Verfügbarkeit: Principles of speech coding

Principles of speech coding:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Ogunfunmi, Tokunbo (VerfasserIn), Narasimha, Madihally (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2010
Schlagworte:	Speech synthesis Signalverarbeitung Sprachverarbeitung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XIX, 357 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780849374289

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adam_text	PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH CODING TOKUNBO OGUNFUNMI MADIHALLY NARASIMHA CRC PRESS TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK CRC PRESS IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR ST FRANCIS CROUP, AN INFORMA BUSINESS CONTENTS FOREWORD XV PREFACE XVII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI AUTHORS XXIII 1. INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH CODING 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SPEECH SIGNALS 1 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH SIGNALS 3 1.4 MODELING OF SPEECH 7 1.5 SPEECH ANALYSIS 8 1.6 SPEECH CODING 9 1.6.1 A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF SPEECH CODING 9 1.6.2 MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH CODERS 10 1.6.3 SPEECH CODING STANDARDS 12 1.7 VARIETIES OF SPEECH CODERS 13 1.7.1 VARIETIES OF WAVEFORM SPEECH CODERS 13 1.7.2 VARIETIES OF PARAMETRIC (ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS) SPEECH CODERS 14 1.8 MEASURING SPEECH QUALITY 14 1.8.1 MEAN OPINION SCORE 14 1.8.2 PERCEPTUAL EVALUATION OF SPEECH QUALITY 15 1.8.3 ENHANCED MODIFIED BARK SPECTRAL DISTANCE 15 1.8.4 DIAGNOSTIC RHYME TEST 15 1.8.5 DIAGNOSTIC ACCEPTABILITY MEASURE 15 1.8.6 E-MODEL 16 1.9 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND SPEECH CODING 16 1.10 PERFORMANCE ISSUES IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 17 1.10.1 SPEECH QUALITY 17 1.10.2 COMMUNICATION DELAY 18 1.10.3 COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY 18 1.10.4 POWER CONSUMPTION 18 1.10.5 ROBUSTNESS TO NOISE 18 1.10.6 ROBUSTNESS TO PACKET LOSSES (FOR PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS) 18 1.11 SUMMARY OF SPEECH CODING STANDARDS 18 1.12 SUMMARY 23 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 24 VII VIII CONTENTS REFERENCES 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF DSP FOR SPEECH PROCESSING 27 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LTI SYSTEMS 27 2.1.1 LINEARITY 27 2.1.2 TIME INVARIANCE 27 2.1.3 REPRESENTATION USING IMPULSE RESPONSE 28 2.1.4 REPRESENTATION OF ANY CONTINUOUS-TIME (CT) SIGNAL .. 29 2.1.5 CONVOLUTION 29 2.1.6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION MODELS 30 2.2 REVIEW OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 31 2.2.1 SAMPLING 31 2.2.2 SHIFTED UNIT PULSE: H(N-K) 31 2.2.3 REPRESENTATION OF ANY DT SIGNAL 32 2.2.4 INTRODUCTION TO Z TRANSFORMS 36 2.2.5 FOURIER TRANSFORM, DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 37 2.2.6 DIGITAL FILTER STRUCTURES 38 2.3 REVIEW OF STOCHASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING 41 2.3.1 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 43 2.4 RESPONSE OF A LINEAR SYSTEM TO A STOCHASTIC PROCESS INPUT.... 44 2.5 WINDOWING 45 2.6 AR MODELS FOR SPEECH SIGNALS, YULE-WALKER EQUATIONS 47 2.7 SHORT-TERM FREQUENCY (OR FOURIER) TRANSFORM AND CEPSTRUM . 47 2.7.1 SHORT-TERM FREQUENCY TRANSFORM (STFT) 47 2.7.2 THE CEPSTRUM 48 2.8 PERIODOGRAMS 48 2.9 SPECTRAL ENVELOPE DETERMINATION FOR SPEECH SIGNALS 49 2.10 VOICED/UNVOICED CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SIGNALS 51 2.10.1 TIME-DOMAIN METHODS 51 2.10.1.1 PERIODIC SIMILARITY 51 2.10.1.2 FRAME ENERGY 52 2.10.1.3 PRE-EMPHASIZED ENERGY RATIO 52 2.10.1.4 LOW- TO FULL-BAND ENERGY RATIO 52 2.10.1.5 ZERO CROSSING 52 2.10.1.6 PREDICTION GAIN 53 2.10.1.7 PEAKINESS OF SPEECH 53 2.10.1.8 SPECTRUM TILT 53 2.10.2 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN METHODS 53 2.10.3 VOICED/UNVOICED DECISION MAKING 54 2.11 PITCH PERIOD ESTIMATION METHODS 54 2.12 SUMMARY 57 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 57 REFERENCES 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 CONTENTS IX 3. SAMPLING THEORY 61 3.1 INTRODUCTION 61 3.2 NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM 61 3.3 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL SIGNAL: INTERPOLATION FILTERS 62 3.4 PRACTICAL RECONSTRUCTION 63 3.5 ALIASING AND IN-BAND DISTORTION 64 3.6 EFFECT OF SAMPLING CLOCK JITTER 65 3.7 SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF RANDOM SIGNALS 67 3.8 SUMMARY 68 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 68 REFERENCE 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 4. WAVEFORM CODING AND QUANTIZATION 69 4.1 INTRODUCTION 69 4.2 QUANTIZATION 69 4.3 QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 70 4.4 QUANTIZER TRANSFER FUNCTION 71 4.5 QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE UNDER NO-OVERLOAD CONDITIONS 72 4.6 UNIFORM QUANTIZER 73 4.7 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER 75 4.7.1 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER IMPLEMENTATION METHODS 76 4.7.2 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE 77 4.8 LOGARITHMIC COMPANDING 80 4.8.1 APPROXIMATIONS TO LOGARITHMIC COMPANDING 80 4.8.1.1 LI-LAW (CONTINUOUS VERSION) 81 4.8.1.2 A-LAW (CONTINUOUS VERSION) 82 4.8.2 COMPANDING ADVANTAGE 84 4.9 SEGMENTED COMPANDING LAWS 85 4.9.1 SEGMENTED APPROXIMATION TO THE CONTINUOUS LT-LAW AND A-LAW CURVES 86 4.10 ITU G.711 U.-LAW AND A-LAW PCM STANDARDS 91 4.10.1 CONVERSION BETWEEN LINEAR AND COMPANDED CODES ... 91 4.10.1.1 LINEAR TO LI-LAW CONVERSION 92 4.10.1.2 U,-LAW TO LINEAR CODE CONVERSION 93 4.10.1.3 LINEAR TO A-LAW CONVERSION 94 4.10.1.4 A-LAW TO LINEAR CONVERSION 95 4.11 OPTIMUM QUANTIZATION 95 4.11.1 CLOSED FORM SOLUTION FOR THE OPTIMUM COMPANDING CHARACTERISTICS 96 4.11.2 LLOYD-MAX QUANTIZER 97 4.12 ADAPTIVE QUANTIZATION 99 4.13 SUMMARY 101 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 102 CONTENTS REFERENCES 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 5. DIFFERENTIAL CODING ILL 5.1 INTRODUCTION ILL 5.2 CLOSED-LOOP DIFFERENTIAL QUANTIZER 112 5.3 GENERALIZATION TO PREDICTIVE CODING 113 5.3.1 OPTIMUM CLOSED-LOOP PREDICTOR 115 5.3.2 ADAPTIVE PREDICTION 117 5.4 ITU G.726 ADPCM ALGORITHM 118 5.4.1 ADAPTIVE QUANTIZER 119 5.4.1.1 QUANTIZER SCALE FACTOR ADAPTION 121 5.4.1.2 QUANTIZER ADAPTION SPEED CONTROL 121 5.4.2 PREDICTOR STRUCTURES AND ADAPTION 123 5.5 LINEAR DELTAMODULATION 125 5.5.1 OPTIMUM 1-BIT QUANTIZER 126 5.5.2 OPTIMUM STEP SIZE AND SNR 126 5.5.2.1 SPECIAL CASES 128 5.5.2.2 SNR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUTS WITH PERFECT INTEGRATION 128 5.6 ADAPTIVE DELTAMODULATION 129 5.7 SUMMARY 130 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 131 REFERENCE 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY 133 6. LINEAR PREDICTION 135 6.1 INTRODUCTION 135 6.1.1 LINEAR PREDICTION THEORY AND WIENER FILTERS 135 6.2 PROPERTIES OF THE AUTOCORRELATION MATRIX, R 138 6.3 FORWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 139 6.4 RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR PREDICTION AND AR MODELING 142 6.5 AUGMENTED WIENER-HOPF EQUATIONS FOR FORWARD PREDICTION . . 142 6.6 BACKWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 143 6.7 BACKWARD PREDICTION-ERROR FILTER 146 6.8 AUGMENTED WIENER-HOPF EQUATIONS FOR BACKWARD PREDICTION 147 6.9 RELATION BETWEEN BACKWARD AND FORWARD PREDICTORS 147 6.10 LEVINSON-DURBIN RECURSION 150 6.10.1 L-D ALGORITHM 150 6.10.2 FORWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 151 6.10.3 BACKWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 151 6.10.4 INVERSE L-D ALGORITHM 160 6.10.5 SUMMARY OF L-D RECURSION 162 6.11 SUMMARY 162 CONTENTS XI EXERCISE PROBLEMS 162 REFERENCES 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 7. LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING 165 7.1 INTRODUCTION 165 7.2 LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING 165 7.2.1 EXCITATION SOURCE MODELS 166 7.3 LPC-10 FEDERAL STANDARD 171 7.3.1 ENCODER 171 7.3.2 LPC DECODER 172 7.3.3 FS-1015 SPEECH CODER 172 7.4 INTRODUCTION TO CELP-BASED CODERS 174 7.4.1 PERCEPTUAL ERROR WEIGHTING 179 7.4.2 PITCH ESTIMATION 180 7.4.3 CLOSED-LOOP PITCH SEARCH (ADAPTIVE CODEBOOK SEARCH). 180 7.5 SUMMARY 182 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 182 REFERENCES 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 8. VECTOR QUANTIZATION FOR SPEECH CODING APPLICATIONS 185 8.1 INTRODUCTION 185 8.2 REVIEW OF SCALAR QUANTIZATION 186 8.3 VECTOR QUANTIZATION 186 8.3.1 THE OVERALL DISTORTION MEASURE 188 8.3.2 DISTORTION MEASURES 190 8.3.3 CODEBOOK DESIGN 192 8.4 LLOYD S ALGORITHM FOR VECTOR QUANTIZER DESIGN 192 8.4.1 SPLITTING METHOD 195 8.5 THE LINDE-BUZO-GRAY ALGORITHM 195 8.6 POPULAR SEARCH ALGORITHMS FOR VQ QUANTIZER DESIGN 196 8.6.1 FULL SEARCH VQ 196 8.6.2 BINARY SEARCH VQ 197 8.7 OTHER SUBOPTIMAL ALGORITHMS FOR VQ QUANTIZER DESIGN 198 8.7.1 MULTISTAGE VQ 198 8.7.2 SPLIT VQ 201 8.7.3 CONJUGATE VQ 201 8.7.4 PREDICTIVE VQ 202 8.7.5 ADAPTIVE VQ 202 8.8 APPLICATIONS IN STANDARDS 203 8.9 SUMMARY 203 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 204 REFERENCES 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 XII CONTENTS 9. ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS CODING OF SPEECH 207 9.1 INTRODUCTION 207 9.2 CELP ABS STRUCTURE 208 9.3 CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: FS 1016 CELP CODER 210 9.4 CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: ITU-T G.729/729A SPEECH CODER 216 9.4.1 THE ITU G.729/G.729A SPEECH ENCODER 217 9.4.1.1 THE ITU G.729 ENCODER DETAILS 220 9.4.1.2 QUANTIZATION OF THE GAINS 235 9.4.2 THE ITU G.729/G.729A SPEECH DECODER 235 9.4.2.1 THE ITU G.729 DECODER DETAILS 235 9.4.2.2 LONG-TERM POSTFILTER 237 9.4.2.3 SHORT-TERM POSTFILTER 238 9.4.2.4 HIGH-PASS FILTERING AND UPSCALING 238 9.4.2.5 TILT COMPENSATION 238 9.4.2.6 ADAPTIVE GAIN CONTROL 239 9.5 SUMMARY 239 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 240 REFERENCES 241 BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 10. INTERNET LOW-BIT-RATE CODER 243 10.1 INTRODUCTION 243 10.2 INTERNET LOW-BIT-RATE CODEC 244 10.2.1 STRUCTURE 244 10.2.2 ADVANTAGES 245 10.2.3 ALGORITHM 245 10.2.4 CELP CODERS VERSUS ILBC 246 10.3 ILBC S ENCODING PROCESS 247 10.4 ILBC S DECODING PROCESS 251 10.5 ILBC S PLC TECHNIQUES 254 10.6 ILBC S ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 255 10.6.1 OUTLINE OF ENHANCER 256 10.7 ILBC S SYNTHESIS AND POSTFILTERING 259 10.8 MATLAB SIGNAL PROCESSING BLOCKSET ILBC DEMO MODEL 259 10.9 PESQ 267 10.10 EVOLUTION FROM PSQM/PSQM+TO PESQ 267 10.10.1 PSQM+ 268 10.11 PESQ ALGORITHM 268 10.12 PESQ APPLICATIONS 271 10.13 SUMMARY 271 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 272 REFERENCES 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 CONTENTS XIII 11. SIGNAL PROCESSING IN VOIP SYSTEMS 275 11.1 INTRODUCTION 275 11.2 PSTN AND VOIP NETWORKS 275 11.3 EFFECT OF DELAY ON THE PERCEIVED SPEECH QUALITY 276 11.4 LINE ECHO CANCELER 278 11.4.1 ADAPTIVE FILTER 279 11.4.2 DOUBLE-TALK DETECTOR 281 11.4.3 NONLINEAR PROCESSOR 282 11.4.4 COMFORT NOISE GENERATOR 282 11.5 ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELER 283 11.6 JITTER BUFFERS 285 11.7 CLOCK SKEW 288 11.8 PACKET LOSS RECOVERY METHODS 289 11.8.1 TRANSMITTER-BASED FEC TECHNIQUES 290 11.8.2 RECEIVER-BASED PLC ALGORITHMS 291 11.9 SUMMARY 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 294 12. REAL-TIME DSP IMPLEMENTATION OF ITU-T G.729/A SPEECH CODER 295 12.1 INTRODUCTION 295 12.2 ITU-T G.729/A SPEECH CODING STANDARD 296 12.3 TITMS320C6X DSP PROCESSORS 297 12.4 TI S RF AND DSP ALGORITHM STANDARD 300 12.5 G.729/A ON RF3 ON THE TI C6X DSP 301 12.5.1 IALG INTERFACE 302 12.5.2 ALGRF 303 12.6 RUNNING THE RF3 EXAMPLE ON EVM 304 12.7 RF3 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS 304 12.7.1 RF3 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS 304 12.7.2 RF3 CLOCK CYCLE REQUIREMENTS 306 12.8 DETAILS OF OUR IMPLEMENTATION 306 12.8.1 ADAPTING, BUILDING, AND RUNNING THE G.729/ACODE 306 12.8.2 DEFINING THE DATA TYPE SIZES FOR THE VOCODER 307 12.8.3 EARLY DEVELOPMENT USING MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 308 12.8.4 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO ENCODER PROJECT 311 12.8.5 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO DECODER PROJECT 312 12.8.5.1 COMPARING TEST VECTORS 312 12.8.5.2 MEASURING PERFORMANCE TIMING ON MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 313 12.8.5.3 AUTOMATING THE TEST VECTOR COMPARISONS ON WINDOWS 313 12.9 MIGRATING ITU-T G.729 /A TO RF3 AND THE EVM 314 XIV CONTENTS 12.9.1 CREATING A NEW APPLICATION 314 12.9.1.1 ADAPTING THE VOCODER LIBRARY FILES FOR THE EVM 315 12.9.1.2 G.729/A APPLICATION FOR RF3 315 12.9.1.3 ALGG729A AND ALGINVG729A (FUNCTION WRAPPERS) 315 12.9.1.4 APPMODULES 315 12.9.1.5 C67XEMV_RF3 (APPLICATION PROJECT) 317 12.9.1.6 BUILDING THE G.729/A VOCODER APPLICATION 318 12.10 OPTIMIZING G.729/A FOR REAL-TIME EXECUTION ON THE EVM . . 318 12.10.1 PROJECT SETTINGS 318 12.10.2 DSP/BIOS SETTINGS FOR OPTIMIZATION 319 12.10.3 CODE CHANGES FOR OPTIMIZATION 320 12.11 REAL-TIME PERFORMANCE FOR TWO CHANNELS 322 12.11.1 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS FOR G.729/A 322 12.11.2 CLOCK CYCLE REQUIREMENTS FOR G.729/A 323 12.11.3 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY 324 12.12 CHECKING THE TEST VECTORS ON THE EVM 324 12.13 GOING BEYOND A TWO-CHANNEL IMPLEMENTATION 325 12.13.1 ADDING CHANNELS 326 12.13.2 DSP/BIOS CHANGES FOR ADDING CHANNELS 326 12.13.2.1 SOURCE CODE CHANGES FOR ADDING CHANNELS 327 12.13.3 RUNNING SEVEN CHANNELS OF THE VOCODER ON THE EVM 327 12.13.4 GETTING EIGHT CHANNELS ON THE G.729/A APPLICATION . 328 12.13.5 GOING BEYOND EIGHT CHANNELS IN THE G.729/A APPLICATION 329 12.13.5.1 PROFILING THE VOCODER FROM THE TOP LEVEL . . 329 12.13.5.2 PROFILING THE ENCODER 330 12.13.5.3 PROFILING ACELP_CODE_A 330 12.14 CONCLUSIONS 332 REFERENCES 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 13. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SPEECH CODING 335 13.1 SUMMARY 335 13.2 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SPEECH RESEARCH 336 REFERENCES 339 BIBLIOGRAPHY 340 INDEX 341
adam_txt	PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH CODING TOKUNBO OGUNFUNMI MADIHALLY NARASIMHA CRC PRESS TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK CRC PRESS IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR ST FRANCIS CROUP, AN INFORMA BUSINESS CONTENTS FOREWORD XV PREFACE XVII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI AUTHORS XXIII 1. INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH CODING 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SPEECH SIGNALS 1 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH SIGNALS 3 1.4 MODELING OF SPEECH 7 1.5 SPEECH ANALYSIS 8 1.6 SPEECH CODING 9 1.6.1 A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF SPEECH CODING 9 1.6.2 MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH CODERS 10 1.6.3 SPEECH CODING STANDARDS 12 1.7 VARIETIES OF SPEECH CODERS 13 1.7.1 VARIETIES OF WAVEFORM SPEECH CODERS 13 1.7.2 VARIETIES OF PARAMETRIC (ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS) SPEECH CODERS 14 1.8 MEASURING SPEECH QUALITY 14 1.8.1 MEAN OPINION SCORE 14 1.8.2 PERCEPTUAL EVALUATION OF SPEECH QUALITY 15 1.8.3 ENHANCED MODIFIED BARK SPECTRAL DISTANCE 15 1.8.4 DIAGNOSTIC RHYME TEST 15 1.8.5 DIAGNOSTIC ACCEPTABILITY MEASURE 15 1.8.6 E-MODEL 16 1.9 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND SPEECH CODING 16 1.10 PERFORMANCE ISSUES IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 17 1.10.1 SPEECH QUALITY 17 1.10.2 COMMUNICATION DELAY 18 1.10.3 COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY 18 1.10.4 POWER CONSUMPTION 18 1.10.5 ROBUSTNESS TO NOISE 18 1.10.6 ROBUSTNESS TO PACKET LOSSES (FOR PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS) 18 1.11 SUMMARY OF SPEECH CODING STANDARDS 18 1.12 SUMMARY 23 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 24 VII VIII CONTENTS REFERENCES 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF DSP FOR SPEECH PROCESSING 27 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LTI SYSTEMS 27 2.1.1 LINEARITY 27 2.1.2 TIME INVARIANCE 27 2.1.3 REPRESENTATION USING IMPULSE RESPONSE 28 2.1.4 REPRESENTATION OF ANY CONTINUOUS-TIME (CT) SIGNAL . 29 2.1.5 CONVOLUTION 29 2.1.6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION MODELS 30 2.2 REVIEW OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 31 2.2.1 SAMPLING 31 2.2.2 SHIFTED UNIT PULSE: H(N-K) 31 2.2.3 REPRESENTATION OF ANY DT SIGNAL 32 2.2.4 INTRODUCTION TO Z TRANSFORMS 36 2.2.5 FOURIER TRANSFORM, DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 37 2.2.6 DIGITAL FILTER STRUCTURES 38 2.3 REVIEW OF STOCHASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING 41 2.3.1 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 43 2.4 RESPONSE OF A LINEAR SYSTEM TO A STOCHASTIC PROCESS INPUT. 44 2.5 WINDOWING 45 2.6 AR MODELS FOR SPEECH SIGNALS, YULE-WALKER EQUATIONS 47 2.7 SHORT-TERM FREQUENCY (OR FOURIER) TRANSFORM AND CEPSTRUM . 47 2.7.1 SHORT-TERM FREQUENCY TRANSFORM (STFT) 47 2.7.2 THE CEPSTRUM 48 2.8 PERIODOGRAMS 48 2.9 SPECTRAL ENVELOPE DETERMINATION FOR SPEECH SIGNALS 49 2.10 VOICED/UNVOICED CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SIGNALS 51 2.10.1 TIME-DOMAIN METHODS 51 2.10.1.1 PERIODIC SIMILARITY 51 2.10.1.2 FRAME ENERGY 52 2.10.1.3 PRE-EMPHASIZED ENERGY RATIO 52 2.10.1.4 LOW- TO FULL-BAND ENERGY RATIO 52 2.10.1.5 ZERO CROSSING 52 2.10.1.6 PREDICTION GAIN 53 2.10.1.7 PEAKINESS OF SPEECH 53 2.10.1.8 SPECTRUM TILT 53 2.10.2 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN METHODS 53 2.10.3 VOICED/UNVOICED DECISION MAKING 54 2.11 PITCH PERIOD ESTIMATION METHODS 54 2.12 SUMMARY 57 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 57 REFERENCES 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 CONTENTS IX 3. SAMPLING THEORY 61 3.1 INTRODUCTION 61 3.2 NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM 61 3.3 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL SIGNAL: INTERPOLATION FILTERS 62 3.4 PRACTICAL RECONSTRUCTION 63 3.5 ALIASING AND IN-BAND DISTORTION 64 3.6 EFFECT OF SAMPLING CLOCK JITTER 65 3.7 SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF RANDOM SIGNALS 67 3.8 SUMMARY 68 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 68 REFERENCE 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 4. WAVEFORM CODING AND QUANTIZATION 69 4.1 INTRODUCTION 69 4.2 QUANTIZATION 69 4.3 QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 70 4.4 QUANTIZER TRANSFER FUNCTION 71 4.5 QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE UNDER NO-OVERLOAD CONDITIONS 72 4.6 UNIFORM QUANTIZER 73 4.7 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER 75 4.7.1 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER IMPLEMENTATION METHODS 76 4.7.2 NONUNIFORM QUANTIZER PERFORMANCE 77 4.8 LOGARITHMIC COMPANDING 80 4.8.1 APPROXIMATIONS TO LOGARITHMIC COMPANDING 80 4.8.1.1 LI-LAW (CONTINUOUS VERSION) 81 4.8.1.2 A-LAW (CONTINUOUS VERSION) 82 4.8.2 COMPANDING ADVANTAGE 84 4.9 SEGMENTED COMPANDING LAWS 85 4.9.1 SEGMENTED APPROXIMATION TO THE CONTINUOUS LT-LAW AND A-LAW CURVES 86 4.10 ITU G.711 U.-LAW AND A-LAW PCM STANDARDS 91 4.10.1 CONVERSION BETWEEN LINEAR AND COMPANDED CODES . 91 4.10.1.1 LINEAR TO LI-LAW CONVERSION 92 4.10.1.2 U,-LAW TO LINEAR CODE CONVERSION 93 4.10.1.3 LINEAR TO A-LAW CONVERSION 94 4.10.1.4 A-LAW TO LINEAR CONVERSION 95 4.11 OPTIMUM QUANTIZATION 95 4.11.1 CLOSED FORM SOLUTION FOR THE OPTIMUM COMPANDING CHARACTERISTICS 96 4.11.2 LLOYD-MAX QUANTIZER 97 4.12 ADAPTIVE QUANTIZATION 99 4.13 SUMMARY 101 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 102 CONTENTS REFERENCES 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 5. DIFFERENTIAL CODING ILL 5.1 INTRODUCTION ILL 5.2 CLOSED-LOOP DIFFERENTIAL QUANTIZER 112 5.3 GENERALIZATION TO PREDICTIVE CODING 113 5.3.1 OPTIMUM CLOSED-LOOP PREDICTOR 115 5.3.2 ADAPTIVE PREDICTION 117 5.4 ITU G.726 ADPCM ALGORITHM 118 5.4.1 ADAPTIVE QUANTIZER 119 5.4.1.1 QUANTIZER SCALE FACTOR ADAPTION 121 5.4.1.2 QUANTIZER ADAPTION SPEED CONTROL 121 5.4.2 PREDICTOR STRUCTURES AND ADAPTION 123 5.5 LINEAR DELTAMODULATION 125 5.5.1 OPTIMUM 1-BIT QUANTIZER 126 5.5.2 OPTIMUM STEP SIZE AND SNR 126 5.5.2.1 SPECIAL CASES 128 5.5.2.2 SNR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUTS WITH PERFECT INTEGRATION 128 5.6 ADAPTIVE DELTAMODULATION 129 5.7 SUMMARY 130 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 131 REFERENCE 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY 133 6. LINEAR PREDICTION 135 6.1 INTRODUCTION 135 6.1.1 LINEAR PREDICTION THEORY AND WIENER FILTERS 135 6.2 PROPERTIES OF THE AUTOCORRELATION MATRIX, R 138 6.3 FORWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 139 6.4 RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR PREDICTION AND AR MODELING 142 6.5 AUGMENTED WIENER-HOPF EQUATIONS FOR FORWARD PREDICTION . . 142 6.6 BACKWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 143 6.7 BACKWARD PREDICTION-ERROR FILTER 146 6.8 AUGMENTED WIENER-HOPF EQUATIONS FOR BACKWARD PREDICTION 147 6.9 RELATION BETWEEN BACKWARD AND FORWARD PREDICTORS 147 6.10 LEVINSON-DURBIN RECURSION 150 6.10.1 L-D ALGORITHM 150 6.10.2 FORWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 151 6.10.3 BACKWARD LINEAR PREDICTION 151 6.10.4 INVERSE L-D ALGORITHM 160 6.10.5 SUMMARY OF L-D RECURSION 162 6.11 SUMMARY 162 CONTENTS XI EXERCISE PROBLEMS 162 REFERENCES 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 7. LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING 165 7.1 INTRODUCTION 165 7.2 LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING 165 7.2.1 EXCITATION SOURCE MODELS 166 7.3 LPC-10 FEDERAL STANDARD 171 7.3.1 ENCODER 171 7.3.2 LPC DECODER 172 7.3.3 FS-1015 SPEECH CODER 172 7.4 INTRODUCTION TO CELP-BASED CODERS 174 7.4.1 PERCEPTUAL ERROR WEIGHTING 179 7.4.2 PITCH ESTIMATION 180 7.4.3 CLOSED-LOOP PITCH SEARCH (ADAPTIVE CODEBOOK SEARCH). 180 7.5 SUMMARY 182 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 182 REFERENCES 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 8. VECTOR QUANTIZATION FOR SPEECH CODING APPLICATIONS 185 8.1 INTRODUCTION 185 8.2 REVIEW OF SCALAR QUANTIZATION 186 8.3 VECTOR QUANTIZATION 186 8.3.1 THE OVERALL DISTORTION MEASURE 188 8.3.2 DISTORTION MEASURES 190 8.3.3 CODEBOOK DESIGN 192 8.4 LLOYD'S ALGORITHM FOR VECTOR QUANTIZER DESIGN 192 8.4.1 SPLITTING METHOD 195 8.5 THE LINDE-BUZO-GRAY ALGORITHM 195 8.6 POPULAR SEARCH ALGORITHMS FOR VQ QUANTIZER DESIGN 196 8.6.1 FULL SEARCH VQ 196 8.6.2 BINARY SEARCH VQ 197 8.7 OTHER SUBOPTIMAL ALGORITHMS FOR VQ QUANTIZER DESIGN 198 8.7.1 MULTISTAGE VQ 198 8.7.2 SPLIT VQ 201 8.7.3 CONJUGATE VQ 201 8.7.4 PREDICTIVE VQ 202 8.7.5 ADAPTIVE VQ 202 8.8 APPLICATIONS IN STANDARDS 203 8.9 SUMMARY 203 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 204 REFERENCES 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 XII CONTENTS 9. ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS CODING OF SPEECH 207 9.1 INTRODUCTION 207 9.2 CELP ABS STRUCTURE 208 9.3 CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: FS 1016 CELP CODER 210 9.4 CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: ITU-T G.729/729A SPEECH CODER 216 9.4.1 THE ITU G.729/G.729A SPEECH ENCODER 217 9.4.1.1 THE ITU G.729 ENCODER DETAILS 220 9.4.1.2 QUANTIZATION OF THE GAINS 235 9.4.2 THE ITU G.729/G.729A SPEECH DECODER 235 9.4.2.1 THE ITU G.729 DECODER DETAILS 235 9.4.2.2 LONG-TERM POSTFILTER 237 9.4.2.3 SHORT-TERM POSTFILTER 238 9.4.2.4 HIGH-PASS FILTERING AND UPSCALING 238 9.4.2.5 TILT COMPENSATION 238 9.4.2.6 ADAPTIVE GAIN CONTROL 239 9.5 SUMMARY 239 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 240 REFERENCES 241 BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 10. INTERNET LOW-BIT-RATE CODER 243 10.1 INTRODUCTION 243 10.2 INTERNET LOW-BIT-RATE CODEC 244 10.2.1 STRUCTURE 244 10.2.2 ADVANTAGES 245 10.2.3 ALGORITHM 245 10.2.4 CELP CODERS VERSUS ILBC 246 10.3 ILBC'S ENCODING PROCESS 247 10.4 ILBC'S DECODING PROCESS 251 10.5 ILBC'S PLC TECHNIQUES 254 10.6 ILBC'S ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 255 10.6.1 OUTLINE OF ENHANCER 256 10.7 ILBC'S SYNTHESIS AND POSTFILTERING 259 10.8 MATLAB SIGNAL PROCESSING BLOCKSET ILBC DEMO MODEL 259 10.9 PESQ 267 10.10 EVOLUTION FROM PSQM/PSQM+TO PESQ 267 10.10.1 PSQM+ 268 10.11 PESQ ALGORITHM 268 10.12 PESQ APPLICATIONS 271 10.13 SUMMARY 271 EXERCISE PROBLEMS 272 REFERENCES 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 CONTENTS XIII 11. SIGNAL PROCESSING IN VOIP SYSTEMS 275 11.1 INTRODUCTION 275 11.2 PSTN AND VOIP NETWORKS 275 11.3 EFFECT OF DELAY ON THE PERCEIVED SPEECH QUALITY 276 11.4 LINE ECHO CANCELER 278 11.4.1 ADAPTIVE FILTER 279 11.4.2 DOUBLE-TALK DETECTOR 281 11.4.3 NONLINEAR PROCESSOR 282 11.4.4 COMFORT NOISE GENERATOR 282 11.5 ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELER 283 11.6 JITTER BUFFERS 285 11.7 CLOCK SKEW 288 11.8 PACKET LOSS RECOVERY METHODS 289 11.8.1 TRANSMITTER-BASED FEC TECHNIQUES 290 11.8.2 RECEIVER-BASED PLC ALGORITHMS 291 11.9 SUMMARY 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 294 12. REAL-TIME DSP IMPLEMENTATION OF ITU-T G.729/A SPEECH CODER 295 12.1 INTRODUCTION 295 12.2 ITU-T G.729/A SPEECH CODING STANDARD 296 12.3 TITMS320C6X DSP PROCESSORS 297 12.4 TI'S RF AND DSP ALGORITHM STANDARD 300 12.5 G.729/A ON RF3 ON THE TI C6X DSP 301 12.5.1 IALG INTERFACE 302 12.5.2 ALGRF 303 12.6 RUNNING THE RF3 EXAMPLE ON EVM 304 12.7 RF3 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS 304 12.7.1 RF3 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS 304 12.7.2 RF3 CLOCK CYCLE REQUIREMENTS 306 12.8 DETAILS OF OUR IMPLEMENTATION 306 12.8.1 ADAPTING, BUILDING, AND RUNNING THE G.729/ACODE 306 12.8.2 DEFINING THE DATA TYPE SIZES FOR THE VOCODER 307 12.8.3 EARLY DEVELOPMENT USING MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 308 12.8.4 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO ENCODER PROJECT 311 12.8.5 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO DECODER PROJECT 312 12.8.5.1 COMPARING TEST VECTORS 312 12.8.5.2 MEASURING PERFORMANCE TIMING ON MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 313 12.8.5.3 AUTOMATING THE TEST VECTOR COMPARISONS ON WINDOWS 313 12.9 MIGRATING ITU-T G.729 /A TO RF3 AND THE EVM 314 XIV CONTENTS 12.9.1 CREATING A NEW APPLICATION 314 12.9.1.1 ADAPTING THE VOCODER LIBRARY FILES FOR THE EVM 315 12.9.1.2 G.729/A APPLICATION FOR RF3 315 12.9.1.3 ALGG729A AND ALGINVG729A (FUNCTION WRAPPERS) 315 12.9.1.4 APPMODULES 315 12.9.1.5 C67XEMV_RF3 (APPLICATION PROJECT) 317 12.9.1.6 BUILDING THE G.729/A VOCODER APPLICATION 318 12.10 OPTIMIZING G.729/A FOR REAL-TIME EXECUTION ON THE EVM . . 318 12.10.1 PROJECT SETTINGS 318 12.10.2 DSP/BIOS SETTINGS FOR OPTIMIZATION 319 12.10.3 CODE CHANGES FOR OPTIMIZATION 320 12.11 REAL-TIME PERFORMANCE FOR TWO CHANNELS 322 12.11.1 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS FOR G.729/A 322 12.11.2 CLOCK CYCLE REQUIREMENTS FOR G.729/A 323 12.11.3 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY 324 12.12 CHECKING THE TEST VECTORS ON THE EVM 324 12.13 GOING BEYOND A TWO-CHANNEL IMPLEMENTATION 325 12.13.1 ADDING CHANNELS 326 12.13.2 DSP/BIOS CHANGES FOR ADDING CHANNELS 326 12.13.2.1 SOURCE CODE CHANGES FOR ADDING CHANNELS 327 12.13.3 RUNNING SEVEN CHANNELS OF THE VOCODER ON THE EVM 327 12.13.4 GETTING EIGHT CHANNELS ON THE G.729/A APPLICATION . 328 12.13.5 GOING BEYOND EIGHT CHANNELS IN THE G.729/A APPLICATION 329 12.13.5.1 PROFILING THE VOCODER FROM THE TOP LEVEL . . 329 12.13.5.2 PROFILING THE ENCODER 330 12.13.5.3 PROFILING ACELP_CODE_A 330 12.14 CONCLUSIONS 332 REFERENCES 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 13. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SPEECH CODING 335 13.1 SUMMARY 335 13.2 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SPEECH RESEARCH 336 REFERENCES 339 BIBLIOGRAPHY 340 INDEX 341
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spelling	Ogunfunmi, Tokunbo Verfasser aut Principles of speech coding Tokunbo Ogunfunmi ; Madihally Narasimha Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2010 XIX, 357 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Speech synthesis Signalverarbeitung (DE-588)4054947-1 gnd rswk-swf Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd rswk-swf Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 s Signalverarbeitung (DE-588)4054947-1 s DE-604 Narasimha, Madihally Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016969489&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Ogunfunmi, Tokunbo Narasimha, Madihally Principles of speech coding Speech synthesis Signalverarbeitung (DE-588)4054947-1 gnd Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4054947-1 (DE-588)4116579-2
title	Principles of speech coding
title_auth	Principles of speech coding
title_exact_search	Principles of speech coding
title_exact_search_txtP	Principles of speech coding
title_full	Principles of speech coding Tokunbo Ogunfunmi ; Madihally Narasimha
title_fullStr	Principles of speech coding Tokunbo Ogunfunmi ; Madihally Narasimha
title_full_unstemmed	Principles of speech coding Tokunbo Ogunfunmi ; Madihally Narasimha
title_short	Principles of speech coding
title_sort	principles of speech coding
topic	Speech synthesis Signalverarbeitung (DE-588)4054947-1 gnd Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd
topic_facet	Speech synthesis Signalverarbeitung Sprachverarbeitung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016969489&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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