Equity & trusts:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
Thomson Sweet & Maxwell
2006
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Sweet & Maxwell's textbook series
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XCIII, 566 S. |
| ISBN: | 0421599200 9780421599208 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION VII
PREFACE IX
GLOSSARY XXVII
ABBREVIATIONS XXXVII
TABLE OF CASES XXXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES LXXXIX
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XCV
TABLE OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION XCV
AN INTRODUCTION TO EQUITY AND TRUSTS
THE HISTORY OF EQUITY-A SHORTENED VERSION 1.02
THE MAXIMS OF EQUITY 1.05
EQUITY WILL NOT SUFFER A WRONG TO BE WITHOUT A REMEDY . . 1.06 EQUITY
FOLLOWS THE LAW 1.07
HE WHO SEEKS EQUITY MUST DO EQUITY 1.08
HE WHO COMES TO EQUITY MUST COME WITH CLEAN HANDS . . 1.09 EQUITY IS
EQUALITY 1.10
WHERE THE EQUITIES ARE EQUAL THE FIRST IN TIME PREVAILS . . 1.11 EQUITY
IMPUTES AN INTENTION TO FULFIL AN OBLIGATION . . .. 1.12
EQUITY REGARDS AS DONE THAT WHICH OUGHT TO BE DONE . .. 1.13
EQUITY LOOKS TO INTENT RATHER THAN FORM 1.14
DELAY DEFEATS EQUITY 1.15
EQUITY ACTS IN PERSONAM 1.16
EQUITY WILL NOT ALLOW A STATUTE TO BE USED AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FRAUD
1.17
EQUITY WILL NOT ASSIST A VOLUNTEER 1.18
EQUITY WILL NOT PERFECT AN IMPERFECT GIFT 1.19
KEY EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1.20
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 1.21
INJUNCTIONS 1.22
RECTIFICATION 1.24
RESCISSION 1.25
SUBROGATION 1.26
REMEDIES IN THE CONTEXT OF A BREACH OF TRUST 1.27
THE TRUST AND ITS ORIGINS 1.28
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRUST 1.31
TYPES OF TRUST 1.32
THE EXPRESS TRUST 1.33
BARE TRUSTS 1.34
IMAGE 2
XII CONTENTS
FIXED TRUSTS 1-35
EXECUTED AND EXECUTORY TRUSTS 1.36
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS 1-37
PUBLIC TRUSTS 1-38
SECRET TRUSTS 1.39
STATUTORY TRUSTS 1.40
EMPLOYEE TRUSTS 1.41
PENSION TRUSTS 1.42
PROTECTIVE TRUSTS 1.43
IMPLIED RESULTING AND CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 1.44
DISTINGUISHING A TRUST FROM OTHER LEGAL CONCEPTS 1.46
DEBT 1.47
BAILMENT 1.49
AGENCY 1.50
GIFTS 1.51
POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1.52
DISTINGUISHING A POWER FROM A DISCRETIONARY TRUST . . .. 1.53
OVERSEAS TRUSTS 1.55
TAX HAVENS 1.56
CONFLICTS OF LAW 1.57
THE THREE CERTAINTIES INITIAL OBSERVATIONS 2.02
CONSEQUENCES OF A LACK OF CERTAINTY 2.03
CERTAINTY OF INTENTION 2.05
PRECATORY WORDS 2.06
FICTITIOUS INTENTIONS 2.09
INFERRED INTENTION 2.10
INFERRED INTENTION AND FAMILY CONTEXT 2.11
INFERRED INTENTION AND COMMERCIAL CONTEXT 2.14
INFERENCE FROM MUTUAL INTENTIONS 2.16
INFERENCE FROM RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED 2.18
INFERENCE FROM A UNILATERAL ACT 2.20
UNDERSTANDING THE QUISTCLOSE-STYLE TRUST 2.21
CERTAINTY OF SUBJECT MATTER 2.23
TRUST PROPERTY 2.24
IN SEARCH OF MEANING 2.26
A TRUST OF WHATEVER IS LEFT 2.27
A TRUST OF PART OF PROPERTY: TANGIBLES 2.29
A TRUST OF PART OF PROPERTY: INTANGIBLES 2.31
CERTAINTY OF BENEFICIAL SHARE 2.33
EQUITY IS EQUALITY 2.34
AN OBJECTIVE CALCULUS 2.35
CERTAINTY OF OBJECTS 2.37
CONCEPTUAL UNCERTAINTY? 2.38
EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTUAL UNCERTAINTY 2.39
RELATIVES, DEPENDANTS AND CHILDREN 2.40
FIXED TRUSTS: THE COMPLETE LIST RULE 2.41
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XIII
UNTRACEABLE BENEFICIARIES 2.43
FIXED TRUSTS: EVIDENTIAL CERTAINTY 2.44
RENDERING THE EVIDENTIALLY UNCERTAIN CERTAIN? 2.45
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS: THE CLASS TEST 2.46
THE CLASS TEST IN OPERATION 2.48
ADMINISTRATIVELY UNWORKABLE TRUSTS 2.49
CAPRICIOUSNESS 2.50
CONSTITUTION OF TRUSTS
METHODS OF CONSTITUTION 3.03
TRANSFER OF LEGAL TITLE 3.04
INEFFECTIVE TRANSFERS 3.05
SELF-DECLARATION AS TRUSTEE 3.07
THE EVERY EFFORT RULE 3.09
THE ROLE OF UNCONSCIONABILITY 3.13
THE SETTLOR AS ONE OF SEVERAL TRUSTEES 3.14
DONATIONES MORTIS CAUSA 3.15
IN CONTEMPLATION OF DEATH 3.17
CONDITIONAL ON DEATH 3.18
DELIVERY 3.20
THE RULE IN STRONG V BIRD 3.21
RE RALLI S WILL TRUSTS 3.25
IMPERFECT CONSTITUTION AND CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS 3.27
ENFORCEMENT OF COVENANTS TO SETTLE 3.29
A TRUST OF THE BENEFIT OF THE COVENANT? 3.32
PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL 3.34
FORMALITIES AND THE PERPETUITY RULE
THE FUNCTION OF FORMALITIES 4.02
THE DISADVANTAGE OF FORMALITIES 4.03
LIFETIME TRUSTS OF LAND 4.04
SECTION 53(2): AN EXCEPTION 4.07
DEALING WITH AN EXISTING TRUST INTEREST 4.09
DISPOSITION OF A SUBSISTING EQUITABLE INTEREST? 4.10
SECTION 53(L)(C): FOUR SEMINAL CASES CASE 1: GREY V IRC 4.12
CASE 2: OUGHTRED V IRC 4.14
CASE 3: VANDERVELL V IRC 4.18
WAS THE TRANSFER CAUGHT BY S.53(L)(C)? 4.19
WHAT OF THE OPTION TO PURCHASE? 4.22
CASE 4: RE VANDERVELL TRUSTS (NO.2) 4.24
THE REASONING OF MEGARRY J 4.25
THE DIVINATION OF A NEW TRUST 4.27
SO WHAT ABOUT S.53(L)(C)? 4.28
THE ROLE OF ESTOPPEL 4.29
IS RE VANDERVELL (NO.2) CORRECTLY DECIDED? 4.30
IMAGE 4
XIV CONTENTS
SECTION 53(L)(C): A SYNOPSIS 4.31
THE RULES AGAINST PERPETUITY 4 32
REMOTENESS OF VESTING 4 -33
A VESTED INTEREST THE COMMON LAW PERPETUITY PERIOD 4.37
THE WAIT AND SEE RULE 4.38
STATUTORY LIVES IN BEING 4.40
THE STATUTORY PERPETUITY PERIOD 4.41
LAW REFORM 4-42
THE RULES AGAINST INALIENABILITY 4.43
THE RULES AGAINST ACCUMULATIONS 4.45
EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION 4.47
LAW REFORM 4.48
POST-MORTEM TRUSTS: MUTUAL WILLS AND SECRET TRUSTS
THE DOCTRINE OF MUTUAL WILLS 5.03
A BINDING AGREEMENT 5.04
ACTING ON THE AGREEMENT 5.06
SECRET TRUSTS 5.08
ORIGINS 5.10
TYPES OF SECRET TRUST 5.11
INTESTACY 5.14
ARE SECRET TRUSTS EXPRESS OR CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS? 5.15
PROVING A SECRET TRUST 5.17
THE CREATION OF A SECRET TRUST 5.18
STAGE 1: INTENTION 5.19
STAGE 2: COMMUNICATION 5.20
COMMUNICATION AND THE FULLY SECRET TRUST 5.21
COMMUNICATION AND THE HALF-SECRET TRUST 5.24
STAGE 3: ACCEPTANCE 5.27
REVOKING ACCEPTANCE 5.28
VARIATIONS ON A THEME 5.30
PREDECEASING THE TESTATOR 5.31
CHANGES TO TRUST PROPERTY 5.32
THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF SECRET TRUSTS 5.33
FRAUD 5.34
DEHORS THE WILL 5.35
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 5.36
NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSE TRUSTS
THE BENEFICIARY PRINCIPLE 6.02
PERPETUITY 6.04
CERTAINTY 6.06
EXCESSIVE DELEGATION OF TESTAMENTARY POWER 6.07
CAPRICIOUSNESS 6.08
ADMINISTRATIVE WORKABILITY 6.09
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XV
THE ANOMALOUS EXCEPTIONS 6.10
MONUMENTS AND GRAVES 6.11
SAYING OF MASSES 6.14
CARE OF SPECIFIC ANIMALS 6.15
MISCELLANEOUS CASES 6.17
THE MODERN STANCE 6.18
TRUSTS FOR PERSONS AND TRUSTS FOR PURPOSES 6.19
THE APPROACH IN RE DENLEY 6.22
RE DENLEY INTERPRETED: RE GRANT S WT 6.25
RE DENLEY INTERPRETED: RE LIPINSKI S WT 6.28
GIFTS TO UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 6.30
DEFINITION 6.31
INHERENT DIFFICULTIES 6.32
THE CONTRACT HOLDING THEORY 6.34
FURTHER POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTIONS 6.36
CHARITABLE PURPOSES 6.37
GIFTS TO PRESENT INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS 6.38
GIFTS TO PRESENT AND FUTURE MEMBERS 6.39
MANDATE OR AGENCY 6.40
DISSOLUTION OF AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION 6.42
DISTRIBUTION AMONGST THE MEMBERS 6.43
BONA VACANTIA 6.44
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PURSUING NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSES 6.47
USING CORPORATIONS 6.48
USE OF POWERS 6.49
EMPLOYING CONVEYANCING DEVICES 6.50
OFF-SHORE TRUSTS 6.51
BY APPOINTMENT OF AN ENFORCER 6.52
CHARITABLE TRUSTS
THE ADVANTAGES OF CHARITABLE STATUS 7.02
PURPOSE TRUSTS 7.03
CERTAINTY OF OBJECTS 7.04
PERPETUITY 7.05
TAX ADVANTAGES 7.06
THE DEFINITION OF CHARITY THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.07
PROCEEDING BY ANALOGY: THE FOURTH HEAD OF CHARITY 7.09
THIRTEEN PURPOSES: THE CHARITIES BILL 2005 7.11
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.12
A SUFFICIENT SECTION OF THE COMMUNITY 7.13
EXCLUSIVITY OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.16
CONJUNCTIVE/DISJUNCTIVE CONSTRUCTION 7.17
SEVERING CHARITABLE AND NON-CHARITABLE PARTS 7.19
INCIDENTAL NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.20
CHARITABLE TRUSTS (VALIDATION) ACT 1954 7.21
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XVI CONTENTS
THE STATUTORY DESCRIPTIONS OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.22
THE PREVENTION OR RELIEF OF POVERTY THE MEANING OF POVERTY 7.23
POVERTY INFERRED FROM THE NATURE OF THE GIFT 7.24
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.25
DISTINGUISHING A CLASS OF OBJECTS 7.27
EXCLUSIVITY 7.28
ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION THE MEANING OF EDUCATION 7.29
KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH 7.30
FORMAL TEACHING OR STUDY 7.32
PUBLIC SERVICES OR FACILITIES 7.33
ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION 7.34
SPORTS, ACTIVITIES AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 7.37
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.39
A PREFERENCE TO A PRIVATE CLASS 7.41
POLITICAL OBJECTS 7.42
ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION MEANING OF RELIGION 7.43
BELIEF IN A SUPREME BEING 7.44
THE ACT OF WORSHIP 7.45
CHURCHES AND THE CLERGY 7.46
ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION 7.47
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.48
ENCLOSED ORDERS 7.49
RETREAT HOUSES 7.50
RELIGIOUS MASSES 7.51
THE ADVANCEMENT OF HEALTH OR THE SAVING OF LIVES 7.52
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.54
THE ADVANCEMENT OF CITIZENSHIP OR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT . . . 7.55 THE
ADVANCEMENT OF ARTS, CULTURE, HERITAGE OR SCIENCE 7.56
THE ADVANCEMENT OF AMATEUR SPORT 7.58
THE ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, OR RECON-
CILIATION, OR THE PROMOTION OF RELIGIOUS OR RACIAL HARMONY OR EQUALITY
AND DIVERSITY 7.60
THE ADVANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OR IMPROVEMENT . . 7.62 THE
RELIEF OF THOSE IN NEED BY REASON OF YOUTH, AGE, ILL-HEALTH, DISABILITY,
FINANCIAL HARDSHIP, OR OTHER DISADVANTAGES . . .. 7.63 THE ADVANCEMENT
OF ANIMAL WELFARE 7.64
THE PROMOTION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE CROWN 7.66
ANY OTHER PURPOSES 7 67
THE RECREATIONAL CHARITIES ACT 1958 7.68
POLITICAL PURPOSES 7 70
CHANGING THE LAW 7 J
CAMPAIGNING 7 73
EDUCATION AND POLITICS 7.74
CHARITABLE PURPOSES OVERSEAS 7.76
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XVII
CY-PRES
THE COURT S INHERENT JURISDICTION IMPOSSIBILITY AND IMPRACTICABILITY
8.02
GENERAL CHARITABLE INTENTION 8.03
INITIAL FAILURE 8.04
GIFTS FOR CHARITABLE PURPOSES 8.05
INSTITUTIONS THAT CEASE TO EXIST 8.07
CONTINUATION IN ANOTHER FORM 8.08
GIFTS TO INCORPORATED AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 8.09
GIFTS SUBJECT TO A CONDITION 8.11
NON-EXISTENT INSTITUTIONS 8.13
GROUPS OF OBJECTS 8.14
SUBSEQUENT FAILURE 8.16
TIMING 8.17
SURPLUS 8.18
ALTERING CHARITABLE PURPOSES 8.19
THE STATUTORY WIDENING OF CY-PRES 8.21
FULFILMENT OR FAILURE (PARA, (A)) 8.22
A USE PROVIDED FOR PART ONLY (PARA, (B)) 8.24
MORE EFFECTIVE USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER PROPERTY (PARA, (C)) 8.25
THE AREA OR CLASS HAS CEASED TO BE SUITABLE 8.26
WHERE PURPOSES HAVE BEEN ADEQUATELY PROVIDED FOR, CEASED TO BE
CHARITABLE OR CEASE TO BE SUITABLE OR EFFECTIVE (PARA.(E)) 8.27
CHARITIES ACT 1993, S.13(2) 8.28
FORTHCOMING STATUTORY REFORM 8.29
CHARITY COLLECTIONS 8.30
FORTHCOMING STATUTORY REFORM 8.34
APPLICATION CY-PRES OF GIFTS BY DONORS UNKNOWN OR DIS- CLAIMING 8.35
APPLICATION CY-PRES OF GIFTS MADE IN RESPONSE TO CERTAIN SOLICITATIONS
8.36
CY-PRES SCHEMES 8.38
RESULTING TRUSTS
CLASSIFICATION OF RESULTING TRUSTS 9.04
FAILURE OF TRUST CASES 9.09
FAILURE TO DECLARE A TRUST 9.10
FAILURE OF THE TRUST 9.12
EXCLUDING THE RESULTING TRUST 9.14
THE FAILURE OF A SPECIFIC PURPOSE 9.15
UNEXHAUSTED BENEFICIAL INTERESTS 9.18
MAINTENANCE CASES 9.19
DISASTER APPEALS 9.22
UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 9.26
RESULTING TRUSTS AND PENSION FUNDS 9.31
THE APPARENT GIFT CASES 9.33
PURCHASE IN THE NAME OF ANOTHER 9.34
IMAGE 8
XVIII CONTENTS
VOLUNTARY CONVEYANCE OR TRANSFER 9.35
LAND 9.36
PERSONALTY 9.38
DISPLACING THE PRESUMPTION OF RESULTING TRUST 9.39
THE PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT 9.40
HUSBAND AND WIFE 9.41
PARENT AND CHILD 9.42
IN LOCO PARENTIS 9.43
REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT 9.44
RELIANCE UPON EVIDENCE OF ILLEGALITY 9.45
WHERE EVIDENCE OF ILLEGALITY IS UNNECESSARY 9.47
ABANDONMENT OF FRAUDULENT ACTIVITY 9.52
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS
INSTITUTIONAL OR REMEDIAL? 10.03
PERSONAL OR PROPRIETARY? 10.06
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS PROPER 10.07
CATEGORIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 10.09
UNAUTHORISED FIDUCIARY GAINS 10.10
BRIBES 10.12
LIABILITY IMPOSED ON STRANGERS TO THE TRUST 10.14
TRUSTEESHIP DE SON TORT 10.15
THE DISHONEST ASSISTANT IN A BREACH OF TRUST 10.16
THE TEST FOR DISHONESTY 10.18
TWINSECTRA CONSIDERED 10.22
KNOWING RECEIPT OF TRUST PROPERTY 10.25
IMPUTED KNOWLEDGE 10.27
FORGOTTEN KNOWLEDGE 10.28
TOWARDS A SINGLE TEST OF KNOWLEDGE? 10.29
UNCONSCIONABILITY 10.31
ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY BY KILLING 10.32
ABSENCE OF STATUTORY FORMALITIES 10.34
PROPERTY ACQUIRED EXPRESSLY SUBJECT TO PERSONAL RIGHTS 10.35
PROPERTY ACQUIRED BY JOINT VENTURE 10.36
ENFORCEMENT OF AGREEMENTS 10.38
SPECIFICALLY ENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS 10.39
INFORMAL TRUSTS OF THE FAMILY HOME 10.40
MUTUAL WILLS 10.41
SECRET TRUSTS 10.42
TRUSTS OF THE FAMILY HOME
RELEVANCE OF LEGAL TITLE 11.02
AN EXPRESS DECLARATION OF TRUST 11.05
JOINT LEGAL OWNERS 11.08
IN SEARCH OF A DECLARATION 11.10
DEPARTING FORM THE DECLARED TERMS 11.11
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIX
A CHANGE OF ENTITLEMENT 11.14
UNEXPRESSED BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP 11.17
THE PURCHASE MONEY RESULTING TRUST 11.18
QUANTIFICATION 11.20
REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION 11.21
WHAT PAYMENTS SUFFICE? 11.25
THE RIGHT TO BUY DISCOUNT UNDER THE HOUSING ACT 1985 . . 11.27 MORTGAGE
REPAYMENTS 11.28
PAYMENT OF CONVEYANCING AND OTHER EXPENSES 11.29 DOMESTIC LABOUR AND
PAYMENT OF RENT 11.30
EMPLOYER RELOCATION PACKAGES AND INFORMAL AGREEMENTS 11.31 DOCTRINAL
DIVERGENCE 11.32
DISTINGUISHING A CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 11.34
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS AND THE FAMILY HOME 11.37
RULE 1: EXPRESS BARGAIN CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 11.38
DISCUSSION AND SHARED INTENTION 11.39
OTHER EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL ARRANGEMENTS 11.43
RULE 1: CHANGE OF POSITION 11.44
RULE 1: QUANTIFICATION 11.47
A ROLE FOR PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL? 11.51
RULE 2: THE IMPLIED BARGAIN CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 11.53
COMMON INTENTION 11.54
CHANGE OF POSITION 11.55
QUANTIFICATION 11.56
SCOPE FOR PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL 11.58
REFORM 11.59
A NEW PROPERTY APPROACH 11.60
A RELATIONSHIP APPROACH 11.62
THE APPOINTMENT, RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES
TYPES OF TRUSTEE ORDINARY TRUSTEES 12.02
TRUST CORPORATIONS 12.04
JUDICIAL TRUSTEES 12.06
THE PUBLIC TRUSTEE 12.07
CUSTODIAN TRUSTEES 12.08
APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES 12.09
THE ORIGINAL TRUSTEES 12.10
DISCLAIMER 12.12
NEW TRUSTEES 12.14
METHOD L:S.36(L) OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 12.16
APPOINTMENT OF ADDITIONAL TRUSTEES 12.19
METHOD 2: THE TRUSTS OF LAND AND APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES ACT 1996 12.20
METHOD 3: APPOINTMENT BY THE COURT 12.22
VESTING OF TRUST PROPERTY 12.24
IMAGE 10
XX CONTENTS
RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES 12.27
VOLUNTARY RETIREMENT 12.28
COMPULSORY REMOVAL 12.29
REMOVAL UNDER THE 1996 ACT 12.30
REMOVAL UNDER THE COURT S INHERENT JURISDICTION 12.32
DELEGATION OF TRUSTEESHIP 12.34
SECTION 25 OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 12.35
SECTION 1 OF THE TRUSTEE DELEGATION ACT 1999 12.36
SECTION 9 OF THE TRUSTS OF LAND (APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES) ACT 1996 .
12.38
THE DUTIES OF A TRUSTEE
THE TRUSTEE S DUTY OF CARE 13.02
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 13.05
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES 13.07
DUTIES ON APPOINTMENT 13.08
SAFEGUARDING TRUST PROPERTY 13.10
CALLING IN LOANS 13.11
JOINT CONTROL 13.12
THE DUTY TO PROVIDE ACCOUNTS 13.13
THE DUTY TO PROVIDE INFORMATION 13.15
THE DUTY TO ACT JOINTLY 13.20
THE DUTY TO CONSULT 13.21
THE GENERAL FIDUCIARY DUTY WHAT IS A FIDUCIARY? 13.22
WHAT IS A FIDUCIARY DUTY AND HOW IS IT BREACHED? . . .. 13.23
TRUSTEES REMUNERATION 13.24
BY VIRTUE OF CONTRACT 13.25
BY ORDER OF THE COURT 13.26
SPECIAL TREATMENT OF SOLICITORS PROFIT COSTS IN LITIGATION WORK 13.28
OVERSEAS PROPERTY 13.29
STATUTORY AUTHORITY 13.30
DIRECTOR S FEES 13.32
OUT OF POCKET EXPENSES 13.33
PURCHASE OF TRUST PROPERTY 13.34
THE SELF-DEALING RULE 13.35
THE INSIDER DEALING (FAIR DEALING) RULE 13.38
INCIDENTAL PROFITS 13.40
SALE OF PROPERTY TO THE TRUST 13.41
COMPETING WITH THE TRUST 13.42
RENEWAL OF TRUST LEASE 13.44
ABUSE OF POSITION: BAD FAITH 13.45
ABUSE OF POSITION: GOOD FAITH 13.46
DISTRIBUTIVE DUTIES 13.51
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XXI
TRUSTEES POWERS: INVESTMENT, MAINTENANCE AND ADVANCEMENT
THE POWER TO INVEST 14.02
EXPRESS POWERS 14.03
STATUTORY REGULATION 14.04
THE TRUSTEE ACT 2000 14.07
STANDARD INVESTMENT CRITERIA AND REVIEWS 14.08
TAKING ADVICE 14.09
DELEGATION 14.10
INVESTMENT IN LAND 14.11
INVESTING IN MORTGAGES OF LAND 14.12
THE TRUSTEE S DUTY OF CARE 14.13
CONSECUTIVE INTERESTS 14.15
NON-FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS 14.17
INVESTMENT AND CHARITABLE TRUSTS 14.18
MAINTENANCE OF MINOR BENEFICIARIES FROM INCOME 14.19
THE COURT S INHERENT JURISDICTION 14.20
EXPRESS POWERS 14.21
THE STATUTORY POWER 14.23
A CONTRARY INTENTION? 14.24
ENTITLEMENT TO INCOME 14.25
MAINTENANCE, EDUCATION OR BENEFIT 14.28
DECISION MAKING 14.29
CEASING TO BE A MINOR 14.30
ENTITLEMENT TO ACCUMULATED INCOME 14.32
ADVANCEMENT FROM CAPITAL 14.34
BENEFIT? 14.36
EXPRESS POWERS 14.38
THE STATUTORY POWER 14.39
LIMITATIONS TO S.32 14.40
DISCRETION 14.43
CONTINUING SUPERVISION 14.44
VARIATION OF TRUSTS
CONSENSUAL VARIATION 15.03
THE COURT S INHERENT JURISDICTION 15.08
SALVAGE AND EMERGENCY 15.09
COMPROMISE 15.11
MAINTENANCE 15.13
STATUTORY JURISDICTION: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 15.14
SECTION 53 OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 15.15
SECTION 57(1) OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 15.16
SECTION 64 OF THE SETTLED LAND ACT OF 1925 15.18
SECTION 24 OF THE MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT 1973 15.20
SECTION 96 OF THE MENTAL HEALTH ACT 1983 15.21
THE VARIATION OF TRUSTS ACT 1958 15.22
THE DISCRETIONARY POWER 15.23
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XXII CONTENTS
TYPES OF VARIATION 15.25
AN ARRANGEMENT? 15.26
ON WHOSE BEHALF? 15.28
THE FOUR CLASSES 15.29
DECONSTRUCTING PARA.(B) 15.31
BENEFIT 15.33
NO BENEFIT? 15.36
SETTING TRUSTS ASIDE
PUBLIC POLICY AND ILLEGALITY 16.02
TRUSTS FOR ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 16.03
TRUSTS IN RESTRAINT OF MARRIAGE 16.04
CONDITIONS VIOLATING MARITAL HARMONY 16.06
CONDITIONS UNDERMINING PARENTAL DUTIES 16.09
NAME AND ARMS CLAUSES 16.11
ILLEGALITY 16.12
SHAM AND ILLUSORY TRUSTS 16.15
ILLUSORY TRUSTS 16.16
TRUSTS TO DEFEAT CREDITORS 16.20
TRANSACTIONS DEFRAUDING CREDITORS 16.21
WHAT CAN THE COURT DO? 16.22
AND THIRD PARTIES? 16.23
PURPOSE AND MOTIVE 16.24
WHAT IS AN UNDERVALUE? 16.25
WHO MAY APPLY? 16.27
ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS ON BANKRUPTCY 16.28
UNDERVALUE AND CREDITOR S PREFERENCE 16.29
TIMING OF THE TRANSACTION: UNDERVALUE CASES 16.30
TIMING OF THE TRANSACTION: GIVING A PREFERENCE 16.31
TRANSACTIONS BY COMPANIES 16.32
FAMILY CLAIMS 16.34
SECTION 37 OF THE MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT 1973 16.35
THE INHERITANCE (PROVISION FOR FAMILY AND DEPENDANTS) ACT 1975 16.37
BREACH OF TRUST AND ASSOCIATED REMEDIES
BREACH OF TRUST 17.01
AN INTRODUCTION TO TRUSTEE LIABILITY 17.02
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES TO ACCOUNT 17.03
EQUITABLE COMPENSATION 17.05
MEASURE OF DAMAGES 17.06
THE TRUSTEE WHO ACTS WITHOUT DUE CARE 17.10
UNAUTHORISED INVESTMENTS 17.11
AUTHORISED INVESTMENTS 17.12
PROFIT 17.13
INTEREST 17.14
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS XXIII
SET-OFF OF PROFIT AGAINST LOSS 17.15
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES INTER SE 17.16
CRIMINAL LIABILITY 17.18
PROTECTION OF TRUSTEES 17.19
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 17.20
CONSENT TO A COURSE OF DEALING 17.22
BREACH AT THE BENEFICIARY S INSTIGATION 17.24
STATUTORY RELIEF 17.25
LIMITATION 17.27
THE LIMITATION ACT 1980 EXCLUSIONS 17.28
GENERAL CASES 17.31
LACHES 17.32
ASSOCIATED REMEDIES 17.33
PROPRIETARY OR PERSONAL? 17.34
FOLLOWING OR TRACING? 17.35
TOWARDS A UNIFIED PROCESS OF TRACING 17.36
TRACING AT COMMON LAW 17.39
LOSS OF THE RIGHT TO TRACE AT COMMON LAW 17.42
TRACING IN EQUITY THE REQUIREMENT OF A FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP 17.43
EQUITABLE TRACING RULES IN OPERATION 17.45
PHYSICAL MIXTURES 17.46
TRUSTEE S OWN MONEY MIXED WITH MISAPPROPRIATED TRUST MONEY 17.47 LOWEST
INTERMEDIATE BALANCE 17.50
OVERDRAWN BANK ACCOUNTS 17.51
BACKWARDS TRACING 17.52
MIXED FUNDS CONSISTING OF TWO TRUST FUNDS OR TRUST MONEYS WITH MONEYS OF
AN INNOCENT VOLUNTEER 17.54
BENEFICIARY AGAINST INNOCENT VOLUNTEER 17.55
FIRST IN, FIRST OUT 17.56
PROPORTIONALITY 17.58
ROLLING CHARGE 17.59
THE LIMITS TO TRACING AND EQUITABLE PROPRIETARY CLAIMS 17.61
IN PERSONAM CLAIMS 17.62
INJUNCTIONS
GENERAL ISSUES JURISDICTION 18.02
THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 18.03
IN PERSONAM 18.06
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH AN INJUNCTION 18.07
THE AWARD OF DAMAGES IN EQUITY 18.09
DAMAGES IN LIEU OF INJUNCTION 18.11
MEASURE OF DAMAGES IN LIEU 18.13
TYPES OF INJUNCTIONS 18.15
PROHIBITORY OR MANDATORY? 18.16
PERPETUAL OR INTERIM? 18.17
IMAGE 14
XXIV CONTENTS
MANDATORY INJUNCTION 18.18
WITHOUT NOTICE INJUNCTIONS 18.19
QUIA TIMET INJUNCTIONS 18.21
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF FINAL INJUNCTIONS 18.22
ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES AND OTHER LEGAL REMEDIES 18.23
CONDUCT OF THE CLAIMANT 18-24
EQUITY WILL NOT ACT IN VAIN 18.25
DELAY AND ACQUIESCENCE 18.26
HARDSHIP 18-28
PUBLIC INTEREST 18-29
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 18.31
THE UNDERTAKING IN DAMAGES 18.32
THE AMERICAN CYANAMID PRINCIPLES 18.34
THE AMERICAN CYANAMID APPROACH CONSIDERED 18.36
QUALIFICATIONS TO CYANAMID 18.39
NO ARGUABLE DEFENCE 18.40
FINAL RESOLUTION OF CASE 18.41
INTERIM MANDATORY INJUNCTIONS 18.42
EXCEPTIONS TO CYANAMID 18.43
TRADE DISPUTES 18.44
RESTRAINING THE PRESENTATION OF A WINDING-UP PETITION 18.45
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 18.46
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 18.47
LIBEL 18.49
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF INJUNCTIONS IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
18.50 THE SEARCH ORDER 18.51
THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION . 18.54
THE FREEZING INJUNCTION 18.55
GENERAL GUIDELINES 18.56
ASSETS OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION 18.57
THIRD PARTIES 18.58
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
PRECONDITIONS 19.02
THE EFFECT OF AN ORDER 19.03
ENFORCEMENT 19.04
DAMAGES IN ADDITION TO OR IN SUBSTITUTION FOR SPECIFIC PERFOR- MANCE
19.05
INADEQUACY OF COMMON LAW DAMAGES 19.06
CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF INTERESTS IN LAND 19.07
CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF PERSONALTY 19.08
CONTRACTUAL LICENCES 19.10
CONTRACTS TO PAY MONEY 19.11
GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL 19.13
CONSTANT SUPERVISION OF THE COURT 19.14
RUNNING OF A BUSINESS 19.15
BUILDING CONTRACTS 19.18
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF A LANDLORD S COVENANT 19.21
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS XXV
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF A TENANT S COVENANT 19.22
CONTRACTS FOR PERSONAL SERVICES 19.23
THE CONDUCT OF THE CLAIMANT 19.24
WANT OF MUTUALITY 19.25
IMPOSSIBILITY AND FUTILITY 19.28
PART OF A CONTRACT 19.29
ILLEGALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY 19.30
HARDSHIP AND PREJUDICE TO THIRD PARTIES 19.31
LACHES OR DELAY 19.33
MISTAKE, MISDESCRIPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION 19.35
INDEX
551
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IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION VII
PREFACE IX
GLOSSARY XXVII
ABBREVIATIONS XXXVII
TABLE OF CASES XXXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES LXXXIX
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XCV
TABLE OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION XCV
AN INTRODUCTION TO EQUITY AND TRUSTS
THE HISTORY OF EQUITY-A SHORTENED VERSION 1.02
THE MAXIMS OF EQUITY 1.05
EQUITY WILL NOT SUFFER A WRONG TO BE WITHOUT A REMEDY . . 1.06 EQUITY
FOLLOWS THE LAW 1.07
HE WHO SEEKS EQUITY MUST DO EQUITY 1.08
HE WHO COMES TO EQUITY MUST COME WITH CLEAN HANDS . . 1.09 EQUITY IS
EQUALITY 1.10
WHERE THE EQUITIES ARE EQUAL THE FIRST IN TIME PREVAILS . . 1.11 EQUITY
IMPUTES AN INTENTION TO FULFIL AN OBLIGATION . . . 1.12
EQUITY REGARDS AS DONE THAT WHICH OUGHT TO BE DONE . . 1.13
EQUITY LOOKS TO INTENT RATHER THAN FORM 1.14
DELAY DEFEATS EQUITY 1.15
EQUITY ACTS IN PERSONAM 1.16
EQUITY WILL NOT ALLOW A STATUTE TO BE USED AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FRAUD
1.17
EQUITY WILL NOT ASSIST A VOLUNTEER 1.18
EQUITY WILL NOT PERFECT AN IMPERFECT GIFT 1.19
KEY EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1.20
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 1.21
INJUNCTIONS 1.22
RECTIFICATION 1.24
RESCISSION 1.25
SUBROGATION 1.26
REMEDIES IN THE CONTEXT OF A BREACH OF TRUST 1.27
THE TRUST AND ITS ORIGINS 1.28
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRUST 1.31
TYPES OF TRUST 1.32
THE EXPRESS TRUST 1.33
BARE TRUSTS 1.34
IMAGE 2
XII CONTENTS
FIXED TRUSTS 1-35
EXECUTED AND EXECUTORY TRUSTS 1.36
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS 1-37
PUBLIC TRUSTS 1-38
SECRET TRUSTS 1.39
STATUTORY TRUSTS 1.40
EMPLOYEE TRUSTS 1.41
PENSION TRUSTS 1.42
PROTECTIVE TRUSTS 1.43
IMPLIED RESULTING AND CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 1.44
DISTINGUISHING A TRUST FROM OTHER LEGAL CONCEPTS 1.46
DEBT 1.47
BAILMENT 1.49
AGENCY 1.50
GIFTS 1.51
POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1.52
DISTINGUISHING A POWER FROM A DISCRETIONARY TRUST . . . 1.53
OVERSEAS TRUSTS 1.55
TAX HAVENS 1.56
CONFLICTS OF LAW 1.57
THE THREE CERTAINTIES INITIAL OBSERVATIONS 2.02
CONSEQUENCES OF A LACK OF CERTAINTY 2.03
CERTAINTY OF INTENTION 2.05
PRECATORY WORDS 2.06
FICTITIOUS INTENTIONS 2.09
INFERRED INTENTION 2.10
INFERRED INTENTION AND FAMILY CONTEXT 2.11
INFERRED INTENTION AND COMMERCIAL CONTEXT 2.14
INFERENCE FROM MUTUAL INTENTIONS 2.16
INFERENCE FROM RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED 2.18
INFERENCE FROM A UNILATERAL ACT 2.20
UNDERSTANDING THE QUISTCLOSE-STYLE TRUST 2.21
CERTAINTY OF SUBJECT MATTER 2.23
TRUST PROPERTY 2.24
IN SEARCH OF MEANING 2.26
A TRUST OF "WHATEVER IS LEFT" 2.27
A TRUST OF PART OF PROPERTY: TANGIBLES 2.29
A TRUST OF PART OF PROPERTY: INTANGIBLES 2.31
CERTAINTY OF BENEFICIAL SHARE 2.33
EQUITY IS EQUALITY 2.34
AN OBJECTIVE CALCULUS 2.35
CERTAINTY OF OBJECTS 2.37
CONCEPTUAL UNCERTAINTY? 2.38
EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTUAL UNCERTAINTY 2.39
RELATIVES, DEPENDANTS AND CHILDREN 2.40
FIXED TRUSTS: THE COMPLETE LIST RULE 2.41
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XIII
UNTRACEABLE BENEFICIARIES 2.43
FIXED TRUSTS: EVIDENTIAL CERTAINTY 2.44
RENDERING THE EVIDENTIALLY UNCERTAIN CERTAIN? 2.45
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS: THE CLASS TEST 2.46
THE CLASS TEST IN OPERATION 2.48
ADMINISTRATIVELY UNWORKABLE TRUSTS 2.49
CAPRICIOUSNESS 2.50
CONSTITUTION OF TRUSTS
METHODS OF CONSTITUTION 3.03
TRANSFER OF LEGAL TITLE 3.04
INEFFECTIVE TRANSFERS 3.05
SELF-DECLARATION AS TRUSTEE 3.07
THE EVERY EFFORT RULE 3.09
THE ROLE OF UNCONSCIONABILITY 3.13
THE SETTLOR AS ONE OF SEVERAL TRUSTEES 3.14
DONATIONES MORTIS CAUSA 3.15
IN CONTEMPLATION OF DEATH 3.17
CONDITIONAL ON DEATH 3.18
DELIVERY 3.20
THE RULE IN STRONG V BIRD 3.21
RE RALLI'S WILL TRUSTS 3.25
IMPERFECT CONSTITUTION AND CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS 3.27
ENFORCEMENT OF COVENANTS TO SETTLE 3.29
A TRUST OF THE BENEFIT OF THE COVENANT? 3.32
PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL 3.34
FORMALITIES AND THE PERPETUITY RULE
THE FUNCTION OF FORMALITIES 4.02
THE DISADVANTAGE OF FORMALITIES 4.03
LIFETIME TRUSTS OF LAND 4.04
SECTION 53(2): AN EXCEPTION 4.07
DEALING WITH AN EXISTING TRUST INTEREST 4.09
DISPOSITION OF A SUBSISTING EQUITABLE INTEREST? 4.10
SECTION 53(L)(C): FOUR SEMINAL CASES CASE 1: GREY V IRC 4.12
CASE 2: OUGHTRED V IRC 4.14
CASE 3: VANDERVELL V IRC 4.18
WAS THE TRANSFER CAUGHT BY S.53(L)(C)? 4.19
WHAT OF THE OPTION TO PURCHASE? 4.22
CASE 4: RE VANDERVELL TRUSTS (NO.2) 4.24
THE REASONING OF MEGARRY J 4.25
THE DIVINATION OF A NEW TRUST 4.27
SO WHAT ABOUT S.53(L)(C)? 4.28
THE ROLE OF ESTOPPEL 4.29
IS RE VANDERVELL (NO.2) CORRECTLY DECIDED? 4.30
IMAGE 4
XIV CONTENTS
SECTION 53(L)(C): A SYNOPSIS 4.31
THE RULES AGAINST PERPETUITY 4 " 32
REMOTENESS OF VESTING 4 -33
A VESTED INTEREST THE COMMON LAW PERPETUITY PERIOD 4.37
THE WAIT AND SEE RULE 4.38
STATUTORY LIVES IN BEING 4.40
THE STATUTORY PERPETUITY PERIOD 4.41
LAW REFORM 4-42
THE RULES AGAINST INALIENABILITY 4.43
THE RULES AGAINST ACCUMULATIONS 4.45
EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION 4.47
LAW REFORM 4.48
POST-MORTEM TRUSTS: MUTUAL WILLS AND SECRET TRUSTS
THE DOCTRINE OF MUTUAL WILLS 5.03
A BINDING AGREEMENT 5.04
ACTING ON THE AGREEMENT 5.06
SECRET TRUSTS 5.08
ORIGINS 5.10
TYPES OF SECRET TRUST 5.11
INTESTACY 5.14
ARE SECRET TRUSTS EXPRESS OR CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS? 5.15
PROVING A SECRET TRUST 5.17
THE CREATION OF A SECRET TRUST 5.18
STAGE 1: INTENTION 5.19
STAGE 2: COMMUNICATION 5.20
COMMUNICATION AND THE FULLY SECRET TRUST 5.21
COMMUNICATION AND THE HALF-SECRET TRUST 5.24
STAGE 3: ACCEPTANCE 5.27
REVOKING ACCEPTANCE 5.28
VARIATIONS ON A THEME 5.30
PREDECEASING THE TESTATOR 5.31
CHANGES TO TRUST PROPERTY 5.32
THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF SECRET TRUSTS 5.33
FRAUD 5.34
DEHORS THE WILL 5.35
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 5.36
NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSE TRUSTS
THE BENEFICIARY PRINCIPLE 6.02
PERPETUITY 6.04
CERTAINTY 6.06
EXCESSIVE DELEGATION OF TESTAMENTARY POWER 6.07
CAPRICIOUSNESS 6.08
ADMINISTRATIVE WORKABILITY 6.09
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XV
THE ANOMALOUS EXCEPTIONS 6.10
MONUMENTS AND GRAVES 6.11
SAYING OF MASSES 6.14
CARE OF SPECIFIC ANIMALS 6.15
MISCELLANEOUS CASES 6.17
THE MODERN STANCE 6.18
TRUSTS FOR PERSONS AND TRUSTS FOR PURPOSES 6.19
THE APPROACH IN RE DENLEY 6.22
RE DENLEY INTERPRETED: RE GRANT'S WT 6.25
RE DENLEY INTERPRETED: RE LIPINSKI'S WT 6.28
GIFTS TO UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 6.30
DEFINITION 6.31
INHERENT DIFFICULTIES 6.32
THE CONTRACT HOLDING THEORY 6.34
FURTHER POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTIONS 6.36
CHARITABLE PURPOSES 6.37
GIFTS TO PRESENT INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS 6.38
GIFTS TO PRESENT AND FUTURE MEMBERS 6.39
MANDATE OR AGENCY 6.40
DISSOLUTION OF AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION 6.42
DISTRIBUTION AMONGST THE MEMBERS 6.43
BONA VACANTIA 6.44
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PURSUING NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSES 6.47
USING CORPORATIONS 6.48
USE OF POWERS 6.49
EMPLOYING CONVEYANCING DEVICES 6.50
OFF-SHORE TRUSTS 6.51
BY APPOINTMENT OF AN ENFORCER 6.52
CHARITABLE TRUSTS
THE ADVANTAGES OF CHARITABLE STATUS 7.02
PURPOSE TRUSTS 7.03
CERTAINTY OF OBJECTS 7.04
PERPETUITY 7.05
TAX ADVANTAGES 7.06
THE DEFINITION OF CHARITY THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.07
PROCEEDING BY ANALOGY: THE FOURTH HEAD OF CHARITY 7.09
THIRTEEN PURPOSES: THE CHARITIES BILL 2005 7.11
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.12
A SUFFICIENT SECTION OF THE COMMUNITY 7.13
EXCLUSIVITY OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.16
CONJUNCTIVE/DISJUNCTIVE CONSTRUCTION 7.17
SEVERING CHARITABLE AND NON-CHARITABLE PARTS 7.19
INCIDENTAL NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.20
CHARITABLE TRUSTS (VALIDATION) ACT 1954 7.21
IMAGE 6
XVI CONTENTS
THE STATUTORY DESCRIPTIONS OF CHARITABLE PURPOSES 7.22
THE PREVENTION OR RELIEF OF POVERTY THE MEANING OF POVERTY 7.23
POVERTY INFERRED FROM THE NATURE OF THE GIFT 7.24
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.25
DISTINGUISHING A CLASS OF OBJECTS 7.27
EXCLUSIVITY 7.28
ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION THE MEANING OF EDUCATION 7.29
KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH 7.30
FORMAL TEACHING OR STUDY 7.32
PUBLIC SERVICES OR FACILITIES 7.33
ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION 7.34
SPORTS, ACTIVITIES AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 7.37
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.39
A PREFERENCE TO A PRIVATE CLASS 7.41
POLITICAL OBJECTS 7.42
ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION MEANING OF RELIGION 7.43
BELIEF IN A SUPREME BEING 7.44
THE ACT OF WORSHIP 7.45
CHURCHES AND THE CLERGY 7.46
ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION 7.47
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.48
ENCLOSED ORDERS 7.49
RETREAT HOUSES 7.50
RELIGIOUS MASSES 7.51
THE ADVANCEMENT OF HEALTH OR THE SAVING OF LIVES 7.52
PUBLIC BENEFIT 7.54
THE ADVANCEMENT OF CITIZENSHIP OR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT . . . 7.55 THE
ADVANCEMENT OF ARTS, CULTURE, HERITAGE OR SCIENCE 7.56
THE ADVANCEMENT OF AMATEUR SPORT 7.58
THE ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, OR RECON-
CILIATION, OR THE PROMOTION OF RELIGIOUS OR RACIAL HARMONY OR EQUALITY
AND DIVERSITY 7.60
THE ADVANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OR IMPROVEMENT . . 7.62 THE
RELIEF OF THOSE IN NEED BY REASON OF YOUTH, AGE, ILL-HEALTH, DISABILITY,
FINANCIAL HARDSHIP, OR OTHER DISADVANTAGES . . . 7.63 THE ADVANCEMENT
OF ANIMAL WELFARE 7.64
THE PROMOTION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE CROWN 7.66
ANY OTHER PURPOSES 7 67
THE RECREATIONAL CHARITIES ACT 1958 7.68
POLITICAL PURPOSES 7 70
CHANGING THE LAW 7 J\
CAMPAIGNING 7 73
EDUCATION AND POLITICS 7.74
CHARITABLE PURPOSES OVERSEAS 7.76
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XVII
CY-PRES
THE COURT'S INHERENT JURISDICTION IMPOSSIBILITY AND IMPRACTICABILITY
8.02
GENERAL CHARITABLE INTENTION 8.03
INITIAL FAILURE 8.04
GIFTS FOR CHARITABLE PURPOSES 8.05
INSTITUTIONS THAT CEASE TO EXIST 8.07
CONTINUATION IN ANOTHER FORM 8.08
GIFTS TO INCORPORATED AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 8.09
GIFTS SUBJECT TO A CONDITION 8.11
NON-EXISTENT INSTITUTIONS 8.13
GROUPS OF OBJECTS 8.14
SUBSEQUENT FAILURE 8.16
TIMING 8.17
SURPLUS 8.18
ALTERING CHARITABLE PURPOSES 8.19
THE STATUTORY WIDENING OF CY-PRES 8.21
FULFILMENT OR FAILURE (PARA, (A)) 8.22
A USE PROVIDED FOR PART ONLY (PARA, (B)) 8.24
MORE EFFECTIVE USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER PROPERTY (PARA, (C)) 8.25
THE AREA OR CLASS HAS CEASED TO BE SUITABLE 8.26
WHERE PURPOSES HAVE BEEN ADEQUATELY PROVIDED FOR, CEASED TO BE
CHARITABLE OR CEASE TO BE SUITABLE OR EFFECTIVE (PARA.(E)) 8.27
CHARITIES ACT 1993, S.13(2) 8.28
FORTHCOMING STATUTORY REFORM 8.29
CHARITY COLLECTIONS 8.30
FORTHCOMING STATUTORY REFORM 8.34
APPLICATION CY-PRES OF GIFTS BY DONORS UNKNOWN OR DIS- CLAIMING 8.35
APPLICATION CY-PRES OF GIFTS MADE IN RESPONSE TO CERTAIN SOLICITATIONS
8.36
CY-PRES SCHEMES 8.38
RESULTING TRUSTS
CLASSIFICATION OF RESULTING TRUSTS 9.04
FAILURE OF TRUST CASES 9.09
FAILURE TO DECLARE A TRUST 9.10
FAILURE OF THE TRUST 9.12
EXCLUDING THE RESULTING TRUST 9.14
THE FAILURE OF A SPECIFIC PURPOSE 9.15
UNEXHAUSTED BENEFICIAL INTERESTS 9.18
MAINTENANCE CASES 9.19
DISASTER APPEALS 9.22
UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 9.26
RESULTING TRUSTS AND PENSION FUNDS 9.31
THE "APPARENT GIFT" CASES 9.33
PURCHASE IN THE NAME OF ANOTHER 9.34
IMAGE 8
XVIII CONTENTS
VOLUNTARY CONVEYANCE OR TRANSFER 9.35
LAND 9.36
PERSONALTY 9.38
DISPLACING THE PRESUMPTION OF RESULTING TRUST 9.39
THE PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT 9.40
HUSBAND AND WIFE 9.41
PARENT AND CHILD 9.42
IN LOCO PARENTIS 9.43
REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT 9.44
RELIANCE UPON EVIDENCE OF ILLEGALITY 9.45
WHERE EVIDENCE OF ILLEGALITY IS UNNECESSARY 9.47
ABANDONMENT OF FRAUDULENT ACTIVITY 9.52
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS
INSTITUTIONAL OR REMEDIAL? 10.03
PERSONAL OR PROPRIETARY? 10.06
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS PROPER 10.07
CATEGORIES OF CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 10.09
UNAUTHORISED FIDUCIARY GAINS 10.10
BRIBES 10.12
LIABILITY IMPOSED ON STRANGERS TO THE TRUST 10.14
TRUSTEESHIP DE SON TORT 10.15
THE DISHONEST ASSISTANT IN A BREACH OF TRUST 10.16
THE TEST FOR DISHONESTY 10.18
TWINSECTRA CONSIDERED 10.22
KNOWING RECEIPT OF TRUST PROPERTY 10.25
IMPUTED KNOWLEDGE 10.27
FORGOTTEN KNOWLEDGE 10.28
TOWARDS A SINGLE TEST OF KNOWLEDGE? 10.29
UNCONSCIONABILITY 10.31
ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY BY KILLING 10.32
ABSENCE OF STATUTORY FORMALITIES 10.34
PROPERTY ACQUIRED EXPRESSLY SUBJECT TO PERSONAL RIGHTS 10.35
PROPERTY ACQUIRED BY JOINT VENTURE 10.36
ENFORCEMENT OF AGREEMENTS 10.38
SPECIFICALLY ENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS 10.39
INFORMAL TRUSTS OF THE FAMILY HOME 10.40
MUTUAL WILLS 10.41
SECRET TRUSTS 10.42
TRUSTS OF THE FAMILY HOME
RELEVANCE OF LEGAL TITLE 11.02
AN EXPRESS DECLARATION OF TRUST 11.05
JOINT LEGAL OWNERS 11.08
IN SEARCH OF A DECLARATION 11.10
DEPARTING FORM THE DECLARED TERMS 11.11
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIX
A CHANGE OF ENTITLEMENT 11.14
UNEXPRESSED BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP 11.17
THE PURCHASE MONEY RESULTING TRUST 11.18
QUANTIFICATION 11.20
REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION 11.21
WHAT PAYMENTS SUFFICE? 11.25
THE RIGHT TO BUY DISCOUNT UNDER THE HOUSING ACT 1985 . . 11.27 MORTGAGE
REPAYMENTS 11.28
PAYMENT OF CONVEYANCING AND OTHER EXPENSES 11.29 DOMESTIC LABOUR AND
PAYMENT OF RENT 11.30
EMPLOYER RELOCATION PACKAGES AND INFORMAL AGREEMENTS 11.31 DOCTRINAL
DIVERGENCE 11.32
DISTINGUISHING A CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 11.34
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS AND THE FAMILY HOME 11.37
RULE 1: EXPRESS BARGAIN CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 11.38
DISCUSSION AND SHARED INTENTION 11.39
OTHER EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL ARRANGEMENTS 11.43
RULE 1: CHANGE OF POSITION 11.44
RULE 1: QUANTIFICATION 11.47
A ROLE FOR PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL? 11.51
RULE 2: THE IMPLIED BARGAIN CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 11.53
COMMON INTENTION 11.54
CHANGE OF POSITION 11.55
QUANTIFICATION 11.56
SCOPE FOR PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL 11.58
REFORM 11.59
A NEW PROPERTY APPROACH 11.60
A RELATIONSHIP APPROACH 11.62
THE APPOINTMENT, RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES
TYPES OF TRUSTEE ORDINARY TRUSTEES 12.02
TRUST CORPORATIONS 12.04
JUDICIAL TRUSTEES 12.06
THE PUBLIC TRUSTEE 12.07
CUSTODIAN TRUSTEES 12.08
APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES 12.09
THE ORIGINAL TRUSTEES 12.10
DISCLAIMER 12.12
NEW TRUSTEES 12.14
METHOD L:S.36(L) OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 12.16
APPOINTMENT OF ADDITIONAL TRUSTEES 12.19
METHOD 2: THE TRUSTS OF LAND AND APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES ACT 1996 12.20
METHOD 3: APPOINTMENT BY THE COURT 12.22
VESTING OF TRUST PROPERTY 12.24
IMAGE 10
XX CONTENTS
RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES 12.27
VOLUNTARY RETIREMENT 12.28
COMPULSORY REMOVAL 12.29
REMOVAL UNDER THE 1996 ACT 12.30
REMOVAL UNDER THE COURT'S INHERENT JURISDICTION 12.32
DELEGATION OF TRUSTEESHIP 12.34
SECTION 25 OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 12.35
SECTION 1 OF THE TRUSTEE DELEGATION ACT 1999 12.36
SECTION 9 OF THE TRUSTS OF LAND (APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES) ACT 1996 .
12.38
THE DUTIES OF A TRUSTEE
THE TRUSTEE'S DUTY OF CARE 13.02
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 13.05
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES 13.07
DUTIES ON APPOINTMENT 13.08
SAFEGUARDING TRUST PROPERTY 13.10
CALLING IN LOANS 13.11
JOINT CONTROL 13.12
THE DUTY TO PROVIDE ACCOUNTS 13.13
THE DUTY TO PROVIDE INFORMATION 13.15
THE DUTY TO ACT JOINTLY 13.20
THE DUTY TO CONSULT 13.21
THE GENERAL FIDUCIARY DUTY WHAT IS A FIDUCIARY? 13.22
WHAT IS A FIDUCIARY DUTY AND HOW IS IT BREACHED? . . . 13.23
TRUSTEES' REMUNERATION 13.24
BY VIRTUE OF CONTRACT 13.25
BY ORDER OF THE COURT 13.26
SPECIAL TREATMENT OF SOLICITORS' PROFIT COSTS IN LITIGATION WORK 13.28
OVERSEAS PROPERTY 13.29
STATUTORY AUTHORITY 13.30
DIRECTOR'S FEES 13.32
OUT OF POCKET EXPENSES 13.33
PURCHASE OF TRUST PROPERTY 13.34
THE SELF-DEALING RULE 13.35
THE INSIDER DEALING (FAIR DEALING) RULE 13.38
INCIDENTAL PROFITS 13.40
SALE OF PROPERTY TO THE TRUST 13.41
COMPETING WITH THE TRUST 13.42
RENEWAL OF TRUST LEASE 13.44
ABUSE OF POSITION: BAD FAITH 13.45
ABUSE OF POSITION: GOOD FAITH 13.46
DISTRIBUTIVE DUTIES 13.51
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XXI
TRUSTEES' POWERS: INVESTMENT, MAINTENANCE AND ADVANCEMENT
THE POWER TO INVEST 14.02
EXPRESS POWERS 14.03
STATUTORY REGULATION 14.04
THE TRUSTEE ACT 2000 14.07
STANDARD INVESTMENT CRITERIA AND REVIEWS 14.08
TAKING ADVICE 14.09
DELEGATION 14.10
INVESTMENT IN LAND 14.11
INVESTING IN MORTGAGES OF LAND 14.12
THE TRUSTEE'S DUTY OF CARE 14.13
CONSECUTIVE INTERESTS 14.15
NON-FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS 14.17
INVESTMENT AND CHARITABLE TRUSTS 14.18
MAINTENANCE OF MINOR BENEFICIARIES FROM INCOME 14.19
THE COURT'S INHERENT JURISDICTION 14.20
EXPRESS POWERS 14.21
THE STATUTORY POWER 14.23
A CONTRARY INTENTION? 14.24
ENTITLEMENT TO INCOME 14.25
MAINTENANCE, EDUCATION OR BENEFIT 14.28
DECISION MAKING 14.29
CEASING TO BE A MINOR 14.30
ENTITLEMENT TO ACCUMULATED INCOME 14.32
ADVANCEMENT FROM CAPITAL 14.34
BENEFIT? 14.36
EXPRESS POWERS 14.38
THE STATUTORY POWER 14.39
LIMITATIONS TO S.32 14.40
DISCRETION 14.43
CONTINUING SUPERVISION 14.44
VARIATION OF TRUSTS
CONSENSUAL VARIATION 15.03
THE COURT'S INHERENT JURISDICTION 15.08
SALVAGE AND EMERGENCY 15.09
COMPROMISE 15.11
MAINTENANCE 15.13
STATUTORY JURISDICTION: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 15.14
SECTION 53 OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 15.15
SECTION 57(1) OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925 15.16
SECTION 64 OF THE SETTLED LAND ACT OF 1925 15.18
SECTION 24 OF THE MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT 1973 15.20
SECTION 96 OF THE MENTAL HEALTH ACT 1983 15.21
THE VARIATION OF TRUSTS ACT 1958 15.22
THE DISCRETIONARY POWER 15.23
IMAGE 12
XXII CONTENTS
TYPES OF VARIATION 15.25
AN ARRANGEMENT? 15.26
ON WHOSE BEHALF? 15.28
THE FOUR CLASSES 15.29
DECONSTRUCTING PARA.(B) 15.31
BENEFIT 15.33
NO BENEFIT? 15.36
SETTING TRUSTS ASIDE
PUBLIC POLICY AND ILLEGALITY 16.02
TRUSTS FOR ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 16.03
TRUSTS IN RESTRAINT OF MARRIAGE 16.04
CONDITIONS VIOLATING MARITAL HARMONY 16.06
CONDITIONS UNDERMINING PARENTAL DUTIES 16.09
NAME AND ARMS CLAUSES 16.11
ILLEGALITY 16.12
SHAM AND ILLUSORY TRUSTS 16.15
ILLUSORY TRUSTS 16.16
TRUSTS TO DEFEAT CREDITORS 16.20
TRANSACTIONS DEFRAUDING CREDITORS 16.21
WHAT CAN THE COURT DO? 16.22
AND THIRD PARTIES? 16.23
PURPOSE AND MOTIVE 16.24
WHAT IS AN UNDERVALUE? 16.25
WHO MAY APPLY? 16.27
ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS ON BANKRUPTCY 16.28
UNDERVALUE AND CREDITOR'S PREFERENCE 16.29
TIMING OF THE TRANSACTION: UNDERVALUE CASES 16.30
TIMING OF THE TRANSACTION: GIVING A PREFERENCE 16.31
TRANSACTIONS BY COMPANIES 16.32
FAMILY CLAIMS 16.34
SECTION 37 OF THE MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT 1973 16.35
THE INHERITANCE (PROVISION FOR FAMILY AND DEPENDANTS) ACT 1975 16.37
BREACH OF TRUST AND ASSOCIATED REMEDIES
BREACH OF TRUST 17.01
AN INTRODUCTION TO TRUSTEE LIABILITY 17.02
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES TO ACCOUNT 17.03
EQUITABLE COMPENSATION 17.05
MEASURE OF DAMAGES 17.06
THE TRUSTEE WHO ACTS WITHOUT DUE CARE 17.10
UNAUTHORISED INVESTMENTS 17.11
AUTHORISED INVESTMENTS 17.12
PROFIT 17.13
INTEREST 17.14
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS XXIII
SET-OFF OF PROFIT AGAINST LOSS 17.15
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES INTER SE 17.16
CRIMINAL LIABILITY 17.18
PROTECTION OF TRUSTEES 17.19
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 17.20
CONSENT TO A COURSE OF DEALING 17.22
BREACH AT THE BENEFICIARY'S INSTIGATION 17.24
STATUTORY RELIEF 17.25
LIMITATION 17.27
THE LIMITATION ACT 1980 EXCLUSIONS 17.28
GENERAL CASES 17.31
LACHES 17.32
ASSOCIATED REMEDIES 17.33
PROPRIETARY OR PERSONAL? 17.34
FOLLOWING OR TRACING? 17.35
TOWARDS A UNIFIED PROCESS OF TRACING 17.36
TRACING AT COMMON LAW 17.39
LOSS OF THE RIGHT TO TRACE AT COMMON LAW 17.42
TRACING IN EQUITY THE REQUIREMENT OF A FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP 17.43
EQUITABLE TRACING RULES IN OPERATION 17.45
PHYSICAL MIXTURES 17.46
TRUSTEE'S OWN MONEY MIXED WITH MISAPPROPRIATED TRUST MONEY 17.47 LOWEST
INTERMEDIATE BALANCE 17.50
OVERDRAWN BANK ACCOUNTS 17.51
BACKWARDS TRACING 17.52
MIXED FUNDS CONSISTING OF TWO TRUST FUNDS OR TRUST MONEYS WITH MONEYS OF
AN INNOCENT VOLUNTEER 17.54
BENEFICIARY AGAINST INNOCENT VOLUNTEER 17.55
FIRST IN, FIRST OUT 17.56
PROPORTIONALITY 17.58
ROLLING CHARGE 17.59
THE LIMITS TO TRACING AND EQUITABLE PROPRIETARY CLAIMS 17.61
IN PERSONAM CLAIMS 17.62
INJUNCTIONS
GENERAL ISSUES JURISDICTION 18.02
THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 18.03
IN PERSONAM 18.06
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH AN INJUNCTION 18.07
THE AWARD OF DAMAGES IN EQUITY 18.09
DAMAGES IN LIEU OF INJUNCTION 18.11
MEASURE OF DAMAGES IN LIEU 18.13
TYPES OF INJUNCTIONS 18.15
PROHIBITORY OR MANDATORY? 18.16
PERPETUAL OR INTERIM? 18.17
IMAGE 14
XXIV CONTENTS
MANDATORY INJUNCTION 18.18
WITHOUT NOTICE INJUNCTIONS 18.19
QUIA TIMET INJUNCTIONS 18.21
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF FINAL INJUNCTIONS 18.22
ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES AND OTHER LEGAL REMEDIES 18.23
CONDUCT OF THE CLAIMANT 18-24
EQUITY WILL NOT ACT IN VAIN 18.25
DELAY AND ACQUIESCENCE 18.26
HARDSHIP 18-28
PUBLIC INTEREST 18-29
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 18.31
THE UNDERTAKING IN DAMAGES 18.32
THE AMERICAN CYANAMID PRINCIPLES 18.34
THE AMERICAN CYANAMID APPROACH CONSIDERED 18.36
QUALIFICATIONS TO CYANAMID 18.39
NO ARGUABLE DEFENCE 18.40
FINAL RESOLUTION OF CASE 18.41
INTERIM MANDATORY INJUNCTIONS 18.42
EXCEPTIONS TO CYANAMID 18.43
TRADE DISPUTES 18.44
RESTRAINING THE PRESENTATION OF A WINDING-UP PETITION 18.45
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 18.46
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 18.47
LIBEL 18.49
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE GRANT OF INJUNCTIONS IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
18.50 THE SEARCH ORDER 18.51
THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION . 18.54
THE FREEZING INJUNCTION 18.55
GENERAL GUIDELINES 18.56
ASSETS OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION 18.57
THIRD PARTIES 18.58
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
PRECONDITIONS 19.02
THE EFFECT OF AN ORDER 19.03
ENFORCEMENT 19.04
DAMAGES IN ADDITION TO OR IN SUBSTITUTION FOR SPECIFIC PERFOR- MANCE
19.05
INADEQUACY OF COMMON LAW DAMAGES 19.06
CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF INTERESTS IN LAND 19.07
CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF PERSONALTY 19.08
CONTRACTUAL LICENCES 19.10
CONTRACTS TO PAY MONEY 19.11
GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL 19.13
CONSTANT SUPERVISION OF THE COURT 19.14
RUNNING OF A BUSINESS 19.15
BUILDING CONTRACTS 19.18
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF A LANDLORD'S COVENANT 19.21
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS XXV
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF A TENANT'S COVENANT 19.22
CONTRACTS FOR PERSONAL SERVICES 19.23
THE CONDUCT OF THE CLAIMANT 19.24
WANT OF MUTUALITY 19.25
IMPOSSIBILITY AND FUTILITY 19.28
PART OF A CONTRACT 19.29
ILLEGALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY 19.30
HARDSHIP AND PREJUDICE TO THIRD PARTIES 19.31
LACHES OR DELAY 19.33
MISTAKE, MISDESCRIPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION 19.35
INDEX
551 |
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