Modeling and control of fuel cells: distributed generation applications
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Piscataway, NJ
IEEE Press [u.a.]
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | IEEE Press series on power engineering
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 296 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470233283 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nehrir, M. Hashem |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modeling and control of fuel cells |b distributed generation applications |c M. Hashem Nehrir ; Caisheng Wang |
| 264 | 1 | |a Piscataway, NJ |b IEEE Press [u.a.] |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 296 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a IEEE Press series on power engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fuel cells | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Piles à combustible | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Piles à combustible - Simulation par ordinateur | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Électricité - Production - Génération répartie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fuel cells | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verteilungsnetz |0 (DE-588)4279392-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Regelung |0 (DE-588)4048971-1 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Caisheng |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138868861042688 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Background: A Brief History of U.S. Electric Utility
Formation and Restructuring
1
1.2
Power Deregulation and Distributed Generation
3
1.3
DG Types
7
1.4
Fuel Cell DG
9
1.5
The Hydrogen Economy
13
1.5.1
Introduction
13
1.5.2
Challenges of Transition to a
Hydrogen Economy
14
1.5.3
Hydrogen Production
15
1.5.3.1
Hydrogen Production by Reforming
Natural Gas
16
15.3.2
Hydrogen Production from Coal
17
1.5.3.3
Hydrogen Production from
Nuclear Energy
18
1.5.3.4
Hydrogen Production
by Water Electrolysis
19
Vi
CONTENTS
1.5.3.5
Solar Energy
to Hydrogen
19
1.5.3.6
Wind
Energy
to Hydrogen
20
1.5.3.7
Biomass Energy to Hydrogen
20
1.5.4
Hydrogen Storage and Distribution
21
1.5.5
Department of Energy Hydrogen-Related
Activities
22
1.5.5.1
Hydrogen Production
22
1.5.5.2
Hydrogen Basic Research
23
1.5.5.3
Hydrogen Delivery
23
1.5.5.4
Hydrogen Storage
24
1.5.5.5
Hydrogen Energy Conversion
(Fuel Cells)
24
1.5.6
The Role of This Book
26
References
27
2
Principles of Operation of Fuel Cells
29
2.1
Introduction
29
2.2
Chemical and Thermal Energy of an Element
30
2.3
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
31
2.3.1
The First Law of Thermodynamics
31
2.3.2
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
32
2.4
Fundamentals of Electrochemical Processes
34
2.4.1
The Gibbs Free Energy
34
2.5
Energy Balance in Chemical Reactions
35
2.6
The Nernst Equation
37
2.7
Fuel Cell Basics
38
2.8
Types of Fuel Cells
40
2.9
Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit
53
2.10
Capacitance of Double-Layer Charge Effect
54
2.11
Summary
55
References
56
3
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of
РЕМ
Fuel Cells
57
3.1
Introduction: Need for Fuel Cell Dynamic Models
57
3.2
Nomenclature (PEMFC)
58
3.3
PEMFC Dynamic Model Development
60
3.3.1
Gas Diffusion at the Electrodes
62
3.3.2
Material Conservation
64
3.3.3
PEMFC Output Voltage
65
CONTENTS
VU
3.3.4 PEMFC
Voltage
Drops
67
3.3.5
Thermodynamic Energy Balance for PEMFC
69
3.4
PEMFC Model Structure
71
3.5
Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model of PEMFC
72
3.6
PEMFC Model Validation
77
References
83
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells
85
4.1
Introduction
85
4.2
Nomenclature (SOFC)
86
4.3
SOFC Dynamic Model Development
88
4.3.1
Effective Partial Pressures
89
4.3.2
Material Conservation
92
4.3.3
SOFC Output Voltage
94
4.3.3.1
Activation Voltage Drop
95
4.3.4
Thermodynamic Energy Balance
for Tubular SOFC
98
4.3.4.1
The Fuel Cell Tube
99
4.3.4.2
Fuel
100
4.3.4.3
Air Between Cell and Air Supply
Tube (AST)
100
4.3.4.4
Air Supply Tube
101
4.3.4.5
Air in AST
101
4.4
SOFC Dynamic Model Structure
102
4.5
SOFC Model Response
—
Constant Fuel
Flow Operation
103
4.5.1
Steady-State Characteristics
103
4.5.2
Dynamic Response
106
4.5.2.1
Dynamics Due to the Double-Layer
Charge Effect
106
4.5.2.2
Dynamics Due to the Effect
of Pressure
108
4.5.2.3
Dynamics Due to the Effect of
Temperature
109
4.6
SOFC Model Response
—
Constant Fuel
Utilization Operation
111
4.6.1
Steady-State Characteristics
112
4.6.2
Dynamic Response
113
References
114
VIII CONTENTS
5
Principles of Operation and Modeling
of Electrolyzers
116
5.1
Principle of Operation of Electrolyzers
116
5.2
Dynamic Modeling of Electrolyzers
117
5.2.1
Electrolyzer Steady-State (V-I)
Characteristics
119
5.2.2
Modeling Hydrogen Production Rate
120
5.2.3
Electrolyzer Thermal Model
122
5.3
Electrolyzer Model Implementation
123
References
125
Power Electronic Interfacing Circuits
for Fuel Cell Applications
126
6.1
Introduction
126
6.2
Overview of Basic Power Electronic Switches
128
6.2.1
Diode
128
6.2.2 Thyristor
129
6.2.3
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
130
6.2.4
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET)
131
6.2.5
Gate
Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO)
132
6.2.6
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
133
6.2.7 MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
133
6.3
ас
/dc
Rectifiers
135
6.3.1
Circuit Topologies
135
6.3.2
Simplified Model for Three-Phase
Controllable Rectifiers
138
6.4
dc to dc Converters
140
6.4.1
Boost Converters
141
6.4.1.1
Circuit Topology
141
6.4.1.2
Small-Signal State-Space Model
142
6.4.1.3
Average Model for
Long-Time
Simulation
144
6.4.2
Buck Converters
146
6.4.2.1
Circuit Topology
146
6.4.2.2
Small-Signal State-Space Model
for Buck dc/dc Converters
148
6.4.2.3
Average Model for Long-Time
Simulation
149
CONTENTS
IX
6.5
Three-Phase
dc
/ас
Inverters
150
6.5.1
Circuit Topology
150
6.5.2
State-Space Model
153
6.5.3
abcldq Transformation
156
6.5.4
dq Representation of the State-Space Model
157
6.5.5
Ideal Model for Three-Phase
VSI
159
References
162
7
Control of Grid-Connected Fuel Cell Power
Generation Systems
163
7.1
Introduction
163
7.2
Grid-Connected System Configuration
164
7.2.1
PEMFC Unit Configuration
166
7.2.2
SOFC Unit Configuration
166
7.3
Controller Designs for dc/dc Converters
and the Inverter
168
7.3.1
Circuit and Controller Design for the
Boost dc/dc Converter
168
7.3.1.1
Circuit Design
168
7.3.1.2
Controller Design
170
7.3.2
Controller Design for the Three-Phase
VSI
173
7.3.2.1
Current Control Loop
174
7.3.2.2
Voltage Control Loop
176
7.3.2.3
Overall Power Control System
for the Inverter
181
7.4
Simulation Results
182
7.4.1
Desired
Ρ
and
Q
Delivered to the
Grid—Heavy Loading
182
7.4.1.1
PEMFC DG
182
7.4.1.2
SOFCDG
184
7.4.2
Desired
P
Delivered to the Grid,
Q
Consumed
from the Grid: Light Loading
186
7.4.2.1
PEMFC DG
187
7.4.2.2
SOFCDG
188
7.4.3
Load-Following Analysis for Fuel Cells
189
7.4.3.1
Fixed Power Supply from the Grid
189
7.4.3.2
Fixed Power Supply from the FCDG
191
7.4.4
Fault Analysis
192
7.5
Summary
195
References
195
t
CONTENTS
8
Control of Stand-Alone Fuel Cell Power
Generation Systems
198
8.1
Introduction
198
8.2
System Description and Control Strategy
199
8.3
Load Transient Mitigation Control
201
8.3.1
Circuit Model for Lead-Acid Batteries
202
8.3.2
Battery Charge/Discharge Controller
203
8.3.3
Filter Design
204
8.4
Simulation Results
205
8.4.1
The Load Transients
206
8.4.1.1
The dc Load Transients
206
8.4.1.2
The ac Load Transients
207
8.4.2
Load Transient Mitigation
209
8.4.2.1
PEMFC System
209
8.4.2.2
SOFC System
212
8.4.3
Battery Charge/Discharge Controller
214
8.5
Summary
216
References
216
Hybrid Fuel Cell Based Energy
System Case Studies
219
9.1
Introduction
219
9.2
Hybrid Electronically Interfaced Systems
221
9.2.1
The de-Coupled Systems
222
9.2.2
The ac-Coupled Systems
224
9.2.3
Stand-Alone Versus Grid-Connected Systems
225
9.3
Fuel Cells in Hybrid Combined Heat
and Power Operation Mode
226
9.4
Case Study I: A Hybrid
Stand-Alone
Wind-PV-FC System
227
9.4.1
System Configuration
227
9.4.2
System Unit Sizing
230
9.4.3
System Component Characteristics
232
9.4.3.1
The Wind Energy Conversion
System Model
233
9.4.3.2
The Photovoltaic Array Model
234
9.4.3.3
The Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Models
235
9.4.4
System Control
236
9.4.4.1
The Overall Power Management
Strategy
236
CONTENTS
ХІ
9.4.4.2
The Wind-Turbine Pitch Angle
Controller
236
9.4.4.3
The PV Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) Control
238
9.4.4.4
The ac Bus Voltage Regulator
240
9.4.4.5
The Electrolyzer Controller
241
9.4.5
Simulation Results
241
9.5
Case Study II: SOFC Efficiency Evaluation in Hybrid
Operation Mode
247
9.5.1
Thermodynamic Laws and SOFC Efficiency
248
9.5.2
Hydrogen Fuel Heating Values
253
9.5.3
SOFC Electrical Efficiency
255
9.5.4
SOFC Efficiency in Hybrid CHP
Operation Mode
256
9.6
Summary
259
References
260
10
Present Challenges and Future of Fuel Cells
265
10.1
Introduction
265
10.2
Fuel Cell System Operations
266
10.2.1
Fuel Processor
266
10.2.2
Fuel Cell Stack
267
10.2.3
Power Conditioner System
269
10.2.4
Balance of Plant (BOP) Systems
272
10.3
Present Challenges and Opportunities
272
10.3.1
Cost
272
10.3.2
Fuel and Fuel Infrastructure
273
10.3.3
Materials and Manufacturing
274
10.4
U.S. Fuel Cell R&D Programs
275
10.4.1
DOE s SOFC-Related Programs
276
10.5
Future of Fuel Cells: A Summary and
Authors Opinions
278
References
279
Appendix A Instruction for Running the PEMFC and SOFC
Models and Their Distributed Generation
Application Models
282
Index
291
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:35:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| language | English |
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| physical | XVIII, 296 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| publisher | IEEE Press [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | IEEE Press series on power engineering |
| spelling | Nehrir, M. Hashem Verfasser aut Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications M. Hashem Nehrir ; Caisheng Wang Piscataway, NJ IEEE Press [u.a.] 2009 XVIII, 296 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IEEE Press series on power engineering Fuel cells Piles à combustible Piles à combustible - Simulation par ordinateur Électricité - Production - Génération répartie Verteilungsnetz (DE-588)4279392-0 gnd rswk-swf Regelung (DE-588)4048971-1 gnd rswk-swf Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd rswk-swf Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 s Verteilungsnetz (DE-588)4279392-0 s Regelung (DE-588)4048971-1 s DE-604 Wang, Caisheng Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017348943&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nehrir, M. Hashem Wang, Caisheng Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications Fuel cells Piles à combustible Piles à combustible - Simulation par ordinateur Électricité - Production - Génération répartie Verteilungsnetz (DE-588)4279392-0 gnd Regelung (DE-588)4048971-1 gnd Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4279392-0 (DE-588)4048971-1 (DE-588)4008195-3 |
| title | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications |
| title_auth | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications |
| title_exact_search | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications |
| title_full | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications M. Hashem Nehrir ; Caisheng Wang |
| title_fullStr | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications M. Hashem Nehrir ; Caisheng Wang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications M. Hashem Nehrir ; Caisheng Wang |
| title_short | Modeling and control of fuel cells |
| title_sort | modeling and control of fuel cells distributed generation applications |
| title_sub | distributed generation applications |
| topic | Fuel cells Piles à combustible Piles à combustible - Simulation par ordinateur Électricité - Production - Génération répartie Verteilungsnetz (DE-588)4279392-0 gnd Regelung (DE-588)4048971-1 gnd Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fuel cells Piles à combustible Piles à combustible - Simulation par ordinateur Électricité - Production - Génération répartie Verteilungsnetz Regelung Brennstoffzelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017348943&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nehrirmhashem modelingandcontroloffuelcellsdistributedgenerationapplications AT wangcaisheng modelingandcontroloffuelcellsdistributedgenerationapplications |