The counterfeit Countess: the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust
"The astonishing story of Dr. Josephine Janina Mehlberg--a Jewish mathematician who saved thousands of lives in Nazi-occupied Poland by masquerading as a Polish aristocrat--drawing on Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir. World War II and the Holocaust have given rise to many stories of resis...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi
Simon & Schuster
2024
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| Ausgabe: | First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The astonishing story of Dr. Josephine Janina Mehlberg--a Jewish mathematician who saved thousands of lives in Nazi-occupied Poland by masquerading as a Polish aristocrat--drawing on Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir. World War II and the Holocaust have given rise to many stories of resistance and rescue, but The Counterfeit Countess is unique. It tells the remarkable, unknown story of "Countess Janina Suchodolska," a Jewish woman who rescued more than 10,000 Poles imprisoned by Poland's Nazi occupiers. Mehlberg operated in Lublin, Poland, headquarters of Aktion Reinhard, the SS operation that murdered 1.7 million Jews in occupied Poland. Using the identity papers of a Polish aristocrat, she worked as a welfare official while also serving in the Polish resistance. With guile, cajolery, and steely persistence, the "Countess" persuaded SS officials to release thousands of Poles from the Majdanek concentration camp. She won permission to deliver food and medicine--even decorated Christmas trees--for thousands more of the camp's prisoners. At the same time, she personally smuggled supplies and messages to resistance fighters imprisoned at Majdanek, where 63,000 Jews were murdered in gas chambers and shooting pits. Incredibly, she eluded detection, and ultimately survived the war and emigrated to the US. Drawing on the manuscript of Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir, supplemented with prodigious research, Elizabeth White and Joanna Sliwa, professional historians and Holocaust experts, have uncovered the full story of this remarkable woman. They interweave Mehlberg's sometimes harrowing personal testimony with broader historical narrative. Like The Light of Days, Schindler's List, and Irena's Children, The Counterfeit Countess is an unforgettable account of inspiring courage in the face of unspeakable cruelty"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xxix, 305 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781982189129 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Before -- The beginning of the end -- Terror comes to Lwów -- Transformation -- The dystopian utopia -- Annihilation -- "Better to die a soldier" -- Frozen cargo -- The Polish question -- Majdanek -- Janina's lists -- Rescue -- Soup with a side of hope -- Harvest of death -- Christmas at Majdanek -- Cat and mouse -- The plot -- The end approaches -- Blood on the stairs -- The end -- Flight -- A new beginning -- Epilogue: "Janina's story" -- Coda | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS Usage Notes Prologue Maps Introduction 1. Before 2. The Beginning of the End vii xvii xi-xv xxi 1 9 3. Terror Comes to Lwôw 15 4. Transformation 23 S. The Dystopian Utopia 28 6. Annihilation 41 7. “Better to Die a Soldier” 53 8. Frozen Cargo 65 9. The Polish Question 72 10. Majdanek 80 11. Janina’s Lists 94 12. Rescue 109 13. Soup with a Side of Hope 124 14. Harvest of Death 141 15. Christmas at Majdanek 147 16. Cat and Mouse 160 17. The Plot 175 18. The End Approaches 188 V
vi CONTENTS 19. Blood on the Stairs 203 20. The End 209 21. Flight 216 22. A New Beginning 226 Epilogue: "Janina's Story" 233 Coda 245 Acknowledgments 247 Notes 253 Bibliography 277 Photo Credits 291 Index 293
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Argentina Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, Buenos Aires (AMIA) Foreign Affairs Archive, Buenos Aires Israelite Association of Coronel Suarez, Coronel Suarez Canada Canadian Jewish Archives, Montreal (CJA) Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (LAC) Ontario Jewish Archives, Toronto (OJA) Montreal Holocaust Museum, Montreal University of New Brunswick Libraries and Archives, New Brunswick University of Toronto Archives, Toronto Germany Arolsen Archives State Finance Office, Compensation Payments, Saarburg (BEG) Poland Archives ofJagiellonian University, Medical Department, Krakôw Archive of Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw (AZIH) Archive of New Records, Warsaw (AAN) Archive of the State Museum at Majdanek, Lublin (APMM) Archives of the University ofAdam Mickiewicz, Poznan (AUAM) Archives of the University of Lodz, Lodz (AUL) Archives of the University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw (AUW) 277
278 BIBLIOGRAPHY Association ofJewish Veterans and Persecutees in World War II, Warsaw Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw (IPN) KARTA Center, Warsaw Lublin Archdiocese Archive, Lublin Main Archive of Old Records, Warsaw (AGAD) State Archive in Lublin (APL) State Archive in Przemysl (APP) Ukraine State Archive of Lviv Oblast, Lviv, Ukraine (DALO) United States Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, New York (JDC) Montefiore Cemetery, New York Mount Sinai Memorial Chapels, East Brunswick, NJ National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA) The New York Public Library, New York (NYPL) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. (USHMM) University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (IIT) University of Florida Archives, Gainesville YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York (YIVO) OTHER RESOURCES Ancestry, https://www.ancestry.com/ Auschwitz Memorial and Museum, http : I/www.auschwitz.org/ Center for Urban History, https://www.lvivcenter.org/ Centropa, https://www.centropa.org/ Chronicles of Terror, https://www.zapisyterroru.pl/ Digital Archive of Combined Libraries, https://archiwum.polaczonebiblioteki.uw .edu.pl/ Digital Libraries Federation, https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/ Genealogy Indexer, www.genealogyindexer.org/ Geni, https://www.geni.com/ Gesher Galicia, https://www.geshergalicia.org/ Greater Poland Digital Library, https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra Grodzka Gate-NN Theatre, https ://teatrnn.pl/ Harvard Law School Library Nuremberg Trials Project,
http:/1nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/ JewishGen, https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/ Jewish Records Indexing-Poland, https://jri-poland.org/ “Josephine Janina Bednarski Spinner Mehlberg," https://prabook.com/web/josephine _janina_bednarski_spinner.mehlberg/ 1103449
BIBLIOGRAPHY 279 Libraria: Ukrainian Online Periodicals Archive, https://libraria.ua/en/ Museum ofJewish Heritage, https://mjhnyc.org/ Premeditated Murder of 25 Polish Professors, https://www.lwow.com.pl/Lwow_profs .html National-Socialism Archive, https://www.ns-archiv.de/ Ohistorie, https://ohistorie.eu/o-nas/ Polona, https://polona.pl/ The Roman Ingarden Digital Archive, http://ingarden.archive.uj.edu.pl/en/home/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/ State Museum at Majdanek, https://www.majdanek.eu/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/ Virtual Shtetl, https://sztetl.org.pl/ World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/ NEWSPAPERS Chwila (Lwow) Daily Herald (Chicago) The Indianapolis Star The Newport Daily Express (Vermont) News Observer (Raleigh) The New York Times South Bend Tribune (Indiana) INTERVIEWS (ORAL AND WRITTEN) Dr. Eugene Allgower, email with authors, July 18,2022. Dr. Arthur Fine, interview by Elizabeth White, phone, March 1,2018. Jeri Hough, interview by Elizabeth White, phone, September 15,2022. Dr. Irvin Klinghofer, email with Joanna Sliwa, August 13, 2021. Joshua Pines, interview by authors, online, August 27, 2020. Dr. Marjorie Senechai, interview by authors, online, August 18,2021. Eva Tene, interview by authors, online, June 20,2023. Elizabeth White interviews in the Federal Republic of Germany of former Majdanek guards Andreas E., January 12,1988, Munich; Michael F., January 13,1988, Stuttgart; Anton K., January 18,1988, Hanau. BOOKS Aly, Götz. Final Solution: Nazi Population Policy
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INDEX Page numbers xi to xv refer to maps. Abelson, Evelyn, 224,236 Henry’s revelation of "Suchodolska's" true identity to, 236 Janinas meeting with, 223 Ackerman, Diane, xxviii AK (Polish Home Army), xxvi-xxvii, 53 in failed 1944 Warsaw uprising, 214 in failed plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 176-87 national uprising as goal of, 54 NKVD imprisonment of members of, 213 OPUS network of, see OPUS network in refusal to join Polish First Army, 213 women as valuable members of, xxvii, 54-55 See also Underground AK (Polish Home Army), Janina in, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 62,84,141,167 and AK plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 176-84,187 as courier, 55 foreign radio broadcasts monitored by, 55-56 Majdanek contacts of, 110,147,164,167, 176-78,182,185,195,199 RGO identity cards obtained for AK agents by, 58 Skrzyhski’s sponsorship of, 53-54 See also Underground Aktion Erntefest, see Operation Harvest Festival Aktion Reinhard, xxii, xxiv, xxviii, 60, 74, 82, 99, 124,145-46 death toll ofJews and Roma in, 47,82 Höfle as manager of, 100-101 Majdaneks role in, 74, 60-61, 82,145 Aktion Wehrwolf, 94-95,97,98-99 Altmann, Antonina (Bluma Spinner), 2,222 death of, 231 Henry’s marriage to, 231 American Committee for Émigré Scholars, Writers and Artists, 223 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Janina as Chicago chapter secretary of, 228 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Henry’s exit permit application to, 220-21 Antoszewska, Irena: given RGO pass by Janina, 109 as head ofAK’s OPUS network, 109 Auschwitz concentration camp, xi, 29,46,47,125 Majdanek
prisoners sent to, 189 Poles murdered at, 69-70 Polish prisoners transferred to, 74 Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center, xi, 59-60,193 Auschwitz-Birkenau, POW camp, 45 Austria: Galicia annexed by, 2 German annexation of, 7-8,41 Bajerke, Alfred, 126 Banach, Stefan, 3 Bargielski (Majdanek prisoner), 136,144 and Janina’s smuggling of products for ТВ cases, 137-38 in smuggling of pneumothorax device, 155-56 Batalion, Judy, xxviii Behnke, Father, 166 Belzec killing center, xi, xxviii, 47,50,82 Berlin, 225 293
294 Berling, Zygmunt, 213 Bialystok Ghetto, murder and deportation ofJews in, 101,110 Bielski brothers, xxviii Birkenau, see Auschwitz-Birkenau, POW camp in; Auschwitz-Birkenau, killing center Biuletyn Informacyjny, 167 Blancke, Max, 150, 238 Janinas meetings with, 89-90,128-29 Janinas offer of X-ray machine accepted by, 151 Janinas soup delivery plan and, 132 Janina told to cease her activities by, 161-62 list of needed medicine provided to, 90 shipment of typhus serum authorized by, 90 in typhus epidemic cover-up, 92 books, smuggled into Majdanek byJanina, 167 Buchenwald concentration camp, xvii, 63 corruption and looting at, 80,125 Dora subcamp of, 160 Horstedt at, 80 BuF, see Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF) Canadian Jewish Congress, 224,227 Carnap, Rudolf, 222 Caro, Niki, xxviii Central Committee ofJews in Poland, 219,220, 224 Central Committee of Social Welfare, see CKOS Central Powers, 2-3 Central Underground Care (OPUS), see OPUS network Chicago, University of: Henry’s teaching position at, 227-28 Institute for System Research, Janina at, 228 children, Polish: deaths from starvation and disease of, 69,70,96, 106,109 German abduction of, xxvi, 32,67,108,179-80 Janinas special concern for, 71,95-97,108,218 as laborers, 74 at Majdanek camp, see Majdanek concentration camp, children at rescued from Zamosc camp, 71 transported to Germany, Janinas list of, 108 see also Zamosc region, Poles expelled from Christians, Ludwik, 79,110,126,204 biased 1946 account of Majdanek aid operations by, 217,241 in false accusations against Skrzynski and RGO, 216 and
Janina's Volhynia rescue operation, 117-20 RGO’s expanded Majdanek operation and, 151-52 in turf battle with Janina, 169 INDEX Cieplice, Poland, 223 CKOS (Central Committee of Social Welfare): dissolving of, 224 international funding of, 218-19 Janina appointed deputy director of, 219 Janina named head of Organization and Inspection Department, 218 Janina’s 1947 visit to US. approved by, 221 RGO replaced by, 218 Clark, Susie Blackman, Henry’s marriage to, 231 “Classification of Mathematical Concepts, A” (J. Mehlberg), 228 Cohen, Robert S., 231 Conference for Science and Freedom (Hamburg, 1952), Henry’s keynote address to, 227 Criminal Police, German, 15 Cumân, Volhynia, Janina’s rescue of refugees from, 120-23 Current Issues in the Philosophy ofScience, 228 Czechoslovakia, Germany’s dismantling of, 8 Czernecka, Maria, 28-31, 39,48, 55,203,209 Dabrowski, Tadeusz, 79, 151,205 ; Dachau concentration camp, mortality rate at, 148 Defiance (film), xxviii Defiance (Zwick), xxviii Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), 56-57 Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), Lublin District, 76 Janina’s circumventing of, 117-20 office evacuated by, 203-4 and release of Polish transit camp inmates, 102-3 RGO Majdanek aid program approved by, 75-76 Depression, Great, 6, 7 Dziesi^ta village, 83,84 Eastern Galicia: absorbed in General Government, 19 annexed by Poland, 3 Austrian annexation of, 2 as center of Polish nationalism and culture, 2 ethnic violence in, 7 mass deportation to Soviet labor camps from, 13-14 merged with Soviet Ukraine, 12 murder ofJews in, 3 NKVD in,
13,14 rapes and looting by Red Army in, 10-11 Red Army advance in, 175 Soviet invasion and annexation of, 10 Ukrainian violence against Poles and Jews in, 10-11 World War I in, 2 see also Galicia; Lwôw (Lvov)
INDEX Ehrich, Else, as Majdanek women’s camp commander, 136 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of, in public awareness of Holocaust, 239 Einsatzgruppen: in Lwôw, 15-16 mass murder ofJews, communists, and intelligentsia by, 16,45 Polish elites executed by, 32 Elzbieta (Wanda Szupenko; AK agent), in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 178,179, 181,187 “euthanasia” program” to gas the disabled, 45-46 “final solution,” xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36,47,60, 66-67 ethnic Poles’ awareness of, 50,66 see also Aktion Reinhard·, Holocaust; Operation Harvest Festival Florida, University of, Gainesville, Henry’s post retirement proj ect at, 231 Florstedt, Hermann: appointed Majdanek camp commandant, xvii, 64,80 arrest and imprisonment of, 125 at Buchenwald, 80 Globocniks praise for, 124 Janina’s interactions with, xvii, xviii-xix, 72,102, 105 in looting of prisoners' belongings, xviii, 125 Majdanek improvements overseen by, 124 Majdanek water restrictions ordered by, 96 and release of Zamosc expellees, 102,105-6 RGO’s Majdanek aid program authorized by, 76-77,84 forced labor camps: Jews in, 43,45, 60-61, 72,110,141-42,145 Poles in, xxiv, 36,43,51, 195 France, Guarantee to aid Poland against German aggression, 8 war on Germany declared by, 9 Frank, Hans: in call for postponement of Germanization program, 98 German reprisal actions protested by, 98 Himmler s Lublin reservation plan opposed by, 42 Himmler’s rivalry with, 33,66 looting and corruption condoned by, 34-35 moderation of anti-Polish measures by, 73,75, 76,98 named governor general of German-occupied Poland, 33 295 new reprisals against Polish
partisans ordered by, 162-63 RGO given new funding by, 98 Ronikier in meeting with, 98-99 Fritsche (Lublin District BuF chief), 117-19 Funk, Arthur Layton: death of, xxiii efforts to have Janinas memoir published, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 232,240 Galicia, xi Austrian annexation of, 2 see also Eastern Galicia gas chambers: Nazi implementation of, 45-48 see also Majdanek concentration camp, gassing and mass shootings ofJews at Geissler, Herr (Labor Office official), and Janina’s rescue ofVolhynia refugees, 120-22 General Government, xi, xvii concentration camps in, xvii, 190; see also specific camps discrimination against ethnic Poles in, 35-36, 37-38 Eastern Galicia absorbed by, 19 ethnic Poles and Jews deported to, 32-33 food rationing in, 36-37 Frank named head of, see Frank, Hans Germanization plan for, 56-58,74,98,423-44 growing Polish resistance in, 69.99,162-63 Janina and Skrzynski in meetings with officials of, 75 Jewish death rate in, 23 killing center plan for, 46 Operation Harvest Festival massacre ofJews in, 141-46,148,160,200,205, 238,241 rampant looting and corruption in, 34-35 resistance movement in, see AK (Polish Home Army); Underground, Polish RGO’s relationship with, 59 Volhynia refugees and, 115 Generalplan Ost, 44 Germany, Nazi, see Nazi Germany, Nazis Gestapo, IS, 36,51,59,75,90,93,118-19,121, 134 identity documents regularly scrutinized by, 35 Janina surveilled and threatened by, xxii at Majdanek, 93,164,199, 200 trap laid for Janina by, 170-74 Gestapo, Lublin headquarters of, xii Janinas visits to, 76,199-200 ghettos: death rate in, 23 see also specific
cities
296 Globocnik, Odilo, 74 Aktion Wehrwolf led by, 94-95,98 disdain for civilian officials in General Government, 66,99 as first Nazi head of Vienna, 41 Florstedt praised by, 124 in Germanization plan for Lublin District, 43, 44,66-67,94-95 and Himmlers Lublin reservation plan, 42 Himmler s support for, 41,98 killing center plan of, 45-48 release of Zamosc expellees ordered by, 103 Selbstschutz police force of, 42-43 as SS and Police Leader in Lublin District, 41-42 in transfer to Trieste, 99 Goring, Hermann, 45 Great Britain, Guarantee to aid Poland against German aggression, 8 war on Germany declared by, 9 Great Depression, 6,7 Gross-Rosen concentration camp, evacuation of Majdanek prisoners to, 178 Grünbaum, Adolf, 231 Grygowa, Antonina, 84 Hanusz, Ryszard, Bible entrusted to Janina by, 182-83,192-93 Hertrich-Wolefiski, Jan, 235 Heydrich, Reinhard: assassination of, 47 “final solution” policy and, 45,47 Himmler, Heinrich, 59,60,62 annihilation ofjews in the General Government ordered by, 66,145-56 in decision to transform concentration camps into reservoirs of labor, 73-74 ethnic cleansing of Poles and Jews from the Reich directed by, 32-33 transform Frank’s rivalry with, 33,66,98 Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) of, 44 Germanization of Lublin and Zamosc directed by, 42,43,66 Globocnik and, 41 Globocnik supported by, 98 and killing center plan, 46 new concentration camps in Lublin and Birkenau ordered by, 45 in plan to confine all Jews and Roma to Lublin reservations, 42 responsibility for realizing Hitlers vision of racist utopia given to, 31 INDEX transformation of
Lublin into SS military and industrial base ordered by, 44-45 Wendler s relationship with, 99 Hitler, Adolf: Aktion Wehrwolf approved by, 98 ' decision to annihilate the Jews in Europe by, 47 destruction of Warsaw ordered by, 214 Frank named head of General Government by, 33 Himmler s Lublin reservation plan canceled by, 42 Lebensraum doctrine of, 31,44 Slavs and Jews viewed as subhuman by, 31 territorial expansion campaign of, 7 Vernichtungskrieg (war of annihilation) against Soviet Union directed by, 44 war on U.S. declared by, 47 Hoffmann, Alfred, 126,137-38 . Höfle, Hermann: Janinas meetings with, 101,102 murder of 1.5 million Jews coordinated by, I00-101 Holocaust, 3,15-21,45-46,49-50,51,100-101, 110,114,145 Einsatzgruppen in, 16 “final solution” in, xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36,47, 66-67 increased public awareness of, 239 Jewish womens responses to, xxvii Majdaneks role in, xxii, xxiii, XXV, 60-61, 75, 82, 85,86,136,141-46,148,212 Polish “memory war” over, 239-40 see also Aktion Reinhard; Operation Harvest Festival Holocaust studies, xxvii Holocaust survivors, as increasingly willing to speak out, 239 Hook, Sidney, 227 hostages, Polish, 51, at Majdanek, 74,111-13 humans, as capable of performing logically irreconcilable acts, 18,49 Huskowska, Hanka, 171 in Christmas Eve visit to Majdanek, 158 in concern for Janinas safety, 165 in food deliveries to Majdanek with Janina, 139, 143-44,180,184-85,189 in Janina’s smuggling operations, 153 Majdanek gunfire reported by, 141 Illinois Institute of Technology, Janina on faculty of, 228-29 Ingarden, Roman, 5 Institute for System
Research, Janina at, 228 International Refugee Organization, 225
INDEX International Union for Child Welfare, Janina elected to executive committee of, 224 “Is a Unitary Approach to Foundations of Probability Possible?” (J. Mehlberg), 228 Ivanyk, Stepan, 235-36, 247 Izio (Jewish boy at Majdanek), 129, 133,139-40, 144 Jan Kazimierz University, 3-4 Jewish Immigrant Aid Society, Canadian, 225 Jews: as forced laborers, 19, 36,43,45,48,60-61,72, 101,110,124 looted possessions of, xvii-xviii, 48,50,125 mass murder of, see Holocaust Jews, in Lublin, confined to ghetto, 38 Jews, in Lwôw: confined to ghetto, 23 Nazis’ mass murder of, 20-21 required to register and wear armbands, 17 Ukrainian militias in mass murder of, 15-19 Journal of Symbolic Logic, 8 Judenrat, Lublin, 36 Jurek, Ludwik, 85,132,133 aid packages to Majdanek delivered by, 125-26 Kalinowski, Stanislaw, and Janinas Volhynia rescue operation, 117-20 Katyn Forest, NKVD murder of Polish elites in, 14 Kazakhstan, labor camps in, 14 Keneally, Thomas, xxviii Kielce, Poland, pogrom against Holocaust survivors in, 220 Klinghofer, Gisela and Joseph, 227 Koch, Ilse, 63,64,125 Koch, Karl Otto: arrest and execution of, 125 murder of Majdanek POWs ordered by, 64 RGO aid to Majdanek prisoners banned by, 63 SS investigation of, 125 Koegel, Max, 64 Kopyczynce, 5,24 Kosiba, Piotr, 122,132 Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin), 97-98 Care Committees providing of food to, 97-98, 168 Care Committee workers allowed into, 107 Christmas Eve celebration at, 159 constant turnover at, 111 Cuman refugees at, 121-23 disease in, 107 Easter dinner hosted by Janina at, 191 expellees released into RGO care
from, xviii-xix, 103-7 hospitals established at, 168 297 Janina in obtaining oflabor cards for expellees in, 107 Janina’s arrangement with Labor Office for release of inmates of, 113-14 new Volhynia refugees at, 191 RGO efforts in release of prisoners at, 201-2 soup kitchen set up outside of, 97 Krüger, Hans, 62 Krzyszkowski, Tadeusz, 90 Kulesza, Czeslaw, 195,199 Lady Davis Foundation, 223 Lanckoronska, Countess Karolina: as AK agent, 62 arrest and internment of, 62-63 RGO prison aid program created by, 61-62 Laskowska, Countess, 190 Lemberg, see Lwôw (Lvov) Lemkin, Raphael, xxvi Liebehenschel, Arthur: appointed Majdanek commandant, 193 delivery of packages to pacification victims allowed by, 201 Janina s meeting with, 194-95 resumption of food package deliveries allowed by, 195 RGO food program canceled by, 193-94 Light ofDays, The (Batalion), xxviii Lipowa StreetJewish forced labor camp, xii, xiii, 43, 45,141,142,145 Lodz, University of, Henry’s teaching position at, 219 Lodzia (AK colonel), 141,143,165 and failure of Majdanek train attack, 187 Janina ordered to obtain second ID card by, 166-67 in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 177, 181,184,185 Lopatynska, Antonina, Lublin Polish Care Committee food supplies for Majdanek prepared by, 77-78, 84,128,132 Eos, Stanislaw, 101,102 Lublin (city), xi, xii, 37-38,76,199-200 black market in, 37, 39-40 confiscated belongings ofJews warehoused in, xvii-xviii expulsion of Poles from, 67 Germanization of, 66-67 graves ofZamo^c expellees in, 109 Janina’s search for food in, 36-37,39 Jewish forced labor camp in, xii, xiii,
43,45,141, 142,145 Judenrat of, 36 Mehlbergs’ rooms in, xiii, 28-31, $1-52,203, 210-11
298 Lublin (city) (cont.) overcrowded hospitals of, 111,113 planned expulsion of Poles from, 44 POW camp in, 45 Red Army’s liberation of, 203-12 Selbstschutz police in, 42 SS industrial base proposed for, 44,45,48,148, 160 train station care center set up byJanina in, 192 transit camps at, see Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin) Ukrainians in, 38-39 Lublin (city), Ghetto of, xii, xiii, 38 deportation and murder ofJews in, 49-50,51 division ofjews into two sections of, 48-49 rampant typhus in, 38 Lublin Concentration Camp, see Majdanek concentration camp Lublin County: Janinas oversight of RGO in, 112 Polish expellees resettled in, 111 SS and police raids in, 111 Lublin District, 38, 63 BuF department of, see Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), Lublin District Germanization plan for, 42-44 Globocnik as Police Leader in, 41-42 Himmler ’s plan to confine all Jews and Roma to reservations in, 42 Janinas exploitation of new power dynamic in, 112 Janina’s meetings with medical superintendent of, 87-89, 128 Majdanek concentration camp in, see Majdanek concentration camp Old Airfield, Jewish forced labor camp in, xii, 72, 110,141-42 typhus epidemic in, 106 Volhynia refugees in, see Volhynia refugees Wendler appointed governor of, 99 Lublin District Labor Office, 202 in arrangement with Janina for release of unfit Krochmalna camp inmates, 113-14 Janinas circumventing of, 107 Krochmalna transit camps overseen by, 99 Lublin District transit camps, 95-96,97-98, 101-2 civilian authorities given control of, 99 RGO given custody of women, children and unfit inmates
of, 101-2 Volhynia refugees in, 114 see also Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin); Zamosé transit camp INDEX Lwôw, xi, 2,3 food and fuel shortages in, 12-13,20 German bombings of, 9-10 German occupation of, 15 Ghetto of, 50,51 Henry’s teaching position in, 5 Janina’s teaching position in, 4,6 Jews confined to ghetto in, 23 Jews ordered to register and wear armbands in, 17 mass murder ofjews in, 15,20-21 Mehlbergs’ departure from, 24 Red Army's confiscation of homes in, 11 typhus epidemic in, 20 Wehrmacht administration of, 16-17 Lwôw-Warsaw School, 3-4,5,6,8,12, 219 Majdanek concentration camp, xi, xii, xv, 50 construction of, 48,59-60 as “convalescent camp,” 160-61,167 corruption and looting at, xvii-xviii, 78-79,84, 125 crematoriums at, 61, 72, 82,93, 205,212 disease and filth as rampant at, xvii, 81-82, 85-86,128 establishment of, ordered by Himmler, 45 as international symbol of Nazi criminality, xxv evacuation order for, 175 “final solution” and Aktion Reinhard, role in, 60-61,74, 82,145 Florstedt appointed commandant of, 64 gassing and mass shootings ofjews at, 61,75,82, 85,86,136, 141-46,148,212 high mortality rate of non-Jewish prisoners at, xviii, 82, 125 improved sanitary conditions at, 124 industrial area of, 80-81 Jewish prisoners at, 60-61, 74, 82, 86, 89,110 Jews from Lublin labor camps taken to, 142,145 Lithuanian auxiliary police at, 83 lockdown following prisoners’ escape from, 177 Lublin District medical superintendent's inspection of, 87-88 Malm’s smuggling network at, 63-64 Melzer appointed commandant of, 127 overcrowding at, 96 poorly trained guards
at, 83 4 Red Army capture of, 212 Soviet civilian prisoners at, 74,86,179-80 Soviet imprisonment of AK and Underground members at, 213 Soviet POWs at, 60 Soviet POWs’ escape from, 64 water restrictions at, 96
INDEX Wehrmacht forced labor camp at, see Wehrmacht, Majdanek forced labor camp of Weiss appointed commandant of, 148 White s research on, xxi-xxii workshops at, 80-81, 124, 183 wounded Red Army soldiers at, 193 Majdanek concentration camp, Janina’s activities at: · allowed direct access to compounds, 138-39, 150, 152 cruel treatment of prisoners witnessed by Janina in, 126-27 first visit of, 72 in release of pacification prisoners, 202 in smuggling of pneumothorax device, 154-56 smuggling operation of, xxii, 137-38,140, 144-45,149, i50,153,161,163,164-65, 167,178-81 see also RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of Majdanek concentration camp, children at, 74, 82, 86, 96-97, 104, 106,152-53,199, 200, 201 sent to Lodz for Germanization, 179-80 transferred to Lublin children’s hospital, 97 Majdanek concentration camp, Polish prisoners at, 60,74,83,96,157 AK agents among, 110,147, 164,167, 176-78, 182,185,195,199 allowed to correspond with families, 91,127-28, 130,140,154 ' hostages, 60,111-13 Janina’s role in aid to, xviii-xix, xxi-xxii mass shootings of, 163,205 mortality rate of, 82,128 pacification victims, 60,199-202 RGO aid to, see RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of rivalries among resistance organizations, 169-70 sent to Auschwitz, 189 typhus epidemic among, xviii, 86-90,92-93, 96,128, 139, ' Underground members among, xxii, 83-84, 93,153 women, 67,74,83-84,86,89,92,125,134-36, 159,193-99 Zamosc expellees, 96-97 Zamosé expellees released into RGO care, xviii-xix, 102-7 Majdan Tatarski, xii, 48,50, 82 Malm, Mikolaj, 110 Malm,
Saturnina: Majdanek aid packages produced by, 110 Sara Roth rescued by, 110-11 in smuggling of food and medicine into Majdanek, 63-64, 84 299 Maria (AK agent), in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 177,178,179, 181 “Mathematical Reasoning and Traditional Logic” (Janinas dissertation), 4 Mehlberg, Henry, xxi academic career of, 5-6, 8, 219,221,224, 227-28,231 aphasia of, 228 in application to JDC for exit permit, 220-21 bitterness over war years felt by, 229-30 education of, 4 in escape to Canada, 223-24 and Janinas escape from Poland, 224-25 Janina’s memoir given to Funk by, xxi, 232 on Janina’s motives for her rescue operations, 234-35 Janina’s true name and early years misstated by, 235 in marriage to Clark, 231 in marriage to Janina’s sister Antonina, 231 preface to Janina’s memoir by, xxv, 234-35 in reversion to true name, 219 as Spolem agricultural worker, 36 Suchodolski alias acquired by, 35 Mehlberg, Henry, Janina and, 29 allowed by Soviets to keep Lwôw apartment, 11 in constant fear of arrest by NKVD, 14 courtship and marriage of, 5 food shortages and, 12-13,20 forced to conceal marriage, 219 Henry conscripted to work at Wehrmacht bakery, 21-22 in immigration from Canada to U.S., 227 and Janina’s 1933 health crisis, 5 in journey to Lublin, 24-27 in Lwôw, 5-6,8-24 in plan to escape Poland, 222-23 in postwar decision to maintain assumed identities, 217-18 rented Lublin room of, 28-31 Soviet-approved teaching jobs of, 11-12 in Toronto, 225-27 Mehlberg, Izydor, 219-20 Mehlberg, Janina Spinner, xvii acceptance of her likely fate as freeing for, 53, 54 birth and
childhood of, 1-2 on confronting bullies, 27 Countess Suchodolska identity documents obtained by, 35 countless lives saved by, xxviii, 1 doctorate in philosophy earned by, 3-4 extraordinary compassion and empathy of, xxix, 242,245-46 failing health and death of, xxi, 230-31 former prisoners’ accounts of, xxii
300 Mehlberg; Janina Spinner (cont.) Henry and, see Mehlberg, Henry, Janina and human capacity to perform logically irreconcilable acts witnessed by, 18-19 Illinois Institute of Technology, professor of mathematics at, xxi, 228-229 . Institute for System Research position of, 228 “Josephine” adopted as first name in Canada and U.S, XXV, 1,226 languages spoken by, 2 Lwôw high school teaching position of, 6 mathematical studies of, 3 mathematics career resumed by, 226 multiple self-reinventions of, xxiv-xxv photographs of, 235-36,237-38 in refusal to talk about war years, 230 University of Toronto research position of, 227 as valuing lives of many over her own, 234,243, 245-47 women engineering students encouraged by, 229 Mehlberg, Janina Spinner, memoir of (“Janinas Story”), xxi, 1 as call to tolerance, mercy, and hope, 244, 245-46 edited and annotated by Funk, 247 given to Funk by Henry, 232,233, given to USHMM, xxiii, 247 Henry’s preface to, XXV, 234-35 heroism of Polish resistance memorialized by, 241 on impossible choices confronted by victims of Germans, 243-44 post-liberation visit to Majdanek recounted in, 245-46 rescue of women and children from Majdanek omitted from, 242 RGO aid operations given rightful due by, 241 as silent on Janinas feelings as Jew, 241-42 translated into English by Henry, 240 White and Sliwa in quest to verify, xxi-xxv, 235-42 Mehlberg, Joseph, 220,224 and Henry and Janina’s escape from Poland, 222-23 Mehlberg, Josephine Janina, see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner Mehlberg, Juliusz, 219 Melzer, Martin: delivery of postcards ordered by, 130 food aid
packages and, 130 Janinas meetings with, 130 Janina’s soup delivery operation approved by, 130-32 as Majdanek commandant, 127 Menger, Karl, 228 INDEX Michalowicz, Mieczyslaw, 185 Michalski, Father, 175,194-95,200 Janina warned about Rohlfing s threats by, 202 Minneapolis Star Tribune, 238 Morris, Charles W, 222,231 Morzycki, Jerzy, 213 Muhsfeldt, Erich, 92 Müller, Hellmut, 100 RGO s Majdanek program approved by, 76 Skrzynski's meetings with, 91 Musielski, Zdzislaw, 97,102,120 Naremska, Jadwiga (Sara Roth), 110-11 National Council ofJewish Women, 223,224, 236 National Democrats, Polish, 7 Nativity scene, made at and smuggled out of Majdanek by prisoners, 156 Nazi Germany, Nazis: Austria annexed by, 7-8,41 battlefield reverses of, 140 concentration camps in, 32 Czechoslovakia dismantled by, 8 ethnic Poles in, 36 ethnic prejudices exploited by, 38 “euthanasia” program to murder the disabled, 45-46 faltering war effort of, 72-73 “final solution” policy of, xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36, 45,47,66-67 Italy occupied by, 99 Majdanek as international symbol of criminality of, xxii, xxiii, xxv in nonaggression pact with Soviets, 8 Poland invaded by, 9-10 Soviet Union invaded by, 15,44 unconditional surrender of, 214 western and northern Poland annexed by, 10,31 see also Hitler, Adolf Neuengamme concentration camp, 148 New York Herald Tribune, reports ofMajdanek mass murder discounted by, 212 NKVD: in Eastern Galicia, 13,14 in Katyn Forest murder of Polish elites, 14 RGO harassed and distrusted by, 216 Nowak, Jan, 64,155,182,185 Janinas meetings with, 129,133 Olbrycht,Jozefa, 117,166,171
Operation Harvest Festival (Aktion Erntefest), 141-46,148,160,200,205,238,241 OPUS network, 137,153 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 126 Antoszewska as head of, 109
INDEX Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 7,16-17 Oswiçcim concentration camp, see Auschwitz concentration camp Perzanowska, Stefania, 86,92-93 arrest and imprisonment of, 134 Janinas last meeting with, 189 Janina's relationship with, 134-36,137-38,139, 143-44,157-58,167,185 Petrak, Wilhelm Karl, 142,195 Janina given pass to Majdanek protective custody camp by, 138-39 Janinas rapport with, 126, 127,148,183 packages for remaining Majdanek prisoners picked up and distributed by, 193-94 Pilsudski, Jozef, 7 Pines, Sigmund, 220, 223 and Mehlbergs’ escape plan, 222-23 pneumothorax device, smuggled into Majdanek by Janina, 154-56 Poland, xi German invasion of, 9-10 German-occupied, xxvi, 19,31, see General Government as ground zero for Nazi “final solution,” xxvi, Soviet annexation of eastern regions in, 219 western and northern provinces annexed by Germany, 10,31 Poland, interwar: anti-Semitic violence in, 7 Eastern Galicia annexed by, 3 Great Depression in, 6,7 political polarization in, 6-7 repression of minorities in, 7 Poland, Soviet-controlled, 213-15 anti-Semitic government campaign in, 240 anti-Semitism and attacks on Jews in, 219-20 Holocaust “memory war” in, 239-40 Janinas escape from, 225 Jewish flight from, 220 Stalinist crackdown in, 221 Poles, ethnic: discrimination against, 35-36, 37-38 in flight into Zamo^c forests, 67-69 food rationing for, 36-37 food shortages of, 50-51 as forced laborers, xviii, xxii, XXV, 36,42-43,51, 58,59,67-69,73-74,108,115-17,195-98, 214 Nazis’ genocidal campaign against, xxvi Nazi’s ruthless subjugation of, 50-51 Poles, ethnic
German, 39-40 in Lublin Selbstschutz, 42-43 301 Polish Care Committee, Lublin, 57,63,67,102, 111, 112,166 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 77,126 allowed into Krochmalna transit camp, 107 and Christmas Eve delivery to Majdanek, 157 convalescent home for expellees established by, 114 Easter food packages assembled by, 188 in expanded deliveries of bread and soup to Majdanek, 149 food for Zamek and Lublin transit camp provided by, 168 food packages for former Majdanek prisoners prepared by, 190 increased food deliveries of, 151-54 Janina in obtaining IDs for workers of, 113 Janina’s decision not to send Wendler’s letter to, 117 Majdanek food and supplies provided by, 76-79, 84-85,91 in resettlement of Zamosé expellees, xviii-xix, 103-6,114 train station care center of, 192 Polish Care Committee, Lublin, postwar activities of, 217-18 Janina appointed deputy director of, 218 Polish Care Committee, Zamosc, 65 Polish Care Committees, 101 Volhynia refugees aided by, 115-16 Zamosc expellees aided by, 68,70 Polish Care Committees, Lublin District, Wendler’s letter along with Janina’s secret instructions sent to, 116-17 Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), Soviet control of, 213 Polish First Army (communist), 213 Polish government in exile, 53,213,214 Majdanek feeding program funding by, 169 Polish Home Army, see AK (Polish Home Army) Polish Main Welfare Council, see RGO Polish Mathematical Society, Janina elected to, 8 Polish Philosophical Society, 4,5 Polish Red Cross, 76, 110,189,217 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 77,126 and Christmas Eve delivery to
Majdanek, 157 food and medicine delivered to Majdanek prisoners by, xviii given sole credit for Majdanek aid, 241 Janina’s collaboration with, 169 Majdanek aid packages delivered by, 76,77-79, 90-91,110,125-26 in meetings with prisoner physicians committee, 152 prisoner care activities turned over to RGO by, 204
302 Polish Red Cross {contf in release of Zamosc expellees, 103-6 in RGO s expanded Majdanek deliveries, 151-52 Polish Underground State, see Underground, Polish Princeton University, Henry as visiting professor at, 227 Pütz, Karl, 129 Radom District, Zamosc Poles resettled in ghettos of, 68,69, 70 Raleigh News Observer, 238 Ravensbrück concentration camp, 62 remaining Majdanek women prisoners sent to, 193 Reach of Science, The (H. Mehlberg), 228 Red Army, 3 in advance on Lublin, 203-8 advances of, 191 Eastern Galicia advance of, 175 in liberation of Lublin, 209-12 Lwôw homes confiscated by, 11 violence against ethnic Poles and Jews by, 10-11 RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), xxiv, 107 AK agents in, 58 Christians’ accusations against, 216-17 executions of employees of, 59 funding of, 56, 77, 98 General Government s relationship with, 59 given custody of women, children and unfit inmates in transit camps, 101-2 Janina appointed as Lublin District secretary, xxvii, 58 Krochmalna Street transit camp prisoners released to, 107, 111, 169 Lublin citizens’ contributions to, xxvii NKVD suspicions about, 216 prison aid programs established by, 61 -62 in protests over Zamosc expulsions, 69 Red Cross prisoner care activities assumed by, 204 replaced by CKOS, 218 SecurityPolice surveillance of, 58-59 Skrzyfiski as Lublin District head of, 56,57 support for Lublin District Poles provided by, 168 Underground agents in, 58,71,95-96,115-16 Volhynia refugees aided by, 115,168 Wendler’s cooperation with, 100 Zamosc expellees aided by, 58,65,67-68, 70-71,95-99 Zamosc expellees at Majdanek
released into care of, 102-6 INDEX RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of, xviii-xix, xxi-xxii, xxvii-xxviii blankets and straw supplied by, 77,91 bread, vegetables, and soup supplied by, xix, 76-77, 84, 126,128,130-40,148-50,151, 154,156-59,163-64,168,188-89,195 in Christmas Eve delivery of trees and extra food, 156-59 curtailing of aid efforts, ill provision of medical supplies by, 91,128,129, 140 Easter packages provided by, 188-89 Florstedt's authorization of, 76-77,84 food packages sent to transferred prisoners by, 190 funds to retain Lublin Polish Care Committee employees provided by, 191 generosity of Lublin citizens in, xxvii-xxviii, 150,188 initially banned by German authorities, 63 Janina as supervisor of, 77 Janina’s call for donations to, 150 Janinas goal of helping non-Polish prisoners through, 78 Janinas operation to deliver prepared soup in, 128,130-40 as Janina’s personal mission, 77 Janinas support for Underground in, 84 Janinas tour of infirmary, 88 Liebehenschel's canceling of, 193-94 looting of packages by SS and kapos in, 78-79, 91,128 Lublin District BuF’s consent to, 75-76 in meetings with prisoner physicians, 152 Polish government in exile’s funding of, 169 Security Police approval of, 76 X-ray machine delivered by, 151 Rindfleisch, Heinrich, 192-93 Rohlfing, Hermann, 200-2 Ronikier, Count Adam, 56,59,61 in meeting with Frank, 98-99 Roth, Sara, 110-11 Rudzifiska, Maria Anna, 221,223 Janinas letters to, 222,237 Rudzifiski, Aleksander Witold, 221 Russian Empire, Eastern Galicia invaded by, 2 Rylska, Madame, 30,39 Rylski, Olek, 39
Jewish girl rescued from ghetto by, 48-49 Rylski family, 48-49 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 17,80 Santi, Father, 49,141 Santi, Mrs., Skrzyfiski and Janina’s listening station in home of, 55-56
INDEX Schindler, Oskar, xxviii Schindlers List (film), xxviii Schlüter, Ernst: IDs issued to Care Committee workers by, 113 Janinas meetings with, 112-14 Labor Office ordered to cooperate with Janina by, 113 Lublin night shelter approved by, 113 in meeting with Janina and Woroniecki, 112 release of Majdanek hostages ordered by, 112-13 return of released expellees’ belongings ordered by, 113 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 15-16 RGO office inspected by, 165-66 Security Police, German, 15,23, 75 fate of Polish expellees controlled by, 100 RGO’s Majdanek aid program approved by, 76 as suspicious ofJaninas activities, 177 as suspicious of RGO activities, 58-59,61-62 Volhynia refugees sent to transit camps by, 114 Sendler, Irena, xxviii Siberia, labor camps in, 14 Sikora, Stanislaw, 171-72 Six Day War (1967), 240 Skrzynski, Count Andrzej, 51,204, 223,240, 241 appointed advisor to Lublin District RGO, 56, 57 Christians’ accusations against, 216-17 resigns as RGO advisor, 217 foreign radio broadcasts monitored by, 55-56 German atrocities in Zamosc region investigated by, 95,97,98-99 Janina’s activities encouraged and aided by, xxvii Janina sponsored for AK membership by, 53-54 in journey to Lublin with Mehlbergs, 24-27 in meeting with Florstedt, 72 Mehlbergs’ Polish identity documents obtained by, xxvi, 35 Müller’s meetings with, 91 protests over Zamosc expulsions ignored by German authorities, 68 release of some Polish Majdanek prisoners secured by, 85 Wendler’s meetings with, 100 Skrzyhski, Rys, typhoid infection faked by, 210-11 Sliwa, Joanna, in quest to verifyJanina’s memoir, xxiv-
xxv, 236-42 Smywinska-Pohl, Anna, 236 Sobibor killing center, xi, 47,71, 82 Jews in escape from, 146 Society for Engineering Science, Janinain, 229 Sorbonne, Janina’s study at, 4 South Bend Tribune, 238 Soviet POWs, mass starvation and murder of, 60 303 Soviet Union: deportations from Eastern Galicia to labor camps in, 13-14 Eastern Galicia annexed by, 10 eastern Poland annexed by, 219 Germany’s invasion of, 15, 44 in nonaggression pact with Germany, 8 Poland invaded by, 10 see also Red Army Spielberg, Steven, xxviii Spinner, Bluma, see Altmann, Antonina Spinner, Chaja, 2, 222 Spinner, Pepi, see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner Spinner, Pinkas, 1-2 Spinner, Tauba, 3 Spolem (agricultural collective): and Christmas Eve delivery to Majdanek, 157 Cuman refugees transported by, 122-23 food deliveries to Majdanek aided by, 150 Henry’s job with, 36 released Zamosc expellees transported by, 105 soup deliveries to Majdanek aided by, 132-33 Sporrenberg, Jakob, 112,146 SS (Schutzstaffel), 16-17,19-21 forced labor camps of, 43,45,60-61,73-74, 110,141, 142,145 Himmler as chief of, 31-33,41, 44 industrial operations of, 44, 73, 80,148,160 Janina’s interactions with, xviii, xxii, xxviii, 85, 126-27,130-31,135-39,152-53,155, 158-59,164,172-73,181-82, 242; see also specific SS officers Majdanek concentration camp of, see Majdanek concentration camp Majdanek prisoner evacuation trains guarded by, 183-85 in mass murder ofJews, see Holocaust Poles expelled from Zamosé region by, 43, 65-69,100 Red Army POWs murdered by, 59-60 resettlement commission of, 67,70,95,96, 102-8 transit camps run by, see
Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin); Lublin District transit camps see also Einsatzgruppen; Globocnik, Odilo; Waffen SS Stanislawôw (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine), 4,5 murder of intelligentsia in, 62 Steinhaus, Hugo, 3 Stiefler, Frau, 203 Strus, Countess Wladyslawa, 40, 51-52, 203,209 room rented to Mehlbergs by, 29-31 Suchodolska, Countess Janina (alias), see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner
304 Suchodolski, Count Piotr, as alias of Henry Mehlberg, 35 Szczesniewski, Henryk, 161 Sztaba, Romuald, 164 Tee, Nechama, xxviii Teller, Edward, 229 Thumann, An ton, 173 Janinas encounters with, 127,133,178-79, 180-81,184 in murder of Majdanek Jews, 145 sadistic nature of, 127 trial and execution of, 233n Time, Causality, and the Quantum Theory (H. Mehlberg), 231 Toronto, Janina and Henry in, 225-27 Toronto, University of: Henry’s teaching position at, 224, 227 Janinas positions at, 227,228 Trawniki men (non-German SS auxiliaries), 46, 66,101 in liquidation of Lublin ghetto, 49 at Majdanek, 83 Treblinka killing center, xi, 47,82 Jews in escape from, 146 Trieste, Globocniks transfer to, 99 Twardowski, Kazimierz, 3-4,5 Janina as student of, 236 Ukraine, 2 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in ethnic cleansing campaign against Poles, 114 Ukrainian militia, in mass murder of ethnic Poles and Jews, 15-18 Ukrainians: in attacks on ethnic Poles and Jews, 10-11 preferential treatment by Germans, 16,38-39 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Eastern Galicia absorbed by, 12 Underground, Polish, xxvii, 53,58,59,61,99, 117 escape of Volhynia refugees aided by, 116, 117 informed of Majdanek evacuation plan by Janina, 176 Janina in obtaining IDs and passes for, 113 Janina's contacts in, 65, 71, 77, 95-96, 98 at Majdanek camp, xxii, 83-84,93, 153 Malm and, 64 NKVD imprisonment of members of, 213 Perzanowska in, 134 in RGO, 58,115-16 women in, 71, 83-84 United Nations, Janina awarded U.S. travel fellowship by, 221-22 INDEX United States: antisemitism in, 222 Hitler s declaration of war on, 47
Janinas UN-sponsored visit to, 221-22 in World War 1,3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), xxiii V-l missile production, 164 Villnow, Irmgard: Janina accused of treason by, 118-20 Lublin Care Committee offices raided by, 117 Volhynia refugees: in flight from Red Army, 191 forcibly deported to Germany, 114-15 from Cuman, Janina in rescue of, 120-23 interned in transit camps, 114-15 Janinas rescue operation for, 115-23 released from transit camps, 168 Underground aid in escape of, 116,117 Volhynia (Wolyn) territory, xi ethnic cleansing campaign in, 114 Polish refugees from, see Volhynia refugees Waffen SS, 32,41, 83 Warsaw, xi AKs failed 1944 uprising in, 214 German destruction of, 214 Jewish death rate in, 23 Warsaw District, Zamosc Poles resettled in ghettos of, 68,69,70 Warsaw Ghetto, 85 1943 uprising in, 145-46 Wawel Royal Castle, as Frank’s headquarters, 34 Wehrmacht, Lwôw military administration of, 16-17 Wehrmacht, Majdanek forced labor camp of, 195-99 RGO allowed to provide aid to, 196-97 RGO allowed to supply nurses and Polish doctor to, 197 unfit prisoners released to RGO from, 197-98 Weiss, Martin, 184 additional soup deliveries allowed by, 168 appointed Majdanek commandant, 148 in Christmas Eve visit to prisoner compounds, 158 Christmas trees and extra food authorized by, 156-57 increased packages and clothing shipments allowed by, 154 Janinas Easter proposal approved by, 175-76 Janinas expansion of RGO aid program approved by, 148-49
INDEX maintaining Majdanek labor force as mandate of, 148,156 Majdanek prisoner physicians committee authorized to meet with RGO and Red Cross in Lublin by, 152 in meetings with Janina on Majdanek evacuation, 176 special Easter food packages allowed by, 188 Wendler, Richard, 112 appointed Lublin District governor, 99 Globocniks transfer demanded by, 99 Himmler’s relationship with, 99 Janina ordered to cease Volhynia rescue efforts by, 116 Janina s meeting with, 100 RGO requests met by, 100,112 Skrzynski’smeetingwith, 100 Wendrucha, Jozef, 118,120,121,166,171,241 arrest and death of, 173-74 West Germany, Janina and Henry’s application for reparations from, 230,238 White, Elizabeth "Barry”: Janina’s unpublished memoir given to, xxi as misled about Janina’s early life by Henry’s preface, 235 in quest to verify Janina’s memoir, xxii-xxv, 235-42 Wieliczanski, Henryk (Izaak Halperin), 164 Wilson, Woodrow, in call for independent Polish state, 3 Winiewski, Juliusz, 130,132 Wiska (suspected Majdanek spy), 185-86 Wojeikowa,Janina, 121-23,130,165,170,191, 199,200 women, Polish: in AK, xxvii, 54-55 as Majdanek prisoners, 67,74,83-84,86,89,92, 125,134-36,159,193-99 released to RGO care from Majdanek and transit camps, 101-2,106 in Underground, 71, 83-84 see also Zamosc region, Poles expelled from l 305 World War 1,2 World War II, onset of, 9 Woroniecki, Prince Henryk, 57,77 delivery of food products for Majdanek kitchens directed by, 79 in meeting with Florstedt, 72 in meeting with Janina and Schlüter, 112 Worster, Heinrich, Skrzynski’s meeting with, 91 Wroclaw, University of, Henry’s
teaching position at, 221 X-ray machine, provided to Majdanek by RGO, 151 Zabiriski, Jan and Antonina, xxviii Zamek prison, xii, xiii, 163 Janina in rescue of living prisoners at, 205-8 Lublin Care Committees providing of food to, 168 mass murder of prisoners at, 205-8 RGO care operations at, 204 Soviet imprisonment of AK and Underground members at, 213 Zamosc, transit camp at: inhuman conditions at, 69 Janina in rescue of children from, 71 Poles interned at, 67, 68, 69 RGO permitted to aid internees of, 70-71 Zamosc region, xi armed Polish resistance in, 69 German resettlement of, 43-44, 67, 68,108 liquidation of ghettos in, 66 Poles’ escape into forests of, 67-69 Poles expelled from, xviii-xix, 43-44,65-69, 94-95,97-108,109,111 Zelent, Stanislaw, 167,180,182,192 Zookeeper's Wife (film), xxviii Zookeeper's Wife (book), xxviii Zörner, Ernst, 38,66 Zurawno (Zhuravno), 2, 7, 237 Zwick, Edward, xxviii Zyklon В (hydrogen cyanide), 46 EsÜs Staatabibilothek München |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Usage Notes Prologue Maps Introduction 1. Before 2. The Beginning of the End vii xvii xi-xv xxi 1 9 3. Terror Comes to Lwôw 15 4. Transformation 23 S. The Dystopian Utopia 28 6. Annihilation 41 7. “Better to Die a Soldier” 53 8. Frozen Cargo 65 9. The Polish Question 72 10. Majdanek 80 11. Janina’s Lists 94 12. Rescue 109 13. Soup with a Side of Hope 124 14. Harvest of Death 141 15. Christmas at Majdanek 147 16. Cat and Mouse 160 17. The Plot 175 18. The End Approaches 188 V
vi CONTENTS 19. Blood on the Stairs 203 20. The End 209 21. Flight 216 22. A New Beginning 226 Epilogue: "Janina's Story" 233 Coda 245 Acknowledgments 247 Notes 253 Bibliography 277 Photo Credits 291 Index 293
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Argentina Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, Buenos Aires (AMIA) Foreign Affairs Archive, Buenos Aires Israelite Association of Coronel Suarez, Coronel Suarez Canada Canadian Jewish Archives, Montreal (CJA) Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (LAC) Ontario Jewish Archives, Toronto (OJA) Montreal Holocaust Museum, Montreal University of New Brunswick Libraries and Archives, New Brunswick University of Toronto Archives, Toronto Germany Arolsen Archives State Finance Office, Compensation Payments, Saarburg (BEG) Poland Archives ofJagiellonian University, Medical Department, Krakôw Archive of Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw (AZIH) Archive of New Records, Warsaw (AAN) Archive of the State Museum at Majdanek, Lublin (APMM) Archives of the University ofAdam Mickiewicz, Poznan (AUAM) Archives of the University of Lodz, Lodz (AUL) Archives of the University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw (AUW) 277
278 BIBLIOGRAPHY Association ofJewish Veterans and Persecutees in World War II, Warsaw Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw (IPN) KARTA Center, Warsaw Lublin Archdiocese Archive, Lublin Main Archive of Old Records, Warsaw (AGAD) State Archive in Lublin (APL) State Archive in Przemysl (APP) Ukraine State Archive of Lviv Oblast, Lviv, Ukraine (DALO) United States Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, New York (JDC) Montefiore Cemetery, New York Mount Sinai Memorial Chapels, East Brunswick, NJ National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA) The New York Public Library, New York (NYPL) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. (USHMM) University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (IIT) University of Florida Archives, Gainesville YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York (YIVO) OTHER RESOURCES Ancestry, https://www.ancestry.com/ Auschwitz Memorial and Museum, http : I/www.auschwitz.org/ Center for Urban History, https://www.lvivcenter.org/ Centropa, https://www.centropa.org/ Chronicles of Terror, https://www.zapisyterroru.pl/ Digital Archive of Combined Libraries, https://archiwum.polaczonebiblioteki.uw .edu.pl/ Digital Libraries Federation, https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/ Genealogy Indexer, www.genealogyindexer.org/ Geni, https://www.geni.com/ Gesher Galicia, https://www.geshergalicia.org/ Greater Poland Digital Library, https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra Grodzka Gate-NN Theatre, https ://teatrnn.pl/ Harvard Law School Library Nuremberg Trials Project,
http:/1nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/ JewishGen, https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/ Jewish Records Indexing-Poland, https://jri-poland.org/ “Josephine Janina Bednarski Spinner Mehlberg," https://prabook.com/web/josephine _janina_bednarski_spinner.mehlberg/ 1103449
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INDEX Page numbers xi to xv refer to maps. Abelson, Evelyn, 224,236 Henry’s revelation of "Suchodolska's" true identity to, 236 Janinas meeting with, 223 Ackerman, Diane, xxviii AK (Polish Home Army), xxvi-xxvii, 53 in failed 1944 Warsaw uprising, 214 in failed plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 176-87 national uprising as goal of, 54 NKVD imprisonment of members of, 213 OPUS network of, see OPUS network in refusal to join Polish First Army, 213 women as valuable members of, xxvii, 54-55 See also Underground AK (Polish Home Army), Janina in, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 62,84,141,167 and AK plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 176-84,187 as courier, 55 foreign radio broadcasts monitored by, 55-56 Majdanek contacts of, 110,147,164,167, 176-78,182,185,195,199 RGO identity cards obtained for AK agents by, 58 Skrzyhski’s sponsorship of, 53-54 See also Underground Aktion Erntefest, see Operation Harvest Festival Aktion Reinhard, xxii, xxiv, xxviii, 60, 74, 82, 99, 124,145-46 death toll ofJews and Roma in, 47,82 Höfle as manager of, 100-101 Majdaneks role in, 74, 60-61, 82,145 Aktion Wehrwolf, 94-95,97,98-99 Altmann, Antonina (Bluma Spinner), 2,222 death of, 231 Henry’s marriage to, 231 American Committee for Émigré Scholars, Writers and Artists, 223 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Janina as Chicago chapter secretary of, 228 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Henry’s exit permit application to, 220-21 Antoszewska, Irena: given RGO pass by Janina, 109 as head ofAK’s OPUS network, 109 Auschwitz concentration camp, xi, 29,46,47,125 Majdanek
prisoners sent to, 189 Poles murdered at, 69-70 Polish prisoners transferred to, 74 Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center, xi, 59-60,193 Auschwitz-Birkenau, POW camp, 45 Austria: Galicia annexed by, 2 German annexation of, 7-8,41 Bajerke, Alfred, 126 Banach, Stefan, 3 Bargielski (Majdanek prisoner), 136,144 and Janina’s smuggling of products for ТВ cases, 137-38 in smuggling of pneumothorax device, 155-56 Batalion, Judy, xxviii Behnke, Father, 166 Belzec killing center, xi, xxviii, 47,50,82 Berlin, 225 293
294 Berling, Zygmunt, 213 Bialystok Ghetto, murder and deportation ofJews in, 101,110 Bielski brothers, xxviii Birkenau, see Auschwitz-Birkenau, POW camp in; Auschwitz-Birkenau, killing center Biuletyn Informacyjny, 167 Blancke, Max, 150, 238 Janinas meetings with, 89-90,128-29 Janinas offer of X-ray machine accepted by, 151 Janinas soup delivery plan and, 132 Janina told to cease her activities by, 161-62 list of needed medicine provided to, 90 shipment of typhus serum authorized by, 90 in typhus epidemic cover-up, 92 books, smuggled into Majdanek byJanina, 167 Buchenwald concentration camp, xvii, 63 corruption and looting at, 80,125 Dora subcamp of, 160 Horstedt at, 80 BuF, see Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF) Canadian Jewish Congress, 224,227 Carnap, Rudolf, 222 Caro, Niki, xxviii Central Committee ofJews in Poland, 219,220, 224 Central Committee of Social Welfare, see CKOS Central Powers, 2-3 Central Underground Care (OPUS), see OPUS network Chicago, University of: Henry’s teaching position at, 227-28 Institute for System Research, Janina at, 228 children, Polish: deaths from starvation and disease of, 69,70,96, 106,109 German abduction of, xxvi, 32,67,108,179-80 Janinas special concern for, 71,95-97,108,218 as laborers, 74 at Majdanek camp, see Majdanek concentration camp, children at rescued from Zamosc camp, 71 transported to Germany, Janinas list of, 108 see also Zamosc region, Poles expelled from Christians, Ludwik, 79,110,126,204 biased 1946 account of Majdanek aid operations by, 217,241 in false accusations against Skrzynski and RGO, 216 and
Janina's Volhynia rescue operation, 117-20 RGO’s expanded Majdanek operation and, 151-52 in turf battle with Janina, 169 INDEX Cieplice, Poland, 223 CKOS (Central Committee of Social Welfare): dissolving of, 224 international funding of, 218-19 Janina appointed deputy director of, 219 Janina named head of Organization and Inspection Department, 218 Janina’s 1947 visit to US. approved by, 221 RGO replaced by, 218 Clark, Susie Blackman, Henry’s marriage to, 231 “Classification of Mathematical Concepts, A” (J. Mehlberg), 228 Cohen, Robert S., 231 Conference for Science and Freedom (Hamburg, 1952), Henry’s keynote address to, 227 Criminal Police, German, 15 Cumân, Volhynia, Janina’s rescue of refugees from, 120-23 Current Issues in the Philosophy ofScience, 228 Czechoslovakia, Germany’s dismantling of, 8 Czernecka, Maria, 28-31, 39,48, 55,203,209 Dabrowski, Tadeusz, 79, 151,205 ; Dachau concentration camp, mortality rate at, 148 Defiance (film), xxviii Defiance (Zwick), xxviii Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), 56-57 Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), Lublin District, 76 Janina’s circumventing of, 117-20 office evacuated by, 203-4 and release of Polish transit camp inmates, 102-3 RGO Majdanek aid program approved by, 75-76 Depression, Great, 6, 7 Dziesi^ta village, 83,84 Eastern Galicia: absorbed in General Government, 19 annexed by Poland, 3 Austrian annexation of, 2 as center of Polish nationalism and culture, 2 ethnic violence in, 7 mass deportation to Soviet labor camps from, 13-14 merged with Soviet Ukraine, 12 murder ofJews in, 3 NKVD in,
13,14 rapes and looting by Red Army in, 10-11 Red Army advance in, 175 Soviet invasion and annexation of, 10 Ukrainian violence against Poles and Jews in, 10-11 World War I in, 2 see also Galicia; Lwôw (Lvov)
INDEX Ehrich, Else, as Majdanek women’s camp commander, 136 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of, in public awareness of Holocaust, 239 Einsatzgruppen: in Lwôw, 15-16 mass murder ofJews, communists, and intelligentsia by, 16,45 Polish elites executed by, 32 Elzbieta (Wanda Szupenko; AK agent), in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 178,179, 181,187 “euthanasia” program” to gas the disabled, 45-46 “final solution,” xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36,47,60, 66-67 ethnic Poles’ awareness of, 50,66 see also Aktion Reinhard·, Holocaust; Operation Harvest Festival Florida, University of, Gainesville, Henry’s post retirement proj ect at, 231 Florstedt, Hermann: appointed Majdanek camp commandant, xvii, 64,80 arrest and imprisonment of, 125 at Buchenwald, 80 Globocniks praise for, 124 Janina’s interactions with, xvii, xviii-xix, 72,102, 105 in looting of prisoners' belongings, xviii, 125 Majdanek improvements overseen by, 124 Majdanek water restrictions ordered by, 96 and release of Zamosc expellees, 102,105-6 RGO’s Majdanek aid program authorized by, 76-77,84 forced labor camps: Jews in, 43,45, 60-61, 72,110,141-42,145 Poles in, xxiv, 36,43,51, 195 France, Guarantee to aid Poland against German aggression, 8 war on Germany declared by, 9 Frank, Hans: in call for postponement of Germanization program, 98 German reprisal actions protested by, 98 Himmler s Lublin reservation plan opposed by, 42 Himmler’s rivalry with, 33,66 looting and corruption condoned by, 34-35 moderation of anti-Polish measures by, 73,75, 76,98 named governor general of German-occupied Poland, 33 295 new reprisals against Polish
partisans ordered by, 162-63 RGO given new funding by, 98 Ronikier in meeting with, 98-99 Fritsche (Lublin District BuF chief), 117-19 Funk, Arthur Layton: death of, xxiii efforts to have Janinas memoir published, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 232,240 Galicia, xi Austrian annexation of, 2 see also Eastern Galicia gas chambers: Nazi implementation of, 45-48 see also Majdanek concentration camp, gassing and mass shootings ofJews at Geissler, Herr (Labor Office official), and Janina’s rescue ofVolhynia refugees, 120-22 General Government, xi, xvii concentration camps in, xvii, 190; see also specific camps discrimination against ethnic Poles in, 35-36, 37-38 Eastern Galicia absorbed by, 19 ethnic Poles and Jews deported to, 32-33 food rationing in, 36-37 Frank named head of, see Frank, Hans Germanization plan for, 56-58,74,98,423-44 growing Polish resistance in, 69.99,162-63 Janina and Skrzynski in meetings with officials of, 75 Jewish death rate in, 23 killing center plan for, 46 Operation Harvest Festival massacre ofJews in, 141-46,148,160,200,205, 238,241 rampant looting and corruption in, 34-35 resistance movement in, see AK (Polish Home Army); Underground, Polish RGO’s relationship with, 59 Volhynia refugees and, 115 Generalplan Ost, 44 Germany, Nazi, see Nazi Germany, Nazis Gestapo, IS, 36,51,59,75,90,93,118-19,121, 134 identity documents regularly scrutinized by, 35 Janina surveilled and threatened by, xxii at Majdanek, 93,164,199, 200 trap laid for Janina by, 170-74 Gestapo, Lublin headquarters of, xii Janinas visits to, 76,199-200 ghettos: death rate in, 23 see also specific
cities
296 Globocnik, Odilo, 74 Aktion Wehrwolf led by, 94-95,98 disdain for civilian officials in General Government, 66,99 as first Nazi head of Vienna, 41 Florstedt praised by, 124 in Germanization plan for Lublin District, 43, 44,66-67,94-95 and Himmlers Lublin reservation plan, 42 Himmler s support for, 41,98 killing center plan of, 45-48 release of Zamosc expellees ordered by, 103 Selbstschutz police force of, 42-43 as SS and Police Leader in Lublin District, 41-42 in transfer to Trieste, 99 Goring, Hermann, 45 Great Britain, Guarantee to aid Poland against German aggression, 8 war on Germany declared by, 9 Great Depression, 6,7 Gross-Rosen concentration camp, evacuation of Majdanek prisoners to, 178 Grünbaum, Adolf, 231 Grygowa, Antonina, 84 Hanusz, Ryszard, Bible entrusted to Janina by, 182-83,192-93 Hertrich-Wolefiski, Jan, 235 Heydrich, Reinhard: assassination of, 47 “final solution” policy and, 45,47 Himmler, Heinrich, 59,60,62 annihilation ofjews in the General Government ordered by, 66,145-56 in decision to transform concentration camps into reservoirs of labor, 73-74 ethnic cleansing of Poles and Jews from the Reich directed by, 32-33 transform Frank’s rivalry with, 33,66,98 Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) of, 44 Germanization of Lublin and Zamosc directed by, 42,43,66 Globocnik and, 41 Globocnik supported by, 98 and killing center plan, 46 new concentration camps in Lublin and Birkenau ordered by, 45 in plan to confine all Jews and Roma to Lublin reservations, 42 responsibility for realizing Hitlers vision of racist utopia given to, 31 INDEX transformation of
Lublin into SS military and industrial base ordered by, 44-45 Wendler s relationship with, 99 Hitler, Adolf: Aktion Wehrwolf approved by, 98 ' decision to annihilate the Jews in Europe by, 47 destruction of Warsaw ordered by, 214 Frank named head of General Government by, 33 Himmler s Lublin reservation plan canceled by, 42 Lebensraum doctrine of, 31,44 Slavs and Jews viewed as subhuman by, 31 territorial expansion campaign of, 7 Vernichtungskrieg (war of annihilation) against Soviet Union directed by, 44 war on U.S. declared by, 47 Hoffmann, Alfred, 126,137-38 . Höfle, Hermann: Janinas meetings with, 101,102 murder of 1.5 million Jews coordinated by, I00-101 Holocaust, 3,15-21,45-46,49-50,51,100-101, 110,114,145 Einsatzgruppen in, 16 “final solution” in, xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36,47, 66-67 increased public awareness of, 239 Jewish womens responses to, xxvii Majdaneks role in, xxii, xxiii, XXV, 60-61, 75, 82, 85,86,136,141-46,148,212 Polish “memory war” over, 239-40 see also Aktion Reinhard; Operation Harvest Festival Holocaust studies, xxvii Holocaust survivors, as increasingly willing to speak out, 239 Hook, Sidney, 227 hostages, Polish, 51, at Majdanek, 74,111-13 humans, as capable of performing logically irreconcilable acts, 18,49 Huskowska, Hanka, 171 in Christmas Eve visit to Majdanek, 158 in concern for Janinas safety, 165 in food deliveries to Majdanek with Janina, 139, 143-44,180,184-85,189 in Janina’s smuggling operations, 153 Majdanek gunfire reported by, 141 Illinois Institute of Technology, Janina on faculty of, 228-29 Ingarden, Roman, 5 Institute for System
Research, Janina at, 228 International Refugee Organization, 225
INDEX International Union for Child Welfare, Janina elected to executive committee of, 224 “Is a Unitary Approach to Foundations of Probability Possible?” (J. Mehlberg), 228 Ivanyk, Stepan, 235-36, 247 Izio (Jewish boy at Majdanek), 129, 133,139-40, 144 Jan Kazimierz University, 3-4 Jewish Immigrant Aid Society, Canadian, 225 Jews: as forced laborers, 19, 36,43,45,48,60-61,72, 101,110,124 looted possessions of, xvii-xviii, 48,50,125 mass murder of, see Holocaust Jews, in Lublin, confined to ghetto, 38 Jews, in Lwôw: confined to ghetto, 23 Nazis’ mass murder of, 20-21 required to register and wear armbands, 17 Ukrainian militias in mass murder of, 15-19 Journal of Symbolic Logic, 8 Judenrat, Lublin, 36 Jurek, Ludwik, 85,132,133 aid packages to Majdanek delivered by, 125-26 Kalinowski, Stanislaw, and Janinas Volhynia rescue operation, 117-20 Katyn Forest, NKVD murder of Polish elites in, 14 Kazakhstan, labor camps in, 14 Keneally, Thomas, xxviii Kielce, Poland, pogrom against Holocaust survivors in, 220 Klinghofer, Gisela and Joseph, 227 Koch, Ilse, 63,64,125 Koch, Karl Otto: arrest and execution of, 125 murder of Majdanek POWs ordered by, 64 RGO aid to Majdanek prisoners banned by, 63 SS investigation of, 125 Koegel, Max, 64 Kopyczynce, 5,24 Kosiba, Piotr, 122,132 Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin), 97-98 Care Committees providing of food to, 97-98, 168 Care Committee workers allowed into, 107 Christmas Eve celebration at, 159 constant turnover at, 111 Cuman refugees at, 121-23 disease in, 107 Easter dinner hosted by Janina at, 191 expellees released into RGO care
from, xviii-xix, 103-7 hospitals established at, 168 297 Janina in obtaining oflabor cards for expellees in, 107 Janina’s arrangement with Labor Office for release of inmates of, 113-14 new Volhynia refugees at, 191 RGO efforts in release of prisoners at, 201-2 soup kitchen set up outside of, 97 Krüger, Hans, 62 Krzyszkowski, Tadeusz, 90 Kulesza, Czeslaw, 195,199 Lady Davis Foundation, 223 Lanckoronska, Countess Karolina: as AK agent, 62 arrest and internment of, 62-63 RGO prison aid program created by, 61-62 Laskowska, Countess, 190 Lemberg, see Lwôw (Lvov) Lemkin, Raphael, xxvi Liebehenschel, Arthur: appointed Majdanek commandant, 193 delivery of packages to pacification victims allowed by, 201 Janina s meeting with, 194-95 resumption of food package deliveries allowed by, 195 RGO food program canceled by, 193-94 Light ofDays, The (Batalion), xxviii Lipowa StreetJewish forced labor camp, xii, xiii, 43, 45,141,142,145 Lodz, University of, Henry’s teaching position at, 219 Lodzia (AK colonel), 141,143,165 and failure of Majdanek train attack, 187 Janina ordered to obtain second ID card by, 166-67 in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 177, 181,184,185 Lopatynska, Antonina, Lublin Polish Care Committee food supplies for Majdanek prepared by, 77-78, 84,128,132 Eos, Stanislaw, 101,102 Lublin (city), xi, xii, 37-38,76,199-200 black market in, 37, 39-40 confiscated belongings ofJews warehoused in, xvii-xviii expulsion of Poles from, 67 Germanization of, 66-67 graves ofZamo^c expellees in, 109 Janina’s search for food in, 36-37,39 Jewish forced labor camp in, xii, xiii,
43,45,141, 142,145 Judenrat of, 36 Mehlbergs’ rooms in, xiii, 28-31, $1-52,203, 210-11
298 Lublin (city) (cont.) overcrowded hospitals of, 111,113 planned expulsion of Poles from, 44 POW camp in, 45 Red Army’s liberation of, 203-12 Selbstschutz police in, 42 SS industrial base proposed for, 44,45,48,148, 160 train station care center set up byJanina in, 192 transit camps at, see Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin) Ukrainians in, 38-39 Lublin (city), Ghetto of, xii, xiii, 38 deportation and murder ofJews in, 49-50,51 division ofjews into two sections of, 48-49 rampant typhus in, 38 Lublin Concentration Camp, see Majdanek concentration camp Lublin County: Janinas oversight of RGO in, 112 Polish expellees resettled in, 111 SS and police raids in, 111 Lublin District, 38, 63 BuF department of, see Department of Population Matters and Welfare (BuF), Lublin District Germanization plan for, 42-44 Globocnik as Police Leader in, 41-42 Himmler ’s plan to confine all Jews and Roma to reservations in, 42 Janinas exploitation of new power dynamic in, 112 Janina’s meetings with medical superintendent of, 87-89, 128 Majdanek concentration camp in, see Majdanek concentration camp Old Airfield, Jewish forced labor camp in, xii, 72, 110,141-42 typhus epidemic in, 106 Volhynia refugees in, see Volhynia refugees Wendler appointed governor of, 99 Lublin District Labor Office, 202 in arrangement with Janina for release of unfit Krochmalna camp inmates, 113-14 Janinas circumventing of, 107 Krochmalna transit camps overseen by, 99 Lublin District transit camps, 95-96,97-98, 101-2 civilian authorities given control of, 99 RGO given custody of women, children and unfit inmates
of, 101-2 Volhynia refugees in, 114 see also Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin); Zamosé transit camp INDEX Lwôw, xi, 2,3 food and fuel shortages in, 12-13,20 German bombings of, 9-10 German occupation of, 15 Ghetto of, 50,51 Henry’s teaching position in, 5 Janina’s teaching position in, 4,6 Jews confined to ghetto in, 23 Jews ordered to register and wear armbands in, 17 mass murder ofjews in, 15,20-21 Mehlbergs’ departure from, 24 Red Army's confiscation of homes in, 11 typhus epidemic in, 20 Wehrmacht administration of, 16-17 Lwôw-Warsaw School, 3-4,5,6,8,12, 219 Majdanek concentration camp, xi, xii, xv, 50 construction of, 48,59-60 as “convalescent camp,” 160-61,167 corruption and looting at, xvii-xviii, 78-79,84, 125 crematoriums at, 61, 72, 82,93, 205,212 disease and filth as rampant at, xvii, 81-82, 85-86,128 establishment of, ordered by Himmler, 45 as international symbol of Nazi criminality, xxv evacuation order for, 175 “final solution” and Aktion Reinhard, role in, 60-61,74, 82,145 Florstedt appointed commandant of, 64 gassing and mass shootings ofjews at, 61,75,82, 85,86,136, 141-46,148,212 high mortality rate of non-Jewish prisoners at, xviii, 82, 125 improved sanitary conditions at, 124 industrial area of, 80-81 Jewish prisoners at, 60-61, 74, 82, 86, 89,110 Jews from Lublin labor camps taken to, 142,145 Lithuanian auxiliary police at, 83 lockdown following prisoners’ escape from, 177 Lublin District medical superintendent's inspection of, 87-88 Malm’s smuggling network at, 63-64 Melzer appointed commandant of, 127 overcrowding at, 96 poorly trained guards
at, 83 4 Red Army capture of, 212 Soviet civilian prisoners at, 74,86,179-80 Soviet imprisonment of AK and Underground members at, 213 Soviet POWs at, 60 Soviet POWs’ escape from, 64 water restrictions at, 96
INDEX Wehrmacht forced labor camp at, see Wehrmacht, Majdanek forced labor camp of Weiss appointed commandant of, 148 White s research on, xxi-xxii workshops at, 80-81, 124, 183 wounded Red Army soldiers at, 193 Majdanek concentration camp, Janina’s activities at: · allowed direct access to compounds, 138-39, 150, 152 cruel treatment of prisoners witnessed by Janina in, 126-27 first visit of, 72 in release of pacification prisoners, 202 in smuggling of pneumothorax device, 154-56 smuggling operation of, xxii, 137-38,140, 144-45,149, i50,153,161,163,164-65, 167,178-81 see also RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of Majdanek concentration camp, children at, 74, 82, 86, 96-97, 104, 106,152-53,199, 200, 201 sent to Lodz for Germanization, 179-80 transferred to Lublin children’s hospital, 97 Majdanek concentration camp, Polish prisoners at, 60,74,83,96,157 AK agents among, 110,147, 164,167, 176-78, 182,185,195,199 allowed to correspond with families, 91,127-28, 130,140,154 ' hostages, 60,111-13 Janina’s role in aid to, xviii-xix, xxi-xxii mass shootings of, 163,205 mortality rate of, 82,128 pacification victims, 60,199-202 RGO aid to, see RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of rivalries among resistance organizations, 169-70 sent to Auschwitz, 189 typhus epidemic among, xviii, 86-90,92-93, 96,128, 139, ' Underground members among, xxii, 83-84, 93,153 women, 67,74,83-84,86,89,92,125,134-36, 159,193-99 Zamosc expellees, 96-97 Zamosé expellees released into RGO care, xviii-xix, 102-7 Majdan Tatarski, xii, 48,50, 82 Malm, Mikolaj, 110 Malm,
Saturnina: Majdanek aid packages produced by, 110 Sara Roth rescued by, 110-11 in smuggling of food and medicine into Majdanek, 63-64, 84 299 Maria (AK agent), in plan to attack Majdanek evacuation train, 177,178,179, 181 “Mathematical Reasoning and Traditional Logic” (Janinas dissertation), 4 Mehlberg, Henry, xxi academic career of, 5-6, 8, 219,221,224, 227-28,231 aphasia of, 228 in application to JDC for exit permit, 220-21 bitterness over war years felt by, 229-30 education of, 4 in escape to Canada, 223-24 and Janinas escape from Poland, 224-25 Janina’s memoir given to Funk by, xxi, 232 on Janina’s motives for her rescue operations, 234-35 Janina’s true name and early years misstated by, 235 in marriage to Clark, 231 in marriage to Janina’s sister Antonina, 231 preface to Janina’s memoir by, xxv, 234-35 in reversion to true name, 219 as Spolem agricultural worker, 36 Suchodolski alias acquired by, 35 Mehlberg, Henry, Janina and, 29 allowed by Soviets to keep Lwôw apartment, 11 in constant fear of arrest by NKVD, 14 courtship and marriage of, 5 food shortages and, 12-13,20 forced to conceal marriage, 219 Henry conscripted to work at Wehrmacht bakery, 21-22 in immigration from Canada to U.S., 227 and Janina’s 1933 health crisis, 5 in journey to Lublin, 24-27 in Lwôw, 5-6,8-24 in plan to escape Poland, 222-23 in postwar decision to maintain assumed identities, 217-18 rented Lublin room of, 28-31 Soviet-approved teaching jobs of, 11-12 in Toronto, 225-27 Mehlberg, Izydor, 219-20 Mehlberg, Janina Spinner, xvii acceptance of her likely fate as freeing for, 53, 54 birth and
childhood of, 1-2 on confronting bullies, 27 Countess Suchodolska identity documents obtained by, 35 countless lives saved by, xxviii, 1 doctorate in philosophy earned by, 3-4 extraordinary compassion and empathy of, xxix, 242,245-46 failing health and death of, xxi, 230-31 former prisoners’ accounts of, xxii
300 Mehlberg; Janina Spinner (cont.) Henry and, see Mehlberg, Henry, Janina and human capacity to perform logically irreconcilable acts witnessed by, 18-19 Illinois Institute of Technology, professor of mathematics at, xxi, 228-229 . Institute for System Research position of, 228 “Josephine” adopted as first name in Canada and U.S, XXV, 1,226 languages spoken by, 2 Lwôw high school teaching position of, 6 mathematical studies of, 3 mathematics career resumed by, 226 multiple self-reinventions of, xxiv-xxv photographs of, 235-36,237-38 in refusal to talk about war years, 230 University of Toronto research position of, 227 as valuing lives of many over her own, 234,243, 245-47 women engineering students encouraged by, 229 Mehlberg, Janina Spinner, memoir of (“Janinas Story”), xxi, 1 as call to tolerance, mercy, and hope, 244, 245-46 edited and annotated by Funk, 247 given to Funk by Henry, 232,233, given to USHMM, xxiii, 247 Henry’s preface to, XXV, 234-35 heroism of Polish resistance memorialized by, 241 on impossible choices confronted by victims of Germans, 243-44 post-liberation visit to Majdanek recounted in, 245-46 rescue of women and children from Majdanek omitted from, 242 RGO aid operations given rightful due by, 241 as silent on Janinas feelings as Jew, 241-42 translated into English by Henry, 240 White and Sliwa in quest to verify, xxi-xxv, 235-42 Mehlberg, Joseph, 220,224 and Henry and Janina’s escape from Poland, 222-23 Mehlberg, Josephine Janina, see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner Mehlberg, Juliusz, 219 Melzer, Martin: delivery of postcards ordered by, 130 food aid
packages and, 130 Janinas meetings with, 130 Janina’s soup delivery operation approved by, 130-32 as Majdanek commandant, 127 Menger, Karl, 228 INDEX Michalowicz, Mieczyslaw, 185 Michalski, Father, 175,194-95,200 Janina warned about Rohlfing s threats by, 202 Minneapolis Star Tribune, 238 Morris, Charles W, 222,231 Morzycki, Jerzy, 213 Muhsfeldt, Erich, 92 Müller, Hellmut, 100 RGO s Majdanek program approved by, 76 Skrzynski's meetings with, 91 Musielski, Zdzislaw, 97,102,120 Naremska, Jadwiga (Sara Roth), 110-11 National Council ofJewish Women, 223,224, 236 National Democrats, Polish, 7 Nativity scene, made at and smuggled out of Majdanek by prisoners, 156 Nazi Germany, Nazis: Austria annexed by, 7-8,41 battlefield reverses of, 140 concentration camps in, 32 Czechoslovakia dismantled by, 8 ethnic Poles in, 36 ethnic prejudices exploited by, 38 “euthanasia” program to murder the disabled, 45-46 faltering war effort of, 72-73 “final solution” policy of, xxvi, xxvii, 31-33,36, 45,47,66-67 Italy occupied by, 99 Majdanek as international symbol of criminality of, xxii, xxiii, xxv in nonaggression pact with Soviets, 8 Poland invaded by, 9-10 Soviet Union invaded by, 15,44 unconditional surrender of, 214 western and northern Poland annexed by, 10,31 see also Hitler, Adolf Neuengamme concentration camp, 148 New York Herald Tribune, reports ofMajdanek mass murder discounted by, 212 NKVD: in Eastern Galicia, 13,14 in Katyn Forest murder of Polish elites, 14 RGO harassed and distrusted by, 216 Nowak, Jan, 64,155,182,185 Janinas meetings with, 129,133 Olbrycht,Jozefa, 117,166,171
Operation Harvest Festival (Aktion Erntefest), 141-46,148,160,200,205,238,241 OPUS network, 137,153 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 126 Antoszewska as head of, 109
INDEX Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 7,16-17 Oswiçcim concentration camp, see Auschwitz concentration camp Perzanowska, Stefania, 86,92-93 arrest and imprisonment of, 134 Janinas last meeting with, 189 Janina's relationship with, 134-36,137-38,139, 143-44,157-58,167,185 Petrak, Wilhelm Karl, 142,195 Janina given pass to Majdanek protective custody camp by, 138-39 Janinas rapport with, 126, 127,148,183 packages for remaining Majdanek prisoners picked up and distributed by, 193-94 Pilsudski, Jozef, 7 Pines, Sigmund, 220, 223 and Mehlbergs’ escape plan, 222-23 pneumothorax device, smuggled into Majdanek by Janina, 154-56 Poland, xi German invasion of, 9-10 German-occupied, xxvi, 19,31, see General Government as ground zero for Nazi “final solution,” xxvi, Soviet annexation of eastern regions in, 219 western and northern provinces annexed by Germany, 10,31 Poland, interwar: anti-Semitic violence in, 7 Eastern Galicia annexed by, 3 Great Depression in, 6,7 political polarization in, 6-7 repression of minorities in, 7 Poland, Soviet-controlled, 213-15 anti-Semitic government campaign in, 240 anti-Semitism and attacks on Jews in, 219-20 Holocaust “memory war” in, 239-40 Janinas escape from, 225 Jewish flight from, 220 Stalinist crackdown in, 221 Poles, ethnic: discrimination against, 35-36, 37-38 in flight into Zamo^c forests, 67-69 food rationing for, 36-37 food shortages of, 50-51 as forced laborers, xviii, xxii, XXV, 36,42-43,51, 58,59,67-69,73-74,108,115-17,195-98, 214 Nazis’ genocidal campaign against, xxvi Nazi’s ruthless subjugation of, 50-51 Poles, ethnic
German, 39-40 in Lublin Selbstschutz, 42-43 301 Polish Care Committee, Lublin, 57,63,67,102, 111, 112,166 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 77,126 allowed into Krochmalna transit camp, 107 and Christmas Eve delivery to Majdanek, 157 convalescent home for expellees established by, 114 Easter food packages assembled by, 188 in expanded deliveries of bread and soup to Majdanek, 149 food for Zamek and Lublin transit camp provided by, 168 food packages for former Majdanek prisoners prepared by, 190 increased food deliveries of, 151-54 Janina in obtaining IDs for workers of, 113 Janina’s decision not to send Wendler’s letter to, 117 Majdanek food and supplies provided by, 76-79, 84-85,91 in resettlement of Zamosé expellees, xviii-xix, 103-6,114 train station care center of, 192 Polish Care Committee, Lublin, postwar activities of, 217-18 Janina appointed deputy director of, 218 Polish Care Committee, Zamosc, 65 Polish Care Committees, 101 Volhynia refugees aided by, 115-16 Zamosc expellees aided by, 68,70 Polish Care Committees, Lublin District, Wendler’s letter along with Janina’s secret instructions sent to, 116-17 Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), Soviet control of, 213 Polish First Army (communist), 213 Polish government in exile, 53,213,214 Majdanek feeding program funding by, 169 Polish Home Army, see AK (Polish Home Army) Polish Main Welfare Council, see RGO Polish Mathematical Society, Janina elected to, 8 Polish Philosophical Society, 4,5 Polish Red Cross, 76, 110,189,217 aid packages for Majdanek prepared by, 77,126 and Christmas Eve delivery to
Majdanek, 157 food and medicine delivered to Majdanek prisoners by, xviii given sole credit for Majdanek aid, 241 Janina’s collaboration with, 169 Majdanek aid packages delivered by, 76,77-79, 90-91,110,125-26 in meetings with prisoner physicians committee, 152 prisoner care activities turned over to RGO by, 204
302 Polish Red Cross {contf in release of Zamosc expellees, 103-6 in RGO s expanded Majdanek deliveries, 151-52 Polish Underground State, see Underground, Polish Princeton University, Henry as visiting professor at, 227 Pütz, Karl, 129 Radom District, Zamosc Poles resettled in ghettos of, 68,69, 70 Raleigh News Observer, 238 Ravensbrück concentration camp, 62 remaining Majdanek women prisoners sent to, 193 Reach of Science, The (H. Mehlberg), 228 Red Army, 3 in advance on Lublin, 203-8 advances of, 191 Eastern Galicia advance of, 175 in liberation of Lublin, 209-12 Lwôw homes confiscated by, 11 violence against ethnic Poles and Jews by, 10-11 RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), xxiv, 107 AK agents in, 58 Christians’ accusations against, 216-17 executions of employees of, 59 funding of, 56, 77, 98 General Government s relationship with, 59 given custody of women, children and unfit inmates in transit camps, 101-2 Janina appointed as Lublin District secretary, xxvii, 58 Krochmalna Street transit camp prisoners released to, 107, 111, 169 Lublin citizens’ contributions to, xxvii NKVD suspicions about, 216 prison aid programs established by, 61 -62 in protests over Zamosc expulsions, 69 Red Cross prisoner care activities assumed by, 204 replaced by CKOS, 218 SecurityPolice surveillance of, 58-59 Skrzyfiski as Lublin District head of, 56,57 support for Lublin District Poles provided by, 168 Underground agents in, 58,71,95-96,115-16 Volhynia refugees aided by, 115,168 Wendler’s cooperation with, 100 Zamosc expellees aided by, 58,65,67-68, 70-71,95-99 Zamosc expellees at Majdanek
released into care of, 102-6 INDEX RGO (Polish Main Welfare Council), Majdanek aid program of, xviii-xix, xxi-xxii, xxvii-xxviii blankets and straw supplied by, 77,91 bread, vegetables, and soup supplied by, xix, 76-77, 84, 126,128,130-40,148-50,151, 154,156-59,163-64,168,188-89,195 in Christmas Eve delivery of trees and extra food, 156-59 curtailing of aid efforts, ill provision of medical supplies by, 91,128,129, 140 Easter packages provided by, 188-89 Florstedt's authorization of, 76-77,84 food packages sent to transferred prisoners by, 190 funds to retain Lublin Polish Care Committee employees provided by, 191 generosity of Lublin citizens in, xxvii-xxviii, 150,188 initially banned by German authorities, 63 Janina as supervisor of, 77 Janina’s call for donations to, 150 Janinas goal of helping non-Polish prisoners through, 78 Janinas operation to deliver prepared soup in, 128,130-40 as Janina’s personal mission, 77 Janinas support for Underground in, 84 Janinas tour of infirmary, 88 Liebehenschel's canceling of, 193-94 looting of packages by SS and kapos in, 78-79, 91,128 Lublin District BuF’s consent to, 75-76 in meetings with prisoner physicians, 152 Polish government in exile’s funding of, 169 Security Police approval of, 76 X-ray machine delivered by, 151 Rindfleisch, Heinrich, 192-93 Rohlfing, Hermann, 200-2 Ronikier, Count Adam, 56,59,61 in meeting with Frank, 98-99 Roth, Sara, 110-11 Rudzifiska, Maria Anna, 221,223 Janinas letters to, 222,237 Rudzifiski, Aleksander Witold, 221 Russian Empire, Eastern Galicia invaded by, 2 Rylska, Madame, 30,39 Rylski, Olek, 39
Jewish girl rescued from ghetto by, 48-49 Rylski family, 48-49 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 17,80 Santi, Father, 49,141 Santi, Mrs., Skrzyfiski and Janina’s listening station in home of, 55-56
INDEX Schindler, Oskar, xxviii Schindlers List (film), xxviii Schlüter, Ernst: IDs issued to Care Committee workers by, 113 Janinas meetings with, 112-14 Labor Office ordered to cooperate with Janina by, 113 Lublin night shelter approved by, 113 in meeting with Janina and Woroniecki, 112 release of Majdanek hostages ordered by, 112-13 return of released expellees’ belongings ordered by, 113 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 15-16 RGO office inspected by, 165-66 Security Police, German, 15,23, 75 fate of Polish expellees controlled by, 100 RGO’s Majdanek aid program approved by, 76 as suspicious ofJaninas activities, 177 as suspicious of RGO activities, 58-59,61-62 Volhynia refugees sent to transit camps by, 114 Sendler, Irena, xxviii Siberia, labor camps in, 14 Sikora, Stanislaw, 171-72 Six Day War (1967), 240 Skrzynski, Count Andrzej, 51,204, 223,240, 241 appointed advisor to Lublin District RGO, 56, 57 Christians’ accusations against, 216-17 resigns as RGO advisor, 217 foreign radio broadcasts monitored by, 55-56 German atrocities in Zamosc region investigated by, 95,97,98-99 Janina’s activities encouraged and aided by, xxvii Janina sponsored for AK membership by, 53-54 in journey to Lublin with Mehlbergs, 24-27 in meeting with Florstedt, 72 Mehlbergs’ Polish identity documents obtained by, xxvi, 35 Müller’s meetings with, 91 protests over Zamosc expulsions ignored by German authorities, 68 release of some Polish Majdanek prisoners secured by, 85 Wendler’s meetings with, 100 Skrzyhski, Rys, typhoid infection faked by, 210-11 Sliwa, Joanna, in quest to verifyJanina’s memoir, xxiv-
xxv, 236-42 Smywinska-Pohl, Anna, 236 Sobibor killing center, xi, 47,71, 82 Jews in escape from, 146 Society for Engineering Science, Janinain, 229 Sorbonne, Janina’s study at, 4 South Bend Tribune, 238 Soviet POWs, mass starvation and murder of, 60 303 Soviet Union: deportations from Eastern Galicia to labor camps in, 13-14 Eastern Galicia annexed by, 10 eastern Poland annexed by, 219 Germany’s invasion of, 15, 44 in nonaggression pact with Germany, 8 Poland invaded by, 10 see also Red Army Spielberg, Steven, xxviii Spinner, Bluma, see Altmann, Antonina Spinner, Chaja, 2, 222 Spinner, Pepi, see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner Spinner, Pinkas, 1-2 Spinner, Tauba, 3 Spolem (agricultural collective): and Christmas Eve delivery to Majdanek, 157 Cuman refugees transported by, 122-23 food deliveries to Majdanek aided by, 150 Henry’s job with, 36 released Zamosc expellees transported by, 105 soup deliveries to Majdanek aided by, 132-33 Sporrenberg, Jakob, 112,146 SS (Schutzstaffel), 16-17,19-21 forced labor camps of, 43,45,60-61,73-74, 110,141, 142,145 Himmler as chief of, 31-33,41, 44 industrial operations of, 44, 73, 80,148,160 Janina’s interactions with, xviii, xxii, xxviii, 85, 126-27,130-31,135-39,152-53,155, 158-59,164,172-73,181-82, 242; see also specific SS officers Majdanek concentration camp of, see Majdanek concentration camp Majdanek prisoner evacuation trains guarded by, 183-85 in mass murder ofJews, see Holocaust Poles expelled from Zamosé region by, 43, 65-69,100 Red Army POWs murdered by, 59-60 resettlement commission of, 67,70,95,96, 102-8 transit camps run by, see
Krochmalna Street transit camps (Lublin); Lublin District transit camps see also Einsatzgruppen; Globocnik, Odilo; Waffen SS Stanislawôw (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine), 4,5 murder of intelligentsia in, 62 Steinhaus, Hugo, 3 Stiefler, Frau, 203 Strus, Countess Wladyslawa, 40, 51-52, 203,209 room rented to Mehlbergs by, 29-31 Suchodolska, Countess Janina (alias), see Mehlberg, Janina Spinner
304 Suchodolski, Count Piotr, as alias of Henry Mehlberg, 35 Szczesniewski, Henryk, 161 Sztaba, Romuald, 164 Tee, Nechama, xxviii Teller, Edward, 229 Thumann, An ton, 173 Janinas encounters with, 127,133,178-79, 180-81,184 in murder of Majdanek Jews, 145 sadistic nature of, 127 trial and execution of, 233n Time, Causality, and the Quantum Theory (H. Mehlberg), 231 Toronto, Janina and Henry in, 225-27 Toronto, University of: Henry’s teaching position at, 224, 227 Janinas positions at, 227,228 Trawniki men (non-German SS auxiliaries), 46, 66,101 in liquidation of Lublin ghetto, 49 at Majdanek, 83 Treblinka killing center, xi, 47,82 Jews in escape from, 146 Trieste, Globocniks transfer to, 99 Twardowski, Kazimierz, 3-4,5 Janina as student of, 236 Ukraine, 2 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in ethnic cleansing campaign against Poles, 114 Ukrainian militia, in mass murder of ethnic Poles and Jews, 15-18 Ukrainians: in attacks on ethnic Poles and Jews, 10-11 preferential treatment by Germans, 16,38-39 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Eastern Galicia absorbed by, 12 Underground, Polish, xxvii, 53,58,59,61,99, 117 escape of Volhynia refugees aided by, 116, 117 informed of Majdanek evacuation plan by Janina, 176 Janina in obtaining IDs and passes for, 113 Janina's contacts in, 65, 71, 77, 95-96, 98 at Majdanek camp, xxii, 83-84,93, 153 Malm and, 64 NKVD imprisonment of members of, 213 Perzanowska in, 134 in RGO, 58,115-16 women in, 71, 83-84 United Nations, Janina awarded U.S. travel fellowship by, 221-22 INDEX United States: antisemitism in, 222 Hitler s declaration of war on, 47
Janinas UN-sponsored visit to, 221-22 in World War 1,3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), xxiii V-l missile production, 164 Villnow, Irmgard: Janina accused of treason by, 118-20 Lublin Care Committee offices raided by, 117 Volhynia refugees: in flight from Red Army, 191 forcibly deported to Germany, 114-15 from Cuman, Janina in rescue of, 120-23 interned in transit camps, 114-15 Janinas rescue operation for, 115-23 released from transit camps, 168 Underground aid in escape of, 116,117 Volhynia (Wolyn) territory, xi ethnic cleansing campaign in, 114 Polish refugees from, see Volhynia refugees Waffen SS, 32,41, 83 Warsaw, xi AKs failed 1944 uprising in, 214 German destruction of, 214 Jewish death rate in, 23 Warsaw District, Zamosc Poles resettled in ghettos of, 68,69,70 Warsaw Ghetto, 85 1943 uprising in, 145-46 Wawel Royal Castle, as Frank’s headquarters, 34 Wehrmacht, Lwôw military administration of, 16-17 Wehrmacht, Majdanek forced labor camp of, 195-99 RGO allowed to provide aid to, 196-97 RGO allowed to supply nurses and Polish doctor to, 197 unfit prisoners released to RGO from, 197-98 Weiss, Martin, 184 additional soup deliveries allowed by, 168 appointed Majdanek commandant, 148 in Christmas Eve visit to prisoner compounds, 158 Christmas trees and extra food authorized by, 156-57 increased packages and clothing shipments allowed by, 154 Janinas Easter proposal approved by, 175-76 Janinas expansion of RGO aid program approved by, 148-49
INDEX maintaining Majdanek labor force as mandate of, 148,156 Majdanek prisoner physicians committee authorized to meet with RGO and Red Cross in Lublin by, 152 in meetings with Janina on Majdanek evacuation, 176 special Easter food packages allowed by, 188 Wendler, Richard, 112 appointed Lublin District governor, 99 Globocniks transfer demanded by, 99 Himmler’s relationship with, 99 Janina ordered to cease Volhynia rescue efforts by, 116 Janina s meeting with, 100 RGO requests met by, 100,112 Skrzynski’smeetingwith, 100 Wendrucha, Jozef, 118,120,121,166,171,241 arrest and death of, 173-74 West Germany, Janina and Henry’s application for reparations from, 230,238 White, Elizabeth "Barry”: Janina’s unpublished memoir given to, xxi as misled about Janina’s early life by Henry’s preface, 235 in quest to verify Janina’s memoir, xxii-xxv, 235-42 Wieliczanski, Henryk (Izaak Halperin), 164 Wilson, Woodrow, in call for independent Polish state, 3 Winiewski, Juliusz, 130,132 Wiska (suspected Majdanek spy), 185-86 Wojeikowa,Janina, 121-23,130,165,170,191, 199,200 women, Polish: in AK, xxvii, 54-55 as Majdanek prisoners, 67,74,83-84,86,89,92, 125,134-36,159,193-99 released to RGO care from Majdanek and transit camps, 101-2,106 in Underground, 71, 83-84 see also Zamosc region, Poles expelled from l 305 World War 1,2 World War II, onset of, 9 Woroniecki, Prince Henryk, 57,77 delivery of food products for Majdanek kitchens directed by, 79 in meeting with Florstedt, 72 in meeting with Janina and Schlüter, 112 Worster, Heinrich, Skrzynski’s meeting with, 91 Wroclaw, University of, Henry’s
teaching position at, 221 X-ray machine, provided to Majdanek by RGO, 151 Zabiriski, Jan and Antonina, xxviii Zamek prison, xii, xiii, 163 Janina in rescue of living prisoners at, 205-8 Lublin Care Committees providing of food to, 168 mass murder of prisoners at, 205-8 RGO care operations at, 204 Soviet imprisonment of AK and Underground members at, 213 Zamosc, transit camp at: inhuman conditions at, 69 Janina in rescue of children from, 71 Poles interned at, 67, 68, 69 RGO permitted to aid internees of, 70-71 Zamosc region, xi armed Polish resistance in, 69 German resettlement of, 43-44, 67, 68,108 liquidation of ghettos in, 66 Poles’ escape into forests of, 67-69 Poles expelled from, xviii-xix, 43-44,65-69, 94-95,97-108,109,111 Zelent, Stanislaw, 167,180,182,192 Zookeeper's Wife (film), xxviii Zookeeper's Wife (book), xxviii Zörner, Ernst, 38,66 Zurawno (Zhuravno), 2, 7, 237 Zwick, Edward, xxviii Zyklon В (hydrogen cyanide), 46 EsÜs Staatabibilothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | White, Elizabeth B. Sliwa, Joanna Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1326705067 (DE-588)1050186346 (DE-588)132670561X |
| author_facet | White, Elizabeth B. Sliwa, Joanna Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | White, Elizabeth B. |
| author_variant | e b w eb ebw j s js j s m js jsm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049604524 |
| contents | Before -- The beginning of the end -- Terror comes to Lwów -- Transformation -- The dystopian utopia -- Annihilation -- "Better to die a soldier" -- Frozen cargo -- The Polish question -- Majdanek -- Janina's lists -- Rescue -- Soup with a side of hope -- Harvest of death -- Christmas at Majdanek -- Cat and mouse -- The plot -- The end approaches -- Blood on the stairs -- The end -- Flight -- A new beginning -- Epilogue: "Janina's story" -- Coda |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1430763282 (DE-599)BVBBV049604524 |
| edition | First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition |
| era | Geschichte 1943 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1943 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049604524</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240429</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">240310s2024 xx a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781982189129</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-9821-8912-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1430763282</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049604524</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">White, Elizabeth B.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1326705067</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="240" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Memories</subfield><subfield code="g">unpublished</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The counterfeit Countess</subfield><subfield code="b">the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust</subfield><subfield code="c">Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">The Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi</subfield><subfield code="b">Simon & Schuster</subfield><subfield code="c">2024</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxix, 305 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="380" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Book</subfield><subfield code="2">tlcgt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Before -- The beginning of the end -- Terror comes to Lwów -- Transformation -- The dystopian utopia -- Annihilation -- "Better to die a soldier" -- Frozen cargo -- The Polish question -- Majdanek -- Janina's lists -- Rescue -- Soup with a side of hope -- Harvest of death -- Christmas at Majdanek -- Cat and mouse -- The plot -- The end approaches -- Blood on the stairs -- The end -- Flight -- A new beginning -- Epilogue: "Janina's story" -- Coda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The astonishing story of Dr. Josephine Janina Mehlberg--a Jewish mathematician who saved thousands of lives in Nazi-occupied Poland by masquerading as a Polish aristocrat--drawing on Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir. 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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content (DE-588)4003939-0 Autobiografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie Autobiografie |
| id | DE-604.BV049604524 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:35:11Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-31T19:06:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781982189129 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034948882 |
| oclc_num | 1430763282 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxix, 305 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240429 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | White, Elizabeth B. Verfasser (DE-588)1326705067 aut Memories unpublished The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa The Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi Simon & Schuster 2024 xxix, 305 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Book tlcgt Before -- The beginning of the end -- Terror comes to Lwów -- Transformation -- The dystopian utopia -- Annihilation -- "Better to die a soldier" -- Frozen cargo -- The Polish question -- Majdanek -- Janina's lists -- Rescue -- Soup with a side of hope -- Harvest of death -- Christmas at Majdanek -- Cat and mouse -- The plot -- The end approaches -- Blood on the stairs -- The end -- Flight -- A new beginning -- Epilogue: "Janina's story" -- Coda "The astonishing story of Dr. Josephine Janina Mehlberg--a Jewish mathematician who saved thousands of lives in Nazi-occupied Poland by masquerading as a Polish aristocrat--drawing on Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir. World War II and the Holocaust have given rise to many stories of resistance and rescue, but The Counterfeit Countess is unique. It tells the remarkable, unknown story of "Countess Janina Suchodolska," a Jewish woman who rescued more than 10,000 Poles imprisoned by Poland's Nazi occupiers. Mehlberg operated in Lublin, Poland, headquarters of Aktion Reinhard, the SS operation that murdered 1.7 million Jews in occupied Poland. Using the identity papers of a Polish aristocrat, she worked as a welfare official while also serving in the Polish resistance. With guile, cajolery, and steely persistence, the "Countess" persuaded SS officials to release thousands of Poles from the Majdanek concentration camp. She won permission to deliver food and medicine--even decorated Christmas trees--for thousands more of the camp's prisoners. At the same time, she personally smuggled supplies and messages to resistance fighters imprisoned at Majdanek, where 63,000 Jews were murdered in gas chambers and shooting pits. Incredibly, she eluded detection, and ultimately survived the war and emigrated to the US. Drawing on the manuscript of Mehlberg's own unpublished memoir, supplemented with prodigious research, Elizabeth White and Joanna Sliwa, professional historians and Holocaust experts, have uncovered the full story of this remarkable woman. They interweave Mehlberg's sometimes harrowing personal testimony with broader historical narrative. Like The Light of Days, Schindler's List, and Irena's Children, The Counterfeit Countess is an unforgettable account of inspiring courage in the face of unspeakable cruelty"-- Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 (DE-588)132670561X gnd rswk-swf Konzentrationslager Majdanek (DE-588)4268005-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1943 gnd rswk-swf Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Mehlberg, Josephine Janina / 1905-1969 Majdanek (Concentration camp) Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland / Lublin World War, 1939-1945 / Underground movements / Poland / Lublin / Biography Women mathematicians / Poland / Biography Impostors and imposture / Poland / Biography Jewish women / Poland / Biography Lublin (Poland) / Biography Holocauste, 1939-1945 / Pologne / Lublin Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 / Mouvements de résistance / Pologne / Lublin / Biographies Mathématiciennes / Pologne / Biographies Juives / Pologne / Biographies Jewish women / Biography World War, 1939-1945 / Jews / Rescue Holocaust, 1933-1945 Biographies (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content (DE-588)4003939-0 Autobiografie gnd-content Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 (DE-588)132670561X p DE-604 Konzentrationslager Majdanek (DE-588)4268005-0 b Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 s Geschichte 1943 z Sliwa, Joanna Verfasser (DE-588)1050186346 aut Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 (DE-588)132670561X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-9821-8914-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | White, Elizabeth B. Sliwa, Joanna Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Before -- The beginning of the end -- Terror comes to Lwów -- Transformation -- The dystopian utopia -- Annihilation -- "Better to die a soldier" -- Frozen cargo -- The Polish question -- Majdanek -- Janina's lists -- Rescue -- Soup with a side of hope -- Harvest of death -- Christmas at Majdanek -- Cat and mouse -- The plot -- The end approaches -- Blood on the stairs -- The end -- Flight -- A new beginning -- Epilogue: "Janina's story" -- Coda Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 (DE-588)132670561X gnd Konzentrationslager Majdanek (DE-588)4268005-0 gnd Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)132670561X (DE-588)4268005-0 (DE-588)4231103-2 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4006804-3 (DE-588)4003939-0 |
| title | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| title_alt | Memories The Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| title_auth | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| title_full | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa |
| title_fullStr | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa |
| title_full_unstemmed | The counterfeit Countess the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust Elizabeth B. White and Joanna Sliwa |
| title_short | The counterfeit Countess |
| title_sort | the counterfeit countess the jewish woman who rescued thousands of poles during the holocaust |
| title_sub | the Jewish woman who rescued thousands of Poles during the Holocaust |
| topic | Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 (DE-588)132670561X gnd Konzentrationslager Majdanek (DE-588)4268005-0 gnd Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mehlberg, Janina Spinner 1905-1969 Konzentrationslager Majdanek Rettung Juden Biografie Autobiografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948882&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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