
Balance equations for mean and eddy kinetic energy in the atmosphere
14.3.3
Balance equations for mean and eddy available potential energy
in the atmosphere
14.4
Observed energy cycle in the atmosphere
.......................379
14.4.1
Spatial distributions of the energy and energy
convenions
14.4.2
The energy cycle
14.5
Maintenance and forcing of the zonal-mean state
of the atmosphere
..........................................385
14.5.1
Introduction
14.5.2
Interactions between the eddies and the zonal-mean state
14.5.3
Eliassen-Palmflux
14.5.4
Modified momentum and energy equations
14.5.5
Forcing of the mean meridional circulation
14.5.6
Some examples of
Ε—Ρ
flux diagrams
14.6
Observed energy cycle in the oceans
........................... 393
14.6.1
Spatial distributions of the energy components
14.6.2
The energy cycle
XÌO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
15.
Entropy in the Climate System
............................. 401
15.1
Introduction
...............................................401
15.2
Balance equation of entropy
..................................403
15.3
Observed entropy budget of the atmosphere
.....................407
15.3.1
Global entropy budget
15.3.2
Regional entropy budgets
16.
Interannual and Interdecadal Variability
in the Climate System
...................................... 412
16.1
Introduction
...............................................412
16.2
Quasibiennial oscillation
.....................................413
16.2.1
Observed features
16.2.2
Possible solar-QBO-climate connections
16.3
ENSO phenomenon
.........................................415
16.4
Regional teleconnections
.....................................426
16.5
Interdecadal fluctuations and trends
...........................433
16.5.1
Anthropogenic influences
16.5.2
Atmospheric gases
16.5.3
Surface temperature
16.5.4
Upper air temperatures
16.6
Some special climatic phenomena
.............................444
17.
Mathematical Simulation of Climate
...................... 450
17.1
Introduction
...............................................450
17.2
Mathematical and physical structure of climate models
............451
17.2.1
Basic parameters of a climate model
17.2.2
Model equations
17.2.3
Necessity of using numerical integrations
17.2.4
Parameterizations
17.2.5
Nature of the mathematical solutions
17.3
Hierarchy of climate models
..................................463
17.4
General circulation models
...................................464
17.4.1
Some general features
17.4.2
The development of general circulation modeling
17.4.3
Coupled ocean-atmosphere models
17.5
Statistical dynamical models
..................................467
17.5.1
Energy balance models
17.5.2
Radiative-convective modeb
17.5.3
Two-dimensional statistical dynamical models
17.6
Uses and applications of models
...............................473
17.6.1
Some general remarks
17.6.2
Data assimilation and network testing
17.6.3
Modeling of the hydrological cycle
17.6.4
Modeling of the ENSO phenomena
17.6.5
Modeling of the CO2 effects
17.6.6
Effects of mountains and the simulation of an ice-age climate
17.6.7
Sensitivity to changes in astronomical parameters
Appendix A: Analysis in Terms of Fourier
Components
....................................................481
Al.
Introduction
...............................................481
A2. The Fourier spectrum
.......................................482
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XV
A3.
Multiplication
and Parseval
theorems..........................
484
A4.
Spectral
functions of the meteorological
variables and equations
......................................487
A4.1. Linear quantities
A4.2. Quadratic quantities
A4.3. Meteorological equations
Appendix B: Analysis in Terms of Empirical
Orthogonal Functions (EOF s)
.................................492
Bl. The problem
...............................................492
B2. Solution of the problem
.....................................493
B3. Variability of two-dimensional vector
fields
.....................................................496
References
......................................................497
Name Index
.....................................................509
Subject Index
...................................................513
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Peixoto, José P. Oort, Abraham H. 1934- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1157328431 (DE-588)1145489583 |
| author_facet | Peixoto, José P. Oort, Abraham H. 1934- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Peixoto, José P. |
| author_variant | j p p jp jpp a h o ah aho |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005587615 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QC981 |
| callnumber-raw | QC981 .P43 |
| callnumber-search | QC981 .P43 |
| callnumber-sort | QC 3981 P43 |
| callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
| classification_rvk | RB 10423 UT 8000 |
| classification_tum | GEO 760f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246640599 (DE-599)BVBBV005587615 |
| dewey-full | 551.520 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.5 20 |
| dewey-search | 551.5 20 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.5 220 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geowissenschaften Geologie / Paläontologie Physik Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005587615 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:31:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0883187124 0883187116 9780883187128 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003499420 |
| oclc_num | 246640599 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-526 DE-634 DE-83 DE-188 DE-11 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-703 DE-Aug4 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-526 DE-634 DE-83 DE-188 DE-11 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-703 DE-Aug4 |
| physical | XXXIX, 520 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | American Inst. of Physics |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Peixoto, José P. Verfasser (DE-588)1157328431 aut Physics of climate José P. Peixoto and Abraham H. Oort New York American Inst. of Physics 1992 XXXIX, 520 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke "A superb reference." Physics Today "Will become a classic text in climate research. " Physics World "Valuable to anyone who studies, models, or uses the climate of the earth." Walter Robinson, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "Informative and authoritative on a remarkably wide range of topics." Nature Are we entering a period of global warming? Is weather predictable? Physics of Climate offers you an in-depth description of atmospheric circulation and how environmental phenomena worldwide interact in a single, unified system. This integrated approach unites all the key features of the climate system--oceans, atmosphere, and cryosphere--to explain the structure and behavior of climate over time. Ideal for students and professionals in meteorology, oceanography, geophysics, and physics. Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd rswk-swf Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd rswk-swf Dynamische Meteorologie (DE-588)4150921-3 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 s Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s DE-604 Dynamische Meteorologie (DE-588)4150921-3 s Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 s Oort, Abraham H. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)1145489583 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003499420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Peixoto, José P. Oort, Abraham H. 1934- Physics of climate Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Dynamische Meteorologie (DE-588)4150921-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4045956-1 (DE-588)4031178-8 (DE-588)4031170-3 (DE-588)4150921-3 |
| title | Physics of climate |
| title_auth | Physics of climate |
| title_exact_search | Physics of climate |
| title_full | Physics of climate José P. Peixoto and Abraham H. Oort |
| title_fullStr | Physics of climate José P. Peixoto and Abraham H. Oort |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics of climate José P. Peixoto and Abraham H. Oort |
| title_short | Physics of climate |
| title_sort | physics of climate |
| topic | Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Dynamische Meteorologie (DE-588)4150921-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmosphäre Physik Klimatologie Klima Dynamische Meteorologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003499420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT peixotojosep physicsofclimate AT oortabrahamh physicsofclimate |