Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beuren [u.a.]
Grauer
2000
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2000 |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 154 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Beuren [u.a.] |b Grauer |c 2000 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya
Autor: Kahi, Alexander K.
Jahr: 2000
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF TABLES IX
LIST OF FIGURES XII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Basis of crossbreeding 4
2.1.1 Dominance 4
2.1.2 Epistasis S
2.2 Estimation of crossbreeding parameters 6
2.2.1 The general model 6
2.2.2 Models for predicting the performance of crossbreds 7
2.3 Performance of crossbreds 8
2.3.1 Two-breed crosses (Fi) 9
2.3.2 Second generation crosses (F2) 10
2.3.3 Three-breed crosses 10
2.3.4 Other crosses 11
2.3.5 Synthetic populations 13
2.4 Breeding objectives 16
2.5 Economic values for genetic improvement 18
2.5.1 Methods of deriving economic values 19
2.5.2 Perspectives used in derivation of economic values 20
2.6 Genetic and phenotypic parameters 22
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 24
3.1 Production circumstances and economic evaluation criteria 24
3.1.1 Data source 24
VII
3.1.2 Amount of roughage consumed per day 26
3.1.3 Energy levels and costs of concentrates and roughages 27
3.1.4 Production circumstances 27
3.1.5 Model description 28
3.2 Crossbreeding for dairy production 29
3.2.1 Data source 29
3.2.2 Cow and herd management 30
3.2.3 Data description and processing 31
3.2.4 Statistical analysis 36
3.2.5 Evaluation of crossbreeding strategies 38
3.2.6 Sensitivity analyses of PLD to input and produce prices 42
3.3 Within-breed selection 43
3.3.1 Development of breeding objectives 43
3.3.2 Evaluation of alternative breeding objectives and breeding schemes 49
4 RESULTS (1
4.1 Production circumstance and economic evaluation criteria 61
4.1.1 Influence of production circumstances 62
4.1.2 Ranking for EC 63
4.2 Genetic models and crossbreeding parameter estimates 64
4.2.1 Genetic evaluation 64
4.2.2 Economic evaluation 72
4.3 Comparison of crossbreeding strategies 75
4.3.1 Genetic comparison 75
4.3.2 Economic comparison 77
4.4 Evaluationof alternative breeding objectives and breeding schemes 80
4.4.1 Basic situation 80
4.4.2 Alternative breeding objectives and breeding schemes 83
5 DISCUSSION 88
5.1 Production circumstances and economic evaluation criteria 88
5.2 Genetic models and crossbreeding parameter estimates 89
vin
5.2.1 Genetic evaluation 89
5.2.2 Economic evaluation 93
5.3 Comparison of crossbreeding strategies 95
5.3.1 Genetic comparison 95
5.3.2 Economic comparison 97
5.4 Evaluation of alternative breeding objectives and breeding schemes 99
6 CONCLUSIONS 103
7 SUMMARY 105
8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 109
9 REFERENCES 113
10 ANNEX 127
10.1 Annex I 127
10.2 Annex H 131
10.3 Annex HI 141
10.4 Annex IV 143
10.5 Annex V 144
10.6 Annex VI 146
10.7 Annex VD 151
IX
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Heterozygosity and recombination coefficients of mating types 5
Table 2. Performance of synthetic breeds or strains of tropical origin 13
Table 3. Matings to establish synthetic populations in the germplasm utilisation project at
MARC 15
Table 4. Production parameters, costs and incomes in the basic situation 26
Table 5. Economic evaluation criteria (EC) 29
Table 6. Distribution of cows by disposal categories across genotypes 32
Table 7. Unit prices and costs used in the base situation 35
Table 8. Crossbreeding effects estimated by different genetic models 36
Table 9. Coefficients of crossbreeding effects for different genotypes 37
Table 10. Definition of the crossbreeding strategies 39
Table 11. Breed contribution and coefficients of dominance and additive x additive
interaction effects used in prediction of performance of different crossbreeding
strategies 40
Table 12. Parameters used in the prediction of the mean performance of production systems
based on F x S, two- and three-breed rotational cows 42
Table 13. Proportion (%) of farmers favouring a particular characteristic 44
Table 14. Unit prices and costs used in estimating economic values 46
Table 15. Biological traits that influence revenue and costs derived from the herd 47
Table 16. The level of production variables used in the base situation for estimating
economic values 48
Table 17. Genetic standard deviation (0a) and marginal economic values per unit (v) and
per genetic standard deviation (oA v) for the various traits and the relative economic
values (% Oa v) of the trait groups SI
Table 18. Heritabilities (along the diagonal), genetic correlations (below the diagonal) and
phenotypic correlations (above the diagonal) of the traits in the breeding objectives 55
Table 19. Biological and technical parameters for the nucleus and the commercial
population 56
Table 20. The variable and overhead costs of the nucleus of a population of 2500 cows and
the average time of cost occurences 57
Table 21. The available selection criteria for each breeding objective and scheme 58
Table 22. The information sources for selection in the various selection groups for the basic
situation (breeding objective 1 and scheme 4} 59
Table 23. The relative profit (in percentage) of all genotypes and the absolute profit per
cow for the highest ranking genotype (max) without constraint at herd level with and
without roughage costs and the absolute profit estimated by Madalena et al. (1990b) 61
Table 24. The relative profit (in percentage) of all genotypes and the absolute profit per herd
for the highest ranking genotype (max) when there is constraint on acreage (Qacnage) and
on concentrates (Qcooc) 62
Table 25. The relative profit (in percentage) of all genotypes and the absolute profit per herd
for the highest ranking genotype (max) when there is constraint on both concentrates and
acreage (Q ed energy) and when limitation on the amount of milk exists (Qmit) 63
Table 26. Means, standard deviations and tests of significance from analyses of variance
for the genetic traits 64
Table 27. Genotype subclass least squares means (LSM) and standard errors (SE) of the
group 1 genetic traits 65
Table 28. Genotype subclass least squares means (LSM) and standard errors (SE) of the
group 2 genetic traits 66
Table 29. Estimates (Est.) and standard errors (SE) of individual crossbreeding effects for
the group 1 genetic traits using the Dominance and the Dickerson models 67
Table 30. Estimates (Est.) and standard errors (SE) of individual crossbreeding effects for
the group 1 genetic traits using Kinghorn model and Model D 68
Table 31. Estimates (Est.) and standard errors (SE) of individual crossbreeding effects for
MY and AMY expressed per unit of metabolic and live weight using different genetic
models 70
Table 32. Estimates (Est.) and standard errors (SE) of individual crossbreeding effects for
the group 2 genetic traits 71
Table 33. Means, standard deviations and tests of significance from analyses of variance
for the economic traits 72
Table 34. Genotype subclass least squares means (LSM) and standard errors (SE) of the
economic traits 73
Table 35. Estimates (Est.) and standard errors (SE) of individual crossbreeding effects for
the economic traits 74
Table 36. Predicted average performance per lactation under alternative crossbreeding
strategies for milk production and reproductive traits and cow live weight 75
Table 37. Predicted average MY of production systems based on F x S and rotational cows
under varying number of calvings and reproduction rates 76
Table 38. Predicted performance at the cow level of alternative crossbreeding strategies for
the economic traits 78
Table 39. Predicted average PLD of production systems based on F x S and rotational cows
under varying number of calvings and reproduction rates 79
XI
Table 40. Profit per day of productive herdlife (PLD, KSh) at the cow level for different
crossbreeding strategies under different price-cost structures 80
Table 41. The selection results for the individual groups; basic situation 81
Table 42. Annual genetic responses, returns, costs and profit per cow in the population;
basic situation 82
Table 43. Annual monetary genetic response, returns, costs and profit of alternative
breeding objectives and schemes representing different levels of investment in
performance recording 83
Table 44. Percentage of return contributed by trait groups of the breeding objectives 84
Table 45. Annual genetic responses for individual traits for alternative breeding objectives
and schemes representing different levels of investment in performance recording 85
Table 46. Effect on profit per cow (KSh) of varying the percentage level of usage of young
sires from the nucleus in the commercial sectors for breeding objectives 1 and 3 (Size
of nucleus = 0.05 of the total population, proportion of bull dams = 0.05 of the nucleus
and degree of opening the nucleus = 20%) 86
Table 47. Price differential for lactation number 131
Table 48. Feed ingredients, proportions and prices used in the calculation of the price of
concentrates 132
Table 49. The mean moming and evening milking times and the daily concentrate costs for
all the genotypes 133
Table 50. The preweaning performance and the total heifer rearing costs for all the
genotypes 137
Table 51. The type, number of equipment and the farm structures found at Kilifi
Plantations and their lifespans and value 139
Table 52. Possible responses to specific questions 143
Table 53. Mean number of animals in a farm 144
Table 54. Proportion (%) of farms owning a particular type of animal 144
Table 55. Proportion (%) of cows raised from within a farm and of farms in which all or
some of the present cows were raised from within 144
Table 56. Animal related problems faced by farmers 145
Table 57. Reasons why natural mating is preferred and the proportion (%) of farmers
supporting each of the reasons 145
xn
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Methodological structure of this study 25
Figure 2. Data sources in Kenya 30
Figure 3. The breeding structure and selection groups coded from 1 to 11: SnOB, SnYB and
Dn = Old bulls, young bulls and dams, respectively, in the nucleus; Sc and Dc = sires
and dams, respectively, in the commercial sector S3
|
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| spelling | Kahi, Alexander K. Verfasser aut Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya Alexander K. Kahi Beuren [u.a.] Grauer 2000 XIV, 154 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2000 Ertragssteigerung (DE-588)4373719-5 gnd rswk-swf Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd rswk-swf Zuchtwertschätzung (DE-588)4121957-0 gnd rswk-swf Milchleistung (DE-588)4169919-1 gnd rswk-swf Kreuzung Biologie (DE-588)4165663-5 gnd rswk-swf Kenia (DE-588)4030236-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Kenia (DE-588)4030236-2 g Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 s Kreuzung Biologie (DE-588)4165663-5 s Milchleistung (DE-588)4169919-1 s Ertragssteigerung (DE-588)4373719-5 s Zuchtwertschätzung (DE-588)4121957-0 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009328002&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kahi, Alexander K. Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya Ertragssteigerung (DE-588)4373719-5 gnd Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd Zuchtwertschätzung (DE-588)4121957-0 gnd Milchleistung (DE-588)4169919-1 gnd Kreuzung Biologie (DE-588)4165663-5 gnd |
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| title | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya |
| title_auth | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya |
| title_exact_search | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya |
| title_full | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya Alexander K. Kahi |
| title_fullStr | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya Alexander K. Kahi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya Alexander K. Kahi |
| title_short | Genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in Kenya |
| title_sort | genetic and economic aspects of breeding for dairy production in kenya |
| topic | Ertragssteigerung (DE-588)4373719-5 gnd Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd Zuchtwertschätzung (DE-588)4121957-0 gnd Milchleistung (DE-588)4169919-1 gnd Kreuzung Biologie (DE-588)4165663-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ertragssteigerung Milchvieh Zuchtwertschätzung Milchleistung Kreuzung Biologie Kenia Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009328002&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kahialexanderk geneticandeconomicaspectsofbreedingfordairyproductioninkenya |