Invitation to contemporary physics:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Jersey [u.a.]
World Scientific
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9812383034 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Invitation to contemporary physics |c Q. Ho-Kim ; N. Kumar ; C. S. Lam |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New Jersey [u.a.] |b World Scientific |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 482 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a simetrija - laserji - superprevodnost - fizika kondenzirane materije - nanotehnologija - kvantna fizika - kaos - fraktali - elementarni delci - kozmologija | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Astrophysique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a fizika - astrofizika - priročniki | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Astrophysics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135160966283264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Invitation to contemporary physics
Autor: Quang, Ho-Kim
Jahr: 2004
Contents
Preface....................................... v
1 Symmetry of Nature and Nature of Symmetry........... 1
1.1 What Is Symmetry That We Should Be Mindful of It? ....... 1
1.2 Space-Time Symmetries: Invariance and the
Great Conservation Laws........................ 14
1.3 Reflection Symmetry.......................... 19
1.4 Gauge Symmetry............................ 30
1.5 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) ............... 33
1.6 Summary................................. 38
1.7 Further Reading............................. 39
2 Lasers and Physics............................. 41
2.1 Invitation to the New Optics...................... 41
2.2 Conventional Light Sources....................... 42
2.2.1 Light and Electromagnetic Radiation............. 42
2.2.2 Spontaneous Radiation..................... 45
2.2.3 Summary............................. 48
2.3 What is a Laser?............................ 48
2.3.1 Stimulated Radiation...................... 49
2.3.2 Laser Action........................... 50
2.3.3 Laser Light ........................... 52
2.3.4 Summary............................. 54
2.4 Types of Lasers............................. 55
2.4.1 Solid-state Lasers........................ 55
2.4.2 Gas Lasers............................ 56
2.4.3 Semiconductor Lasers...................... 58
2.4.4 All Those Other Lasers..................... 60
2.4.5 Summary............................. 61
2.5 Applications of Lasers ......................... 61
Contents
2.5.1 Optoelectronics......................... 62
2.5.2 Optosurgery........................... 63
2.5.3 Communications......................... 64
2.5.4 Holography ........................... 66
2.5.5 Summary............................. 69
2.6 Quantum Optics............................. 70
2.6.1 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy.............. 70
2.6.1.1 Single-Photon Transitions.............. 71
2.6.1.2 Multiphoton Transitions............... 72
2.6.2 Nonlinear Optics........................ 74
2.6.2.1 Harmonic Generation................. 74
2.6.2.2 Phase Conjugation.................. 76
2.6.3 Is Quantum Physics Real?................... 78
2.6.3.1 Delayed-Choice Experiment............. 80
2.6.3.2 To Catch an Atom.................. 81
2.6.4 Summary............................. 82
2.7 Looking Beyond............................. 83
2.8 Further Reading............................. 85
2.9 Problems................................. 86
Superconductivity ............................. 89
3.1 Zero Electrical Resistance....................... 89
3.1.1 Metallic Resistance....................... 91
3.1.2 Superconductivity is Common................. 92
3.2 Infinite Magnetic Reluctance...................... 94
3.3 Flux Trapping.............................. 96
3.4 Wholeness of Trapped Flux...................... 97
3.5 Temperature and Phase Transition.................. 98
3.5.1 Order Parameter........................ 99
3.5.2 Free Energy and Entropy.................... 99
3.6 Type I Superconductors ........................ 101
3.7 Type II Superconductors........................ 102
3.8 The Critical Current.......................... 104
3.9 Understanding Superconductivity................... 105
3.9.1 Fermions............................. 105
3.9.2 Bosons.............................. 107
3.9.3 Bose Condensation and Superfluidity............. 109
3.9.4 Phonon Mediated Attraction.................. 109
3.10 Cooper Pairs and the BCS Theory .................. Ill
3.11 Some Macroscopic Quantum Effects.................. 112
3.11.1 Flux Quantization Revisited.................. 113
Contents
3.11.2 Josephson Tunneling and the Superconducting
Interference........................... 114
3.12 The Superconductor Comes out of the Cold............. 115
3.13 Summary................................. 120
3.14 Further Reading............................. 121
4 Bose-Einstein Condensate: Where Many Become
One and How to Get There ....................... 123
4.1 Introduction............................... 123
4.2 Bose Statistics: Counting of the Indistinguishables ......... 126
4.3 Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC): The Over-Population Crisis . . 128
4.4 Cooling and Trapping of Atoms: Towards BEC ........... 131
4.4.1 Laser Cooling and Magnetic Trapping:
Down to Microkelvins...................... 132
4.4.1.1 Doppler Cooling ................... 133
4.5 Doppler Limit and its Break-down................... 136
4.6 Trapping of Cold Atoms:
Magentic and Magneto-Optic Trap (MOT).............. 139
4.7 Evaporative Cooling .......................... 141
4.8 BEC Finally: But How Do We Know?................ 144
4.9 BEC: What Good is it?......................... 146
4.10 Summary................................. 148
4.11 Further Reading............................. 149
5 Exploring Nanostructures ........................ 151
5.1 Towards the Bottom .......................... 151
5.1.1 Summary............................. 153
5.2 The Rise of Nanoscience........................ 153
5.2.1 Summary............................. 155
5.3 Confined Systems............................ 155
5.3.1 Quantum Effects ........................ 156
5.3.2 How to Make them....................... 159
5.3.3 Summary............................. 161
5.4 Quantum Devices............................ 161
5.4.1 Quantum Wells......................... 161
5.4.2 Quantum Wires......................... 164
5.4.3 Quantum Dots.......................... 165
5.4.4 Summary............................. 168
5.5 The Genius of Carbon ......................... 168
5.5.1 Carbon Fullerenes........................ 168
5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes ....................... 171
5.5.3 Summary............................. 176
Contents
5.6 Spintronics................................ 176
5.6.1 Spin Flow............................ 177
5.6.2 Principles of Spintronic Devices................ 180
5.6.3 Magnetic Recording....................... 182
5.6.4 Data Storage and Processing by Spin............. 183
5.6.5 Summary............................. 186
5.7 Nanos at Large ............................. 186
5.7.1 Summary............................. 189
5.8 Further Reading............................. 190
5.9 Problems................................. 191
Quantum Computation and Information............... 195
6.1 Introduction............................... 195
6.1.1 Summary............................. 196
6.2 Classical Computers........................... 196
6.2.1 Summary............................. 199
6.3 Quantum Computers.......................... 199
6.3.1 Introduction........................... 199
6.3.2 Multiple Qubits......................... 201
6.3.3 Summary............................. 201
6.4 Quantum Gates............................. 202
6.4.1 Summary............................. 206
6.5 Deutsch s Algorithm.......................... 206
6.5.1 Summary............................. 208
6.6 Finding the Period of a Function ................... 208
6.6.1 Introduction........................... 208
6.6.2 Implementing a Quantum Fourier Transform......... 209
6.6.3 Period of the Function from the Fourier Transform..... 210
6.6.4 Summary............................. 210
6.7 Shor s Factorization Algorithm..................... 211
6.7.1 Summary............................. 212
6.8 Grover s Search Algorithm....................... 212
6.8.1 Summary............................. 215
6.9 Hardware and Error Correction.................... 215
6.9.1 Trapped Ions .......................... 216
6.9.2 Photons............................. 218
6.9.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)............. 218
6.9.4 Other Systems.......................... 220
6.9.5 Summary............................. 220
6.10 Cryptography.............................. 220
6.10.1 Private Key System....................... 221
6.10.2 The RSA Public Key System ................. 224
Contents
6.10.3 Summary............................. 226
6.11 Quantum Teleportation......................... 226
6.11.1 Summary............................. 227
6.12 Further Reading............................. 228
6.13 Problems................................. 229
7 Chaos: Chance Out of Necessity.................... 231
7.1 Introduction: Chaos Limits Prediction................ 231
7.1.1 The Butterfly Effect ...................... 233
7.1.2 Chaos is Common........................ 234
7.1.3 Can Small be Chaotic?..................... 238
7.2 Lesson of the Leaking Faucet...................... 241
7.3 A Model for Chaos........................... 243
7.3.1 The Logistic Map........................ 243
7.3.2 Iteration of Map......................... 244
7.3.3 The Period Doubling Bifurcation............... 245
7.3.4 Universality........................... 247
7.3.5 Fully Developed Chaos..................... 248
7.3.6 Poincaré Sections: From Continuous Flows to
Discrete Maps.......................... 249
7.4 Strange Attractors and Routes to Chaos............... 250
7.4.1 Stable Fixed Point ....................... 250
7.4.2 Limit Cycle........................... 251
7.4.3 The Biperiodic Torus...................... 251
7.4.4 The Strange Attractor..................... 252
7.4.5 The Hénon Attractor...................... 253
7.4.6 The Lorenz Attractor...................... 254
7.4.7 Routes to Chaos......................... 256
7.5 Fractals and Strange Attractors.................... 257
7.5.1 The Koch Snowflake ...................... 261
7.5.2 Cantor Dust........................... 261
7.6 Reconstruction of the Strange Attractor from a Measured Signal:
The Inverse Problem.......................... 263
7.7 Concluding Remarks: Harvesting Chaos............... 264
7.8 Summary................................. 266
7.9 Further Reading............................. 267
8 Bright Stars and Black Holes ...................... 269
8.1 The Basic Properties of Stars ..................... 270
8.1.1 Summary............................. 273
8.2 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram................... 273
8.2.1 Summary............................. 276
Contents
8.3 Bright, Shining Stars.......................... 276
8.3.1 Nuclear Sources of Stellar Energy............... 277
8.3.2 On the Main Sequence..................... 279
8.3.2.1 The Proton-Proton Chain.............. 281
8.3.2.2 The Carbon-Nitrogen Cycle............. 283
8.3.2.3 Properties of Stars on the Main Sequence..... 283
8.3.3 Solar Neutrinos......................... 285
8.3.4 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution................. 288
8.3.4.1 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars ............ 288
8.3.4.2 Evolution of High-Mass Stars............ 291
8.3.4.3 Supernovae...................... 292
8.3.5 Summary............................. 294
8.4 White Dwarfs.............................. 295
8.4.1 Observations of White Dwarfs................. 295
8.4.2 Electron Degeneracy Pressure................. 296
8.4.3 Mass and Size.......................... 297
8.4.4 Luminosity............................ 299
8.4.5 Summary............................. 299
8.5 Neutron Stars.............................. 300
8.5.1 Formation and Structure.................... 300
8.5.2 Solitary Neutron Stars..................... 304
8.5.3 The Missing Pulsars...................... 307
8.5.4 Neutron Stars in Binaries.................... 309
8.5.5 Summary............................. 312
8.6 Black Holes ............................... 313
8.6.1 Gravitational Collapse..................... 313
8.6.2 Black Hole Dynamics...................... 318
8.6.3 Searching for Black Holes.................... 322
8.6.4 Summary............................. 324
8.7 Further Reading............................. 325
8.8 Problems................................. 326
Elementary Particles and Forces.................... 329
9.1 Elementary Constituents of Matter.................. 329
9.1.1 Summary............................. 334
9.2 Fundamental Forces........................... 334
9.2.1 Summary............................. 339
9.3 Theory of Forces............................. 339
9.3.1 Range and Mass......................... 340
9.3.2 Inverse-Square Law versus Confinement............ 341
9.3.3 Spin and the Nature of Forces................. 342
Contents
9.3.4 Energy and Force........................ 344
9.3.5 Summary............................. 345
9.4 Quantum Numbers and Symmetry .................. 345
9.4.1 Vectorial Quantum Numbers.................. 346
9.4.2 Symmetry and Conservation Laws............... 347
9.4.3 Isospin.............................. 349
9.4.4 Color...............................349
9.4.5 Vacuum Condensates...................... 350
9.4.6 Space Reflection and Charge Conjugation .......... 351
9.4.7 Summary............................. 353
9.5 Standard Model............................. 353
9.5.1 Electromagnetic Theory .................... 353
9.5.2 Yang-Mills Theory....................... 355
9.5.3 Electroweak Theory....................... 355
9.5.3.1 Higgs Mechanism................... 356
9.5.3.2 The Electroweak Interaction............. 356
9.5.3.3 Mixing of Neutral Gauge Bosons.......... 358
9.5.3.4 W and Z Masses................... 358
9.5.3.5 Fermion Masses.................... 359
9.5.4 Strong Interactions....................... 360
9.5.4.1 Asymptotic Freedom................. 360
9.5.4.2 Confinement...................... 362
9.5.5 Renormalization......................... 362
9.5.6 Summary............................. 365
9.6 Fermion Mixing............................. 365
9.6.1 Quarks.............................. 366
9.6.2 Leptons............................. 368
9.6.3 Neutrino Oscillations...................... 369
9.6.4 Summary............................. 372
9.7 Outlook ................................. 372
9.7.1 Grand Unified Theories..................... 372
9.7.1.1 SU(5)......................... 375
9.7.1.2 50(10) ........................ 376
9.7.2 Supersymmetry......................... 376
9.7.3 Extra Dimensions........................ 378
9.7.4 Superstring and M Theories.................. 380
9.7.5 Summary............................. 380
9.8 Further Reading............................. 385
9.9 Problems................................. 385
10 Cosmology..................................387
10.1 Hubble s Law..............................387
Contents
10.1.1 Velocity Measurements..................... 387
10.1.2 Astronomical Distances..................... 389
10.1.3 Summary............................. 392
10.2 The Big Bang.............-...-................ 392
10.2.1 Summary............................. 393
10.3 After the Big Bang............................. 393
10.3.1 Gravity and Pressure...................... 393
10.3.2 The Red-Shift Factor in an Expanding Universe....... 395
10.3.3 The Accelerating universe................... 396
10.3.4 The Critical Universe...................... 397
10.3.5 The Dynamics.......................... 399
10.3.6 Summary............................. 401
10.4 Before the Big Bang.......................... 401
10.4.1 Problems of the Classical Big Bang Theory.......... 401
10.4.2 The Theory of Inflation..................... 402
10.4.3 Summary . . ........................... 403
10.5 Thermal Physics . . . . . ........................ ,403
10.5.1 Equipartition of Energy .................... 403
10.5.2 Stefan-Boltzmann and Wieri s Laws.............. 404
10.5.3 Baryogenesis........................... 405
10.5.4 Relativistic Electrons and Neutrinos ............. 405
10.5.5 Summary............................. 406
10.6 MeV Temperatures........................... 406
10.6.1 Neutrino Decoupling...................... 407
10.6.2 Electron-Positron Annihilation ................ 407
10.6.3 Temperature and Time..................... 407
10.6.4 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis................... 408
10.6.5 Summary............................. 411
10.7 The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)............. 411
10.7.1 Observation........................... 411
10.7.2 The Physics of CMB...................... 413
10.7.3 Summary............................. 416
10.8 Further Reading............................. 417
10.9 Problems........................ ,........ 417
General Concepts in Classical Physics :................. 419
A.l The Physical Universe.............. . ; ......... 419
A.2 Matter and Motion............................. 422
A.3 Waves and Fields........................ ....... 429
General Concepts in Quantum Physics . . . ...»•-. ... .435
B.l Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle.................... 435
Contents
B.2 Wave Function and Probability: State of the System ........ 436
B.3 Superposition of States and Wave Interference............ 438
B.4 Indistinguishability of Identical Particles............... 438
B.5 Quantum Mechanics and Naive Realism............... 439
C Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics ............. 441
C.l Thermodynamics............................ 441
C.2 Statistical Mechanics.......................... 443
C.3 Dimensional Analysis.......................... 448
D Solutions to Problems........................... 451
Glossary....................................... 463
Index........................................ 475
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Invitation to contemporary physics
Autor: Quang, Ho-Kim
Jahr: 2004
Contents
Preface. v
1 Symmetry of Nature and Nature of Symmetry. 1
1.1 What Is Symmetry That We Should Be Mindful of It? . 1
1.2 Space-Time Symmetries: Invariance and the
Great Conservation Laws. 14
1.3 Reflection Symmetry. 19
1.4 Gauge Symmetry. 30
1.5 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) . 33
1.6 Summary. 38
1.7 Further Reading. 39
2 Lasers and Physics. 41
2.1 Invitation to the New Optics. 41
2.2 Conventional Light Sources. 42
2.2.1 Light and Electromagnetic Radiation. 42
2.2.2 Spontaneous Radiation. 45
2.2.3 Summary. 48
2.3 What is a Laser?. 48
2.3.1 Stimulated Radiation. 49
2.3.2 Laser Action. 50
2.3.3 Laser Light . 52
2.3.4 Summary. 54
2.4 Types of Lasers. 55
2.4.1 Solid-state Lasers. 55
2.4.2 Gas Lasers. 56
2.4.3 Semiconductor Lasers. 58
2.4.4 All Those Other Lasers. 60
2.4.5 Summary. 61
2.5 Applications of Lasers . 61
Contents
2.5.1 Optoelectronics. 62
2.5.2 Optosurgery. 63
2.5.3 Communications. 64
2.5.4 Holography . 66
2.5.5 Summary. 69
2.6 Quantum Optics. 70
2.6.1 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. 70
2.6.1.1 Single-Photon Transitions. 71
2.6.1.2 Multiphoton Transitions. 72
2.6.2 Nonlinear Optics. 74
2.6.2.1 Harmonic Generation. 74
2.6.2.2 Phase Conjugation. 76
2.6.3 Is Quantum Physics Real?. 78
2.6.3.1 Delayed-Choice Experiment. 80
2.6.3.2 To Catch an Atom. 81
2.6.4 Summary. 82
2.7 Looking Beyond. 83
2.8 Further Reading. 85
2.9 Problems. 86
Superconductivity . 89
3.1 Zero Electrical Resistance. 89
3.1.1 Metallic Resistance. 91
3.1.2 Superconductivity is Common. 92
3.2 Infinite Magnetic Reluctance. 94
3.3 Flux Trapping. 96
3.4 Wholeness of Trapped Flux. 97
3.5 Temperature and Phase Transition. 98
3.5.1 Order Parameter. 99
3.5.2 Free Energy and Entropy. 99
3.6 Type I Superconductors . 101
3.7 Type II Superconductors. 102
3.8 The Critical Current. 104
3.9 Understanding Superconductivity. 105
3.9.1 Fermions. 105
3.9.2 Bosons. 107
3.9.3 Bose Condensation and Superfluidity. 109
3.9.4 Phonon Mediated Attraction. 109
3.10 Cooper Pairs and the BCS Theory . Ill
3.11 Some Macroscopic Quantum Effects. 112
3.11.1 Flux Quantization Revisited. 113
Contents
3.11.2 Josephson Tunneling and the Superconducting
Interference. 114
3.12 The Superconductor Comes out of the Cold. 115
3.13 Summary. 120
3.14 Further Reading. 121
4 Bose-Einstein Condensate: Where Many Become
One and How to Get There . 123
4.1 Introduction. 123
4.2 Bose Statistics: Counting of the Indistinguishables . 126
4.3 Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC): The Over-Population Crisis . . 128
4.4 Cooling and Trapping of Atoms: Towards BEC . 131
4.4.1 Laser Cooling and Magnetic Trapping:
Down to Microkelvins. 132
4.4.1.1 Doppler Cooling . 133
4.5 Doppler Limit and its Break-down. 136
4.6 Trapping of Cold Atoms:
Magentic and Magneto-Optic Trap (MOT). 139
4.7 Evaporative Cooling . 141
4.8 BEC Finally: But How Do We Know?. 144
4.9 BEC: What Good is it?. 146
4.10 Summary. 148
4.11 Further Reading. 149
5 Exploring Nanostructures . 151
5.1 Towards the Bottom . 151
5.1.1 Summary. 153
5.2 The Rise of Nanoscience. 153
5.2.1 Summary. 155
5.3 Confined Systems. 155
5.3.1 Quantum Effects . 156
5.3.2 How to Make them. 159
5.3.3 Summary. 161
5.4 Quantum Devices. 161
5.4.1 Quantum Wells. 161
5.4.2 Quantum Wires. 164
5.4.3 Quantum Dots. 165
5.4.4 Summary. 168
5.5 The Genius of Carbon . 168
5.5.1 Carbon Fullerenes. 168
5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes . 171
5.5.3 Summary. 176
Contents
5.6 Spintronics. 176
5.6.1 Spin Flow. 177
5.6.2 Principles of Spintronic Devices. 180
5.6.3 Magnetic Recording. 182
5.6.4 Data Storage and Processing by Spin. 183
5.6.5 Summary. 186
5.7 Nanos at Large . 186
5.7.1 Summary. 189
5.8 Further Reading. 190
5.9 Problems. 191
Quantum Computation and Information. 195
6.1 Introduction. 195
6.1.1 Summary. 196
6.2 Classical Computers. 196
6.2.1 Summary. 199
6.3 Quantum Computers. 199
6.3.1 Introduction. 199
6.3.2 Multiple Qubits. 201
6.3.3 Summary. 201
6.4 Quantum Gates. 202
6.4.1 Summary. 206
6.5 Deutsch's Algorithm. 206
6.5.1 Summary. 208
6.6 Finding the Period of a Function . 208
6.6.1 Introduction. 208
6.6.2 Implementing a Quantum Fourier Transform. 209
6.6.3 Period of the Function from the Fourier Transform. 210
6.6.4 Summary. 210
6.7 Shor's Factorization Algorithm. 211
6.7.1 Summary. 212
6.8 Grover's Search Algorithm. 212
6.8.1 Summary. 215
6.9 Hardware and Error Correction. 215
6.9.1 Trapped Ions . 216
6.9.2 Photons. 218
6.9.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). 218
6.9.4 Other Systems. 220
6.9.5 Summary. 220
6.10 Cryptography. 220
6.10.1 Private Key System. 221
6.10.2 The RSA Public Key System . 224
Contents
6.10.3 Summary. 226
6.11 Quantum Teleportation. 226
6.11.1 Summary. 227
6.12 Further Reading. 228
6.13 Problems. 229
7 Chaos: Chance Out of Necessity. 231
7.1 Introduction: Chaos Limits Prediction. 231
7.1.1 The Butterfly Effect . 233
7.1.2 Chaos is Common. 234
7.1.3 Can Small be Chaotic?. 238
7.2 Lesson of the Leaking Faucet. 241
7.3 A Model for Chaos. 243
7.3.1 The Logistic Map. 243
7.3.2 Iteration of Map. 244
7.3.3 The Period Doubling Bifurcation. 245
7.3.4 Universality. 247
7.3.5 Fully Developed Chaos. 248
7.3.6 Poincaré Sections: From Continuous Flows to
Discrete Maps. 249
7.4 Strange Attractors and Routes to Chaos. 250
7.4.1 Stable Fixed Point . 250
7.4.2 Limit Cycle. 251
7.4.3 The Biperiodic Torus. 251
7.4.4 The Strange Attractor. 252
7.4.5 The Hénon Attractor. 253
7.4.6 The Lorenz Attractor. 254
7.4.7 Routes to Chaos. 256
7.5 Fractals and Strange Attractors. 257
7.5.1 The Koch Snowflake . 261
7.5.2 Cantor Dust. 261
7.6 Reconstruction of the Strange Attractor from a Measured Signal:
The Inverse Problem. 263
7.7 Concluding Remarks: Harvesting Chaos. 264
7.8 Summary. 266
7.9 Further Reading. 267
8 Bright Stars and Black Holes . 269
8.1 The Basic Properties of Stars . 270
8.1.1 Summary. 273
8.2 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. 273
8.2.1 Summary. 276
Contents
8.3 Bright, Shining Stars. 276
8.3.1 Nuclear Sources of Stellar Energy. 277
8.3.2 On the Main Sequence. 279
8.3.2.1 The Proton-Proton Chain. 281
8.3.2.2 The Carbon-Nitrogen Cycle. 283
8.3.2.3 Properties of Stars on the Main Sequence. 283
8.3.3 Solar Neutrinos. 285
8.3.4 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution. 288
8.3.4.1 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars . 288
8.3.4.2 Evolution of High-Mass Stars. 291
8.3.4.3 Supernovae. 292
8.3.5 Summary. 294
8.4 White Dwarfs. 295
8.4.1 Observations of White Dwarfs. 295
8.4.2 Electron Degeneracy Pressure. 296
8.4.3 Mass and Size. 297
8.4.4 Luminosity. 299
8.4.5 Summary. 299
8.5 Neutron Stars. 300
8.5.1 Formation and Structure. 300
8.5.2 Solitary Neutron Stars. 304
8.5.3 The Missing Pulsars. 307
8.5.4 Neutron Stars in Binaries. 309
8.5.5 Summary. 312
8.6 Black Holes . 313
8.6.1 Gravitational Collapse. 313
8.6.2 Black Hole Dynamics. 318
8.6.3 Searching for Black Holes. 322
8.6.4 Summary. 324
8.7 Further Reading. 325
8.8 Problems. 326
Elementary Particles and Forces. 329
9.1 Elementary Constituents of Matter. 329
9.1.1 Summary. 334
9.2 Fundamental Forces. 334
9.2.1 Summary. 339
9.3 Theory of Forces. 339
9.3.1 Range and Mass. 340
9.3.2 Inverse-Square Law versus Confinement. 341
9.3.3 Spin and the Nature of Forces. 342
Contents
9.3.4 Energy and Force. 344
9.3.5 Summary. 345
9.4 Quantum Numbers and Symmetry . 345
9.4.1 Vectorial Quantum Numbers. 346
9.4.2 Symmetry and Conservation Laws. 347
9.4.3 Isospin. 349
9.4.4 Color.349
9.4.5 Vacuum Condensates. 350
9.4.6 Space Reflection and Charge Conjugation . 351
9.4.7 Summary. 353
9.5 Standard Model. 353
9.5.1 Electromagnetic Theory . 353
9.5.2 Yang-Mills Theory. 355
9.5.3 Electroweak Theory. 355
9.5.3.1 Higgs Mechanism. 356
9.5.3.2 The Electroweak Interaction. 356
9.5.3.3 Mixing of Neutral Gauge Bosons. 358
9.5.3.4 W and Z Masses. 358
9.5.3.5 Fermion Masses. 359
9.5.4 Strong Interactions. 360
9.5.4.1 Asymptotic Freedom. 360
9.5.4.2 Confinement. 362
9.5.5 Renormalization. 362
9.5.6 Summary. 365
9.6 Fermion Mixing. 365
9.6.1 Quarks. 366
9.6.2 Leptons. 368
9.6.3 Neutrino Oscillations. 369
9.6.4 Summary. 372
9.7 Outlook . 372
9.7.1 Grand Unified Theories. 372
9.7.1.1 SU(5). 375
9.7.1.2 50(10) . 376
9.7.2 Supersymmetry. 376
9.7.3 Extra Dimensions. 378
9.7.4 Superstring and M Theories. 380
9.7.5 Summary. 380
9.8 Further Reading. 385
9.9 Problems. 385
10 Cosmology.387
10.1 Hubble's Law.387
Contents
10.1.1 Velocity Measurements. 387
10.1.2 Astronomical Distances. 389
10.1.3 Summary. 392
10.2 The Big Bang.-.-. 392
10.2.1 Summary. 393
10.3 After the Big Bang. 393
10.3.1 Gravity and Pressure. 393
10.3.2 The Red-Shift Factor in an Expanding Universe. 395
10.3.3 The Accelerating universe. 396
10.3.4 The Critical Universe. 397
10.3.5 The Dynamics. 399
10.3.6 Summary. 401
10.4 Before the Big Bang. 401
10.4.1 Problems of the Classical Big Bang Theory. 401
10.4.2 The Theory of Inflation. 402
10.4.3 Summary . . . 403
10.5 Thermal Physics . . . . . . ,403
10.5.1 Equipartition of Energy . 403
10.5.2 Stefan-Boltzmann and Wieri's Laws. 404
10.5.3 Baryogenesis. 405
10.5.4 Relativistic Electrons and Neutrinos . 405
10.5.5 Summary. 406
10.6 MeV Temperatures. 406
10.6.1 Neutrino Decoupling. 407
10.6.2 Electron-Positron Annihilation . 407
10.6.3 Temperature and Time. 407
10.6.4 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 408
10.6.5 Summary. 411
10.7 The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). 411
10.7.1 Observation. 411
10.7.2 The Physics of CMB. 413
10.7.3 Summary. 416
10.8 Further Reading. 417
10.9 Problems. ,. 417
General Concepts in Classical Physics :. 419
A.l The Physical Universe. . ; . 419
A.2 Matter and Motion. 422
A.3 Waves and Fields. . 429
General Concepts in Quantum Physics . . . .»•-. . .435
B.l Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. 435
Contents
B.2 Wave Function and Probability: State of the System . 436
B.3 Superposition of States and Wave Interference. 438
B.4 Indistinguishability of Identical Particles. 438
B.5 Quantum Mechanics and Naive Realism. 439
C Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics . 441
C.l Thermodynamics. 441
C.2 Statistical Mechanics. 443
C.3 Dimensional Analysis. 448
D Solutions to Problems. 451
Glossary. 463
Index. 475 |
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| author | Quang, Ho-Kim Kumar, Narendra Lam, C. S. |
| author_facet | Quang, Ho-Kim Kumar, Narendra Lam, C. S. |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)443887710 (DE-599)BVBBV021445612 |
| dewey-full | 530 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530 |
| dewey-search | 530 |
| dewey-sort | 3530 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021445612 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:04:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9812383034 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XV, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| publisher | World Scientific |
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| spelling | Quang, Ho-Kim Verfasser aut Invitation to contemporary physics Q. Ho-Kim ; N. Kumar ; C. S. Lam 2. ed. New Jersey [u.a.] World Scientific 2004 XV, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier simetrija - laserji - superprevodnost - fizika kondenzirane materije - nanotehnologija - kvantna fizika - kaos - fraktali - elementarni delci - kozmologija Astrophysique Physique fizika - astrofizika - priročniki Astrophysics Physics Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s 2\p DE-604 Kumar, Narendra Verfasser aut Lam, C. S. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014662602&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Quang, Ho-Kim Kumar, Narendra Lam, C. S. Invitation to contemporary physics simetrija - laserji - superprevodnost - fizika kondenzirane materije - nanotehnologija - kvantna fizika - kaos - fraktali - elementarni delci - kozmologija Astrophysique Physique fizika - astrofizika - priročniki Astrophysics Physics Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045956-1 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Invitation to contemporary physics |
| title_auth | Invitation to contemporary physics |
| title_exact_search | Invitation to contemporary physics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Invitation to contemporary physics |
| title_full | Invitation to contemporary physics Q. Ho-Kim ; N. Kumar ; C. S. Lam |
| title_fullStr | Invitation to contemporary physics Q. Ho-Kim ; N. Kumar ; C. S. Lam |
| title_full_unstemmed | Invitation to contemporary physics Q. Ho-Kim ; N. Kumar ; C. S. Lam |
| title_short | Invitation to contemporary physics |
| title_sort | invitation to contemporary physics |
| topic | simetrija - laserji - superprevodnost - fizika kondenzirane materije - nanotehnologija - kvantna fizika - kaos - fraktali - elementarni delci - kozmologija Astrophysique Physique fizika - astrofizika - priročniki Astrophysics Physics Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | simetrija - laserji - superprevodnost - fizika kondenzirane materije - nanotehnologija - kvantna fizika - kaos - fraktali - elementarni delci - kozmologija Astrophysique Physique fizika - astrofizika - priročniki Astrophysics Physics Physik Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014662602&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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