"To smemo že tako dolgo": kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones
22 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Register // Personenregister Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 406-430, Namensregister Seite 434-442 |
| Beschreibung: | 446 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789616386531 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka |d 1963- |0 (DE-588)1081848049 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a "To smemo že tako dolgo" |b kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava |c Alenka Kačičnik Gabrič |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ljubljana |b Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 446 Seiten |b Illustrationen |c 22 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones |v 22 | |
| 500 | |a Literaturverzeichnis Seite 406-430, Namensregister Seite 434-442 | ||
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache: "We have been able to do that for such a long time" : peasant easement and its abolishment | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Dienstbarkeit |0 (DE-588)4149735-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones |v 22 |w (DE-604)BV022867517 |9 22 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1812649256286158848 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
IMENSKO KAZALO
А
Achazhizh, dr. Johann 280
Aichelburg, Aug. 311
Aichelburg, baron 310
Ambrož, Mihael 227
Anko 78
Apih, Josip 29, 267, 271
Attems, družina 85
Auersperg, Aleksander 31
Auersperg, Anton 261
Auersperg, družina 82, 304
Auersperg, Jožef Marija 127,
128, 310
Auersperg, Karl 316
Augustich 272
B
Bachinger, Karl 78
Back, Roland 65, 72, 76, 78, 247,
248, 250, 300
Barth, Anna 22, 54, 70, 101, 249
Bartels, Christoph 119
Barzellini, Gian Guiseppe 141
Baš, Franjo 25, 48, 60, 76, 93,
125, 272, 282
Batthyány, Lajos 272
Baudísch 300
Bavdek, Srdan V. 267
Beck, Janez 311
Beimrohr, Wilfried 14, 70, 209
Benedik, Božo 116
Bezovšek, Franc 77, 104, 108,
110
Blagatinšek, Franc Serafin 23
Blaznik, Pavle 18, 64, 65, 68, 88,
90, 91, 92, 120, 127
Bled, Jean Paul 86
Bieiweis, Janez, dr. 251, 267, 358
Bleiweis-Trsteniski, dr Demeter
251
Born 371
Born, Julius 337
Börse, Janez 363
Bosizio, Janez 311
Brandstetter, Dominik 280
Breckerfeld, Franc Anton 254
Britovšek, Marjan 13, 14, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 48, 50, 57, 74,
77, 94, 96, 97, 103, 105, 106, 107,
108, 114, 120, 122, 127, 225, 227,
229, 230, 260, 261, 262, 269, 274,
277, 279, 293, 309, 313, 317, 329
Bruckmüller, Ernst 12, 15, 19, 22,
26, 27, 65, 75, 84, 86, 245, 247,
248, 250, 253, 265, 357
Brumen, dr. Anton 369, 670
Brunner, Ernest 310, 316
Brunner, Otto 64, 70
Brusatti, Alois 77, 78, 79, 86,
229, 264
Bukovnik, Terezija 350
Buxbaum, Jožef 310
Butschek, Felix 246
Buzzi, Reinh. 311
C
Canal, Anton 311
Cencič, družina 140
Cevc, Tone 67, 110, 112, 329
Cigale, Matej 25
Chorinsky, grof 310
Clarici, Jurij 316
Clarici, Karel 316, 348
Codelli, Anton, baron 126, 310
Codelli, Karel 311
Colton, Joel 16
434
IMENSKO KAZALO
Coronini, Mihael 351
Crusiz, Eduard 280
Curii 259
Cvirn, Janez 9, 23, 25, 69, 263,
265, 357, 358
Č
Čeč, Dragica 101
Černigoj, Vojko 237
Černuta, Miha 250
Čibej, Ljubo 116, 232
Čuš 369, 370
Čuš Blaž 368, 370
Čuš Johann 368
Čuš Marija 368
Čuš Veronika 368, 370
D
Davis, James Cushman 68
Decente, Leopold 280
Delavec, Mira 226
Diebl 285
Diglass 290
Dinklage, Karl 56, 244
Dolenc, Janez 107
Dolenc, Metod 20, 23
Dolinar, Martin 350
Dolžan, Janez 235
Dolžan, Tatjana 105, 109
Drasch, Jan 311
Dražumerič, Marinka 84
Drobesch, Werner 18,20,21, 22,
30, 34, 52, 60, 67, 71, 75, 78, 80, 86,
244, 246, 247, 250, 272, 379, 432
Dukovski, Darko 254
E
Egger, grofje 249
Eggenberg, knezi 304
Engelthaler, Johann 229, 281
Erker, Konrad 78
Ernest Železni 225
Ertl, Rudolf Franz 70, 94, 104,
123, 167,216
F
Feber 359
Fekoja, Franz 331
Fekonja, Mathias 331
Ferdinand L 119, 120, 125, 176,
204
Ferdinand III. 159
Ferdinand, cesar 25, 52, 202, 208,
217
Ferles 285
Fertil, Aurelie 13
Ficko, Peter 54
Fischer, Janez 311
Fischer, Jasna 52, 352
Fleisinger, Jožef 311
Franc, cesar 23, 25, 29
Franc Jožef, Habsburški 31
Fras, Uršula 331
Frauendorfer, Sigmund 12
Friedau, Franc 226
Fuchs 76, 226
Fiister, Anton 14
Furstenwarther, Joah., baron 310
G
Gabrič, Aleš 36, 98
Gabršček, Andrej 250, 353, 358
Galle, F. 226
Gantschnigg, Ed. 311
Gašperšič, Rok 328
Gatterer, Anton 280
Gerstenbrand 311
Gestrin, Ferdo 14, 18, 20, 58, 75,
266, 268
Gianetti 217
Ginzburg, Carlo 19
Gionatti Gianetti
Glass, Karel 311
Godec, Janez 350
Golc, Anton 350
Gold, Karel 311
Goldstein, Ivo 15, 22
Gomiršek, Tanja 139, 143, 146,
250
Good, David F. 13, 14, 17,122, 266
Gorenc, Miha 84
Gorup, Matija 103, 104
Grabmayer 289
Grabner, Andrej 363
Grabner, 305
Gräbner, Herwig 78
Grafenauer, Bogo 14, 16, 18, 21,
27, 31, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 109,
111, 122, 269, 270, 271, 274
Graham, Hamish 12, 47, 250, 270
Granda, Stane 28, 34, 42, 48, 55,
61, 62, 67, 79, 81, 83, 84, 94, 100,
116, 227, 228, 229, 234, 235, 250,
260, 262, 263, 265, 269, 270, 271,
273, 298, 348, 351, 356, 358, 360,
361
Gravisi, Jož. 312,
Grdina, Igor 29, 30, 263, 265
Grißmair, Hans 212
Gross, Mirjana 15
Grossi, Paolo 45
Grossman, Fr. 311
Grün, Anastasius Auersperg,
Aleksander
Grundacker, Felix 29, 30
Gspan, Peter Erasmus 81, 82
Gumsi, Josef 331
Gutman, Janez 267
Guzelj, Avgust 262
H
Haberler 82
Hacquet, Baltazar 57
Harsch 140
Hemetsberger-Koller, Hildegard
76
Henrik, vojvoda 127
Herbert, Franz Paul 249
Herndl, Janez 311
Hernja Masten, Marija 94
Hlačer, Teja 110
Hlubek F. X. 26, 248, 249
Hobsbawm, Eric 12, 13, 22, 83
Hochedlinger, Michael 67, 68
Hočevar, Janez 363
Hohenwart, Karl 280
Hohenwart, Andrej 310
Holz, Eva 22, 86
Hren, Alenka 9
Hren, Tomaž 117
Hribar, Ivan 379
Huber, dr. 316
Huber, Ferdinand 250
Hueber, Jožef 311
Hufnagl, Leopold 316
I
Ilešič, Svetozar 65
J
Jakomini, 289
Jalen, Janez 111,118
IMENSKO KAZALO
Jančar, Janez 363, 364
Janez, nadvojvoda 247, 248, 249
Jelačič 15
Janša-Zorn, Olga 66, 68, 69, 281
Jettmar, Vilhelm 310
Johann, Elisabeth 40, 44, 54, 66,
89, 102, 122, 125, 189, 258
Jožef II. 14, 17, 22, 69, 70, 117,
120, 167, 327
Jugoviz, Rudolf A. 55, 259, 261,
276, 279, 316, 328, 355, 360, 372
Juričič Čargo, Daniela 25, 129,
254, 304
K
Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 38, 40,
47, 52, 54, 61, 67, 72, 74, 76, 81,
84, 90, 117, 227, 232, 234, 236,
316, 322, 361, 377
Kaiserssiseg, Ludvik Crophius
310
Karaman, Igor 15
Karel V. 117,212
Karel VI., Habsburški 52
Karel Lotarinški 208
Karničar, Andrej 46, 65, 73, 76,
78, 337
Kaspret, Anton 40
Kavčič, Jožica 250
Kavčič, Matija 227
Kavs, Anton 250
Kebe, Janez 61, 72
Kermavner, Dušan 348
Kerschbaumer, Jožef 310
Keršovan, Ferid G 85
Keržišnik, Janez 350
Khaelsberg, Janez Paul 311
Kirsch 311
Kjuder, Albin 143, 144
Klasinc Škofijanec, Andreja 9
Klemenčič, Ignac 310
Klementschitsch, Josef 332
Knafelc, Srečko 225, 371
Knez 366
Kociančič, Štefan 115
Kočar, Tomaž 56, 98, 105, 127,
225, 356, 371
Kolenc, Petra 48, 56, 57, 117, 301
Koller, Josip/Jože 56
Koller, Jož. 311
Kolowrat, Franz Anton 25
Kolšek, Tone 93
Konšek, Gregor 68
Kopač, Vlasto 111
Koprivnik 337
Koren 267, 268
Korošec, Branko 41, 53, 55
Kos, Milko 18
Koschaker, Jožef 311
Kotar, Alja 117
Kottulenski, grof 311
Kotzmuth, Mathias 331
Kovačič, Fran 30, 75, 272
Kramar, Janez 129, 254
Kramberger, Johann 332
Kramer, Lloyd 16
Kravanja, Tomaž 250
Krchňákova, Lucia 99
Kreyg, Hartman 114
Kriehuber, Jožef 310
Krivograd, Alojz 119, 121
Kropivnik 337
Kropivnik, družina 37
Krosi, Anton 15, 264
Kübeck, Karl Friedrich 28
Kulišer, dr. Josif 13
437
Kupelweiser, Paul 349
Küpper-Eichas, Claudia 99, 119
Kuret, Niko 48, 205, 283
Kurz, družina 217
Kurz, Michael 157, 159
Kustatscher, Erika 51, 72
L
Lačen Benedičič, Irena 57
Lamberg, Andrej pl. 109
Laner, Thadeus v. 300
Lanthieri, družina 83
Lanthieri, grof 83
Lasser, Josef 265
Lazarevič, Žarko 31, 266, 267,
379
Leitsch, Balthasar 212
Lendenfeld, vitez 310
Leopold, cesar 212, 214, 219
Leopold L 159
Lehmann, dr. Ernest 281
Lichtenberg, družina 236
Lichenstein 200
Liechenstein, družina 85
Littrow, Karl L. 293
Lobe, Gregor 105
Lončar, Rok 350
Lorentschitsh, Jakob (Franz) 332
Ložar, Rajko 45, 67, 93, 110
Ložekar 366
Lukanizh, Nikolaus 280
M
Maček, Jože 14, 15, 17, 18, 29,
39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 53, 54, 56, 57,
58, 59, 61, 69, 74, 75, 83, 87, 89,
93, 94, 102, 108, 117, 118, 323,
360, 372
Maier, Martin 311
Makarovič, Marija 57, 67, 73,
100, 102, 105,107, 108, 115, 172
Maksimiljan, cesar 202
Mal, Josip 24, 30, 139, 264
Malešič, France 105
Mal, Josip 24, 225, 263, 269
Mali 235
Manin, Marino 28, 30
Margaretha 331
Marguč, Maša 316,
Marija Terezija 14, 17, 66, 68, 88,
95, 99, 133, 139, 141, 167, 202,
217, 259
Marušič, Branko 55, 360
Matauschek, Emanuel 280
Matijevič, Meta 46, 128
Matis, Herbert 24, 27, 76, 85, 86,
249, 267,318, 357
Mayer Läszlo
Mayrhofer, Ernst 82
Medle, Bojana 84
Meguschar 218
Megušar, Franc 214
Megušar, France F. 214, 252
Megušer, Franc 252, 286
Melik, Vasilij 14, 18, 20, 58, 75,
268
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel 25
Mihelič, Anton 250
Mihelič, Darja 99
Miklavčič Brezigar, Inga 100,
106, 109, 110, 111, 113, 140, 144
Mischler, Ernst 52, 59, 123, 377
Mlekuš, Tomaž 250
Mlekuž, Tomaž 312
Mlinar 105
Mlinarič, Jože 127
438
IMENSKO KAZALO
Modrej, Ivan 108
Montanari, Massimo 75
Mörtlitsch, dr. Herrn. 311
Mrak, dr. Egid 312
Murko, Matija 66
Musina, Gašpar 250
N
Napoleon 22, 24, 84
Nipperdey, Thomas 17, 25, 27,
28, 65, 72, 73, 86, 244, 246, 247,
263, 267
Nouvertné, Richard 35
Novak, Vilko 40, 45, 65, 90, 104,
106, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 225,
228, 229, 231, 261, 277, 318
Nugent 267
O
Obereigner, Josef 316, 317
Oberrascher, Matija 311
Oder, Karla 58, 99, 123
Ogrinc, poslanec 351
Okoliš, Stane 117
Orožen, Janko 66, 121, 125, 249,
272, 366
Orrasch, Karel 310
Osterhammel, Jürgen 19, 27
Ostrogovič, Fr. 311
Ouschan 359
P
Pallen, Jak. 311
Palmer, Alan 16
Palmer, R. R. 16
Pančur, Andrej 27, 28, 52, 58,
263, 370, 371
Papež, Jože 237
Paradaiser, grof 337
Pastirek 366
Pečan, Janez 350
Pegius, Martin 35, 36, 37, 39,
382, 394
Perko, Franc 56, 57, 61, 94, 126,
127, 234, 253, 258, 322, 352, 358,
360, 371
Persa, Jož. 311
Peschle, Aug. 311
Peternel, Marija Mojca 264, 358
Pettek, Josef 332
Pfeifer er, dr. Anton 280
Pichler, Josef 332
Pichler, Stephan 332
Pirnat, Peter 68, 81
Ploj, Josef 331
Počkar, Ivanka 116
Polec, Janko 14,15, 24, 25, 41, 66
Porenta, dr. K. 311
Pranditsch, Thomas 332
Pranditsch, Franz 332
Pranditsch, Maria 332
Preinfalk, Miha 29, 68, 81, 82,
83, 86
Puff, Rudolf Gustav 249
Pukschitsch, Franz 332
R
Rajer, Matija 363, 364
Rajšp, Vincenc 365
Rauter, Franc 87
Rautner, Johann 280
Rauter, Franc
Rebol, France 363
Redange, Johan 281
Regnard, dr. Josef 280
Ressel, Josip 252
Ribnikar, Peter 29, 31, 34, 88, 90,
92, 141, 303, 304
Rihtaršič, Mateja 9, 133
Richter, Valentin 232
Riegler, Josef 202
Robič, Franc 371
Roblek 105
Rösener, Werner 12, 22, 65, 73,
74, 85, 86, 246, 266, 268
Roth, Jožef, 310
Rozman, Franc 251
Rubbia, Konrad 144, 146
Rudež, Anton 48, 101, 244, 245
Rugäle, Mariano 280
Rumpler, Helmut 14, 22, 25, 26,
28, 29, 30, 69, 139, 247, 254, 261,
265, 266, 372, 376
Rutar, Simon 66, 99, 111, 115,
139, 140, 143, 146, 250
Rutar, Tomaž 115
Rumaz, Jurij 312
S
Sandgruben Roman 28, 58, 60,
65, 73, 75, 78, 247, 266, 378
Sapač, Igor 271
Schalamun, Martin 331
Schamperl, Johann 332
Scheyer, Mavricij 94, 97, 251
Schiff, Walter 40, 52, 64, 167,
225, 258, 278, 288, 367, 368, 376,
378
Schitschko, Anton 332
Schiwitzhofen, Johann (Janez)
280, 310
Schmalz, Anton 310
Schmid, Franc 310
Schmid, Jožef, 310
Schmidi, Andreas 47
Schollmayer-Lichtenberg, Hei-
nrich 42, 115, 234, 236, 304, 316,
361, 362, 371
Scholz 305
Schönburg-Waldenburg, družina
82, 84
Schönburg-Waldenburg, Her-
mann 349
Schönburg-Waldenburg, Jurij
236, 253, 349, 361
Schönburg-Waldenburg, Otto
Viktor 259
Schönemann, Oscar 35, 36, 37,
38, 40, 43, 45, 89, 101, 114
Schöppl, dr. Anton 281, 310
Schwarzenberg, družina 85
Schwegl, Josef 349
Schwizen 58, 107
Scopoli, A. J. 57
Seidl, dr. Franc 310
Semlič Rajh, Zdenka 81
Skrilecz, Ferenc 272
Sernec, Josip 264
Serše, Saša/Aleksandra 14, 28,
253, 313
Sieder, Reinhard 72, 379
Simoniti Vaško 12, 15, 17, 23, 31,
70, 249, 265
Simony, Friedrich 53
Smole, Majda 60, 76, 83, 128,
245
Söllner, Johann 77
Sorga, Janez 311
Stadion, Franz 28
Staehlin, Karel 310
Stariha, Gorazd 31, 251, 268,
270, 273, 348, 350, 351, 352, 361
440
IMENSKO KAZALO
Stebich, Lorenz 332
Stegenšek, Avguštin 23
Steki, Hannes 81, 84
Steppan, Markus 51, 59, 76, 97,
99, 320
Stopar, Ivan 84
Strangfeld, Alexander 281
Studeň, Andrej 9, 71, 80, 108
Summerer, Jos. 220
Sunčič, Vladimir 377
Svetec, Luka 350, 365
Š
Šarf, Fani 21
Šega, Polona 116
Sepie, Dragovan 15
Serko, Franc 310
Šidak, Jaroslav 15
Šifrer-Bulovec, Mojca 48, 432
Šišič, Ferdo 15
Šivic, Anton 352
Škedelj, Jože 363
Šolar, Marjan-Šantovc iz Želeč
116
Šorn, Jože 16, 17, 21, 378
Špiček, Miha 100
Štih, Peter 12, 15, 17, 23, 31, 70,
249, 265
Štuhec, Marko 80
Šumrada, Janez 23, 24
Šušteršič, Mario 146
T
Tavčar, Ivan 38, 42, 43
Taylor, Alan J. Percivale 264
Teplý, Bogo 77
Thaer, Albrecht 244
Thurn in Taxis 76, 212
Thys, Jan von 249, 250
Toman, Lovro 108, 226, 348
Tone 226
Toplak, Johann 332
Toplak, Josef 332
Torelli, Niko 164
Tosch, Mathias 331
Toš, Marjan 371
Trstenjak, Anton 71
Tschutschek, Franz 332
Turjaški 225, 371
Turjaški, Jurij 225
Turk, Jakob 110
Turnograjska, Josipina Urban-
čič, Josipina, Turnograjska
U
Ulbrich, Joseph 52, 58, 377
Ullepitsch, dr. Karel 280
Ul(l)rich, Hieronimus 280, 316
Umek, Ema 64, 67, 116, 247, 248,
328
Urbančič, Josipina, Turnograjska
266
Urbanitsch, Peter 14, 22, 139, 376
Ursini Blagaj, grof 250
V
Valenčič, Vlado 49, 50, 55, 89,
102, 107, 110, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 248, 260, 353
Veber, Ivan 121, 269
Verbinc, France 41, 83, 152, 194,
267, 290
Verbjak, Georg 331
Verbonjak, Johann 331, 332
Verschitz, Johann 332
Vessel, Johann 165
441
Vider, Valent 366
Vilfan, Sergij 35, 73, 87, 89, 111
Vilman, Vladimir 253
Vodopivec, Peter 12, 17, 18, 19, 20,
23, 24, 26, 31, 70, 226, 244, 246,
248,249, 251, 252, 259, 265, 379
Voisk, Georg 332
Vošnjak, Josip 13, 30, 68, 26, 268
Vrbnjak, Viktor 66, 247, 249
Vrhovec, Ivan 126
W
Walcher, Josefa 211
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 12, 13, 28,
58, 63, 77, 244, 274
Welsersheimb 273
Wenzel, vojvoda 200
Windischgraetz, knez 316, 350
Windischgraetz, Veriand 351
Witzung, Josef 280
Wurzbach, Constant 259
Wurzbach, dr. Karl 280, 310
Z
Zadnikar 103
Zalokar, Polona 235
Zauschner, Jan. 310
Zeloth, Thomas 122, 124
Zrimšek, Janez 363
Zois 361
Zois, Žiga/Sigismund 83, 123
Zöttel 258
Zupan, Janez 92, 372
Zucco 140
Zwitter, Fran 17, 18, 19
Ž
Železnikar, Janja 250
Žgajnar, Johann 104
Žnidaršič Goleč, Lilijana 109, 304
Žontar, Jože 16, 51, 67, 69, 264,
268, 274, 349
Žontar, Majda 41, 65, 66, 94, 98,
105, 106, 362
442
fMFNSKO KAZALO
SUMMARY
"WE HAVE BEEN
ABLE TO DO THAT
FOR SUCH A LONG
TIME":
PEASANT EASEMENT
AND ITS ABOLISHMENT
Of the changes taking place in the agrarian field in 1848
as a consequence of the March Revolution, the abolishment,
purchase and regulation of easement were the most significant
economic changes that influenced the lives of the majority of
the population still making a living by farming and managing
the land. The way of land exploitation through peasant ease-
ment had been established especially in the eastern Germanic
space. In most Austrian countries this was dominant to such a
degree that in 1848 almost all land was burdened by some form
of easement. This book focuses on easement as an important
factor of farming in the Austrian provinces with the emphasis
on Carniola and as an integral part of the agricultural economy,
where easement sometimes represented an economic resource
that was difficult to replace. In this manner it also affected the
lives of peasant families and wider social community.
As a legal category easement was already known in the Ro-
man times. The inhabitants of the Roman Empire distinguished
between personal easement and propertyrelated easement.
Certain forms of personal easement gradually lost the practical
significance, while the rights with regard to grazing, forests and
similar rights of the larger or smaller groups of the population,
settlement units or other parties persisted legally as land ease-
ment. Martin Pegius from Polhov Gradec, who mostly lived in
Salzburg, was among the first who tried to explain easement as
a legal problem in the 16th century. In his essay on easement,
which was the most resounding of all his works, he kept using
the Roman concept of “servitude” and attempted to qualify the
various feudal legal relationships according to the Roman law
only broadly.
Different forms of easement, established in the legal order
throughout the history, have various classifications and names.
They were distinguished in view of how they had been acquired
and used, as well as in accordance with their various nuances
and manifestations. Pegius categorised easement as personal,
material, and mixed. In the middle of the 19th century easement
SUMMARY
was already a matter of property law. Although its origin is hard
to prove, according to the majority of the experts the oldest
form of easement was the right of access and water supply, and
in the case of nomad peoples the right to grazing.
According to its origin, easement was separated into vol-
untary and forced. While the former was established in accor-
dance with the easement landowners’ voluntary choice, forced
easement originated from urgent need. The following used to
be deemed as house easement: building one’s own house so that
it touches someone else’s building; placing a window into one’s
own wall so that it opens in front of the window of the neigh-
bouring house, thus spoiling its view and daylight; building
one’s roof in such a manner as to interfere with the (air) space of
one’s neighbour because of a comer or by jutting; building one’s
chimney so that the smoke has to escape through the neigh-
bour’s chimney; and diverting water from one’s house to the
neighbour’s land. The rights that satisfied one’s personal needs
by using somebody else’s objects were deemed as personal ease-
ment. The beneficiary of this right had to take care not to dam-
age any items belonging to others. Apartment use and renting
was also seen as personal easement. Personal easement was not
entered into any public registers or other property registers, and
it was, for example, regulated by time constraints and ended
with the death of the right holder.
In case of land servitude somebody else, who is not the le-
gal owner of the land, benefits from the property. Land ease-
ment of farmed land had been established as a right where the
landowners exploited their land for one purpose, while they si-
multaneously allowed somebody else to exploit the same land
for the same or other purpose.
Easement could be granted to certain individuals, but in
the majority of cases it was bound to the farm leased or owned
by the peasants. Since in the past the majority of the population
made a living with agriculture, the peasant life, land manage-
ment, ownership structure and changes as well as reasons for
395
this structure often represented a challenge for the research-
ers. In this regard it is difficult to distinguish between lease and
easement without any proof, on the basis of oral reports or sup-
positions. Archive materials about the existence and forms of
older easement are rare. Documents proving the legal status of
peasant easement have rarely been preserved, and the right ben-
eficiaries themselves were often unable to explain the forms of
easement even while they still enjoyed them. The rights of own-
ership of easement land very often got mixed up with easement
rights, since the easement for the land did not change even if the
ownership of the easement land did. Frequently the conundrum
of all the rights became irreversibly entangled.
Peasant land easement allowed the farmers to satisfy the
requirements they were unable to meet on their own farms,
especially with regard to wood and grazing, on the lands that
were not owned by them or did not belong to the farms leased
or owned by them. Thus for these farmers easement once rep-
resented a significant part of the value of their own farm. By
means of easement peasants commonly solved their existential
situation, as their farms were often too small and their lands
frequently not very fertile, so harvests were too meagre to make
the survival of the peasant families possible from year to year.
Easement at certain lands mostly allowed the owners to ex-
ploit these lands in one way, while the easement beneficiaries
exploited them for other purposes. Even more frequently both
parties used the lands for the same purpose (forestry or graz-
ing). Easement rights, usually bound to certain farms, belonged
to the beneficiaries as payment for services rendered or were a
form of gratitude for special services. They existed as rights re-
lated to certain obligations, for example taking care of hunting
dogs, and they could also arise if the feudal landowners wanted
to settle peasants on farms that were threatened and therefore
empty, for example because of the dangers of desolation or
poor farming conditions. This was the case on the farms of the
Sneznik land holding.
396
SUMMARY
1
Many forms of peasant easement existed. With time they
kept changing in terms of form, frequency, ways of use, as well
as obligations of either party in this process. Some forms of
easement were lost or abolished. One of these was the right of
the Bohinj peasants to fish in the Bohinjsko jezero lake and hunt
chamoix, which had been their reward for defending the bor-
der against the Venice Republic in the highlands that they had
received in the 16th century. Other forms of easement changed
because the facts could not be checked in the absence of written
proof, so they lost their initial form completely.
The most frequent forms of easement involved grazing and
forestry, the right to strewing, sand digging, gathering waste
wood of various forms, gathering of forest fruits, etc. For the
peasants the forest servitude, providing the wood for heating,
construction as well as restoration of residences and agricul-
tural buildings represented a way of acquiring raw materials.
Without this easement they were unable to survive, as the farms
most often lacked forests. Grazing easement was equally im-
portant. It was most frequent especially in the highlands and it
often represented the basis for the agricultural economy. The
right to strewing was quite frequent as well. In terms of the ma-
terial used for litter we could see it as forest or grazing ease-
ment, because the peasants most often gathered leaves or fallen
needles in the forest. If this was not enough, they used rough
grass or different kinds of sedge for litter as well, while in Bela
krajina they used fern. Other forms of servitude were rarer and
depended mostly on the living space conditions.
Servitude did not manifest itself in completely identical
forms. If a peasant had the same right to gather wood for burn-
ing in a certain part of the forest as his fellow villager, one of
them could also pick up the dry wood, while the other had to
leave the dry remnants, because a third peasant was allowed to
pick up dry branches all over the forest, etc. Similarly was true of
the grazing easement. Most of the Slovenian historical literature
known to date has focused on forest easement, but it turned out
397
that grazing easement was no less important for the agricultural
economy. Especially in the highlands the highmountain grazing
represented a significant percentage of the farm income.
Besides the aforementioned and most frequent forms, cer-
tain unusual forms of easement also existed, for example the
right to washing clothes in the warm springs in Bled, or the
right to grazing or mowing grass at the intermittent Karst lakes
in Moravia. The Kočevje peasants had a special permission for
the manufacture and sale of woodenware, and one of the forms
of easement was the right to cutting and preparing wood for
sale, enjoyed by the peasants at the Lož and Postojna side of
the Snežnik mountains as well as elsewhere. Another unusual
right was the right to sowing wheat in the vineyards, between
the lines of vines. This was especially frequent in the vineyards
in the Littoral region. Occasionally the beneficiaries of ease-
ment were allowed to plant a tree at the easement land, grow
it, and enjoy its fruits, while the owner of this land had to allow
such exploitation of his land. The forms of servitude developed
in view of geographic and weather characteristics as well as his-
torical development. The aforementioned grazing or mowing
of the grass at the bottom of intermittent lakes would not have
been possible, had the lakes not been located on Karst terrain
where water could periodically disappear and reappear. Wash-
ing the clothes in the warm springs would also not have been
possible but for a crevice from which the warm water poured.
From the legal point of view many legal versions existed
besides pure grazing and forestry peasant easement, among
them, for example, the socalled “Wunn und Weide” right. This
was a right that was not certified with written documents in
what is today the Slovenian territory, and peasants that had this
right could use the lands under consideration as fields, mead-
ows or pastures. Where the lands were exploited as fields, the
basic use by the landowners was not possible. The owners of
this right could also use the land for profit and sell the products
in the market. Because the landowners were not able to exer-
SUMMARY
ci se their basic right to farming the land and harvesting where
the easement beneficiaries had tilled the land, such easement
represented an intermediate level between easement rights and
leasing.
Communities or individuals could benefit from easement.
Especially the right to highmountain grazing far more often
belonged to village communities or districts than individuals.
This was usually a very old right, sometimes defined by certain
special characteristics, for example a specific time of grazing,
the right to using everything that nature offered during the time
of grazing, etc. Such a right was also called the “right to flow-
ers” (in German called the “Blumsucht”). It depended on the
ownership of the easement land whether this right existed as a
classic easement in the areas belonging to one of the land hold-
ings or as the right to grazing on the land owned by the home or
neighbouring district. Before the servitude for the beneficiaries
of this right was abolished, there had been no differences be-
tween the two.
The information about the state of easement in the in-
dividual Austrian provinces in the middle of the 19th century
was acquired by the authors of the Regulation and Purchase of
Easement Act during the special elaborations prepared by the
special provincial commissions, established for this purpose in
all of the Austrian provinces. The copies of these elaborations,
preserved in the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, allow for
the comparison between forms of easements, their frequency,
scope, and actual state of affairs in the Austrian provinces be-
fore they were regulated. The findings show that neither the
situation in Carniola nor in the other territories inhabited by
Slovenians differed from the state of affairs in the other Austrian
provinces. However, despite the identical ways in which ease-
ment was established, each of the provinces had its peculiari-
ties and forms of easement that were especially problematic, as
well as those which were not even mentioned in the analysed
archive materials. Depending on the geographic circumstances,
399
weather patterns and historical development, certain forms of
easement were more frequent in certain places as others, or
they represented ordinary servitude in certain places while they
were at least rare if not unknown elsewhere. When it started ex-
ceeding the agreedupon contexts, easement caused problems,
which is why eventually ways were sought of abolishing or at
least transforming it.
Gradually easement started hindering the progress of ag-
ricultural land management. Some owners of easement lands
were aware of the reasons for these issues, and therefore they
had tackled the problems involved in the purchase of these
lands already before the state intervened. After 1848, when the
feudal social system was also formally abolished, it turned out
that a complete abolishment of serfdom was impossible without
abolishing easement. Thus the state started preparing the pro-
cedures for the abolishment of easement in such a manner as to
cause as little damage as possible to both sides involved in the
easement relationship.
The abolishment of the peasant easement was essential if
not critical for the landowners as well as peasants. The loss of
easement was far more detrimental to small rather than large
peasants, since it severely limited their existential possibilities.
For the landowners where the peasants had enjoyed easement
this was a kind of a relief, but the peasants found themselves in
an economically threatened position due to the manner of pur-
chase. The problems with solving the complicated relations arose
everywhere, since the owners of the easement lands as well as
easement beneficiaries wanted to gain as much as possible from
the process. The landowners wanted to pay off the easement ben-
eficiaries with meagre monetary sums or let them have smaller
forested areas, while the easement beneficiaries expected to gain
extensive forests and pastures. The compromise reached in the
end did not satisfy anyone. Easement beneficiaries gained the
permanent ownership in what had frequently been already deso-
lated lands, where they were mostly incapable of satisfying the
SUMMARY
demand of their farms for wood, pasture, litter, and so on. Many
of them were forced to give up farming, and the need for survival
led the population into prolétarisation and emigration. On the
other hand the owners of easement lands were convinced that
they had to give up stretches of land that were too large. In their
opinion this would in the future result in their destitution and the
decline in the productivity of large land properties.
Although the adopted framework legislation was the same
for the whole Monarchy, the developments in each of the Aus-
trian provinces had certain specific characteristics. While in
some areas it was impossible to envision land management
without certain rights and thus these rights were regulated,
elsewhere the same forms of easement had to be abolished with-
out question, as working these lands was otherwise impossible.
The settlements that developed from the very frequent tempo-
rary shepherd dwellings in the Silesian part of the Carpathian
Mountains were underlined as especially problematic. Such set-
tlements around the city of Teschen were especially wellknown.
In Tyrol and Vorarlberg the “Wunn und Weide” right had to be
dealt with, while the solving of the grazing easement was prob-
lematic wherever the herdsman dwellings or dairy farms — once
an economically significant part of the primary farm, located in
the lowlands - had been established next to highland pastures.
For example around Salzburg and in the Upper Austria these fa-
cilities grew into independent farms, and in certain places they
were entered in the land register independently. In Tyrol wood-
cutting, wood storage and its transport to Italy represented an
especially important right besides grazing servitude and the
right to crossing certain areas on the way to highmountain pas-
tures. In Upper Austria problems arose involving the easement
in the administratively separate and almost isolated region of
Salzkammergut, intertwined with the living conditions of the
industrial workers and miners in the salt and other mines, while
in Carniola the aforementioned easement at the Snežnik land
holding was most difficult to regulate. These were also listed as
401
difficult to regulate at the assembly of farmers in Vienna in 1849,
where the resolution, regulation and purchase of easement rep-
resented a special topic of the discussion.
As the state strived to establish a single legislation for ev-
eryone, it was only necessary to provide for the basic guidelines,
while individual cases were addressed by the commissions at the
lower levels. In its final version the Regulation and Easement
Purchase Act, adopted in 1853, took account of most proposals
and remarks with regard to the proceedings presented by the
individual provinces. Although complementary legislation and
instructions were drawn up for its implementation, the abolish-
ment and regulation of easement frequently resulted in disorder,
impoverishment, or even creation of new forms of easement, if
certain lands were given to a large number of former easement
beneficiaries as a purchase fee. Such communities were not reg-
ulated by law, and the management of the lands given in this
manner was up to the new partners. Thus the management of
joint lands remained unregulated, since these lands depended
on the arbitrary exploitation by certain individuals. Therefore
mutual disputes often arose under the new system as well.
Most often easement was purchased by assigning lands to
the former easement beneficiaries. Due to the various manifes-
tations the issue of easement is hard to evaluate statistically. It is
possible to establish how many financial resources were used for
regulation and how and to what degree land ownership changed
because of the regulation, while another option is to establish a
number of solved cases. All other ways of analysing servitude
focus on individual rights.
The research has shown that the opinion that peasants did
not receive a suitable compensation for their rights only holds
true up to a certain point. Peasants themselves had contributed
significantly to the poor state of forests and pastures. By cutting
down too many trees, also during the wrong time of the year,
or due to the joint exploitation of certain lands where every-
one wanted to profit from this exploitation as much as possible
SUMMARY
and invest nothing, peasants themselves helped to wear out and
strip clean the forests and pastures they had at their disposal.
During the negotiations about easement purchase or a suitable
price they often extorted the landowners and made impossible
demands. The disputes delayed the easement regulation exces-
sively, hindering the economic development and social relations
for a long time.
What has until now been only a supposition mentioned
in passing — that easement did not necessarily depend on the
feudal relationship between the landowners and their subjects
֊ turned out to be true. Apart from the local subjects, ease-
ment beneficiaries also included the subjects from other land
holdings or freemen who were not subjects of any landlords,
while noblemen sometimes also enjoyed easement on the lands
belonging to peasants. Gradually easement became a significant
obstacle to the development of agriculture and consequently
state economy, while the disputes resulting from easement and
its exploitation burdened the legal system excessively. The abol-
ishment of feudalism only prepared the conditions for the legal
abolishment of servitude as described above.
Due to the various ways in which the forms of easement
and their legal status had been created, it was impossible to ad-
dress all of the cases quickly and in accordance with a single
procedure. The examination of each individual case even post-
poned the completion of the story of easement regulation. The
procedures involved in regulation and purchase lasted a long
time, especially where the parties involved could not or did not
know how to reach an agreement. In certain places on the to-
day s Slovenian territories they were sometimes delayed until
the agrarian operations after World War I. Additional confu-
sion was introduced by the denationalisation after the demo-
cratic changes during the 1990s, allowing for the restoration of
the former pasture communities. These are not suitably regu-
lated in the legal sense, as their former rights derogate from the
today s legal order.
403
7
11
33
35
51
63
87
93
95
119
125
131
132
139
149
163
VSEBINA
PREDGOVOR
RAZMERE NA KMETIJSKEM PODROČJU PRED
ZEMLJIŠKO ODVEZO
SLUŽNOSTI
Nastanek služnosti
Služnostne površine
Služnostni upravičenci in služnostni zavezanci
Skupna kmečka zemljišča
Plačevanje služnosti
Vrste in pojavne oblike služnosti
Pravice rudnikov in industrijskih obratov
Oskrba mest in meščanov z lesom
SLUŽNOSTI V AVSTRIJSKIH DEŽELAH
Češka
Goriška
Gornja Avstrija
Istra
5
167
179
188
191
194
202
208
221
223
243
256
263
276
278
307
315
319
329
342
345
347
375
381
393
405
431
432
Koroška
Moravska
Salzburg
Spodnja Avstrija
Šlezija
Štajerska
Tirolska
Predarlsko
Kmečke služnosti na Kranjskem
OD PRVIH POSKUSOV MODERNIZACIJE
KMETIJSTVA DO SPREJETJA ZAKONODAJE
Poskusi razreševanja služnosti pred letom 1848
Leto 1848 na agrarnem področju
Zakon o odpravi servitutov leta 1853
Priprave na regulacijo
Oblikovanje komisij za regulacijo služnosti
REGULACIJA SERVITUTOV PO SPREJETJU
ZAKONODAJE
Regulacija gozdnih služnosti
Regulacija pašnih služnosti
Regulacija pravice do nastilja in skladiščenja
Regulacija pravice do kopanja ilovice, gramoza, laporja,
peska, pridobivanja kamenja za žganje apna
TEŽAVE OB ODPRAVI SLUŽNOSTNIH PRAVIC
ZAKLJUČEK
POVZETEK
SUMMARY
VIRI IN LITERATURA
MERE
IMENSKO KAZALO |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1081848049 |
| author_facet | Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 1963- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 1963- |
| author_variant | g a k ga gak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043327185 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)954281086 (DE-599)BVBBV043327185 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Istrien (DE-588)4027824-4 gnd Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Istrien Böhmische Länder Slowenien Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV043327185 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:03:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789616386531 |
| language | Slovenian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028747452 |
| oclc_num | 954281086 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 446 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones |
| series2 | Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones |
| spelling | Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 1963- (DE-588)1081848049 aut "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava Alenka Kačičnik Gabrič Ljubljana Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino 2014 446 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones 22 Literaturverzeichnis Seite 406-430, Namensregister Seite 434-442 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache: "We have been able to do that for such a long time" : peasant easement and its abolishment Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Dienstbarkeit (DE-588)4149735-1 gnd rswk-swf Istrien (DE-588)4027824-4 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 g Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Istrien (DE-588)4027824-4 g Dienstbarkeit (DE-588)4149735-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones 22 (DE-604)BV022867517 22 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kačičnik Gabrič, Alenka 1963- "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava Zbirka Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones Dienstbarkeit (DE-588)4149735-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4149735-1 (DE-588)4027824-4 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4055302-4 (DE-588)4043271-3 |
| title | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava |
| title_auth | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava |
| title_exact_search | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava |
| title_full | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava Alenka Kačičnik Gabrič |
| title_fullStr | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava Alenka Kačičnik Gabrič |
| title_full_unstemmed | "To smemo že tako dolgo" kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava Alenka Kačičnik Gabrič |
| title_short | "To smemo že tako dolgo" |
| title_sort | to smemo ze tako dolgo kmecke sluznosti in njihova odprava |
| title_sub | kmečke služnosti in njihova odprava |
| topic | Dienstbarkeit (DE-588)4149735-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dienstbarkeit Istrien Böhmische Länder Slowenien Österreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028747452&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022867517 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kacicnikgabricalenka tosmemozetakodolgokmeckesluznostiinnjihovaodprava |