Introduction to the morphology of Setswana:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
LINCOM EUROPA
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | LINCOM studies in African linguistics
69 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 314 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3895868760 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV021670859 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20061124 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 060725s2006 b||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 3895868760 |9 3-89586-876-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)73349327 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV021670859 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-703 |a DE-19 |a DE-12 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a PL8747.1 | |
| 084 | |a EP 19426 |0 (DE-625)26887:231 |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Krüger, Caspar J. H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |c Caspar J. H. Krüger |
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b LINCOM EUROPA |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a IX, 314 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a LINCOM studies in African linguistics |v 69 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tswana language |x Morphology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Morphologie |g Linguistik |0 (DE-588)4170560-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tswana-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4256812-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tswana-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4256812-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Morphologie |g Linguistik |0 (DE-588)4170560-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a LINCOM studies in African linguistics |v 69 |w (DE-604)BV010325612 |9 69 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014885224&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014885224 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135486925570048 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
PREFACE 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 AIM 7
1.2 DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE 7
1.3 LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM 7
1.4 SYMBOLS/SIGNS/CONSTITUENTS/ITEMS 8
1.5 TAXONOMY 8
1.6 CONSTITUENTS AND FRAMEWORK 10
1.6.1 Constituents 10
1.6.1.1 Phonological items 10
1.6.1.2 Lexical items 10
1.6.2 Frameworks 11
1.6.2.1 Non lexical framework 11
1.6.2.2 Lexical framework 11
1.7 ARRANGEMENT/STRUCTURE 11
1.8 WORD IDENTIFICATION 12
1.8.1 Word division systems 12
1.8.2 Word tests 13
1.8.2.1 Isolatability 13
1.8.2.2 Mobility 14
1.8.2.3 Transposability 15
1.8.2.4 Replaceability 16
1.9 Implications of tests on word autonomy, word classes and
orthography 16
1.10 CONSTITUENTS WHICH POSE A PROBLEM CONCERNING
THEIR WORD STATUS 18
1.11 PRINCIPLES OF WORD CLASS CLASSIFICATION 22
1.12 WORD CLASSES 23
1.12.1 Phonologically normal categories 24
1.12.1.1 Nouns 24
1.12.1.2 Pronouns 24
1.12.1.3 Verbs 24
1.12.1.4 Adverbs 24
1.12.1.5 Particles/relation words 25
1.12.1.6 Conjunctions 25
1.12.2 Phonological paranormal categories 26
1.12.2.1 Idiophones 26
1.12.2.2 Interjections 26
1.13 OTHER WORD CLASS MODELS 26
1.14 CONCLUSION 28
CHAPTER 2 PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY: A
CONCISE EXPOSITION 29
2.1 MORPHEMES AS MEANINGFUL PARTS OF WORDS 29
2.2 MORPHEME AND WORD, BOUND MORPHEME AND FREE
MORPHEME, ROOT AND STEM 30
2.2.1 Introduction 30
i
2.2.2 Views on morphological components 32
2.2.3 Conclusions 35
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES 35
2.3.1 Classification according to semantic correspondences and
differences 35
2.3.1.1 Grammatical morphemes 35
2.3.1.2 Lexical morphemes 36
2.3.2 Classification according to structure (distribution) 37
2.3.3 Classification of morphemes according to form 37
2.3.3.1 Phonological variants 38
2.3.3.2 Morphological variants 38
2.3.3.3 Syntactic variants 38
2.3.4 Variability of morpheme shape 38
2.4 MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES (WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES) 39
2.4.1 The operand or underlying component 39
2.4.2 Word formation processes 40
2.4.2.1 Affixation 40
2.4.2.2 Substitution (Replacement) 41
2.4.2.3 Reduction 41
2.4.2.4 Reduplication 41
2.4.2.5 Compounding 41
2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENCES IN
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION 42
2.5.1 Simplexes 42
2.5.2 Complexes 42
2.5.3 Reduplications 43
2.5.4 Compounds 43
2.6 ARRANGEMENT OF MORPHEMES IN COMPLEX WORDS 44
2.6.1 Linear arrangement (Linear succession) 44
2.6.2 Hierarchical arrangement 45
2.7 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX WORDS
(ANALYSING TECHNIQUES) 45
2.7.1 Conditions 45
2.7.1.1 Meaningfulness of underlying components 45
2.7.1.2 Reflection of word formation processes involved 45
2.7.1.3 Identification of the stem 46
2.7.2 Identification of morpheme boundaries 46
2.7.2.1 Binary division 46
2.7.2.2 Tripartite division 47
2.7.3 Hierarchical preferences 48
2.7.4 Different hierarchical levels 49
2.7.5 Application of principles for analysis 50
2.7.5.1 Immediate constituents: bipartite division or tripartite division 50
2.7.5.2 Immediate underlying stem 51
2.7.5.3 Replacement (substitution) 51
2.7.5.4 Morphemes of presumably equal ranking 51
2.7.6 Conclusion 52
2.8 Morphemes at and below word level 52
2.8.1 Morphemes below word level 52
2.8.2 Morphemes at word level 53
2.8.3 Types of word structures 53
ii
2.9 MORPHOLOGY 54
2.9.1 Paradigmatic morphology 54
2.9.2 Syntagmatic morphology (morpheme syntax) 54
2.9.3 Relation to phonology and syntax 54
CHAPTER 3 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOUN 57
3.1 NON INFINITIVE NOUN CLASSES 57
3.1.1 Prefixes (inflectional morphemes) 57
3.1.1.1 Class 1 mo (singular) 57
3.1.1.2 Class 2 ba (plural for class 1 mo ) 59
3.1.1.3 Class 3 mo (singular) 60
3.1.1.4 Class 4 me (plural for class 3 mo ) 61
3.1.1.5 Class 5 le (singular) 61
3.1.1.6 Class 6 ma (plural for class 5 le ) 63
3.1.1.7 Class 7 se (singular) 65
3.1.1.8 Class 8 di (plural for class 7 se ) 66
3.1.1.9 Class 9 (N ) (singular) 66
3.1.1.10 Class 10 di(N) (plural for class 9 N ) 68
3.1.1.11 Class 11 lo (singular) 68
3.1.1.12 Class 14 bo (singular) 70
3.1.2 Roots of non infinitive class nouns 71
3.1.2.1 Definition 71
3.1.2.2 Types of roots 71
3.1.3 Suffixes of the non infinitive nouns 73
3.1.3.1 The augmentative or feminine suffix gadi/ adi 73
3.1.3.2 The diminutive suffixes of non infinitive nouns 74
3.1.3.3 The locative suffix (i)ng 87
3.2 THE INFINITIVE NOUN CLASS 92
3.2.1 Nominal morphological features of infinitives 92
3.2.1.1 Prefixes 92
3.2.2 Suffixes 93
3.2.2.1 The diminutive suffix nyana 93
3.2.2.2 The locative suffix (i)ng 93
3.2.2.3 The augmentative suffix gadi 93
3.2.3 Verbal morphological features of infinitives 93
3.3 LOCATIVE CLASS NOUNS 93
3.3.1 List of locative class nouns 93
3.3.2 Prefixes of locative class nouns 95
3.3.2.1 The locative classes (fa , go and mo group of classes) 95
3.3.3 Roots of locative class nouns 96
3.3.4 Suffixes of locative class nouns 96
3.3.4.1 Table of locative class nouns which assume the locative and
diminutive suffixes 96
3.3.4.2 General remarks 96
3.3.4.3 Syntactic valence of locativized nouns and locative class nouns for
locative class pronouns 97
3.4 DIAGRAM 1: SUB CATEGORIES OF THE NOUN 98
CHAPTER 4 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOUN: NOUN CLASS
INTERCHANGE 101
4.1 INTRODUCTION 101
4.2 NOMINAL SHIFT IN THE NON INFINITIVE CLASSES 101
iii
4.2.1 Differentiation in noun class semantic value 101
4.2.1.1 Noun class interchange by substitution (replacement) of prefixes 101
4.2.1.2 Noun class interchange by prefixation (addition) 105
4.2.2 Differentiation in plural formation 106
4.2.2.1 Differentiation in plural formation by replacement 106
4.2.2.2 Differentiation in plural formation by prefixation 109
4.3 NOMINAL SHIFT FROM INFINITIVE NOUNS TO NON INFINITIVE
NOUNS 110
4.3.1 Formation of deverbatives and morphemes involved 110
4.3.1.1 Rule 110
4.3.1.2 The suffixes (derivational deverbative morphemes) involved 110
4.3.1.3 Sound adaptations in deverbative formation (phonological processes)113
4.3.2 Deverbatives in the noun classes 114
4.3.2.1 Classes 1 (mo ) and 2 (ba ) 114
4.3.2.2 Classes 3 (mo ) and 4 (me ) 115
4.3.2.3 Classes 5 (le ) and 6 (ma ) 116
4.3.2.4 Classes 7 (se ) and 8 (di ) 117
4.3.2.5 Classes 9 (N ) and 10 (di(N) ) 119
4.3.2.6 Class 11 (lo ) and plural class 10 (diN ) 121
4.3.2.7 Class 14 (bo ) and plural class 6 (ma ) 121
4.3.3 Hierarchical structure of deverbatives 124
CHAPTER 5 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PRONOUNS 127
5.1 SUBCATEGORIES OF PRONOUNS 127
5.2 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ABSOLUTE
PRONOUN 127
5.2.1 Table of the absolute pronouns 127
5.2.2 Morphemes occurring in absolute pronouns 128
5.2.2.1 Agreement morphemes 128
5.2.2.2 Root morphemes 129
5.2.3 Variants 129
5.2.3.1 Morphological variants 129
5.2.3.2 Syntactic variants 130
5.2.4 Lexical meaning and function of absolute pronouns 131
5.3 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN 131
5.3.1 Table of demonstrative pronouns 131
5.3.2 Morphemes occurring in demonstrative pronouns 132
5.3.2.1 Agreement morphemes 132
5.3.2.2 Roots 133
5.3.2.3 Suffixes (positional morphemes) 133
5.3.3 Variants 133
5.3.4 Lexical meaning of demonstrative pronouns 133
5.3.4.1 Distance 1 134
5.3.4.2 Distance 2 134
5.3.4.3 Distance 3 134
5.3.5 Note on the locative class demonstratives 134
5.4 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE QUANTITATIVE
PRONOUNS 135
5.4.1 Table of the quantitative pronouns 135
5.4.2 Morphemes occurring in quantitative pronouns 136
5.4.2.1 Agreement morphemes 136
iv
5.4.2.2 Roots 136
5.4.3 Variants 137
5.4.4 Lexical meaning of quantitative pronouns 137
5.4.4.1 The inclusive quantitative pronoun 137
5.4.4.2 The selective quantitative pronoun osi 138
5.4.4.3 The exclusive quantitative pronoun pe 138
5.4.4.4 The separative quantitative pronoun sele 138
5.4.4.5 The interrogative pronoun fe? 139
5.5 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS 139
5.5.1 Possessive pronouns of the first and second person singular and
plural, class 1 (mo ) and class 2 (ba ) 140
5.5.1.1 Singular 140
5.5.1.2 Plural 142
5.5.2 Possessive pronouns of the noun classes 2 19 144
5.5.2.1 Morphemes 144
5.5.2.2 Remarks 144
5.5.3 Lexical meaning of possessive pronouns 145
CHAPTER 6 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PARTICLES (RELATION
WORDS) 147
6.1 PARTICLES AS A WORD CLASS 147
6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICLES 147
6.2.1 Monomorphemic particles 147
6.2.1.1 The associative (conjunctive) particle 147
6.2.1.2 The instrumental particle with the form ka 148
6.2.1.3 The locative particle with the form ka 148
6.2.1.4 The temporal particle with form ka 149
6.2.1.5 The referential particle with the form ka 149
6.2.1.6 The locative particle with the form go 149
6.2.1.7 The comparative particle with the form jaaka 149
6.2.1.8 The alternative particle kgotsa/kapa/kampd/kana 149
6.2.1.9 The agentative particle with the form ke 149
6.2.2 Polymorphemic particles 150
6.2.2.1 The relative particles (relative relation words) 150
6.2.2.2 The possessive particles (possessive relation words) 151
6.3 MEANING OF PARTICLES 151
CHAPTER 7 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIONS 153
7.1 CONJUNCTIONS AS A WORD CLASS 153
7.2 INTRASENTENTIAL CONJUNCTIONS 153
7.2.1 Items used exclusively as conjunctions 153
7.2.1.1 fa 153
7.2.1.2 lefa 154
7.2.1.3 ntswa/etswa 154
7.2.1.4 jaaka 154
7.2.1.5 bod 154
7.2.1.6 mme 155
7.2.1.7 ka 155
7.2.1.8 iemororo 155
7.2.2 Items derived from other word classes employed as conjunctions 156
7.2.2.1 gore 156
v
7.2.2.2 e kete 156
7.2.2.2 bile 157
7.2.2.4 e sa le 157
7.2.2.5 The infinitive verbs go tloga, go fitlhla, go tla, go tsamaya (go
tsamaye) 157
7.3 INTERSENTENTIAL CONJUNCTIVES 158
7.3.1 Additive conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.2 Temporal conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.3 Alternating conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.4 Adversative conjunctive descriptives 159
7.3.5 Causal conjunctive descriptives: 159
CHAPTER 8 THE MORPHOLOGY OF ADVERBS 161
8.1 THE TERMS ADVERB AND DESCRIPTIVE 161
8.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS 161
8.2.1 Basic adverbs 161
8.2.2 Derived adverbs 162
8.2.2.1 Derivation by ga 162
8.2.2.2 Derivation by seka 162
8.2.3 Conjunctive adverbs 162
8.2.4 Nouns with descriptive function 162
CHAPTER 9 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF INTERJECTIONS
(EXCLAMATIONS) 165
9.1 MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE 165
9.2 MEANING 165
9.2.1 Interjections expressing agreement, disagreement 165
9.2.2 Interjections expressing surprise, disbelief 165
9.2.3 Interjections expressing sorrow, distress, fear, disgust 165
9.2.4 Interjections drawing attention 165
9.2.5 Interjections to address animals in calling, urging 166
9.3 FUNCTION OF INTERJECTIONS 166
CHAPTER 10 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB 167
10.1 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF VERBS 167
10.1.1 Prefixal morphemes 167
10.1.2 Roots 167
10.1.2.1 Original roots 167
10.1.2.2 Nominal roots 168
10.1.2.3 Idiophonic roots 168
10.1.3 Suffixal morphemes 168
10.1.4 Morphological processes 168
10.1.4.1 Affixation (addition) 168
10.1.4.2 Substitution (replacement) 168
10.1.4.3 Deletion 168
10.2 SUBCATEGORIES OF THE VERB 169
10.2.1 Valence for descriptives 169
10.2.1.1 Intransitive verbs 169
10.2.1.2 Transitive verbs 170
10.2.2 Valence for complements 170
10.3 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: PREFIXES 171
10.3.1 Agreement morphemes referring to the subject 171
vi
10.3.1.1 Function of the subject agreement morphemes 171
10.3.1.2 Types of agreement morphemes 171
10.3.1.3 The derivation of subject agreement morphemes 173
10.3.1.4 Slot of subject agreement morphemes 175
10.3.1.5 Morphological variants of subject agreement morphemes 175
10.3.2 Agreement morphemes referring to the object 176
10.3.2.1 Function of object agreement morphemes 176
10.3.2.2 Derivation of class bound and person bound object morphemes 176
10.3.2.3 The classless object morpheme: the reflexive morpheme i(n) 176
10.3.2.4 Position of object agreement morphemes 181
10.3.3 The negative morphemes 182
10.3.3.1 ga 182
10.3.3.2 sa 182
10.3.3.3 se 182
10.3.4 Other morphemes (deficient verb forms) 183
10.3.4.1 The present tense morpheme a 183
10.3.4.2 The progressive (persistive) morpheme sa 183
10.3.4.3 The potential morpheme ka 183
10.3.4.4 The futuritive morpheme tla 183
10.3.5 Discussion of the deficient verb forms 183
10.3.5.1 The deficient verb form a 184
10.3.5.2 The persistive or progressive morpheme sa 184
10.3.5.3 The potential morpheme ka 186
10.3.5.4 The futuritive morpheme tla 190
10.3.6 Comparison between a , sa , ka and tla 193
10.3.6.1 Features 193
10.3.6.2 Distribution in the various moods 193
10.4 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: VERBAL ROOTS 194
10.4.1 Original primitive roots 194
10.4.2 Primitive roots derived from idiophones 194
10.4.3 Denominative roots 195
10.4.3.1 The suffix f 195
10.4.3.2 The suffix fal 195
10.4.3.3 Miscellaneous suffixes 197
10.4.4 Roots of foreign origin 197
10.4.4.1 Verbs 197
10.4.4.2 Denominalized foreign nouns 198
10.5 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: SUFFIXES 198
10.5.1 The unproductive/inactive suffixes 198
10.5.1.1 The dispersive suffix alal / al 199
10.5.1.2 The positional suffix am 199
10.5.1.3 The contactive suffix ar 200
10.5.1.4 The stative suffix al 200
10.5.1.5 The suffix y or ay 201
10.5.1.6 The deidiophonic suffixes 202
10.5.2 The semi productive suffixes 203
10.5.2.1 The reversive suffixes og , olog and ol , olol 203
10.5.2.2 The neuter range of suffixes 208
10.5.2.3 The denominative suffixes f and fal 211
10.5.2.4 Mutual combinability of semi productive suffixes 211
10.5.3 The productive suffixes 214
10.5.3.1 The iterative/repetitive/intensive suffix ak 215
vii
10.5.3.2 The causative suffix is and y 216
10.5.3.3 The applied suffix el and phonological variant ets 232
10.5.3.4 The reciprocal suffix an 239
10.5.3.5 The passive suffixes w and iw 243
10.5.3.6 The past tense ending ik. e 248
10.6 DIAGRAM 2: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF VERBS 256
CHAPTER 11 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS
AND COPULATIVE VERBS 259
11.1 MAIN CATEGORIES OF THE VERB 259
11.2 AUXILIARY VERBS 259
11.2.1 Classification of auxiliary verbs 259
11.2.1.1 Inseparable (non transferable) auxiliary verbs 261
11.2.1.2 Transferable/seperable auxiliary verbs 269
11.2.1.3 Auxiliary verbs followed by the Infinitive mood 270
11.2.2 Features of auxiliary verbs 272
11.2.2.1 Semantic features 272
11.2.2.2 Syntactic features 273
11.2.2.3 Morphological features 273
11.3 COPULATIVE VERBS 275
11.3.1 Classification of copulative verbs 275
11.3.1.1 Types (categories) 275
11.3.1.2 Discussion 276
11.3.2 Features of copulative verbs 278
11.3.2.1 Semantic features 278
11.3.2.2 Syntactic features 278
11.3.2.3 Morphological features 278
11.4 DIAGRAM 3: COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM OF THE FEATURES OF
VERBS, AUXILIARY VERBS AND COPULATIVE VERBS 279
11.5 DIAGRAM 4: DIAGRAM OF SUB CATEGORIES OF VERBS 279
CHAPTER 12 SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY (MORPHEME SYNTAX) 283
12.1 SEQUENCE OF MORPHEMES 283
12.2 TYPES OF MORPHEMES 283
12.2.1 Morphemes according to a semantic classification 283
12.2.3 Morphemes according to a structural classification 283
12.3 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF NOUNS 283
12.3.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the noun 283
12.3.2 Syntagmatic arrangement 284
12.3.3 Examples of arrangement and analysis (linear and hierarchical) 284
12.4 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PRONOUNS 285
12.4.1 The syntagmatic morphology of the absolute pronouns 285
12.4.1.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the pronouns 285
12.4.1.2 Syntagmatic arrangement and analysis 285
12.4.2 The syntagmatic morphology of demonstrative pronouns 286
12.4.2.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the demonstrative
pronouns 286
12.4.2.2 Syntagmatic arrangement and analysis 286
12.4.3 Syntagmatic morphology of the quantitative pronoun 287
12.4.4 The syntagmatic morphology of the possessive pronoun 287
12.5 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB 287
viii
12.5.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the verb 287
12.5.2 Syntagmatic arrangement of the verbal morphemes 288
12.5.2.1 Linear arrangement of verbal morphemes 288
12.5.2.2 Hierarchical arrangement and analysis of verbal morphemes 288
12.6 THE EXISTENCE OF UNDERLYING STRUCTURES 291
CHAPTER 13 WORD GROUPS: COMPONENTS AND COMBINATORY RULES.293
13.1 DEFINITION OF A WORD GROUP 293
13.2 COMPONENTS (CONSTITUENTS) AND PRINCIPLES (RULES) 293
13.2.1 Components 293
13.2.1.1 The lexical component/layer 293
13.2.1.2 The functional component 293
13.2.2 Principles/rules (combinatory rules) 293
13.3 THE RULES OF WORD GROUP FORMATION 294
13.3.1 The principle of order (linear structure) 294
13.3.2 The principle of semantic combinability 295
13.3.3 Conclusion 295
13.4 COMPONENTS (CONSTITUENTS) OF THE WORD GROUP 295
13.4.1 The lexical component (layer) of a word group 295
13.4.1.1 Word classes 295
13.4.1.2 Word group classes 296
13.4.2 The functional component 296
13.4.2.1 The subject 297
13.4.2.2 The object 299
13.4.2.3 The antecedent 300
13.4.2.4 The qualificative or qualifier 301
13.4.2.5 Introductory member (first member) 301
13.4.2.6 The complement 301
13.4.2.7 The descriptive 302
13.4.2.8 The predicate 302
13.4.2.9 Head member and appositional member 303
13.4.2.10 Co ordinate member (first member, second member, third member,
etc.) 303
13.5 THE NAMING OF WORD GROUPS 304
13.6 SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF GROUPS 304
13.6.1 Determining the word class category of the items: Step 1 304
13.6.2 Combination and functions: Step 2 305
13.7 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE AND LINEAR STRUCTURE 306
13.8 INTERNAL FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE AND EXTERNAL
FUNCTION 309
13.9 DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN STRUCTURES: TYPIFYING 310
BIBLIOGRAPHY (QUOTED AND CONSULTED WORKS) 313
ix
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
PREFACE 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 AIM 7
1.2 DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE 7
1.3 LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM 7
1.4 SYMBOLS/SIGNS/CONSTITUENTS/ITEMS 8
1.5 TAXONOMY 8
1.6 CONSTITUENTS AND FRAMEWORK 10
1.6.1 Constituents 10
1.6.1.1 Phonological items 10
1.6.1.2 Lexical items 10
1.6.2 Frameworks 11
1.6.2.1 Non lexical framework 11
1.6.2.2 Lexical framework 11
1.7 ARRANGEMENT/STRUCTURE 11
1.8 WORD IDENTIFICATION 12
1.8.1 Word division systems 12
1.8.2 Word tests 13
1.8.2.1 Isolatability 13
1.8.2.2 Mobility 14
1.8.2.3 Transposability 15
1.8.2.4 Replaceability 16
1.9 Implications of tests on word autonomy, word classes and
orthography 16
1.10 CONSTITUENTS WHICH POSE A PROBLEM CONCERNING
THEIR WORD STATUS 18
1.11 PRINCIPLES OF WORD CLASS CLASSIFICATION 22
1.12 WORD CLASSES 23
1.12.1 Phonologically normal categories 24
1.12.1.1 Nouns 24
1.12.1.2 Pronouns 24
1.12.1.3 Verbs 24
1.12.1.4 Adverbs 24
1.12.1.5 Particles/relation words 25
1.12.1.6 Conjunctions 25
1.12.2 Phonological paranormal categories 26
1.12.2.1 Idiophones 26
1.12.2.2 Interjections 26
1.13 OTHER WORD CLASS MODELS 26
1.14 CONCLUSION 28
CHAPTER 2 PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY: A
CONCISE EXPOSITION 29
2.1 MORPHEMES AS MEANINGFUL PARTS OF WORDS 29
2.2 MORPHEME AND WORD, BOUND MORPHEME AND FREE
MORPHEME, ROOT AND STEM 30
2.2.1 Introduction 30
i
2.2.2 Views on morphological components 32
2.2.3 Conclusions 35
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES 35
2.3.1 Classification according to semantic correspondences and
differences 35
2.3.1.1 Grammatical morphemes 35
2.3.1.2 Lexical morphemes 36
2.3.2 Classification according to structure (distribution) 37
2.3.3 Classification of morphemes according to form 37
2.3.3.1 Phonological variants 38
2.3.3.2 Morphological variants 38
2.3.3.3 Syntactic variants 38
2.3.4 Variability of morpheme shape 38
2.4 MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES (WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES) 39
2.4.1 The operand or underlying component 39
2.4.2 Word formation processes 40
2.4.2.1 Affixation 40
2.4.2.2 Substitution (Replacement) 41
2.4.2.3 Reduction 41
2.4.2.4 Reduplication 41
2.4.2.5 Compounding 41
2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENCES IN
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION 42
2.5.1 Simplexes 42
2.5.2 Complexes 42
2.5.3 Reduplications 43
2.5.4 Compounds 43
2.6 ARRANGEMENT OF MORPHEMES IN COMPLEX WORDS 44
2.6.1 Linear arrangement (Linear succession) 44
2.6.2 Hierarchical arrangement 45
2.7 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX WORDS
(ANALYSING TECHNIQUES) 45
2.7.1 Conditions 45
2.7.1.1 Meaningfulness of underlying components 45
2.7.1.2 Reflection of word formation processes involved 45
2.7.1.3 Identification of the stem 46
2.7.2 Identification of morpheme boundaries 46
2.7.2.1 Binary division 46
2.7.2.2 Tripartite division 47
2.7.3 Hierarchical preferences 48
2.7.4 Different hierarchical levels 49
2.7.5 Application of principles for analysis 50
2.7.5.1 Immediate constituents: bipartite division or tripartite division 50
2.7.5.2 Immediate underlying stem 51
2.7.5.3 Replacement (substitution) 51
2.7.5.4 Morphemes of presumably equal ranking 51
2.7.6 Conclusion 52
2.8 Morphemes at and below word level 52
2.8.1 Morphemes below word level 52
2.8.2 Morphemes at word level 53
2.8.3 Types of word structures 53
ii
2.9 MORPHOLOGY 54
2.9.1 Paradigmatic morphology 54
2.9.2 Syntagmatic morphology (morpheme syntax) 54
2.9.3 Relation to phonology and syntax 54
CHAPTER 3 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOUN 57
3.1 NON INFINITIVE NOUN CLASSES 57
3.1.1 Prefixes (inflectional morphemes) 57
3.1.1.1 Class 1 mo (singular) 57
3.1.1.2 Class 2 ba (plural for class 1 mo ) 59
3.1.1.3 Class 3 mo (singular) 60
3.1.1.4 Class 4 me (plural for class 3 mo ) 61
3.1.1.5 Class 5 le (singular) 61
3.1.1.6 Class 6 ma (plural for class 5 le ) 63
3.1.1.7 Class 7 se (singular) 65
3.1.1.8 Class 8 di (plural for class 7 se ) 66
3.1.1.9 Class 9 (N ) (singular) 66
3.1.1.10 Class 10 di(N) (plural for class 9 N ) 68
3.1.1.11 Class 11 lo (singular) 68
3.1.1.12 Class 14 bo (singular) 70
3.1.2 Roots of non infinitive class nouns 71
3.1.2.1 Definition 71
3.1.2.2 Types of roots 71
3.1.3 Suffixes of the non infinitive nouns 73
3.1.3.1 The augmentative or feminine suffix gadi/ adi 73
3.1.3.2 The diminutive suffixes of non infinitive nouns 74
3.1.3.3 The locative suffix (i)ng 87
3.2 THE INFINITIVE NOUN CLASS 92
3.2.1 Nominal morphological features of infinitives 92
3.2.1.1 Prefixes 92
3.2.2 Suffixes 93
3.2.2.1 The diminutive suffix nyana 93
3.2.2.2 The locative suffix (i)ng 93
3.2.2.3 The augmentative suffix gadi 93
3.2.3 Verbal morphological features of infinitives 93
3.3 LOCATIVE CLASS NOUNS 93
3.3.1 List of locative class nouns 93
3.3.2 Prefixes of locative class nouns 95
3.3.2.1 The locative classes (fa , go and mo group of classes) 95
3.3.3 Roots of locative class nouns 96
3.3.4 Suffixes of locative class nouns 96
3.3.4.1 Table of locative class nouns which assume the locative and
diminutive suffixes 96
3.3.4.2 General remarks 96
3.3.4.3 Syntactic valence of locativized nouns and locative class nouns for
locative class pronouns 97
3.4 DIAGRAM 1: SUB CATEGORIES OF THE NOUN 98
CHAPTER 4 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOUN: NOUN CLASS
INTERCHANGE 101
4.1 INTRODUCTION 101
4.2 NOMINAL SHIFT IN THE NON INFINITIVE CLASSES 101
iii
4.2.1 Differentiation in noun class semantic value 101
4.2.1.1 Noun class interchange by substitution (replacement) of prefixes 101
4.2.1.2 Noun class interchange by prefixation (addition) 105
4.2.2 Differentiation in plural formation 106
4.2.2.1 Differentiation in plural formation by replacement 106
4.2.2.2 Differentiation in plural formation by prefixation 109
4.3 NOMINAL SHIFT FROM INFINITIVE NOUNS TO NON INFINITIVE
NOUNS 110
4.3.1 Formation of deverbatives and morphemes involved 110
4.3.1.1 Rule 110
4.3.1.2 The suffixes (derivational deverbative morphemes) involved 110
4.3.1.3 Sound adaptations in deverbative formation (phonological processes)113
4.3.2 Deverbatives in the noun classes 114
4.3.2.1 Classes 1 (mo ) and 2 (ba ) 114
4.3.2.2 Classes 3 (mo ) and 4 (me ) 115
4.3.2.3 Classes 5 (le ) and 6 (ma ) 116
4.3.2.4 Classes 7 (se ) and 8 (di ) 117
4.3.2.5 Classes 9 (N ) and 10 (di(N) ) 119
4.3.2.6 Class 11 (lo ) and plural class 10 (diN ) 121
4.3.2.7 Class 14 (bo ) and plural class 6 (ma ) 121
4.3.3 Hierarchical structure of deverbatives 124
CHAPTER 5 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PRONOUNS 127
5.1 SUBCATEGORIES OF PRONOUNS 127
5.2 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ABSOLUTE
PRONOUN 127
5.2.1 Table of the absolute pronouns 127
5.2.2 Morphemes occurring in absolute pronouns 128
5.2.2.1 Agreement morphemes 128
5.2.2.2 Root morphemes 129
5.2.3 Variants 129
5.2.3.1 Morphological variants 129
5.2.3.2 Syntactic variants 130
5.2.4 Lexical meaning and function of absolute pronouns 131
5.3 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN 131
5.3.1 Table of demonstrative pronouns 131
5.3.2 Morphemes occurring in demonstrative pronouns 132
5.3.2.1 Agreement morphemes 132
5.3.2.2 Roots 133
5.3.2.3 Suffixes (positional morphemes) 133
5.3.3 Variants 133
5.3.4 Lexical meaning of demonstrative pronouns 133
5.3.4.1 Distance 1 134
5.3.4.2 Distance 2 134
5.3.4.3 Distance 3 134
5.3.5 Note on the locative class demonstratives 134
5.4 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE QUANTITATIVE
PRONOUNS 135
5.4.1 Table of the quantitative pronouns 135
5.4.2 Morphemes occurring in quantitative pronouns 136
5.4.2.1 Agreement morphemes 136
iv
5.4.2.2 Roots 136
5.4.3 Variants 137
5.4.4 Lexical meaning of quantitative pronouns 137
5.4.4.1 The inclusive quantitative pronoun 137
5.4.4.2 The selective quantitative pronoun osi 138
5.4.4.3 The exclusive quantitative pronoun pe 138
5.4.4.4 The separative quantitative pronoun sele 138
5.4.4.5 The interrogative pronoun fe? 139
5.5 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS 139
5.5.1 Possessive pronouns of the first and second person singular and
plural, class 1 (mo ) and class 2 (ba ) 140
5.5.1.1 Singular 140
5.5.1.2 Plural 142
5.5.2 Possessive pronouns of the noun classes 2 19 144
5.5.2.1 Morphemes 144
5.5.2.2 Remarks 144
5.5.3 Lexical meaning of possessive pronouns 145
CHAPTER 6 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PARTICLES (RELATION
WORDS) 147
6.1 PARTICLES AS A WORD CLASS 147
6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICLES 147
6.2.1 Monomorphemic particles 147
6.2.1.1 The associative (conjunctive) particle 147
6.2.1.2 The instrumental particle with the form ka 148
6.2.1.3 The locative particle with the form ka 148
6.2.1.4 The temporal particle with form ka 149
6.2.1.5 The referential particle with the form ka 149
6.2.1.6 The locative particle with the form go 149
6.2.1.7 The comparative particle with the form jaaka 149
6.2.1.8 The alternative particle kgotsa/kapa/kampd/kana 149
6.2.1.9 The agentative particle with the form ke 149
6.2.2 Polymorphemic particles 150
6.2.2.1 The relative particles (relative relation words) 150
6.2.2.2 The possessive particles (possessive relation words) 151
6.3 MEANING OF PARTICLES 151
CHAPTER 7 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIONS 153
7.1 CONJUNCTIONS AS A WORD CLASS 153
7.2 INTRASENTENTIAL CONJUNCTIONS 153
7.2.1 Items used exclusively as conjunctions 153
7.2.1.1 fa 153
7.2.1.2 lefa 154
7.2.1.3 ntswa/etswa 154
7.2.1.4 jaaka 154
7.2.1.5 bod 154
7.2.1.6 mme 155
7.2.1.7 ka 155
7.2.1.8 iemororo 155
7.2.2 Items derived from other word classes employed as conjunctions 156
7.2.2.1 gore 156
v
7.2.2.2 e kete 156
7.2.2.2 bile 157
7.2.2.4 e sa le 157
7.2.2.5 The infinitive verbs go tloga, go fitlhla, go tla, go tsamaya (go
tsamaye) 157
7.3 INTERSENTENTIAL CONJUNCTIVES 158
7.3.1 Additive conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.2 Temporal conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.3 Alternating conjunctive descriptives: 158
7.3.4 Adversative conjunctive descriptives 159
7.3.5 Causal conjunctive descriptives: 159
CHAPTER 8 THE MORPHOLOGY OF ADVERBS 161
8.1 THE TERMS 'ADVERB' AND 'DESCRIPTIVE' 161
8.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS 161
8.2.1 Basic adverbs 161
8.2.2 Derived adverbs 162
8.2.2.1 Derivation by ga 162
8.2.2.2 Derivation by seka 162
8.2.3 Conjunctive adverbs 162
8.2.4 Nouns with descriptive function 162
CHAPTER 9 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF INTERJECTIONS
(EXCLAMATIONS) 165
9.1 MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE 165
9.2 MEANING 165
9.2.1 Interjections expressing agreement, disagreement 165
9.2.2 Interjections expressing surprise, disbelief 165
9.2.3 Interjections expressing sorrow, distress, fear, disgust 165
9.2.4 Interjections drawing attention 165
9.2.5 Interjections to address animals in calling, urging 166
9.3 FUNCTION OF INTERJECTIONS 166
CHAPTER 10 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB 167
10.1 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF VERBS 167
10.1.1 Prefixal morphemes 167
10.1.2 Roots 167
10.1.2.1 Original roots 167
10.1.2.2 Nominal roots 168
10.1.2.3 Idiophonic roots 168
10.1.3 Suffixal morphemes 168
10.1.4 Morphological processes 168
10.1.4.1 Affixation (addition) 168
10.1.4.2 Substitution (replacement) 168
10.1.4.3 Deletion 168
10.2 SUBCATEGORIES OF THE VERB 169
10.2.1 Valence for descriptives 169
10.2.1.1 Intransitive verbs 169
10.2.1.2 Transitive verbs 170
10.2.2 Valence for complements 170
10.3 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: PREFIXES 171
10.3.1 Agreement morphemes referring to the subject 171
vi
10.3.1.1 Function of the subject agreement morphemes 171
10.3.1.2 Types of agreement morphemes 171
10.3.1.3 The derivation of subject agreement morphemes 173
10.3.1.4 Slot of subject agreement morphemes 175
10.3.1.5 Morphological variants of subject agreement morphemes 175
10.3.2 Agreement morphemes referring to the object 176
10.3.2.1 Function of object agreement morphemes 176
10.3.2.2 Derivation of class bound and person bound object morphemes 176
10.3.2.3 The classless object morpheme: the reflexive morpheme i(n) 176
10.3.2.4 Position of object agreement morphemes 181
10.3.3 The negative morphemes 182
10.3.3.1 ga 182
10.3.3.2 sa 182
10.3.3.3 se 182
10.3.4 Other morphemes (deficient verb forms) 183
10.3.4.1 The present tense morpheme a 183
10.3.4.2 The progressive (persistive) morpheme sa 183
10.3.4.3 The potential morpheme ka 183
10.3.4.4 The futuritive morpheme tla 183
10.3.5 Discussion of the deficient verb forms 183
10.3.5.1 The deficient verb form a 184
10.3.5.2 The persistive or progressive morpheme sa 184
10.3.5.3 The potential morpheme ka 186
10.3.5.4 The futuritive morpheme tla 190
10.3.6 Comparison between a , sa , ka and tla 193
10.3.6.1 Features 193
10.3.6.2 Distribution in the various moods 193
10.4 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: VERBAL ROOTS 194
10.4.1 Original primitive roots 194
10.4.2 Primitive roots derived from idiophones 194
10.4.3 Denominative roots 195
10.4.3.1 The suffix f 195
10.4.3.2 The suffix fal 195
10.4.3.3 Miscellaneous suffixes 197
10.4.4 Roots of foreign origin 197
10.4.4.1 Verbs 197
10.4.4.2 Denominalized foreign nouns 198
10.5 MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: SUFFIXES 198
10.5.1 The unproductive/inactive suffixes 198
10.5.1.1 The dispersive suffix alal / al 199
10.5.1.2 The positional suffix am 199
10.5.1.3 The contactive suffix ar 200
10.5.1.4 The stative suffix al 200
10.5.1.5 The suffix y or ay 201
10.5.1.6 The deidiophonic suffixes 202
10.5.2 The semi productive suffixes 203
10.5.2.1 The reversive suffixes og , olog and ol , olol 203
10.5.2.2 The neuter range of suffixes 208
10.5.2.3 The denominative suffixes f and fal 211
10.5.2.4 Mutual combinability of semi productive suffixes 211
10.5.3 The productive suffixes 214
10.5.3.1 The iterative/repetitive/intensive suffix ak 215
vii
10.5.3.2 The causative suffix is and y 216
10.5.3.3 The applied suffix el and phonological variant ets 232
10.5.3.4 The reciprocal suffix an 239
10.5.3.5 The passive suffixes w and iw 243
10.5.3.6 The past tense ending ik. e 248
10.6 DIAGRAM 2: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF VERBS 256
CHAPTER 11 PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS
AND COPULATIVE VERBS 259
11.1 MAIN CATEGORIES OF THE VERB 259
11.2 AUXILIARY VERBS 259
11.2.1 Classification of auxiliary verbs 259
11.2.1.1 Inseparable (non transferable) auxiliary verbs 261
11.2.1.2 Transferable/seperable auxiliary verbs 269
11.2.1.3 "Auxiliary verbs" followed by the Infinitive mood 270
11.2.2 Features of auxiliary verbs 272
11.2.2.1 Semantic features 272
11.2.2.2 Syntactic features 273
11.2.2.3 Morphological features 273
11.3 COPULATIVE VERBS 275
11.3.1 Classification of copulative verbs 275
11.3.1.1 Types (categories) 275
11.3.1.2 Discussion 276
11.3.2 Features of copulative verbs 278
11.3.2.1 Semantic features 278
11.3.2.2 Syntactic features 278
11.3.2.3 Morphological features 278
11.4 DIAGRAM 3: COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM OF THE FEATURES OF
VERBS, AUXILIARY VERBS AND COPULATIVE VERBS 279
11.5 DIAGRAM 4: DIAGRAM OF SUB CATEGORIES OF VERBS 279
CHAPTER 12 SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY (MORPHEME SYNTAX) 283
12.1 SEQUENCE OF MORPHEMES 283
12.2 TYPES OF MORPHEMES 283
12.2.1 Morphemes according to a semantic classification 283
12.2.3 Morphemes according to a structural classification 283
12.3 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF NOUNS 283
12.3.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the noun 283
12.3.2 Syntagmatic arrangement 284
12.3.3 Examples of arrangement and analysis (linear and hierarchical) 284
12.4 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF PRONOUNS 285
12.4.1 The syntagmatic morphology of the absolute pronouns 285
12.4.1.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the pronouns 285
12.4.1.2 Syntagmatic arrangement and analysis 285
12.4.2 The syntagmatic morphology of demonstrative pronouns 286
12.4.2.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the demonstrative
pronouns 286
12.4.2.2 Syntagmatic arrangement and analysis 286
12.4.3 Syntagmatic morphology of the quantitative pronoun 287
12.4.4 The syntagmatic morphology of the possessive pronoun 287
12.5 THE SYNTAGMATIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB 287
viii
12.5.1 Morphemes occurring in the framework of the verb 287
12.5.2 Syntagmatic arrangement of the verbal morphemes 288
12.5.2.1 Linear arrangement of verbal morphemes 288
12.5.2.2 Hierarchical arrangement and analysis of verbal morphemes 288
12.6 THE EXISTENCE OF UNDERLYING STRUCTURES 291
CHAPTER 13 WORD GROUPS: COMPONENTS AND COMBINATORY RULES.293
13.1 DEFINITION OF A WORD GROUP 293
13.2 COMPONENTS (CONSTITUENTS) AND PRINCIPLES (RULES) 293
13.2.1 Components 293
13.2.1.1 The lexical component/layer 293
13.2.1.2 The functional component 293
13.2.2 Principles/rules (combinatory rules) 293
13.3 THE RULES OF WORD GROUP FORMATION 294
13.3.1 The principle of order (linear structure) 294
13.3.2 The principle of semantic combinability 295
13.3.3 Conclusion 295
13.4 COMPONENTS (CONSTITUENTS) OF THE WORD GROUP 295
13.4.1 The lexical component (layer) of a word group 295
13.4.1.1 Word classes 295
13.4.1.2 Word group classes 296
13.4.2 The functional component 296
13.4.2.1 The subject 297
13.4.2.2 The object 299
13.4.2.3 The antecedent 300
13.4.2.4 The qualificative or qualifier 301
13.4.2.5 Introductory member (first member) 301
13.4.2.6 The complement 301
13.4.2.7 The descriptive 302
13.4.2.8 The predicate 302
13.4.2.9 Head member and appositional member 303
13.4.2.10 Co ordinate member (first member, second member, third member,
etc.) 303
13.5 THE NAMING OF WORD GROUPS 304
13.6 SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF GROUPS 304
13.6.1 Determining the word class category of the items: Step 1 304
13.6.2 Combination and functions: Step 2 305
13.7 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE AND LINEAR STRUCTURE 306
13.8 INTERNAL FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE AND EXTERNAL
FUNCTION 309
13.9 DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN STRUCTURES: TYPIFYING 310
BIBLIOGRAPHY (QUOTED AND CONSULTED WORKS) 313
ix |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Krüger, Caspar J. H. |
| author_facet | Krüger, Caspar J. H. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Krüger, Caspar J. H. |
| author_variant | c j h k cjh cjhk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021670859 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PL8747 |
| callnumber-raw | PL8747.1 |
| callnumber-search | PL8747.1 |
| callnumber-sort | PL 48747.1 |
| callnumber-subject | PL - Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania |
| classification_rvk | EP 19426 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)73349327 (DE-599)BVBBV021670859 |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01508nam a2200385 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV021670859</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20061124 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">060725s2006 b||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3895868760</subfield><subfield code="9">3-89586-876-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)73349327</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV021670859</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">PL8747.1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EP 19426</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)26887:231</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Krüger, Caspar J. H.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Introduction to the morphology of Setswana</subfield><subfield code="c">Caspar J. H. Krüger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">München</subfield><subfield code="b">LINCOM EUROPA</subfield><subfield code="c">2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IX, 314 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">LINCOM studies in African linguistics</subfield><subfield code="v">69</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Tswana language</subfield><subfield code="x">Morphology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Morphologie</subfield><subfield code="g">Linguistik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4170560-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Tswana-Sprache</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4256812-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Tswana-Sprache</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4256812-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Morphologie</subfield><subfield code="g">Linguistik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4170560-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">LINCOM studies in African linguistics</subfield><subfield code="v">69</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV010325612</subfield><subfield code="9">69</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014885224&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014885224</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV021670859 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:08:44Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:41:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3895868760 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014885224 |
| oclc_num | 73349327 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | IX, 314 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | LINCOM EUROPA |
| record_format | marc |
| series | LINCOM studies in African linguistics |
| series2 | LINCOM studies in African linguistics |
| spelling | Krüger, Caspar J. H. Verfasser aut Introduction to the morphology of Setswana Caspar J. H. Krüger München LINCOM EUROPA 2006 IX, 314 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LINCOM studies in African linguistics 69 Tswana language Morphology Morphologie Linguistik (DE-588)4170560-9 gnd rswk-swf Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd rswk-swf Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 s Morphologie Linguistik (DE-588)4170560-9 s DE-604 LINCOM studies in African linguistics 69 (DE-604)BV010325612 69 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014885224&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Krüger, Caspar J. H. Introduction to the morphology of Setswana LINCOM studies in African linguistics Tswana language Morphology Morphologie Linguistik (DE-588)4170560-9 gnd Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4170560-9 (DE-588)4256812-2 |
| title | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |
| title_auth | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |
| title_full | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana Caspar J. H. Krüger |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana Caspar J. H. Krüger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana Caspar J. H. Krüger |
| title_short | Introduction to the morphology of Setswana |
| title_sort | introduction to the morphology of setswana |
| topic | Tswana language Morphology Morphologie Linguistik (DE-588)4170560-9 gnd Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tswana language Morphology Morphologie Linguistik Tswana-Sprache |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014885224&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010325612 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krugercasparjh introductiontothemorphologyofsetswana |