Communicating for success:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; London
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2023
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| Ausgabe: | Third edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 544 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781032161723 9781032170350 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | BRIEF CONTENTS UNIT I: BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 1 3 74 Listening 4 Verbal Communication 5 106 Nonverbal Communication UNIT II: INTERPERSONAL AND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 134 167 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 UNIT III: PUBLIC SPEAKING 295 10 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298
BRIEF CONTENTS 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 12 Informative Speaking 360 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation 396 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Appendix References Glossary Name Index Subject Index 466 485 509 535 539
CONTENTS Preface xxi About the Authors xxv Acknowledgments xxvii UNIT I 1 2 3 BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS Unit I “Communication” Scenario Unit I: Self-Test 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 Introduction Communication Defined 6 6 First, Communication Is a Transactional Process 6 Second, Communication Occurs in a Context 7 Third, Communication Involves Negotiated Meanings of Symbols 9 Fourth, Communication Involves Shared Understanding 10 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO DETERMINE YOUR ANXIETY/CONFlDENCE LEVEL 11 12 Basic Communication Process Communication Models: A Brief Overview Elements of the Transaction Communication Model 12 14 Exploring the Communication Model: Culture, Gender, Technology, and Ethics 22 Communication and Culture 22 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: COORDINATED MANAGEMENT OF MEANING THEORY (CMM) 23 Communication and Gender Communication andTechnology Communication and Ethics 26 28 29 A Practical Look at Communication: Competencies and Benefits Competent Communicators Benefits of Studying Communication 31 31 33
CONTENTS YOUR CAREER AND COMMUNICATION 34 Chapter Summary 36 • Key Terms 37 • Skill Builders 37 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 Introduction Perception: Definitions and Steps 42 42 Step 1: Selecting Available Data 42 Step 2: Organizing Data into a Usable Form 45 Step 3: Interpreting the Data by Adding Meaning and Making Predictions 48 Factors That Lead to Differences in Perception 49 Physiological Factors in Perceptual Errors 49 Psychological Factors in Perceptual Errors 50 Cultural Factors in Perceptual 51 Errors Perception and Self 52 Self-Concept Defned 52 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO MANAGE YOUR SMARTPHONE FOR SUCCESS 53 Barnhmd’s “Six-Person” Concept:A “Self” Orientation 54 Plus-2 Concept:An “Other” Orientation 55 Barriers to an Accurate Self-Concept 56 59 Perception and Others First Impressions 59 Stereotyping 59 Perceptual Constancy 60 Fundamental Attribution Error 60 Projection 61 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: ATTRIBUTION THEORY 62 63 Perceptual Skills to Improve Self-Concept Self-Refection 63 Seeking Feedback 63 Exploring Perception: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 64 Perception and Culture 64 Perception and Gender 6a Perception and Ethics 65 “YOUR CAREER” AND PERCEPTION 6a Perception arid Technology 20 Chapter Summary 71 • Key Terms 72 • Skill Builders 73
CON 3 Listening 74 Introduction 76 What Is Listening? 76 76 “Lis!e}!ing Denned Stages of Listening 77 Importance of Listening 78 Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Relationships Listening Helps Us in Our Careers 79 79 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY 80 Listening Helps Us Become Better Citizens Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Our Mental Health Barriers to Listening Noise Barriers Culture Barrier Gender Barrier Ethics Barrier Technology Barrier Poor Listening Habits Barrier 81 82 82 82 83 85 85 86 86 Informational Listening 88 First: Prepare to Listen Second: Avoid Prejudging 88 88 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: LISTENING STYLES PROFILE 89 Third:Mentally Organize, Summarize, and Link Information Fourth: Personalize Information While Listening Fifth:Take Skillful Notes Finally:Ask Questions and Paraphrase 90 90 90 91 Critical Listening Listening Critically to Speaker Ethos Listening Critically to Speaker Logos Listening Critically to Speaker Pathos Using Critical Listening Skills Empathic Listening 92 92 94 95 96 97 Use Supporting Responses Use Interpreting Responses Use Questioning Responses and Paraphrasing Responses Avoid fudging and Advising Responses 98 98 99 100 YOUR CAREER AND LISTENING 102 Chapter Summary 104 • Key Terms 104 • Skill Builders 104
CONTENTS 4 Verbal Communication 106 Introduction 108 The Nature of Language 108 Language and Verba! Communication Defined Language and the Human Ability to Think Language h Rule- Governed Language Is Symbolic Language and Culture Language and Gender Language and Ethics Language and Technology The Power of Language Language Has Power to Influence Our Perceptions of Others Language Has Power to Reflect Attitudes MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE THEORY OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (OR THE SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHESIS) Language Has Power to Affect Others’ Perceptions of Us 108 109 110 112 112 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding Insufficient Vocabulary Jargon Euphemisms Trigger JVords Abstracting and Allness PolarizingTerms Imprecise Language and RelativeTerms 119 119 119 120 121 122 123 123 Overcoming Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding Expanding a Poor Vocabulary Avoiding Jargon Using Euphemisms with Care Being Alert to Trigger Words Using Dating and Indexing Being Cautious of Extremes 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ A JOURNAL ARTICLE 127 “YOUR CAREER” AND LANGUAGE 128 Defning and Describing with Care 1^^ Chapter Summary 131 • Key Terms 131 • Skill Builders 132
CONTENTS 5 Nonverbal Communication 134 Introduction 136 What Is Nonverbal Communication? 136 Key Comtniinicatiott Concepts Nonverbal Communication Defncd The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 136 137 138 Nonverbal Communication Aids Meaning Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 138 139 Categories of Nonverbal Communication 141 Kinesics 141 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY (EVT) 142 Proxetnics Haptics Chronemics Artifacts Paralanguage 147 148 150 151 153 Functions of Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Verbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Can Can Can Can Can Replace Verbal Messages Repeat Verbal Messages Reinforce Verbal Messages Regulate Verbal Messages Reveal the Emotions behind Can Reverse Verbal Messages Can Reflect Unconscious Needs 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 Improving Nonverbal Encoding 157 Use Self-Monitoring Check for Con text Check for Cultural Meanings Check for Gender Differences Check for the Limits of Technology 158 158 159 159 159 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ OTHERS’ NONVERBAL MESSAGES 160 Check for Challenges to Ethics 161 “YOUR CAREER” AND NONVERBAL SKILLS 162 Chapter Summary 164 • Key Terms 164 • Skill Builders 164
UNIT II matremsentasa INTERPERSONAL AND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 167 Unit II “Technology Committee’’ Scenario Unit II: Self-Test 168 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 Introduction Interpersonal Communication 169 172 172 General Definitioti Impersonal versus Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Relationships: Getting Needs Met 172 173 174 Persona! Needs and Wants Inclusion Needs (Extrovert-Introvert) 174 175 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOWTO DETERMINE YOUR NEEDS 176 Control Needs (Dominant—Submissive) Openness Needs (Discloser-Withholder) 178 179 Contradictory Needs (Dialectics) 180 Interpersonal Relationships: Gaining Rewards and Minimizing Costs Gathering Information and Using Effective Conversation 181 182 Gathering Information to Reduce Uncertainty Using Effective Conversation Improving Self-Disclosure 182 183 186 True Self-Disclosure Self-Disclosure and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Technology 186 187 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY 1 89 Disclosure and the Model of Social Penetration YOUR CAREER” AND RELATIONSHIPS 190 102 Chapter Summary 195 • KeyTerms 196 • Skill Builders 196 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 Introduction Relationship Stages 200 200
CONTENTS Stages of Relationship Development Stages of Relationship Deterioration Relationships and Conflict Conflict Defined Conflict Escalators Conflict and Technology Conflict Styles 201 205 208 208 209 213 213 The Passive Style 214 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: DISPUTE EXACERBATING MODEL OF EMAIL (DEME) 215 The Aggressive Style The Passive-Aggressive Style The Assertive Style 216 217 217 Conflict Outcomes 218 Win-Win Compromise 218 218 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO COMMUNICATE MORE ASSERTIVELY 219 “YOUR CAREER AND MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS 220 Win-Lose Dise-Lose 222 222 Chapter Summary 223 • Key Terms 223 • Skill Builders 223 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 Introduction 228 The Nature of Groups 228 What Makes a Group? Teams and Virtual Teams Groups and Culture/Gcnder/Ethics/Tcchnology Types of Groups Individual versus Group Decisions 228 229 230 232 233 When Individual Decisions Work Best When Group Decisions Work Best 234 234 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT 235 Characteristics of Successful Small Groups The Optimum Size Decision-Making Methods Group Cohesiveness 237 237 238 238
CONTENTS Cultural Diversity Absence of Groupthink Rules, Norms, and Phases MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: GROUPTHINK THEORY Group Problem-Solving Process Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Best Solution (s) Group Process Step 1: Identify the Problem 2:Analyze the Problem 3: Establish and Rank Criteria 4: Generate Possible Solutions 5: Apply Criteria to Select 6: Implement Follow Up YOUR CAREER AND GROUP SKILLS 240 241 242 243 245 246 249 250 252 254 255 256 Chapter Summary 258 • Key Terms 259 • Skill Builders 259 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 Introduction Characteristics of Effective Group Members 264 264 Keeping an Open Mind Preparing and Participating Effectively Using the Problem-Solving Procedure Effectively Handling Conf icts Effectively 264 265 265 266 Effective Member Roles Formal Roles Task Roles Maintenance Roles Dysfunctional Roles Characteristics of Effective Group Leadership 266 267 268 269 272 274 Using Power Effectively 274 Sharing Responsibility Benefiting from Culture/Gender/Technology/Ethics 270 275 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO WORK WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL MEMBERS 276 Becoming an Effective Leader 280 Leadership Traits Leadership Functions Leadership Styles Contingency Leadership Transformational Leadership 280 281 281 283 286
MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Responsibilities of Members and Leaders 287 288 Member Respatisibilities Leader Responsibilities 288 289 “YOUR CAREER” AND LEADERSHIP 290 Chapter Summary 292 • Key Terms 292 • Skill Builders 292 UNIT III PUBLIC SPEAKING Unit III “Public Speaking” Scenario Unit III: Self-Test 295 296 297 1 0 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298 Introduction Understanding the Nature of Anxiety 300 300 VVhat Is Speaker Anxiety? What Causes Speaker Anxiety? 300 301 Anxiety Caused by the Situation Building Speaker Confidence 301 303 Be Prepared Engage in Skills Training Use Positive Imagery Apply Cognitive Restructuring Become Audience- Centered 303 304 304 306 307 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY 308 Practice Speaking Often 309 An Overview: Five Steps in Preparing a Successful Presentation Step Step Step Step Step 1:AnalyzingYourAudience and the Situation 2: Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis 3: Gathering Materials 4: OrganizingYour Main Points 5: Practicing Your Presentation Audience Analysis: A More Detailed Look 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 Demographic Analysis Attitude Analysis 313 314 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO CONDUCT AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 318
CONTENTS YOUR CAREER AND SPEAKING SKILLS 320 Situational Analysis 322 Chapter Summary 323 • Key Terms 323 • Skill Builders 323 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 Introduction Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis Topic Selection Purpose Thesis Statement Gathering Materials: Begin with a Rough-Draft Outline A Rouoh-Draft Outline Saves Valuable Time A Rough-Draft Outline Makes Getting Opinions from Others Easier Searching for Supporting Materials: Ethics and Technology 330 330 330 333 335 336 336 337 338 Personal Information Print Sources 339 339 DEVELOPING SKILLS: ETHICS, EVIDENCE, AND PLAGIARISM 340 Electronic Databases Internet Sources Interviews 341 342 344 Types and Uses of Supporting Materials: Culture and Gender 345 Definitions Explanations Examples Illustrations Comparisons Quotations (Expert Testimony) 346 347 348 348 350 351 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FISHER’S NARRATIVE PARADIGM 352 Statistics 353 “YOUR CAREER” AMD SUPPORTING MATERIALS 354 Chapter Summary 357 • KeyTerms 358 • Skill Builders 358
CONTE 12 Informative Speaking 360 Introduction 362 Informative Speaking Characteristics and Ethics 362 Organizational Patterns for InformativePresentations 363 Chronological (Time Order) Pattern Spatial (Geographical) Pattern Topical Pattern Causal (Usually Cause-Effect) Pattern Problem-Solution Pattern Speech Organization: Cultural and Gender Differences MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE STICKINESS FACTOR Speech Introductions Catch Audience Attention Build Rapport Establish Credibility Point Out Benefits to Audience Clarify Central Idea with Thesis and Preview of Main Points When Should Each Step Be Used? Speech Conclusions Summary of Main Points Memorable Ending Questions and Answers (Q A) Speech Transitions Speech Outlining and Technology Tools 365 365 366 366 367 368 369 370 371 375 375 375 376 376 377 378 378 379 380 382 Why Bother with Outlines? 382 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE USING STORYBOARDS 383 Outlining Principles Types of Outlines 384 387 YOUR CAREER AND INFORMATIVE SPEAKING 390 Chapter Summary 392 • Key Terms 392 • Skill Builders 392 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation Introduction 396 398
CONTENTS Preparing Quality Visual Aids Types of Visual Aids General Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Successfully Using Technology (Especially PowerPoint) Successfully 398 398 399 402 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 403 Preparing for a Specific Audience Pinpoint Cultural Differences Identify Audience Type Select Best Delivery Method Practice Your Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery Pick Words Carefully Use Direct Eye Contact Use Effective Facial Expressions Monitor Posture, Gestures, and Movements Monitor Clothing and Grooming Realize Virtual Presentations are Not the Same as Face-to-Face 409 409 410 411 414 414 415 416 416 418 418 Practice Your Vocal Delivery (Paralanguage) Pitch Rate Volume Emphasis Vocal Quality Articulation Pronunciation Vocal Dysfluencies 419 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 422 Practice Citing Your Sources 423 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORALLY CITE YOUR SOURCES DURNG YOUR PRESENTATIONS 424 Final Preparations before Your Speech 425 “YOUR CAREER AND DELIVERY 426 Chapter Summary 428 • Key Terms 428 • Skill Builders 429 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Introduction 434 Understanding Persuasion Differences between Persuasive and Informative Presentations 434 434 Factors That Affect Persuasion: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 436
MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: SOCIAL JUDGMENT THEORY Types of Persuasive Speeches Speech to Convince Speech to Actuate Persuasive Appeals That Really Persuade Speaker Credibility (Ethos) Evidence and Reasoning (Logos) Emotional Appeal (Pathos) Persuasive Organizational Patterns Persuasive Pattern for Arguments: Statement of Logical Reasons Persuasive Patterns for Problems and Solutions Persuasive Pattern for Policy and Action:The Moti atcd Sequence DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO USE INOCULATION THEORY Adapting Organizational Patterns to Audiences 437 440 440 441 442 442 443 443 446 446 448 452 454 455 When the Audience Favors Your Position When the Audience OpposesYour Position When the Audience Is Neutral toward Your Position When the Audience Opinions Vary Widely Sample Student Speech Final Thoughtsfrom the Authors 455 456 456 457 457 461 “YOUR CAREER” AND PERSUASION 462 Chapter Summary 464 • Key Terms • 464 Skill Builders 464 appendix Communicating Successfully in the Interviewing Context466 References 485 Glossary 509 Name Index 533 Subject Index 539
COMMUICATING FOR SUCCESS CommiwicatingfDf Success, third edition, is a core textbook for Introduction to Communication courses and gives students an overview of the subfields of Communication Studies and how these areas provide practical, fun, and immediate applications to students pursuing a wide variety of career paths, as well as practical instruction in public speaking for success on today’s social media platforms. This fully updated third edition focuses on the key communication competencies recommended by the National Communication Association, including verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication and conflict resolution, group and organizational communication, public speaking, leadership, and the roles of social media, technology, culture, gender, and ethics in communication. With a vibrant and engaging design, this volume is packed with applied features including practical scenarios and examples, key terms, discussion questions, sample activities, learning objectives, and more. A concentrated focus on the influence of communication on careers in business, education, and healthcare is highlighted in a two-page career spread at the end of each chapter and takes lessons beyond the classroom. New features in this edition include a greater focus on public speaking in the workplace; emphasis on demographic and behavioral factors in audience analysis; and increased discussion of issues of social justice and equity. Online resources for instructors include PowerPoint slides and an Instructor’s Manual with guidance on how to use the book’s
activities in both in-person and online courses. Cheryl Hamilton is Professor Emeritus at Tarrant County College where she served as department chair and Professor of Communication. Tony L. Kroll is Professor of Communication Studies at Dallas College. Bonnie R. Creel is retired from a teaching career at Texas Christian University and Tarrant County College.
CONTENTS Preface xxi About the Authors xxv Acknowledgments xxvii UNIT I BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS Unit I “Communication” Scenario Unit I: Self-Test 1 2 3 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 Introduction Communication Defined 6 6 First, Commutiication Is a Transactional Process 6 Second, Communication Occurs in a Context 7 Third, Communication Invokes Negotiated Meanings of Symbols 9 Fourth, Communication Invohes Shared Understanding 10 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO DETERMINE YOURANXIETY/CONFIDENCE LEVEL 11 Basic Communication Process 12 Communication Models: A Brief Overview Elements of the Transaction Communication Model 12 14 Exploring the Communication Model: Culture, Gender, Technology, and Ethics 22 Communication and Culture 22 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: COORDINATED MANAGEMENT OF MEANING THEORY (CMM) 23 Communication and Gender Communication and Technology Communication and Ethics 26 28 29 A Practical Look at Communication: Competencies and Benefits Competent Communicators Benefts of Studying Communication 31 31 33
CONTENTS “YOUR CAREER AND COMMUNICATION 34 Chapter Summary 36 • Key Terms 37 • Skill Builders 37 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 Introduction Perception: Definitions and Steps 42 42 Step 1: Selecting Available Data 42 Step 2: Organizing Data into a Usable Form 45 Step 3: Interpreting the Data by Adding Meaning and Making Predictions Factors That Lead to Differences in Perception 48 49 Physiological Factors in Perceptual Errors 49 Psychological Factors in Perceptual Errors 50 Cultural Factors in Perceptual Errors 51 Perception and Self 52 Self-Concept Defined 52 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO MANAGE YOUR SMARTPHONE FOR SUCCESS 53 Barnlund’s “Six-Person” Concept:A “Self” Orientation 54 Plus-2 Concept:An “Other” Orientation 55 Barriers to an Accurate Self-Concept 56 Perception and Others 59 First Impressions 59 Stereotyping 59 Perceptual Constancy 60 Fundamental Attribution Error 60 Projection 61 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: ATTRIBUTION THEORY 62 Perceptual Skills to Improve Self-Concept 63 Self-Reflection 63 Seeking Feedback 63 Exploring Perception: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 64 Perception and Culture 64 Perception and Gender 65 Perception and Ethics 65 “YOUR CAREER AND PERCEPTION 60 70 Perception and Technology Chapter Summary 71 • Key Terms 72 • Skill Builders 73
CON 3 Listening 74 Introduction 76 What Is Listening? 76 “Listening” Defined Stages of Listening 76 77 Importance of Listening 78 Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Relationships Listening Helps Us in Our Careers 79 79 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY 80 Listening Helps Us Become BetterCitizens Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Our Mental Health Barriers to Listening Moise Barriers Culture Barrier Gender Barrier Ethics Barrier Technology Barrier Poor Listening Habits Barrier 81 82 82 82 83 85 85 86 86 Informational Listening 88 First: Prepare to Listen Second:Avoid Prejudging 88 88 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: LISTENING STYLES PROFILE 89 Third: Mentally Organize, Summarize, and Link Information Fourth: Personalize Information While Listening Fifth :Take Skillful Notes Finally:Ask Questions and Paraphrase 90 90 90 91 Critical Listening Listening Critically to Speaker Ethos Listening Critically to Speaker Logos Listening Critically to Speaker Pathos Using Critical Listening Skills Empathic Listening 92 92 94 95 96 97 Use Supporting Responses Use Interpreting Responses Use Questioning Responses and Paraphrasing Responses Avoid Judging and Advising Responses 98 98 99 100 YOUR CAREER” AND LISTENING 102 Chapter Summary 104 • Key Terms 104 • Skill Builders 104
CONTENTS 4 Verbal Communication 106 Introduction 108 The Nature of Language 108 Language and Verbal Communication Defined Language and the Haman Ability to Think Language Is Rule-Governed W8 109 110 Language Is Symbolic Language and Culture Language and Gender Language and Ethics Language and Technology 111 112 112 113 114 The Power of Language 114 Language Has Power to lußuettce Our Perceptions of Others Language Has Power to Reflect Attitudes 115 115 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE THEORY OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (OR THE SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHESIS) 116 Language Has Power to Affect Others ’ Perceptions of Us 117 Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding 119 Insufficient Vocabulary Jargon Euphemisms Trigger IVords Abstracting and Allness Polarizing Terms Imprecise Language and Relative Terms 119 119 120 121 122 123 123 Overcoming Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding 124 Expanding a Poor Vocabulary Avoidingjargon Using Euphemisms with Care Being Alert to Trigger Words Using Dating and Indexing Being Cautious of Extremes 124 125 125 125 126 126 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ A JOURNAL ARTICLE 127 “YOUR CAREER” AND LANGUAGE 123 Defining and Describing with Care 130 Chapter Summary 131 • Key Terms 131 • Skill Builders 132
CONTENTS 5 Nonverbal Communication Introduction What Is Nonverbal Communication? Key Comtnunication Concepts Nonverbal Communication Deßned The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 134 136 136 136 137 138 Nonverbal Communication Aids Meaning Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 138 139 Categories of Nonverbal Communication 141 Kinesics 141 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY (EVT) 142 Proxemics Haptics Chronemics Artifacts Paralanguage 147 148 150 151 153 Functions of Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Verbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Can Replace Verbal Messages Can Repeat Verbal Messages Can Reinforce Verbal Messages Can Regulate Verbal Messages Can Reveal the Emotions behind Can Reverse Verbal Messages Can Reflect Unconscious Needs 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 Improving Nonverbal Encoding 157 Use Self-Monitoring Check for Context Check for Cultural Meanings Check for Gender Differences Check for the Limits of Technology 158 158 159 159 159 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ OTHERS’ NONVERBAL MESSAGES 160 Check for Challenges to Ethics 161 “YOUR CAREER” AND NONVERBAL SKILLS 162 Chapter Summary 164 • Key Terms 164 • Skill Builders 164
UNIT II INTERPERSONALAND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 167 Unit II “Technology Committee” Scenario Unit II: Self-Test 168 169 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 Introduction Interpersonal Communication 172 172 General Definition Impersonal versus Interpersonal Communication 1 ~2 173 174 Interpersonal Relationships: Getting Needs Met Personal Needs and Wants 174 Inclusion Needs (Extrovert—Introvert) 175 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOWTO DETERMINE YOUR NEEDS 176 Control Needs (Dominant—Submissive) Openness Needs (Disdoser-Witliholdcr) Contradictory Needs (Dialectics) 178 179 180 Interpersonal Relationships: Gaining Rewards and Minimizing Costs Gathering Information and Using Effective Conversation Gathering Information to Reduce Uncertainty Using Effective Conversation Improving Self-Disclosure 181 182 182 183 186 True Self-Disclosure Self-Disclosure and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Tcchnology 186 187 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY 1 89 Disclosure and the Model of Social Penetration 190 YOUR CAREER AND RELATIONSHIPS 102 Chapter Summary 195 • Key Terms 196 • Skill Builders 196 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 Introduction Relationship Stages 200 200
CONTENTS Stages of Rehtionship Development Stages of Relationship Deterioration Relationships and Conflict Conflict Defined Conflict Escalators Conflict and Technology Conflict Styles The Passive Style 201 205 208 208 209 213 213 214 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: DISPUTE EXACERBATING MODEL OF EMAIL (DEME) 21 5 The Aggressive Style The Passive-Aggressive Style Tlte Assertive Style 216 217 217 Conflict Outcomes 218 Win-Win Compromise 218 218 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO COMMUNICATE MORE ASSERTIVELY 219 YOUR CAREER” AND MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS 220 Win-Lose Lose-Lose 222 222 Chapter Summary 223 • Key Terms 223 • Skill Builders 223 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 Introduction 228 The Nature of Groups 228 What Makes a Group? Teams and Virtual Teams Groups and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Technology Types of Groups Individual versus Group Decisions 228 229 230 232 233 IVhen Individual Decisions Work Best When Group Decisions Work Best 234 234 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT 235 Characteristics of Successful Small Groups The Optimum Size Decision-Making Methods Group Cohesiveness 237 237 238 238
CONTENTS Cultural Diversity Absence of Groupthink 240 241 Rules, Norms, and Phases 242 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: GROUPTHINK THEORY Group Problem-Solving Process Group Group Group Group Group Process Step Process Step Process Step Process Step Process Step 1: Identify the Problem 2:Analyze the Problem 3: Establish and Rank Criteria 4: Generate Possible Solutions 5: Apply Criteria to Select Best Solution (s) Group Process Step 6: Implement Follom Up “YOUR CAREER AND GROUP SKILLS 243 245 246 249 250 252 254 255 256 Chapter Summary 258 • Key Terms 259 • Skill Builders 259 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 Introduction Characteristics of Effective Group Members 264 264 Keeping an Open Mind Preparing and Participating Effectively Using the Problem-Solving Procedure Effectively Handling Conflicts Effectively Effective Member Roles Formal Roles Task Roles Maintenance Roles Dysfunctional Roles Characteristics of Effective Group Leadership 264 265 265 266 266 267 268 269 272 274 Using Power Effectively Sharing Responsibility Beneftingfrom Culture/Gender/Technology/Ethics 274 275 275 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO WORK WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL MEMBERS 276 Becoming an Effective Leader 280 Leadership Traits Leadership Functions Leadership Styles Contingency Leadership Transformational Leadership 280 281 281 283 286
CONTENTS MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Responsibilities of Members and Leaders 287 288 Member Responsibilities Leader Responsibilities 288 289 YOUR CAREER” AND LEADERSHIP 290 Chapter Summary 292 • Key Terms 292 • Skill Builders 292 UNIT 111 PUBLIC SPEAKING Unit III “Public Speaking” Scenario Unit III: Self-Test 295 296 297 1 0 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298 Introduction Understanding the Nature of Anxiety 300 300 What Is Speaker Anxiety? What Causes Speaker Anxiety? 300 301 Anxiety Caused by the Situation Building Speaker Confidence 301 303 Be Prepared Engage in Skills Training Use Positive Imagery Apply Cognitive Restructuring Become Audience-Centered 303 304 304 306 307 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY 308 Practice Speaking Often 309 An Overview: Five Steps in Preparing a Successful Presentation Step Step Step Step Step 1: Analyzing Your Audience and the Situation 2: DevelopingYourTopic, Purpose,and Thesis 3: Gathering Materials 4: Organizing Your Main Points 5: PracticingYour Presentation Audience Analysis: A More DetailedLook 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 Demographic Analysis Attitude Analysis 313 314 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO CONDUCT AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 318
CONTENTS “YOUR CAREER AND SPEAKING SKILLS 320 Situatiofial Analysis 322 Chapter Summary 323 • Key Terms 323 • Skill Builders 323 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 Introduction Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis Topic Selection Purpose Thesis Statement Gathering Materials: Begin with a Rough-Draft Outline A Rough-Draft Outline Saves ValuableTime A Rough-Draft Outline Makes Getting Opinions from Others Easier Searching for Supporting Materials: Ethics and Technology 330 330 330 333 335 336 336 337 338 Personal Information Print Sources 539 539 DEVELOPING SKILLS: ETHICS, EVIDENCE, AND PLAGIARISM 340 Electronic Databases Internet Sources Intervieu’s 541 542 544 Types and Uses of Supporting Materials: Culture and Gender 345 Definitions Explanations Examples Illustrations Comparisons Quotations (Expert Testimony) 546 547 548 548 550 551 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FISHER’S NARRATIVE PARADIGM 352 Statistics 555 “YOUR CAREER” AND SUPPORTING MATERIALS 354 Chapter Summary 357 • Key Terms 358 • Skill Builders 358
12 Informative Speaking 360 Introduction 362 Informative Speaking Characteristics and Ethics 362 Organizational Patterns for Informative Presentations 363 Chronological (Time Order) Pattern Spatial (Geographical) Pattern Topical Pattern Causal (Usually Cause-Effect) Pattern Problem-Solution Pattern 365 365 366 366 367 Speech Organization: Cultural and Gender Differences MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE STICKINESS FACTOR 368 369 Speech Introductions 370 Catch Audience Attention Build Rapport Establish Credibility Point Out Benefits to Audience Clarify Central Idea with Thesis and Preview of Main Points When Should Each Step Be Used? 3 71 375 3 75 375 376 376 Speech Conclusions 377 Summary of Main Points Memorable Ending Questions and Answers (Q A) 378 378 379 Speech Transitions 380 Speech Outlining and Technology Tools 382 Why Bother with Outlines? 382 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE USING STORYBOARDS 383 Outlining Principles Types of Outlines 384 387 YOUR CAREER” AND INFORMATIVE SPEAKING 390 Chapter Summary 392 • Key Terms 392 • Skill Builders 392 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation Introduction 396 398
1 CONTENTS Preparing Quality Visual Aids 398 Types of Visual Aids General Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Siiacssfully UsingTechnology (Especially PowerPoint) Successfully 398 399 402 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 403 Preparing for a Specific Audience Pinpoint Cultural Differences Identify Audience Type Select Best Delivery Method Practice Your Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery Pick Words Carefully Use Direct Eye Contact Use Effective Facial Expressions Monitor Posture, Gestures, and Movements Monitor Clothing and Grooming Realize Virtual Presentations are ot the Same as Face-to-Face Practice Your Vocal Delivery (Paralanguage) Pitch Rate Volume Emphasis Vocal Quality Articulation Pronunciation Vocal Dysflueticies Practice Citing Your Sources DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORALLY CITE YOUR SOURCES DURNG YOUR PRESENTATIONS Final Preparations before Your Speech “YOUR CAREER AND DELIVERY 409 409 410 411 414 414 415 416 416 418 418 419 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 Chapter Summary 428 • Key Terms 428 • Skill Builders 429 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Introduction 434 Understanding Persuasion 434 Differences between Persuasive and Informative Presentations Factors That Affect Persuasion: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 434 436
CONTENTS MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: SOCIAL JUDGMENT THEORY Types of Persuasive Speeches Speech to Convince Speech to Actuate Persuasive Appeals That Really Persuade Speaker Credibility (Ethos) Evidence and Reasoning (Logos) Emotional Appeal (Pathos) Persuasive Organizational Patterns Persuasive Pattern for Arguments : Statement of Logical Reasons Persuasive Patternsfor Problems and Solutions Persuasive Pattern for Policy and ActiomThe Motivated Sequence DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO USE INOCULATION THEORY Adapting Organizational Patterns to Audiences 437 440 440 441 442 442 443 445 446 446 448 452 454 455 IVhen the Audience Favors Your Position When the Audience Opposes Your Position When the Audience Is Neutral toward Your Position When the Audience Opinions Vary Widely Sample Student Speech Final Thoughts from the Authors 455 456 456 457 457 461 “YOUR CAREER AND PERSUASION 462 Chapter Summary 464 • Key Terms • 464 Skill Builders 464 appendix References Communicating Successfully in the Interviewing Context466 485 Glossary 509 Name Index 535 Subject Index 539
Communicating for Success, third edition, is a core textbook for Introduction to Communication courses and gives students an overview of the subfields of Communication Studies and how these areas provide practical, fun, and immediate applications to students pursuing a wide variety of career paths, as well as practical instruction in public speaking for success on today s social media platforms. This fully updated third edition focuses on the key communication competencies recommended by the National Communication Association, including verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication and conflict resolution, group and organizational communication, public speaking, leadership, and the roles of social media, technology, culture, gender, and ethics in communication. With a vibrant and engaging design, this volume is packed with applied features including practical scenarios and examples, key terms, discussion questions, sample activities, learning objectives, and more. A concentrated focus on the influence of communication on careers in business, education, and healthcare is highlighted in a two-page career spread at the end of each chapter and takes lessons beyond the classroom. New features in this edition include a greater focus on public speaking in the workplace; emphasis on demographic and behavioral factors in audience analysis; and increased discussion of issues of social justice and equity. Online resources for instructors include PowerPoint slides and an Instructor s Manual with guidance on how to use the book s activities in both in-person
and online courses. Cheryl Hamilton is Professor Emeritus at Tarrant County College where she served as department chair and Professor of Communication. Tony L. Kroll is Professor of Communication Studies at Dallas College. Bonnie R. Creel is retired from a teaching career at Texas Christian University andTarrant County College.
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BRIEF CONTENTS UNIT I: BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 1 3 74 Listening 4 Verbal Communication 5 106 Nonverbal Communication UNIT II: INTERPERSONAL AND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 134 167 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 UNIT III: PUBLIC SPEAKING 295 10 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298
BRIEF CONTENTS 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 12 Informative Speaking 360 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation 396 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Appendix References Glossary Name Index Subject Index 466 485 509 535 539
CONTENTS Preface xxi About the Authors xxv Acknowledgments xxvii UNIT I 1 2 3 BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS Unit I “Communication” Scenario Unit I: Self-Test 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 Introduction Communication Defined 6 6 First, Communication Is a Transactional Process 6 Second, Communication Occurs in a Context 7 Third, Communication Involves Negotiated Meanings of Symbols 9 Fourth, Communication Involves Shared Understanding 10 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO DETERMINE YOUR ANXIETY/CONFlDENCE LEVEL 11 12 Basic Communication Process Communication Models: A Brief Overview Elements of the Transaction Communication Model 12 14 Exploring the Communication Model: Culture, Gender, Technology, and Ethics 22 Communication and Culture 22 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: COORDINATED MANAGEMENT OF MEANING THEORY (CMM) 23 Communication and Gender Communication andTechnology Communication and Ethics 26 28 29 A Practical Look at Communication: Competencies and Benefits Competent Communicators Benefits of Studying Communication 31 31 33
CONTENTS "YOUR CAREER" AND COMMUNICATION 34 Chapter Summary 36 • Key Terms 37 • Skill Builders 37 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 Introduction Perception: Definitions and Steps 42 42 Step 1: Selecting Available Data 42 Step 2: Organizing Data into a Usable Form 45 Step 3: Interpreting the Data by Adding Meaning and Making Predictions 48 Factors That Lead to Differences in Perception 49 Physiological Factors in Perceptual Errors 49 Psychological Factors in Perceptual Errors 50 Cultural Factors in Perceptual 51 Errors Perception and Self 52 Self-Concept Defned 52 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO MANAGE YOUR SMARTPHONE FOR SUCCESS 53 Barnhmd’s “Six-Person” Concept:A “Self” Orientation 54 Plus-2 Concept:An “Other” Orientation 55 Barriers to an Accurate Self-Concept 56 59 Perception and Others First Impressions 59 Stereotyping 59 Perceptual Constancy 60 Fundamental Attribution Error 60 Projection 61 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: ATTRIBUTION THEORY 62 63 Perceptual Skills to Improve Self-Concept Self-Refection 63 Seeking Feedback 63 Exploring Perception: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 64 Perception and Culture 64 Perception and Gender 6a Perception and Ethics 65 “YOUR CAREER” AND PERCEPTION 6a Perception arid Technology 20 Chapter Summary 71 • Key Terms 72 • Skill Builders 73
CON 3 Listening 74 Introduction 76 What Is Listening? 76 76 “Lis!e}!ing " Denned Stages of Listening 77 Importance of Listening 78 Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Relationships Listening Helps Us in Our Careers 79 79 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY 80 Listening Helps Us Become Better Citizens Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Our Mental Health Barriers to Listening Noise Barriers Culture Barrier Gender Barrier Ethics Barrier Technology Barrier Poor Listening Habits Barrier 81 82 82 82 83 85 85 86 86 Informational Listening 88 First: Prepare to Listen Second: Avoid Prejudging 88 88 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: LISTENING STYLES PROFILE 89 Third:Mentally Organize, Summarize, and Link Information Fourth: Personalize Information While Listening Fifth:Take Skillful Notes Finally:Ask Questions and Paraphrase 90 90 90 91 Critical Listening Listening Critically to Speaker Ethos Listening Critically to Speaker Logos Listening Critically to Speaker Pathos Using Critical Listening Skills Empathic Listening 92 92 94 95 96 97 Use Supporting Responses Use Interpreting Responses Use Questioning Responses and Paraphrasing Responses Avoid fudging and Advising Responses 98 98 99 100 "YOUR CAREER" AND LISTENING 102 Chapter Summary 104 • Key Terms 104 • Skill Builders 104
CONTENTS 4 Verbal Communication 106 Introduction 108 The Nature of Language 108 Language and Verba! Communication Defined Language and the Human Ability to Think Language h Rule- Governed Language Is Symbolic Language and Culture Language and Gender Language and Ethics Language and Technology The Power of Language Language Has Power to Influence Our Perceptions of Others Language Has Power to Reflect Attitudes MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE THEORY OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (OR THE SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHESIS) Language Has Power to Affect Others’ Perceptions of Us 108 109 110 112 112 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding Insufficient Vocabulary Jargon Euphemisms Trigger JVords Abstracting and Allness PolarizingTerms Imprecise Language and RelativeTerms 119 119 119 120 121 122 123 123 Overcoming Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding Expanding a Poor Vocabulary Avoiding Jargon Using Euphemisms with Care Being Alert to Trigger Words Using Dating and Indexing Being Cautious of Extremes 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ A JOURNAL ARTICLE 127 “YOUR CAREER” AND LANGUAGE 128 Defning and Describing with Care 1^^ Chapter Summary 131 • Key Terms 131 • Skill Builders 132
CONTENTS 5 Nonverbal Communication 134 Introduction 136 What Is Nonverbal Communication? 136 Key Comtniinicatiott Concepts Nonverbal Communication Defncd The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 136 137 138 Nonverbal Communication Aids Meaning Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 138 139 Categories of Nonverbal Communication 141 Kinesics 141 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY (EVT) 142 Proxetnics Haptics Chronemics Artifacts Paralanguage 147 148 150 151 153 Functions of Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Verbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Can Can Can Can Can Replace Verbal Messages Repeat Verbal Messages Reinforce Verbal Messages Regulate Verbal Messages Reveal the Emotions behind Can Reverse Verbal Messages Can Reflect Unconscious Needs 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 Improving Nonverbal Encoding 157 Use Self-Monitoring Check for Con text Check for Cultural Meanings Check for Gender Differences Check for the Limits of Technology 158 158 159 159 159 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ OTHERS’ NONVERBAL MESSAGES 160 Check for Challenges to Ethics 161 “YOUR CAREER” AND NONVERBAL SKILLS 162 Chapter Summary 164 • Key Terms 164 • Skill Builders 164
UNIT II matremsentasa INTERPERSONAL AND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 167 Unit II “Technology Committee’’ Scenario Unit II: Self-Test 168 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 Introduction Interpersonal Communication 169 172 172 General Definitioti Impersonal versus Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Relationships: Getting Needs Met 172 173 174 Persona! Needs and Wants Inclusion Needs (Extrovert-Introvert) 174 175 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOWTO DETERMINE YOUR NEEDS 176 Control Needs (Dominant—Submissive) Openness Needs (Discloser-Withholder) 178 179 Contradictory Needs (Dialectics) 180 Interpersonal Relationships: Gaining Rewards and Minimizing Costs Gathering Information and Using Effective Conversation 181 182 Gathering Information to Reduce Uncertainty Using Effective Conversation Improving Self-Disclosure 182 183 186 True Self-Disclosure Self-Disclosure and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Technology 186 187 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY 1 89 Disclosure and the Model of Social Penetration "YOUR CAREER” AND RELATIONSHIPS 190 102 Chapter Summary 195 • KeyTerms 196 • Skill Builders 196 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 Introduction Relationship Stages 200 200
CONTENTS Stages of Relationship Development Stages of Relationship Deterioration Relationships and Conflict Conflict Defined Conflict Escalators Conflict and Technology Conflict Styles 201 205 208 208 209 213 213 The Passive Style 214 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: DISPUTE EXACERBATING MODEL OF EMAIL (DEME) 215 The Aggressive Style The Passive-Aggressive Style The Assertive Style 216 217 217 Conflict Outcomes 218 Win-Win Compromise 218 218 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO COMMUNICATE MORE ASSERTIVELY 219 “YOUR CAREER" AND MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS 220 Win-Lose Dise-Lose 222 222 Chapter Summary 223 • Key Terms 223 • Skill Builders 223 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 Introduction 228 The Nature of Groups 228 What Makes a Group? Teams and Virtual Teams Groups and Culture/Gcnder/Ethics/Tcchnology Types of Groups Individual versus Group Decisions 228 229 230 232 233 When Individual Decisions Work Best When Group Decisions Work Best 234 234 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT 235 Characteristics of Successful Small Groups The Optimum Size Decision-Making Methods Group Cohesiveness 237 237 238 238
CONTENTS Cultural Diversity Absence of Groupthink Rules, Norms, and Phases MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: GROUPTHINK THEORY Group Problem-Solving Process Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Group Process Step Best Solution (s) Group Process Step 1: Identify the Problem 2:Analyze the Problem 3: Establish and Rank Criteria 4: Generate Possible Solutions 5: Apply Criteria to Select 6: Implement Follow Up "YOUR CAREER" AND GROUP SKILLS 240 241 242 243 245 246 249 250 252 254 255 256 Chapter Summary 258 • Key Terms 259 • Skill Builders 259 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 Introduction Characteristics of Effective Group Members 264 264 Keeping an Open Mind Preparing and Participating Effectively Using the Problem-Solving Procedure Effectively Handling Conf icts Effectively 264 265 265 266 Effective Member Roles Formal Roles Task Roles Maintenance Roles Dysfunctional Roles Characteristics of Effective Group Leadership 266 267 268 269 272 274 Using Power Effectively 274 Sharing Responsibility Benefiting from Culture/Gender/Technology/Ethics 270 275 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO WORK WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL MEMBERS 276 Becoming an Effective Leader 280 Leadership Traits Leadership Functions Leadership Styles Contingency Leadership Transformational Leadership 280 281 281 283 286
MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Responsibilities of Members and Leaders 287 288 Member Respatisibilities Leader Responsibilities 288 289 “YOUR CAREER” AND LEADERSHIP 290 Chapter Summary 292 • Key Terms 292 • Skill Builders 292 UNIT III PUBLIC SPEAKING Unit III “Public Speaking” Scenario Unit III: Self-Test 295 296 297 1 0 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298 Introduction Understanding the Nature of Anxiety 300 300 VVhat Is Speaker Anxiety? What Causes Speaker Anxiety? 300 301 Anxiety Caused by the Situation Building Speaker Confidence 301 303 Be Prepared Engage in Skills Training Use Positive Imagery Apply Cognitive Restructuring Become Audience- Centered 303 304 304 306 307 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY 308 Practice Speaking Often 309 An Overview: Five Steps in Preparing a Successful Presentation Step Step Step Step Step 1:AnalyzingYourAudience and the Situation 2: Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis 3: Gathering Materials 4: OrganizingYour Main Points 5: Practicing Your Presentation Audience Analysis: A More Detailed Look 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 Demographic Analysis Attitude Analysis 313 314 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO CONDUCT AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 318
CONTENTS "YOUR CAREER" AND SPEAKING SKILLS 320 Situational Analysis 322 Chapter Summary 323 • Key Terms 323 • Skill Builders 323 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 Introduction Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis Topic Selection Purpose Thesis Statement Gathering Materials: Begin with a Rough-Draft Outline A Rouoh-Draft Outline Saves Valuable Time A Rough-Draft Outline Makes Getting Opinions from Others Easier Searching for Supporting Materials: Ethics and Technology 330 330 330 333 335 336 336 337 338 Personal Information Print Sources 339 339 DEVELOPING SKILLS: ETHICS, EVIDENCE, AND PLAGIARISM 340 Electronic Databases Internet Sources Interviews 341 342 344 Types and Uses of Supporting Materials: Culture and Gender 345 Definitions Explanations Examples Illustrations Comparisons Quotations (Expert Testimony) 346 347 348 348 350 351 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FISHER’S NARRATIVE PARADIGM 352 Statistics 353 “YOUR CAREER” AMD SUPPORTING MATERIALS 354 Chapter Summary 357 • KeyTerms 358 • Skill Builders 358
CONTE 12 Informative Speaking 360 Introduction 362 Informative Speaking Characteristics and Ethics 362 Organizational Patterns for InformativePresentations 363 Chronological (Time Order) Pattern Spatial (Geographical) Pattern Topical Pattern Causal (Usually Cause-Effect) Pattern Problem-Solution Pattern Speech Organization: Cultural and Gender Differences MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE STICKINESS FACTOR Speech Introductions Catch Audience Attention Build Rapport Establish Credibility Point Out Benefits to Audience Clarify Central Idea with Thesis and Preview of Main Points When Should Each Step Be Used? Speech Conclusions Summary of Main Points Memorable Ending Questions and Answers (Q A) Speech Transitions Speech Outlining and Technology Tools 365 365 366 366 367 368 369 370 371 375 375 375 376 376 377 378 378 379 380 382 Why Bother with Outlines? 382 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE USING STORYBOARDS 383 Outlining Principles Types of Outlines 384 387 "YOUR CAREER" AND INFORMATIVE SPEAKING 390 Chapter Summary 392 • Key Terms 392 • Skill Builders 392 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation Introduction 396 398
CONTENTS Preparing Quality Visual Aids Types of Visual Aids General Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Successfully Using Technology (Especially PowerPoint) Successfully 398 398 399 402 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 403 Preparing for a Specific Audience Pinpoint Cultural Differences Identify Audience Type Select Best Delivery Method Practice Your Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery Pick Words Carefully Use Direct Eye Contact Use Effective Facial Expressions Monitor Posture, Gestures, and Movements Monitor Clothing and Grooming Realize Virtual Presentations are Not the Same as Face-to-Face 409 409 410 411 414 414 415 416 416 418 418 Practice Your Vocal Delivery (Paralanguage) Pitch Rate Volume Emphasis Vocal Quality Articulation Pronunciation Vocal Dysfluencies 419 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 422 Practice Citing Your Sources 423 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORALLY CITE YOUR SOURCES DURNG YOUR PRESENTATIONS 424 Final Preparations before Your Speech 425 “YOUR CAREER" AND DELIVERY 426 Chapter Summary 428 • Key Terms 428 • Skill Builders 429 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Introduction 434 Understanding Persuasion Differences between Persuasive and Informative Presentations 434 434 Factors That Affect Persuasion: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 436
MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: SOCIAL JUDGMENT THEORY Types of Persuasive Speeches Speech to Convince Speech to Actuate Persuasive Appeals That Really Persuade Speaker Credibility (Ethos) Evidence and Reasoning (Logos) Emotional Appeal (Pathos) Persuasive Organizational Patterns Persuasive Pattern for Arguments: Statement of Logical Reasons Persuasive Patterns for Problems and Solutions Persuasive Pattern for Policy and Action:The Moti\ atcd Sequence DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO USE INOCULATION THEORY Adapting Organizational Patterns to Audiences 437 440 440 441 442 442 443 443 446 446 448 452 454 455 When the Audience Favors Your Position When the Audience OpposesYour Position When the Audience Is Neutral toward Your Position When the Audience Opinions Vary Widely Sample Student Speech Final Thoughtsfrom the Authors 455 456 456 457 457 461 “YOUR CAREER” AND PERSUASION 462 Chapter Summary 464 • Key Terms • 464 Skill Builders 464 appendix Communicating Successfully in the Interviewing Context466 References 485 Glossary 509 Name Index 533 Subject Index 539
COMMUICATING FOR SUCCESS CommiwicatingfDf Success, third edition, is a core textbook for Introduction to Communication courses and gives students an overview of the subfields of Communication Studies and how these areas provide practical, fun, and immediate applications to students pursuing a wide variety of career paths, as well as practical instruction in public speaking for success on today’s social media platforms. This fully updated third edition focuses on the key communication competencies recommended by the National Communication Association, including verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication and conflict resolution, group and organizational communication, public speaking, leadership, and the roles of social media, technology, culture, gender, and ethics in communication. With a vibrant and engaging design, this volume is packed with applied features including practical scenarios and examples, key terms, discussion questions, sample activities, learning objectives, and more. A concentrated focus on the influence of communication on careers in business, education, and healthcare is highlighted in a two-page career spread at the end of each chapter and takes lessons beyond the classroom. New features in this edition include a greater focus on public speaking in the workplace; emphasis on demographic and behavioral factors in audience analysis; and increased discussion of issues of social justice and equity. Online resources for instructors include PowerPoint slides and an Instructor’s Manual with guidance on how to use the book’s
activities in both in-person and online courses. Cheryl Hamilton is Professor Emeritus at Tarrant County College where she served as department chair and Professor of Communication. Tony L. Kroll is Professor of Communication Studies at Dallas College. Bonnie R. Creel is retired from a teaching career at Texas Christian University and Tarrant County College.
CONTENTS Preface xxi About the Authors xxv Acknowledgments xxvii UNIT I BUILDING COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS Unit I “Communication” Scenario Unit I: Self-Test 1 2 3 1 Getting Started in Communication 4 Introduction Communication Defined 6 6 First, Commutiication Is a Transactional Process 6 Second, Communication Occurs in a Context 7 Third, Communication Invokes Negotiated Meanings of Symbols 9 Fourth, Communication Invohes Shared Understanding 10 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO DETERMINE YOURANXIETY/CONFIDENCE LEVEL 11 Basic Communication Process 12 Communication Models: A Brief Overview Elements of the Transaction Communication Model 12 14 Exploring the Communication Model: Culture, Gender, Technology, and Ethics 22 Communication and Culture 22 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: COORDINATED MANAGEMENT OF MEANING THEORY (CMM) 23 Communication and Gender Communication and Technology Communication and Ethics 26 28 29 A Practical Look at Communication: Competencies and Benefits Competent Communicators Benefts of Studying Communication 31 31 33
CONTENTS “YOUR CAREER" AND COMMUNICATION 34 Chapter Summary 36 • Key Terms 37 • Skill Builders 37 2 Using Perception to Understand Self and Others 40 Introduction Perception: Definitions and Steps 42 42 Step 1: Selecting Available Data 42 Step 2: Organizing Data into a Usable Form 45 Step 3: Interpreting the Data by Adding Meaning and Making Predictions Factors That Lead to Differences in Perception 48 49 Physiological Factors in Perceptual Errors 49 Psychological Factors in Perceptual Errors 50 Cultural Factors in Perceptual Errors 51 Perception and Self 52 Self-Concept Defined 52 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO MANAGE YOUR SMARTPHONE FOR SUCCESS 53 Barnlund’s “Six-Person” Concept:A “Self” Orientation 54 Plus-2 Concept:An “Other” Orientation 55 Barriers to an Accurate Self-Concept 56 Perception and Others 59 First Impressions 59 Stereotyping 59 Perceptual Constancy 60 Fundamental Attribution Error 60 Projection 61 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: ATTRIBUTION THEORY 62 Perceptual Skills to Improve Self-Concept 63 Self-Reflection 63 Seeking Feedback 63 Exploring Perception: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 64 Perception and Culture 64 Perception and Gender 65 Perception and Ethics 65 “YOUR CAREER" AND PERCEPTION 60 70 Perception and Technology Chapter Summary 71 • Key Terms 72 • Skill Builders 73
CON 3 Listening 74 Introduction 76 What Is Listening? 76 “Listening” Defined Stages of Listening 76 77 Importance of Listening 78 Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Relationships Listening Helps Us in Our Careers 79 79 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY 80 Listening Helps Us Become BetterCitizens Listening Helps Us Develop and Maintain Our Mental Health Barriers to Listening Moise Barriers Culture Barrier Gender Barrier Ethics Barrier Technology Barrier Poor Listening Habits Barrier 81 82 82 82 83 85 85 86 86 Informational Listening 88 First: Prepare to Listen Second:Avoid Prejudging 88 88 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: LISTENING STYLES PROFILE 89 Third: Mentally Organize, Summarize, and Link Information Fourth: Personalize Information While Listening Fifth :Take Skillful Notes Finally:Ask Questions and Paraphrase 90 90 90 91 Critical Listening Listening Critically to Speaker Ethos Listening Critically to Speaker Logos Listening Critically to Speaker Pathos Using Critical Listening Skills Empathic Listening 92 92 94 95 96 97 Use Supporting Responses Use Interpreting Responses Use Questioning Responses and Paraphrasing Responses Avoid Judging and Advising Responses 98 98 99 100 "YOUR CAREER” AND LISTENING 102 Chapter Summary 104 • Key Terms 104 • Skill Builders 104
CONTENTS 4 Verbal Communication 106 Introduction 108 The Nature of Language 108 Language and Verbal Communication Defined Language and the Haman Ability to Think Language Is Rule-Governed W8 109 110 Language Is Symbolic Language and Culture Language and Gender Language and Ethics Language and Technology 111 112 112 113 114 The Power of Language 114 Language Has Power to lußuettce Our Perceptions of Others Language Has Power to Reflect Attitudes 115 115 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE THEORY OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (OR THE SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHESIS) 116 Language Has Power to Affect Others ’ Perceptions of Us 117 Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding 119 Insufficient Vocabulary Jargon Euphemisms Trigger IVords Abstracting and Allness Polarizing Terms Imprecise Language and Relative Terms 119 119 120 121 122 123 123 Overcoming Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding 124 Expanding a Poor Vocabulary Avoidingjargon Using Euphemisms with Care Being Alert to Trigger Words Using Dating and Indexing Being Cautious of Extremes 124 125 125 125 126 126 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ A JOURNAL ARTICLE 127 “YOUR CAREER” AND LANGUAGE 123 Defining and Describing with Care 130 Chapter Summary 131 • Key Terms 131 • Skill Builders 132
CONTENTS 5 Nonverbal Communication Introduction What Is Nonverbal Communication? Key Comtnunication Concepts Nonverbal Communication Deßned The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 134 136 136 136 137 138 Nonverbal Communication Aids Meaning Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 138 139 Categories of Nonverbal Communication 141 Kinesics 141 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY (EVT) 142 Proxemics Haptics Chronemics Artifacts Paralanguage 147 148 150 151 153 Functions of Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Verbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Messages Can Replace Verbal Messages Can Repeat Verbal Messages Can Reinforce Verbal Messages Can Regulate Verbal Messages Can Reveal the Emotions behind Can Reverse Verbal Messages Can Reflect Unconscious Needs 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 Improving Nonverbal Encoding 157 Use Self-Monitoring Check for Context Check for Cultural Meanings Check for Gender Differences Check for the Limits of Technology 158 158 159 159 159 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO READ OTHERS’ NONVERBAL MESSAGES 160 Check for Challenges to Ethics 161 “YOUR CAREER” AND NONVERBAL SKILLS 162 Chapter Summary 164 • Key Terms 164 • Skill Builders 164
UNIT II INTERPERSONALAND SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 167 Unit II “Technology Committee” Scenario Unit II: Self-Test 168 169 6 Building Interpersonal Relationships 170 Introduction Interpersonal Communication 172 172 General Definition Impersonal versus Interpersonal Communication 1 ~2 173 174 Interpersonal Relationships: Getting Needs Met Personal Needs and Wants 174 Inclusion Needs (Extrovert—Introvert) 175 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOWTO DETERMINE YOUR NEEDS 176 Control Needs (Dominant—Submissive) Openness Needs (Disdoser-Witliholdcr) Contradictory Needs (Dialectics) 178 179 180 Interpersonal Relationships: Gaining Rewards and Minimizing Costs Gathering Information and Using Effective Conversation Gathering Information to Reduce Uncertainty Using Effective Conversation Improving Self-Disclosure 181 182 182 183 186 True Self-Disclosure Self-Disclosure and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Tcchnology 186 187 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY 1 89 Disclosure and the Model of Social Penetration 190 "YOUR CAREER" AND RELATIONSHIPS 102 Chapter Summary 195 • Key Terms 196 • Skill Builders 196 7 Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict 198 Introduction Relationship Stages 200 200
CONTENTS Stages of Rehtionship Development Stages of Relationship Deterioration Relationships and Conflict Conflict Defined Conflict Escalators Conflict and Technology Conflict Styles The Passive Style 201 205 208 208 209 213 213 214 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: DISPUTE EXACERBATING MODEL OF EMAIL (DEME) 21 5 The Aggressive Style The Passive-Aggressive Style Tlte Assertive Style 216 217 217 Conflict Outcomes 218 Win-Win Compromise 218 218 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO COMMUNICATE MORE ASSERTIVELY 219 "YOUR CAREER” AND MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS 220 Win-Lose Lose-Lose 222 222 Chapter Summary 223 • Key Terms 223 • Skill Builders 223 8 Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups 226 Introduction 228 The Nature of Groups 228 What Makes a Group? Teams and Virtual Teams Groups and Culture/Gender/Ethics/Technology Types of Groups Individual versus Group Decisions 228 229 230 232 233 IVhen Individual Decisions Work Best When Group Decisions Work Best 234 234 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT 235 Characteristics of Successful Small Groups The Optimum Size Decision-Making Methods Group Cohesiveness 237 237 238 238
CONTENTS Cultural Diversity Absence of Groupthink 240 241 Rules, Norms, and Phases 242 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: GROUPTHINK THEORY Group Problem-Solving Process Group Group Group Group Group Process Step Process Step Process Step Process Step Process Step 1: Identify the Problem 2:Analyze the Problem 3: Establish and Rank Criteria 4: Generate Possible Solutions 5: Apply Criteria to Select Best Solution (s) Group Process Step 6: Implement Follom Up “YOUR CAREER" AND GROUP SKILLS 243 245 246 249 250 252 254 255 256 Chapter Summary 258 • Key Terms 259 • Skill Builders 259 9 Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders 262 Introduction Characteristics of Effective Group Members 264 264 Keeping an Open Mind Preparing and Participating Effectively Using the Problem-Solving Procedure Effectively Handling Conflicts Effectively Effective Member Roles Formal Roles Task Roles Maintenance Roles Dysfunctional Roles Characteristics of Effective Group Leadership 264 265 265 266 266 267 268 269 272 274 Using Power Effectively Sharing Responsibility Beneftingfrom Culture/Gender/Technology/Ethics 274 275 275 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO WORK WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL MEMBERS 276 Becoming an Effective Leader 280 Leadership Traits Leadership Functions Leadership Styles Contingency Leadership Transformational Leadership 280 281 281 283 286
CONTENTS MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Responsibilities of Members and Leaders 287 288 Member Responsibilities Leader Responsibilities 288 289 "YOUR CAREER” AND LEADERSHIP 290 Chapter Summary 292 • Key Terms 292 • Skill Builders 292 UNIT 111 PUBLIC SPEAKING Unit III “Public Speaking” Scenario Unit III: Self-Test 295 296 297 1 0 Public Speaking: Getting Started 298 Introduction Understanding the Nature of Anxiety 300 300 What Is Speaker Anxiety? What Causes Speaker Anxiety? 300 301 Anxiety Caused by the Situation Building Speaker Confidence 301 303 Be Prepared Engage in Skills Training Use Positive Imagery Apply Cognitive Restructuring Become Audience-Centered 303 304 304 306 307 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY 308 Practice Speaking Often 309 An Overview: Five Steps in Preparing a Successful Presentation Step Step Step Step Step 1: Analyzing Your Audience and the Situation 2: DevelopingYourTopic, Purpose,and Thesis 3: Gathering Materials 4: Organizing Your Main Points 5: PracticingYour Presentation Audience Analysis: A More DetailedLook 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 Demographic Analysis Attitude Analysis 313 314 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO CONDUCT AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 318
CONTENTS “YOUR CAREER" AND SPEAKING SKILLS 320 Situatiofial Analysis 322 Chapter Summary 323 • Key Terms 323 • Skill Builders 323 11 Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials 328 Introduction Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis Topic Selection Purpose Thesis Statement Gathering Materials: Begin with a Rough-Draft Outline A Rough-Draft Outline Saves ValuableTime A Rough-Draft Outline Makes Getting Opinions from Others Easier Searching for Supporting Materials: Ethics and Technology 330 330 330 333 335 336 336 337 338 Personal Information Print Sources 539 539 DEVELOPING SKILLS: ETHICS, EVIDENCE, AND PLAGIARISM 340 Electronic Databases Internet Sources Intervieu’s 541 542 544 Types and Uses of Supporting Materials: Culture and Gender 345 Definitions Explanations Examples Illustrations Comparisons Quotations (Expert Testimony) 546 547 548 548 550 551 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: FISHER’S NARRATIVE PARADIGM 352 Statistics 555 “YOUR CAREER” AND SUPPORTING MATERIALS 354 Chapter Summary 357 • Key Terms 358 • Skill Builders 358
12 Informative Speaking 360 Introduction 362 Informative Speaking Characteristics and Ethics 362 Organizational Patterns for Informative Presentations 363 Chronological (Time Order) Pattern Spatial (Geographical) Pattern Topical Pattern Causal (Usually Cause-Effect) Pattern Problem-Solution Pattern 365 365 366 366 367 Speech Organization: Cultural and Gender Differences MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: THE STICKINESS FACTOR 368 369 Speech Introductions 370 Catch Audience Attention Build Rapport Establish Credibility Point Out Benefits to Audience Clarify Central Idea with Thesis and Preview of Main Points When Should Each Step Be Used? 3 71 375 3 75 375 376 376 Speech Conclusions 377 Summary of Main Points Memorable Ending Questions and Answers (Q A) 378 378 379 Speech Transitions 380 Speech Outlining and Technology Tools 382 Why Bother with Outlines? 382 DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORGANIZE USING STORYBOARDS 383 Outlining Principles Types of Outlines 384 387 "YOUR CAREER” AND INFORMATIVE SPEAKING 390 Chapter Summary 392 • Key Terms 392 • Skill Builders 392 13 Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation Introduction 396 398
1 CONTENTS Preparing Quality Visual Aids 398 Types of Visual Aids General Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Siiacssfully UsingTechnology (Especially PowerPoint) Successfully 398 399 402 MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 403 Preparing for a Specific Audience Pinpoint Cultural Differences Identify Audience Type Select Best Delivery Method Practice Your Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery Pick Words Carefully Use Direct Eye Contact Use Effective Facial Expressions Monitor Posture, Gestures, and Movements Monitor Clothing and Grooming Realize Virtual Presentations are \'ot the Same as Face-to-Face Practice Your Vocal Delivery (Paralanguage) Pitch Rate Volume Emphasis Vocal Quality Articulation Pronunciation Vocal Dysflueticies Practice Citing Your Sources DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO ORALLY CITE YOUR SOURCES DURNG YOUR PRESENTATIONS Final Preparations before Your Speech “YOUR CAREER" AND DELIVERY 409 409 410 411 414 414 415 416 416 418 418 419 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 Chapter Summary 428 • Key Terms 428 • Skill Builders 429 14 Persuasive Speaking 432 Introduction 434 Understanding Persuasion 434 Differences between Persuasive and Informative Presentations Factors That Affect Persuasion: Culture, Gender, Ethics, and Technology 434 436
CONTENTS MAKING THEORY PRACTICAL: SOCIAL JUDGMENT THEORY Types of Persuasive Speeches Speech to Convince Speech to Actuate Persuasive Appeals That Really Persuade Speaker Credibility (Ethos) Evidence and Reasoning (Logos) Emotional Appeal (Pathos) Persuasive Organizational Patterns Persuasive Pattern for Arguments : Statement of Logical Reasons Persuasive Patternsfor Problems and Solutions Persuasive Pattern for Policy and ActiomThe Motivated Sequence DEVELOPING SKILLS: HOW TO USE INOCULATION THEORY Adapting Organizational Patterns to Audiences 437 440 440 441 442 442 443 445 446 446 448 452 454 455 IVhen the Audience Favors Your Position When the Audience Opposes Your Position When the Audience Is Neutral toward Your Position When the Audience Opinions Vary Widely Sample Student Speech Final Thoughts from the Authors 455 456 456 457 457 461 “YOUR CAREER" AND PERSUASION 462 Chapter Summary 464 • Key Terms • 464 Skill Builders 464 appendix References Communicating Successfully in the Interviewing Context466 485 Glossary 509 Name Index 535 Subject Index 539
Communicating for Success, third edition, is a core textbook for Introduction to Communication courses and gives students an overview of the subfields of Communication Studies and how these areas provide practical, fun, and immediate applications to students pursuing a wide variety of career paths, as well as practical instruction in public speaking for success on today's social media platforms. This fully updated third edition focuses on the key communication competencies recommended by the National Communication Association, including verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication and conflict resolution, group and organizational communication, public speaking, leadership, and the roles of social media, technology, culture, gender, and ethics in communication. With a vibrant and engaging design, this volume is packed with applied features including practical scenarios and examples, key terms, discussion questions, sample activities, learning objectives, and more. A concentrated focus on the influence of communication on careers in business, education, and healthcare is highlighted in a two-page career spread at the end of each chapter and takes lessons beyond the classroom. New features in this edition include a greater focus on public speaking in the workplace; emphasis on demographic and behavioral factors in audience analysis; and increased discussion of issues of social justice and equity. Online resources for instructors include PowerPoint slides and an Instructor's Manual with guidance on how to use the book's activities in both in-person
and online courses. Cheryl Hamilton is Professor Emeritus at Tarrant County College where she served as department chair and Professor of Communication. Tony L. Kroll is Professor of Communication Studies at Dallas College. Bonnie R. Creel is retired from a teaching career at Texas Christian University andTarrant County College. |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1372489096 (DE-599)BVBBV048637633 |
| discipline | Allgemeines |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines |
| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Hamilton, Cheryl Verfasser aut Communicating for success Cheryl Hamilton, Tony L. Kroll, Bonnie R. Creel Third edition New York ; London Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2023 xxiii, 544 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd rswk-swf Interpersonale Kommunikation (DE-588)4129721-0 gnd rswk-swf Erfolg (DE-588)4015224-8 gnd rswk-swf Erfolg (DE-588)4015224-8 s Interpersonale Kommunikation (DE-588)4129721-0 s Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 s DE-604 Kroll, Tony L. Verfasser aut Creel, Bonnie R. Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-00-325149-1 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034012600&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034012600&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034012600&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034012600&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Hamilton, Cheryl Kroll, Tony L. Creel, Bonnie R. Communicating for success Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd Interpersonale Kommunikation (DE-588)4129721-0 gnd Erfolg (DE-588)4015224-8 gnd |
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| title | Communicating for success |
| title_auth | Communicating for success |
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| title_exact_search_txtP | Communicating for success |
| title_full | Communicating for success Cheryl Hamilton, Tony L. Kroll, Bonnie R. Creel |
| title_fullStr | Communicating for success Cheryl Hamilton, Tony L. Kroll, Bonnie R. Creel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Communicating for success Cheryl Hamilton, Tony L. Kroll, Bonnie R. Creel |
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| topic_facet | Unternehmen Interpersonale Kommunikation Erfolg |
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