Extractive metallurgy of rare earths:
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Titel: Extractive metallurgy of rare earths
Autor: Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar
Jahr: 2016
EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY OF RARE EARTHS SECOND EDITION Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy Chiranjib Kumar Gupta CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press Is an imprint of the Taylor Francis Group, an informa business
Contents Preface to the Second Edition.xxi Preface to the First Edition.xxv Authors.xxix Chapter 1 The Rare Earths.1 1.1 Introduction.1 1.2 Discovery.1 1.3 Special Characteristics.8 1.3.1 Electronic Configuration.8 1.3.2 Lanthanide Contraction.19 1.3.3 Basicity.20 1.4 Properties.21 1.4.1 Melting Point.21 1.4.2 Boiling Point.22 1.4.3 Allotropes.23 1.4.4 Resistivity.23 1.4.5 Magnetic Properties.24 1.4.6 Spectral Properties.24 1.4.7 Mechanical Properties.25 1.5 Reactivity.25 1.5.1 Air/Oxygen.25 1.5.2 Refractories.26
1.5.3 Nitrogen.26 1.5.4 Hydrogen.28 1.5.5 Carbon.28 1.5.6 Silicon.28 1.5.7 Sulfur, Selenium, Phosphorus.28 1.5.8 Refractory Metals.29 1.5.9 Acids and Bases.29 1.5.10 Water.30 1.6 Aqueous Systems.30 1.6.1 Trivalent State.30 1.6.2 Complexes.31 1.6.3 Tetravalent State.31 1.6.4 Divalent State.32 1.7 Applications.33 1.7.1 Metallurgy.34 1.7.1.1 Ductile Iron.34 1.7.1.2 Steels.36 1.7.1.3 Superalloys.40 1.7.1.4 Magnesium Alloys.41 vii
Contents viii 1.7.1.5 Aluminum Alloys.41 1.7.1.6 Titanium Alloys.42 1.7.1.7 Copper Alloys.42 1.7.1.8 Zinc Alloys.42 1.7.1.9 Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys.43 1.7.1.10 Long-Range-Ordered Alloys.43 1.7.2 Magnets.43 1.7.3 Terfenol.51 1.7.4 Magnetic Refrigeration.53 1.7.5 Ceramics.53 1.7.6 Electronics.56 1.7.7 Chemical.57 1.7.8 Optical.59 1.7.9 Phosphors.61 1.7.9.1 Technology Transition in High- Efficiency Lighting.64 1.7.10 Nuclear.66 1.7.11 Hydrogen Storage.67 1.7.12 Superconductor.70 1.7.13 Miscellaneous.70 1.8 Global Rare-Earth Demand.73 1.9 Summary.81 Chapter 2 Resources.85 2.1 Introduction.85 2.2 Crustal
Abundance.86 2.3 Minerals.87 2.3.1 Bastnasite.88 2.3.2 Monazite.93 2.3.3 Xenotime.94 2.3.4 Allanite.94 2.3.5 Apatite.97 2.3.6 Brannerite.99 2.3.7 Eudialyte.99 2.3.8 Euxenite, Fergusonite, Florencite, Gadolinite, and Loparite.99 2.3.9 Perovskite.100 2.3.10 Pyrochlore.100 2.3.11 Zircon.100 2.3.12 Others.101 2.3.13 Scandium Minerals.102 2.3.14 Promethium.102 2.4 Rare-Earth Deposits.102 2.4.1 Basic Geology of REEs.102 2.4.2 Distribution.105
Contents ix 2.5 Resources and Reserves .107 2.6 Occurrence .163 2.6.1 Argentina .163 2.6.2 Australia.163 2.6.2.1 Brown’s Range.163 2.6.2.2 Dubbo Zirconia Project (DZP), Toongi. 164 2.6.2.3 Eneabba.164 2.6.2.4 Cooljarloo/Jurien Bay.164 2.6.2.5 Cummins Range.165 2.6.2.6 Gilgai Intrusion.165 2.6.2.7 Jangardup.165 2.6.2.8 WIM-150.165 2.6.2.9 Murray Basin.165 2.6.2.10 Nolans Bore.165 2.6.2.11 Norraburra RE Deposit.166 2.6.2.12 Olympic Dam.166 2.6.2.13 Brockman (Hastings) Deposit.166 2.6.2.14 Mary Kathleen.166 2.6.2.15 Mount Weld.167 2.6.2.16 John Galt.168 2.6.2.17 Radium Hill.168 2.6.2.18 Syerston .168 2.6.2.19 Thuddungra.168 2.6.2.20 Yangibana.168 2.6.3 Bangladesh.168 2.6.4 Brazil.169 2.6.5
Canada.170 2.6.5.1 Denison Mine.170 2.6.5.2 Nechalacho/Thor Lake Mine Site, Northwest Territories.170 2.6.5.3 Yukon.171 2.6.5.4 HoidasLake.171 2.6.5.5 Kipawa.171 2.6.6 China.172 2.6.6.1 Bayan Obo.172 2.6.6.2 Ion-Adsorption Ore.175 2.6.6.3 Placers.176 2.6.6.4 Other Deposits.176 2.6.7 Egypt.177 2.6.8 Germany.177 2.6.9 Greenland.177 2.6.9.1 Kvanefjeld.177 2.6.10 India.178 2.6.10.1 Hard Rock Deposits.178 2.6.10.2 Placers.179 2.6.11 Indonesia.179
X Contents 2.6.12 Japan.180 2.6.13 Kenya.180 2.6.14 Madagascar.180 2.6.15 Malaysia.180 2.6.16 Malawi.181 2.6.16.1 Kangankunde.181 2.6.16.2 Nanthace Hill.181 2.6.16.3 Songwe.182 2.6.16.4 Chilwa Island.182 2.6.17 Mozambique.182 2.6.18 Myanmar.182 2.6.19 New Zealand.182 2.6.20 Peru.182 2.6.21 South Africa.182 2.6.21.1 Buffalo Fluorspar.183 2.6.21.2 Phalaborwa Complex.183 2.6.21.3 Steenkampskrall.183 2.6.21.4 Zandkopsdrift.183 2.6.22 Sri Lanka.184 2.6.23 Sweden.184 2.6.24 Taiwan.184 2.6.25 Thailand.185 2.6.26 Turkey.185 2.6.27 United States.185 2.6.27.1 Elk Creek
Carbonatite, Nebraska.186 2.6.27.2 Music Valley, California.186 2.6.27.3 Wet Mountains Area, Colorado.186 2.6.27.4 Diamond Creek Area, Idaho.187 2.6.27.5 Hall Mountain, Idaho.187 2.6.27.6 Lemhi Pass District, Idaho.187 2.6.27.7 Pea Ridge Iron Deposit and Mine, Missouri.188 2.6.27.8 Hicks Dome, Illinois.188 2.6.27.9 Mineville Iron District, New York.188 2.6.27.10 Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming.189 2.6.27.11 Mountain Pass, California.189 2.6.27.12 Bokan Mountain, Alaska.190 2.6.27.13 Iron Hill, Colorado.190 2.6.27.14 Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico.190 2.6.27.15 Pajarito, New Mexico.190 2.6.27.16 Placers.190 2.6.28 Former Soviet Union.192 2.6.28.1 Tomtor.193 2.6.28.2 Chuktukon.193 2.6.28.3 Kyrgyzstan.194
Contents XI 2.6.29 Venezuela.194 2.6.30 Vietnam.194 2.6.30.1 Nam Xe.194 2.6.30.2 Dong Pao.195 2.6.31 Zaire.195 2.7 By-Products and Coproducts.195 2.8 World Rare-Earth Production.197 2.8.1 Brazil.202 2.8.2 India.203 2.8.3 United States.203 2.8.4 Australia.205 2.8.5 China.207 2.8.6 Former Soviet Union.210 2.8.7 South Africa.211 2.8.8 Canada.211 2.8.9 Malaysia.212 2.8.10 Thailand.212 2.8.11 Sri Lanka.212 2.8.12 Zaire and Madagascar.213 2.9 Scenario for the Immediate Future.213 2.10 Summary.229 Chapter 3 Resource Processing.235 3.1
Introduction.235 3.2 Mining.236 3.2.1 Hard-Rock Deposits.236 3.2.2 Placer Deposits.236 3.3 Physical Beneficiation.236 3.3.1 Monazite .239 3.3.1.1 Froth Flotation.244 3.3.1.2 Bastnasite Flotation.244 3.3.1.3 Monazite Flotation.246 3.3.2 Bastnasite.247 3.3.3 Bayan Obo Ore.249 3.4 Beneficiation of Other Rare-Earth Minerals.251 3.5 Chemical Treatment.254 3.5.1 Monazite .254 3.5.1.1 Acid Treatment.254 3.5.1.2 Alkali Treatment.255 3.5.1.3 Indian Rare Earths Ltd. Practice.255 3.5.1.4 Monazite Breakdown Practices.258 3.5.1.5 High-Temperature Process.260 3.5.1.6 Chlorination.260
xii Contents 3.5.2 Bastnasite.261 3.5.2.1 Processing Bear Lodge Ore .266 3.5.2.2 Goldschmidt Process.266 3.5.3 Xenotime.269 3.5.4 Ion-Adsorption Ore.270 3.5.5 Elliot Lake Uranium Ore.273 3.5.6 Gadolinite.273 3.5.7 Euxenite, Fergusonite, and Samarskite.274 3.5.8 Loparite and Pyrochlore .276 3.5.9 Apatite.277 3.6 Separation Processes.279 3.6.1 Selective Oxidation.279 3.6.2 Selective Reduction.281 3.6.3 Fractional Crystallization.282 3.6.4 Fractional Precipitation.283 3.6.5 Ion Exchange.285 3.6.5.1 Method.285 3.6.5.2 Application.287 3.6.6 Solvent Extraction.290 3.6.6.1 Method.290 3.6.6.2 Organophosphorus Acids.293 3.6.6.3 Carboxylic Acids.300 3.6.6.4 Solvating Extractants.301 3.6.6.5 Amines.303 3.6.6.6 Synergistic Effects.306 3.6.6.7 Industrial Processes.307
3.6.6.8 Molycorp.308 3.6.6.9 Denison Mines.309 3.6.6.10 Indian Rare Earths.310 3.6.6.11 Mintek.318 3.6.6.12 Megon.319 3.6.6.13 Rhône-Poulenc .321 3.6.6.14 Thorium Ltd.322 3.6.6.15 Yao Lung Chemical Plant.322 3.6.6.16 Spin-Off Processes.327 3.6.6.17 Dry Processes.328 3.7 Scandium.329 3.8 Summary.'.330 Chapter 4 Reduction.333 4.1 Introduction.333 4.2 Fundamentals.333 4.3 Metallothermy.337 4.4 Preparation of Rare-Earth Chlorides.339
Contents xiii 4.4.1 Preparation of Hydrated Rare-Earth Chlorides.339 4.4.2 Dehydration of Hydrated Rare-Earth Chlorides.339 4.4.3 Dry Methods.345 4.4.4 Purification of Rare-Earth Chlorides.346 4.5 Reduction of Rare-Earth Chlorides.348 4.5.1 Early Attempts.348 4.5.2 Reduction in a Refractory Bomb.350 4.5.3 Reduction in a Tantalum Crucible.352 4.5.4 Intermediate Alloy Processes.353 4.5.5 Kroll-Type Processes.353 4.5.5.1 Lithium/Sodium Reduction of Yttrium Chloride.353 4.5.5.2 Lithium Reduction of Yttrium Chloride. 355 4.5.5.3 Lithium Reduction of Rare-Earth Chlorides.357 4.5.5.4 Lithium Reduction of Dysprosium, Holmium, and Erbium Chlorides.358 4.6 Preparation of Rare-Earth Fluorides.363 4.6.1 Wet Method.363 4.6.2 Dry Methods.364 4.6.2.1 Reaction of Rare-Earth Oxides with Anhydrous HF.364 4.6.2.2 Reaction of Rare-Earth Oxides with Ammonium Bifluoride.366 4.6.3 Purification of Rare-Earth Fluorides.367 4.7 Reduction of Rare-Earth Fluorides.368 4.7.1 Lithium Reduction.369 4.7.2 Calcium Reduction (Ames Process).371 4.7.2.1 Semicontinuous Reduction.372 4.7.2.2 Goldschmidt Process.374 4.7.3 Intermediate
Alloy Process.376 4.7.4 Preparation of Scandium.379 4.7.5 Reduction of Samarium, Europium, and Ytterbium Halides.379 4.7.5.1 Reduction of SmCl 3 by Mechanical Milling.380 4.8 Oxide Reduction Processes.380 4.8.1 Reduction-Distillation: Lanthanothermy.382 4.8.1.1 Preparation of Samarium and Ytterbium. 383 4.8.1.2 Preparation of Europium.383 4.8.1.3 Preparation of Samarium, Europium, Ytterbium, and Terbium.384 4.8.2 Reduction-Distillation: Other Reductants.386 4.9 New Reduction Procedures.397 4.9.1 Metallothermic Reduction in Molten Salt.398
xiv Contents 4.10 Carbothermic Reduction.401 4.11 Electrolytic Production of Rare-Earth Metals.402 4.11.1 Chloride Electrolysis.403 4.11.2 Electrowinning at Room Temperature.408 4.11.3 Electrowinning Solid Metal Deposits.409 4.11.4 In Situ Preparation of Electrolyte.409 4.11.5 Commercial Electrowinning from Rare-Earth Chlorides.410 4.11.6 Oxide-Fluoride Electrolysis.411 4.11.6.1 Gray’s Cell.412 4.11.6.2 Reno Cell Type 6.413 4.11.6.3 Reno Cell Type 12.415 4.11.6.4 Reno Continuous Cell Type 12.418 4.11.6.5 Cells for Electrowinning Lanthanum.419 4.11.6.6 Cell for Electrowinning Neodymium, Praseodymium, and Didymium.426 4.11.6.7 High-Temperature Electrowinning Cell. 428 4.12 Recovery of Rare-Earth Metals as Alloys.431 4.12.1 Electrolysis of Chlorides.432 4.12.2 Electrolysis of Oxide-Fluoride Melts.435 4.12.2.1 Electrodeposition of Europium from Molten Fluoride.441 4.12.2.2 Electrochemical Reduction of Cerium Oxide to Metal.441 4.13 Current Efficiency.442 4.14 Summary.442 Chapter 5 Refining.447 5.1 Introduction.447 5.2
Origin of Impurities.448 5.2.1 Starting Materials.449 5.2.2 Crucible.451 5.2.3 Environment.452 5.3 Methods for Impurity Removal.453 5.4 Py rovacuum Treatments.453 5.4.1 Distillation.454 5.4.2 Removal of Halogens/Halides.455 5.4.3 Degassing.457 5.4.3.1 Dehydrogenation.457 5.4.3.2 Denitrogenation.457 5.4.3.3 Deoxidation.458 5.4.3.4 Sacrificial Deoxidation.458 5.4.3.5 Carbon Deoxidation.460 5.4.3.6 Silicon Deoxidation.461 5.5 Pyrovacuum Techniques.462
Contents xv 5.5.1 Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, and Neodymium.463 5.5.2 Yttrium, Gadolinium, Terbium, and Lutetium .463 5.5.3 Scandium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, and Lutetium .473 5.5.4 Samarium, Europium, Thulium, and Ytterbium.475 5.5.4.1 Purification of Europium by Distillation. 475 5.6 Electrorefining.478 5.6.1 Yttrium.478 5.6.2 Gadolinium.482 5.6.3 Cerium.489 5.7 Ultrapurification Methods.490 5.8 Zone Refining.490 5.8.1 Preliminary Studies.491 5.8.2 Lanthanum, Gadolinium, and Terbium.493 5.8.3 Lanthanum, Cerium, and Gadolinium.493 5.8.3.1 Redistribution of Interstitial Impurities.496 5.8.3.2 Redistribution of Metallic Impurities.497 5.9 Solid-State Electrotransport.500 5.9.1 SSE System.503 5.9.2 Residual Resistivity Ratio.505 5.9.3 Lanthanum.505 5.9.4 Praseodymium.505 5.9.5 Neodymium.506 5.9.6 Gadolinium.506 5.9.7 Terbium.506 5.9.8
Yttrium.507 5.9.9 Dysprosium and Holmium .507 5.9.10 Erbium.508 5.9.11 Lutetium .509 5.9.12 Samarium.510 5.10 Zone Refining and Electrotransport.510 5.10.1 Neodymium.510 5.10.2 Gadolinium.512 5.11 Iodide Refining.515 5.12 Miscellaneous Processes.515 5.12.1 Deoxidation by Oxyhalide Formation.516 5.12.2 Electrochemical Deoxidation of Rare-Earth Metals.517 5.13 Summary.520 Chapter 6 Rare-Earth Materials.523 6.1 Introduction.523 6.2 Misch Metal.523 6.2.1 Preparation of Mixed Rare-Earth Chlorides.524 6.2.2 Electrolysis of Chlorides.526
xvi Contents 6.2.3 Electrolysis of Oxide-Fluoride Melts.528 6.2.4 Ames Process.532 6.2.5 Thermal Reduction Process.534 6.3 Rare Earth-Silicon-Iron Alloys.538 6.3.1 Reno (USBM) Process.538 6.3.2 BARC Process.541 6.3.3 Baotou Process.541 6.4 Rare Earth-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys.541 6.5 Rare Earth-Aluminum-Zinc Alloys.543 6.6 Yttrium-Aluminum Alloys.544 6.7 RE-TM-Mg Alloys.545 6.8 FCC Catalysts.545 6.9 Permanent Magnet Materials.546 6.10 Rare Earth-Co Permanent Magnets.546 6.10.1 Preparation of Magnet Material.549 6.10.1.1 Direct Melting.550 6.10.1.2 Reduction-Diffusion.550 6.10.1.3 Coreduction.555 6.10.1.4 Electrolysis.556 6.10.2 Preparation of Magnets.561 6.10.2.1 Sintered Magnets.562 6.10.2.2 Precipitation-Hardened Magnets.564 6.10.2.3 Bonded Magnets.565 6.11 Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets.567 6.11.1 Production of Nd-Fe-B Alloys.568 6.11.1.1 Direct
Melting.568 6.11.1.2 Coreduction.568 6.11.1.3 Production of Consolidated Alloys.569 6.11.2 Production of Nd-Fe-B Magnets.575 6.11.2.1 Melt Spinning.576 6.11.2.2 Strip Casting.577 6.11.2.3 Hydrogenation-Disproportionation- Desorption-Recombination .577 6.11.2.4 Consolidation.580 6.11.2.5 Sintered Magnets.586 6.11.3 Preservation and Enhancement of Magnetic Properties.589 6.11.3.1 Super High-Energy Magnets.592 6.11.3.2 Two-Alloy Process.594 6.11.4 Corrosion Control by Coatings on Magnets.595 6.12 Sm-Fe-N Magnets.598 6.13 Lanthanum Substitution in Ferrites.599 6.14 Magnetostrictive Material (Terfenol-D).601 6.15 Magnetic Refrigerants (Magnetocaloric Materials).602 6.15.1 Magnetic Refrigeration.603 6.16 Thin Film Deposition Processes.605
Contents xvii 6.16.1 Bubble Domain Memory Materials.606 6.16.2 Magneto-Optic Storage Media.606 6.17 NiMH Battery and Hydrogen Storage Materials.607 6.17.1 LaNi 5 -Hydrogen System.607 6.17.2 Preparation of the Alloys.607 6.17.3 Alloys for Hydride Compressor.609 6.17.4 Preparation of Multicomponent RE-Ni-Mg Intermetallics.609 6.18 Special Rare-Earth Ceramics.610 6.18.1 Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, Nd:YAG Ceramics.610 6.18.2 Gadolinium Gallium Garnet.611 6.18.3 Scandia Ceramics.611 6.18.4 Rare-Earth Sulfides.612 6.19 Preparation of Rare-Earth Phosphors.612 6.19.1 Homogeneous Precipitation.612 6.19.2 Solid-State Reaction.614 6.19.3 Sol-Gel Synthesis.615 6.19.4 Melt Synthesis.616 6.19.4.1 Molten Salt Synthesis.616 6.19.4.2 Flux Method.617 6.20 Superconductors.617 6.21 Summary.621 Chapter 7 Recycling.627 7.1 Introduction.627 7.2 Materials for
Recycling.636 7.3 Potential for Recycling.637 7.4 Processes for Recycling.640 7.5 Pyrometallurgical Processes.640 7.5.1 Smelting.640 7.5.2 Melt Spinning.643 7.5.3 Chlorination.645 7.5.4 Chemical Vapor Transport.646 7.5.5 Liquid Metal Extraction.646 7.5.5.1 Ames Process.647 7.5.6 Flux-Based Processes.649 7.5.6.1 Electroslag Refining.649 7.5.6.2 Molten Flux Process.650 7.5.6.3 Glass-Slag Method.650 7.5.7 Oxidation-Reduction and Other Options.651 7.6 Hydrometallurgy.652 7.6.1 Leaching and Precipitation.653 7.6.1.1 Rhone Poulenc Process.656 7.6.1.2 Hydrothermal Process.658 7.6.2 Leaching, Precipitation, Solvent Extraction.658
Contents xviii 7.7 Separation of Individual Rare Earths.664 7.8 Magnets.668 7.8.1 In-Plant or Preconsumer Scrap.669 7.8.2 End-of-Life Scrap.669 7.8.2.1 Collection.669 7.8.2.2 Dismantling.670 7.8.23 Samarium-Cobalt.671 7.8.2.4 NdFeB.671 7.8.2.5 Mixed Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B Scrap.671 7.9 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries.672 7.10 Phosphors.672 7.10.1 Composition of Recycled Lamp Phosphor.673 7.10.2 Physical Separation.675 7.10.3 Separation of Individual Phosphors.676 7.11 Glass-Polishing Powder.682 7.12 Catalysts.683 7.12.1 Fluid Cracking Catalysts.683 7.12.2 Automotive Exhaust Catalysts.684 7.13 Optical Glass.684 7.14 Miscellaneous Materials.685 7.15 Summary.685 Chapter 8 Analysis.687 8.1 Introduction.687 8.2 Chemical
Methods.687 8.2.1 Gravimetry.687 8.2.2 Volumetry.688 8.2.2.1 Determination of Cerium.688 8.2.2.2 Determination of Europium.689 8.3 Analytical Separation of Rare Earths.689 8.4 Instrumental Methods.689 8.5 Spectroscopy.690 8.5.1 Spectrophotometry.690 8.5.2 Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy.693 8.5.3 Induction-Coupled Plasma Excitation.698 8.5.4 ICP-AES.698 8.6 ICP-MS.700 8.7 XRF.703 8.8 NAA.705 8.9 Other Instrumental Techniques.710 8.9.1 Cathode Ray-Excited Emission Spectroscopy.710 8.9.2 X-Ray-Excited Optical Luminescence Spectroscopy.710 8.9.3 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry.711 8.9.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.711
Contents xix 8.10 Determination of Interstitials.711 8.11 Summary.713 Chapter 9 Environmental Aspects.717 9.1 Introduction.717 9.2 Contaminant Elements in Rare-Earth Ores.718 9.2.1 Radioactive Contaminants.718 9.2.2 Contaminants from Hard-Rock Mining.719 9.2.3 Rare-Earth Elements.720 9.3 Main Process Steps in Mining and Processing.720 9.4 Contaminant Release Points.721 9.4.1 Mine Pit.723 9.4.2 Tailing Impoundment.723 9.4.3 Waste Rock Stockpiles.724 9.4.4 Mill.724 9.4.5 Air Emissions.724 9.4.6 Mine Site.724 9.4.7 Head-End Processing.725 9.5 Environmental Aspects of Mining and Processing in China.725 9.5.1 Overview.725 9.5.2 Bayan Obo Facilities.726 9.5.3 Sichuan Mine.726 9.5.4 Ion-Adsorption Deposits.727 9.5.5 Processing.727
9.5.6 Wastewater from REE Separation and Refining.727 9.6 Entry Criteria for Rare-Earth Industry (China).730 9.7 Research and Development on Cleaner Production in China.731 9.7.1 Technology Solutions to Environmental Problems.731 9.7.1.1 Fluorine Emission and Mitigation.731 9.7.1.2 Eco-Friendly RE/Th Separation.732 9.7.1.3 Wastewater Treatment.732 9.8 Environment-Friendly Processing outside China.734 9.8.1 General Outlook.734 9.8.1.1 Monazite and Xenotime.734 9.8.2 Recovery Rates.734 9.8.3 Mine Planning and Management.735 9.9 Mountain Pass.735 9.10 Bear Lodge.738 9.10.1 Water Contamination.738 9.10.2 Air Contamination.739 9.11 Mount Weld.739 9.12 Dubbo Zirconia Project.740
XX Contents 9.13 Kvanefjeld .741 9.14 Steenkampskrall Mine .742 9.15 Nechalacho Project.742 9.16 Summary .743 References .745 Index.809 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar Gupta, Chiranjib 1939- |
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| author_facet | Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar Gupta, Chiranjib 1939- |
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| bvnumber | BV043221556 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TN799 |
| callnumber-raw | TN799.R37 |
| callnumber-search | TN799.R37 |
| callnumber-sort | TN 3799 R37 |
| callnumber-subject | TN - Mining Engineering and Metallurgy |
| classification_rvk | VE 9650 ZK 7600 |
| classification_tum | HUE 700f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)935841962 (DE-599)BVBBV043221556 |
| dewey-full | 669/.291 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 669 - Metallurgy |
| dewey-raw | 669/.291 |
| dewey-search | 669/.291 |
| dewey-sort | 3669 3291 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Bergbau / Hüttenwesen Hüttenwesen, Metallurgie |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043221556 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:30:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781466576346 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028644443 |
| oclc_num | 935841962 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-83 |
| physical | xxvii, 839 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (DE-588)1143871383 aut Extractive metallurgy of rare earths Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Chiranjib Kumar Gupta Second edition Boca Raton ; London ; New York CRC Press [2016] © 2016 xxvii, 839 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Métaux des terres rares - Métallurgie Rare earth metals Metallurgy Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd rswk-swf Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd rswk-swf Extraktion (DE-588)4016062-2 gnd rswk-swf Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 s Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 s Extraktion (DE-588)4016062-2 s DE-604 Gupta, Chiranjib 1939- (DE-588)123131413 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028644443&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar Gupta, Chiranjib 1939- Extractive metallurgy of rare earths Métaux des terres rares - Métallurgie Rare earth metals Metallurgy Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Extraktion (DE-588)4016062-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4132099-2 (DE-588)4074756-6 (DE-588)4016062-2 |
| title | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths |
| title_auth | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths |
| title_exact_search | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths |
| title_full | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Chiranjib Kumar Gupta |
| title_fullStr | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Chiranjib Kumar Gupta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Chiranjib Kumar Gupta |
| title_short | Extractive metallurgy of rare earths |
| title_sort | extractive metallurgy of rare earths |
| topic | Métaux des terres rares - Métallurgie Rare earth metals Metallurgy Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Extraktion (DE-588)4016062-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Métaux des terres rares - Métallurgie Rare earth metals Metallurgy Seltenerdmetall Metallurgie Extraktion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028644443&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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