Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Preporod - Kulturno društvo Bošnjaka Hrvatske
2018
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 301-313 |
| Beschreibung: | 320 Seiten 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789536192533 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Women in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Sadržaj Predgovor 9 1. UVOD 12 2. ŽENSKA POVIJEST: SLIKA STVARNOSTI KOJA NEDOSTAJE 18 2.1. Kritika povijesne nevidljivosti žena 19 2.2. Razvoj ženske povijesti 22 3. DRUŠTVO KAO SVIJET BEZ ŽENA 34 3.1. Kulturalno utemeljenje patrijarhalne slike svijeta 35 3.2. Rodne preobrazbe 49 3.3. U susret dobrovoljnom podčinjavanju 51 4. ŽENA I PORODICA: SPOL KAO SUDBINA 58 4.1. Poslušne žene, požrtvovne majke i vrijedne kućanice 59 4.2. Porodica u jugoslavenskom društvu 80 4.3. Porodica u tranziciji 85 5. ŽENE I PRAVO 90 5.1. Rod kao element različite pravne regulacije krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća 91 5.1.1. Žena u okviru šerijatsko-pravnih normi 93 5.1.2. Žena u okviru građanskih prava i sloboda u austrougarskom razdoblju 102 5.2. Pravni status žene u razdoblju između dvaju svjetskih ratova 105 5.3. Pravni položaj žena općenito u SFRJ i socijalističkoj Bosni i Hercegovini 109 5.4. Žene u tranziciji: privid rodne ravnopravnosti 113 5
Sadržaj 6. OBRAZOVANJE I RODNE ULOGE 120 6.1. Obrazovanje žena od sredine 19. stoljeća do kraja austrougarske uprave 121 6.2. Obrazovanje u razdoblju do početka Drugog svjetskog rata 132 6.3. Domaćica i njene osobine , Domaćica kao drugarica muža , Domaćica kao mati 136 6.4. Obrazovanje u socijalizmu 139 6.5. Obrazovanje, nauka i rod u tranziciji: Promjene u produkciji i institucionalizaciji znanja 141 7. ŽENE I RAD - OD PRIVATNOG DO JAVNOG 148 7.1. Ženski rad i počeci industrijalizacije 152 7.2. Žene i rad u socijalizmu 154 7.3. Promjena društvenog položaja žena u razdoblju tranzicije 165 8. MOĆ I OTPOR: POVIJEST ŽENSKOG ORGANIZIRANJA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI 172 8.1. Rodna slika moći 173 8.2. Borba za prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini 176 8.2.1. Učešće žena u Radničkom pokretu Bosne i Hercegovine 8.2.2. Žensko pitanje i muški odgovori 177 181 8.2.3. Raznolikost ženskih organizacija i djelovanja 8.4. Žene u doba socijalizma: između patrijarhata 190 i samoostvarenja 8.5. Žene i tranzicija: na marginama politike 200 209 9. ŽENE I ZDRAVUE 218 9.1. Kultura i zdravlje žena u tradicionalnom društvu 219 9.2. Zdravlje žena u socijalizmu 228 9.3. Rod i zdravlje u razdoblju postsocijalističke tranzicije 237 10. RELIGIJA, NACIJA I ROD 242 10.1. Rodni poredak u religiji 243 10.2. Nacionalizam i rodna konstrukcija 250 6
Sadržaj 11. ŽENE I RAT 260 11.1. Žene Bosne i Hercegovine u Drugom svjetskom ratu (1941-1945) 263 11.2. Žensko iskustvo rata tokom agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu (1992-1995) 267 11.2.1. Ratno seksualno nasilje 270 11.2.2. Različita ženska iskustva rata i nasilja 275 12. ZAKUUČAK 281 13. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY 287 14. LITERATURA 301 15. BILJEŠKA О AUTORICI 315 7 «
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Conclusion and Summary Women in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century Women are the inevitable creators of Bosnian-Herzegovinian history, although historiography has put them on the margins of socio-historical events. The ways in which presentations of the past are produced are always contained in the relationships of power. All knowledge and dis course, including history, are in a certain way related to power relations. In most societies, women have lower social status than men, and gender domination is manifested in a variety of social relationships, institutions and levels - from microstructures of family to macro-social levels of state and political institutions. The end of the 19th and 20th centuries brought many social changes, in which women participated significantly and stimu lated the reflection on gender equality as a theoretical as well as a practical issue. The social roles and contribution of women to social development and the improvement of life quality, as well as their role in the wider hi storical context, are not adequately valued or scientifically researched and valorized. This book seeks to illuminate at least a part of the understanding of women’s involvement in socio-historical events in Bosnia and Herzego vina at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries and point out that women’s experience and contribution are equally valuable.The research theme, as the title of this book suggests, covers a broad interdisciplinary area. The main subject of the research is the situation and experience of women in Bosnian-Herzegovinian society, the
basic characteristics of social life and experiences from a female point ofview.The book discusses women as the primary “subjects”, analyzes the social position of women within different social orders, focusing in a wider context on sociological variables, such 287
» ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOLJEĆU as: soda] inequality, social change, power, interests, beliefs as well as so cial institutions of family, education, work, law, politics and religion.The book also attempts to point out the responses in which directions feminist theory has shaped explanations of social position and inequality between men and women, social conditions of women’s lives, causes of subordina tion, as well as negligence ofwomen and their social contribution.An access to socio-historical analysis of gender structure of a society, regardless of the scope and the pretense it possesses, comes from a wide range of topics and issues that intrigue and remain unanswered.The complex processes of transformation of the society in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries from the traditional to the modern in all important social areas require a critical review of women’s participation and aware ness of the importance and ways in which gender order has been mainta ined in the past within different social orders.Patriarchy as the archetypal form of systematic domination of men in a society is the basis of all other forms of domination.As a social system, it functions within historical, so cio-economic, cultural and political givens, thus shaping different cultural and historical features, opinions, behaviors and institutions.Different social circumstances give women functions of different degrees of significance and lead to intercultural variations in the formation of patriarchal structure.At the same time, the social position
of women in given period points to certain characteristics and dynamics of modernization processes of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian society during the 20th century, the stagnation of gender equality and the establishment of two distinctive areas of social life midst perpetuation of patriarchal ideology in the period of post-socialist so cial transition.The presence and transformation of patriarchal structures in modern societies, the overcoming of oppression and discrimination against women deeply rooted in social and cultural institutions, as well as the pro blems that women now face in Bosnia and Herzegovina, are some of the issues that this book also deals with. Women’s equality has emerged in the long run of socio-historical events and turmoil. Moreover, it is a still unfi nished project in a country that is yet to build a culture of gender equality. What is considered universal knowledge of our past is actually the knowledge derived from the experience of one (male) part of a society that has the power to impose a particular picture of world as absolute. Although women have played important roles in the past and were present in most social situations in official history, they have remained undocumented. 288
Conclusion and Summary Women’s history thus becomes the history of the second part, until then invisible, unrecognizable and silenced world.The areas where women are present show that in the past, together with men, they played very different and active roles and shaped social situations - the analysis of which is also partly covered in this book. Although they actively participated in various types of social engagement, the role of women in the society was attributed lower value and was subordinated to the roles of men. The re-examination of the position of women, her life experience and perception of her own social position is the result of the emergence of a new research field in So ciology focusing on so far neglected and undifferentiated problem of the interpretation of gender structures both in the past and in contemporary social conditions.The starting point of these research are socio-cultural, economic and political consequences, conditioned by unequal appreciation of the differences between men and women, as well as the importance of gender in establishing social relations that result in inequality.Being con ditioned by the social context, gender represents an important variable for the reconstruction of the historical reality and the way in which the lives of women and men are shaped and determine their chances of life throughout history.The strength of a cultural tradition that considers a woman to be a less valuable being and the consequent asymmetric evaluation of male and female contribution to society is present in most societies. The absence of woman from
all basic social concepts, the theory of social structure and social transformation cannot be replaced by a mere „insertion“ of the mi ssing content, but by criticism and deconstruction of all those concepts in which a woman is invisible and marginal. The feminist perspective seeks to establish a social theory in which women will not remain “invisible” in history, society and culture in order to identify the causes of gender inequa lity and domination of the subordination ofwomen observed in virtually all cultures.lt is the result of women’s self-consciousness and desire to affirm emancipatory discourse.By introducing a female perspective into social sci ences, it is not only introduced a woman’s standpoint and a particular truth in relation to „universal“ objectivity, but alacking perspective, a woman’s experience as a necessary supplement to and a correction of the dominant male experience in theoretical thinking, thereby contributing to the under standing of fundamental problems of gender relations as an important area of sociality. The female perspective in Sociology leads to a re-examinati on of gender hierarchy and inequality in a society. Setting the problem of 289
I) ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOUEĆU women’s position in a society, within Sociology, is a part of wider criticism of „invisibility“ of women in all social sciences. In this respect, the problem of marginalization and invisibility of the cultural and historical role ofwomen is considered at the very beginning of the book. The development of women’s self-consciousness includes ine vitably the knowledge of their own historical role as well as the scientific revaluation of that role.By reinterpreting past experiences and events from women’s point of view, women’s history has focused on women’s role in a multitude of social events, especially public and political. The development ofwomen’s history is the result of an attempt to perceive reality from a new, unexplored perspective.The layering and complexity of different aspects of women’s historical experience and the variety of their social roles are yet to be discovered, understood and interpreted. The third chapter of the book presents a brief overview of selected classical concepts of women’s position in a society as well as the development of feminist perspectives and their relationship to different aspects of gender inequality.This chapter examines the explanations of differences between men and women and discusses the subdivision of women in a society, where male gender is ever more important in the social order and where female gender is given a se condary meaning of other gender. In this respect, the concept of patriarchy is examined as the central notion of a feminist understanding of a society in
its numerous variants that conceive the cultural foundation of the pa triarchal image of the world.The notion of patriarchy as an asymmetric power relationship in which the interests ofwomen are subordinated to the interests of men occupies the key place in many feminist interpretations of gender inequality and discrimination of women deeply rooted in social and cultural institutions.Different female gender identities experience different reactions depending on the historical and cultural period in which they exist. Earlier rigidity is nowadays replaced by the fluidity of patriarchal or der through images, media and new technology. Patriarchal practices are constantly changing and adapting to time and space, creating new identiti es and oppressions over women. Hierarchy between male and female has been established as the invariable and universal symbolic structure. The categories of sexuality, maternity and reproduction are attributed to women in all societies. Childbirth, upbringing of children and housework - which is socially unrecognizable because it is connoted in the private sphere as a natural habitat for women - dominated the lives of most women for centu290
Conclusion and Summary ries. Chapter Four deals with the position of women within the patriarchal family structure, the problem of dichotomy private/public and the consi deration of gender asymmetry of power in a family and society during the transformation of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian family in the 20th century. Gender values constitute the hierarchy of an individual life. In patriarchal societies, such as most of the famous historical and contemporary societi es, women are subordinated to the interests of men. Although present-day relations between men and women in the contemporary society are more egalitarian and there is greater freedom of choice and transformation of identity, at the same time, paradoxically, the traditional patriarchal stream that sees women as subordinate and obedient mothers and housewives expected to show full sacrifice and devotion to fulfilment of „female“ res ponsibilities and support for an active, male part of the population. In this sense, the struggles of individualism and collectivism, modernity and tra dition, and the struggle for equality for women are still extremely relevant. As the totality of legal rules, principles and institutes governing the rela tions in a social community, law represents an important support for the establishment of the paniarchal order. Critical analysis of law, acts and their practical application as patriarchal institutions implies the introduction of a category of gender as an element of different legal regulation and social stratification, thus opening new possibilities and areas of research.Starting
from the standpoint that law and legal relations reveal to a large extent gen der structure and relations in society, Chapter Five analyzes various legal regulations that regulated the different, mostly unequal position of women in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries.Feminist law and legal philosophy represent a diverse corpus of critical re-examinations of law as a patriarchal institution, and the questi oning of gender and law, as well as the ways in which the law supports unequal gender relations and constructs gender identities.The feminist legal theory points out that laws - though they have the pretensions of representing the interests of all people - in fact subjugate women through adoption, formulation and application, and lead to asymmetric power rela tions in a society. In the period of post-socialist transition of a society, many aspects of equality that women had in socialism had drastically diminished or abolished.Negative trends towards women’s rights are the result of the retraditionalization of a society and the new wave of antifeminism caused by the nationalist policies of exclusion and the great ideological pressure 291
JU ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOUEĆU of conservative currents.In the period of post-socialist social transition in Bosnia and Herzegovina, initiatives were launched with the aim of intro ducing legal norms and institutions for the establishment of gender equality.However, many laws are not consistently implemented, the equality process is slow, and different forms of hidden discrimination often occur in practice.At the same time, women’s involvement in certain areas or institu tions is followed by the weakening of the importance of these institutions. The difficulties of spreading feminism also arise from the fact that women mostly focus on individual instead of collective strategies of resistance to patriarchal oppression. The sixth research chapter deals with the issue of inequality between men and women in the sphere of education which has a long tradition.The patriarchal relationship to women’s education and the gender-specific differentiation within individual education systems in the past have made the professionalization process and the entry ofwomen into individual professions difficult. This chapter discusses the development of women’s education and gender inequality within the various educational systems in the social past of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Gender as a complex sociocultural phenomenon is understood here as being socially constructed in the sense that differences in the behavior of men and women are learned and are not the inevitable consequence of biology.Hence, the attribution of gender and gender roles has been socially established
through the learning process during the socialization process.Education is a key element of social mobility and means by which certain social roles are assigned to individuals. The patriarchal relationship to women’s education and the gender-specific differentiation within individual education systems in the past have made the professionalization process and the entry of women into individual professions difficult.During the period of general-level transformation, in the period of post-socialist social transition and the functioning of BiH as an independent state, education has undergone significant transformations. The basic feature of the education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is its disconnection and fragmentation.Nationalism continues to strive to ca pitalize the power of the ethnic community as an archetypal community, using the education system as one of the ideological apparatus.However, in the modern age of the intricately interconnected world, the community is disintegrating, people are unsuccessfully looking for security and support, and education is experiencing a deep crisis. The seventh chapter deals with issues of women’s position in the field 292
Conclusion and Summary of labor and employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. Women represented a significant part of the available and active labor force since the very beginnings of the formation of the modem labor market. The entry of women into the labor market, however, did not lead to socioeconomic equality between men and women. Occu pations where women predominate as labor force generally have lower incomes and lower social status. Sexual segregation of work and occupati on is the result of a patriarchal, gender-based socialization and orientation of women for occupations that are „the most similar“ to their „natural“ role. In the public sphere, women are segregated in certain professions and remain in a socially subordinate position.The paid job for women in the labor market is one of the forms of social relations in the public sphere of patriarchy. Sex/gender is an important determinant based on which job opportunities are shaped and certain jobs shared.The problem of women’s inequality in the labor market is a significant indicator of their general state of affairs in a society and gender inequality.This section examines the im pact of the industrialization of society on women’s labor and employment, the entry of women into certain occupations, as well as legal changes that follow these processes. Changes that occurred in the 20th century in the sphere of labor, fast and efficient industrialization, mass employment, ur banization, changes in economic opportunities and ways of life enabled women to be self-reliant in other
areas besides reproductive and family sphere. Nevertheless, the feminization of particular occupations during the 20th century, which mostly overtook education and health care system, is not an indicator of social emancipation of women. In the period of so cialism, there is a significant shift in the economic position of a woman who is no longer solely engaged in unpaid work in a family, but paid em ployment outside her home. Although the progress of women in socialism was limited, the movement towards a market economy in the post-socialist transition period depreciated many rights that women had in socialism. In a transitional period, the position of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of economic, political, social and personal insecurity, the erroneous process of privatization, increasing corruption, unemployment and dismi ssal of workers represents a significant loss of hard-acquired rights in the earlier social system.In transitional turmoil and confusion, the position of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina in conditions of economic, political, social and personal insecurity, poverty, increased unemployment, workers’ 293
I) ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOLJEĆU dismissal and widespread corruption means the loss of the rights acquired in the earlier social system. It is harder for women to find employment than men. Thus, women agree to lower wages, worse working conditions, slower promotion, and generally more unfavorable job situation. Women have limited access to labor market, and we are witnessing an increase in the number of flexible and insecure jobs intended for women’s labor for ce. The result is apparent job security, cheap labor, and inadequate social protection. The production of women’s economic dependence continues. In a society without work and employment, finding any job is considered a success, which justifies the radical abolition of social rights and exploitati on. Gender structure and the redomestication of women whereby they are re-established as others, primarily responsible for providing services within home and family sphere, shape the identities of second-class and inability. Throughout history, there were many attempts by women to free themselves from systematic dominance of men in society, patriarchal oppression, and dualisms that prevented women from participating in the public sphere of society. Chapter Eight provides an overview of the hi story of women’s organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. The retrospective of women’s struggle invol ves following several stages in the development of women’s activism as an emancipatory attempt to overcome the unequal relationship between men and women.Earlier ideal of
a housewife was replaced in socialism by the ideal of a female combatant and a female worker.Socialist society has made a significant shift towards reducing gender inequality, but failed to eradicate them.Women gained equality in Yugoslavia by implementing the socialist revolution through a normative-legal and value-ideological system, as part of a socialist ideology.Recognition of women’s political rights opened up opportunities for women’s participation in political life, as well as for equ ality of women in all forms of legislation and equality with men in the fi eld of work-in this section, the socio-economic and political preconditions for women entering the public sphere and the different forms of women’s organizations are considered.Feminism is one of the movements that mar ked the 20th century due to its far-reaching influence on improving the position of women.Resistance to domination and limitations, a step of the patriarchal paradigm through emancipatory ideas and female resistance to domination and hierarchical asymmetry among the sexes shows that wo men of Bosnia and Herzegovina have made significant efforts to establish 294
Conclusion and Summary a society free from patriarchal and authoritarian traits and overcome their own s cve ra 1 ֊ cc ո tu ry-1 ong social isolation.Although normative equalization of women and men is formally achieved nowadays, discrimination against women is still in place in family and social life.Gender marking of politics and political processes shows that women in Bosnia and Herzegovina are still a political minority. Political institutions are not only established on gender hierarchies, but serve to perpetuate gender relations and order of power. A more comprehensive view of the situation shows that the causes of oppression need to be located within the capitalist structures of power and hegemonic mechanisms that have employed the ethno nationalist poli tical elite for their own purposes, where manipulation with ethnic identity is used to conceal private interests that are in the background of political action with the unquestionable acceptance of masculinity as the model of political behavior and the acceptance of the established order as „natural“ and unchangeable. The social context, in which patriarchal culture and eth nic oppression support each other, shaping new manifestations of patriar chy, should not be seen separately from the grip of male domination within global neoliberal hegemony and capitalist depravity, which subordinates women and other socially marginalized groups in different ways.In this respect, male patronizing of weaker sex within „divided sides“, the deletion and underestimation of a female subject, and the possibility of articulating
woman’s/women’s interests in politics should also be understood.But des pite the subjection and existence of numerous reasons for awareness and resistance, which is the most important prerequisite for creating new expe riences in culture, there is no rebellion.Unfortunately, it seems that the popular culture of young people and women, despite the presuppositions of rebellion, has lost the label of subculture of revolt, which has indeed be come an archaic concept in the distant Bosnian-Herzegovinian ambience. The perpetuation of patriarchal values and gender relations within the in stitutions of society is supported by the ruling norm of a stereotyped male, a member of the constituent people, which is related to the dichotomy of private and public sphere and the Dayton order.The suspicion of the ability of women to participate equally with men in decision-making about their own lives and destinies shows that the social, cultural and political envi ronment in which we live is deeply pervaded by the patriarchal ideology that serves the state patriarchy and the state as inherent patriarchal creation whose norms are built in all structures of Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina. 295
U ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOLJEĆU For countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, achievement of full substanti ve equality implies a complex and comprehensive process of long-lasting changes in the structure of society and the change of the patriarchal system of values.Political institutions are established on gender grounds and serve the perpetuation of gender relations and orders of power.The understan ding of politics according to masculine norms has been transformed for decades as an indisputable division of social and gender roles. For countri es like Bosnia and Herzegovina, achieving full substantive equality means the process of long-lasting change in the structure of society as well as the change of the patriarchal values system that contributes to the subordina tion of women. In most societies marked by patriarchal culture, women have lower social status than men, less access to resources, and less opportunity to par ticipate in decision-making. Gender differences and patriarchal values that produce behavior in a given time and space can be a significant obstacle to achieving health benefits.In order to gain an insight into how patriarchal culture affects women’s health, it is necessary to consider patriarchal views on the role of women and medical practice available to women in different social times. Chapter Nine discusses the impact of social and cultural fac tors on the quality of life and quality of health care in different social times. Neglecting women, their unfavorable social, economic and cultural posi tion in the patriarchal social
order, exclusion from large part of social de velopment, such as education, access to professions, decision-making and lack of understanding of women’s needs caused the exposure of women to various health risks. Questioning of the parallelism of male subordination to women in the sphere of religious and nationalistic discourse, the permeation and support of religious and ethnic patriarchy and their oppressive effect on the lives of women are questions that are discussed in Chapter Ten. Regardless of whether religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina played a crucial role in ho mogenizing ethnicity and constructing national identities or if those are other socio-economic and political processes, it is important to note that religions did differentiate not only on a national basis, but also on gender. The gender aspect monitors religion and nation, which makes women im portant actors in the embodiment of collectivity. Religious norms within the patriarchal system, in which men usually control and shape religious beliefs (Simone de Beauvoir, 1953), are a kind of social control mechanism 296
Conclusion and Summary of women. The chapter ends with a debate on the gender dimension of nationalism and war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. History is full of examples of conquering, subjugation, and genocide justified as a necessary means against others transformed into objects in the process of building collective identities and power struggles in which women never had the same rights as men.From the facts that the collective women experience inherits and the unexplored women’s history, masqueraded by mainstream discourses, we see history full of suffering, the injustice and the absence of feelings for the needs and values of the other, almost culturally implied.Women’s historical memory, forgetfulness, historical invisibility and social exclusi on, sin, shame and fear in the Balkan labyrinth are key matrices that help subordinate, marginalize and blackmail women by physical force as the ul timate, but not the only, source of male domination.Assuming the past of the community and nation to which we belong, history generates our iden tities. Historical discourse is deeply pervaded by the patriarchal aspect that is based on the idea of cohesion within the community.Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina are today captives of patriarchal-ethnic oppressions and stereotypes.War experience has changed not only the personal and family destiny of many women, but has also led to a redefinition of gender and ideological identities, establishing an ethnical patriarchate in the BosnianHerzegovinian society.In this context, the gender paradigm in relation with nation-politics raises a key
dilemma: is feminist solidarity possible given the social and national divisions among worncn?Ethnic identity is establis hed as dominant and oppressive towards all other identities and differences. Discrimination of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina is mixed with other forms of discrimination (ethnic, religious, political, economic, age, discri mination of minorities).It is a complex system that produces the violence and the oppression created and perpetuated by the ideology of the patriar chate.It is difficult to imagine equality between men and women is possible in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the existing social structure, within the exi sting established institutions and values, tailored to fit a few men, leaders of the ethnic oligarchs.How can equality be achieved if men have built social institutions to their own interests, where patriarchal culture and ethno-nationalism support one another? Patriarchism is today pervading the entire society (production, politics, culture, religion).The solution must be found in that type of multiculturalism that ensures gender equality whi le affirming all human rights, especially socially marginalized groups, and 297
JU ŽENE U POVIJESTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. STOUEĆU respecting all people as morally equivalent beings.A new post-patriarchal interpretation of religion is required, which affirms the focus on the recon struction and growth of the interpretative tradition of religious teachings in general, but also in the light of women’s experience and the reflection of religion from the standpoint of women. Chapter Eleven examines the gender marking of war and its implica tions for the position of women in the course of and after the conflict, and points out that the wars led on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 20th century are not exclusively „male territory“. Since women are not a homogeneous groupin any historical period, and in this respect, they are not only on „different conflicted sides“ as part of different collecti vities, but also in different positions and ways of participating in armies and war.Women’s experiences of war are multifaceted and heterogeneous, and change with regard to the specific roles women may have in conflict. The social condition of women’s experience and gender dimension intertwine and mutually construct a variety of women’s identities, from the most re cognizable identity of a woman as a helpless and a tragic victim, as in the case of the war in the former Yugoslavia and during the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995), to the construction of the identity of women peacemakers, activists, humanitarians, as well as women per petrators of war crimes.The perception of society in the post-communist war-strickencountries
with the growing nationalist ideology suggests that it is being re-bipolarized and repatriated. War and the militarization of the territory of the former Yugoslavia contributed to the aggression and violen ce against women.In addition to numerous tragic individual and collective experiences, the drama of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century was marked by the mass crimes of rape of women as a weapon of war and the means of achieving the goals of the ethnic cleansing policy. Nothing in our society and its history was a more brutal tool in trying to destroy the spirit of the Bosnian society than the violence and trauma experienced by women victims of war who went through sexual violence during Serbian aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995). Concluding remarks summarize the basic research results. Namely, the socio-conditioned differences between men and women in different historical periods and geographic areas can capture different modalities of construction of a socially-anticipated female role. Still, gender issues sho uld not be considered at the general level of discussion of „women“ and 298
Conclusion and Summary „men“, but national, ethnic, age, class, regional and educational characte ristics must be taken into account.Without exploring these specific social relationships, our understanding of important social areas would be only partial.The social and historical context of gender relations may vary accor ding to the different cultural patterns of manhood and femininity.In this re gard, the relationship of subordination and superiority shows how gender norms and values are changeable and their forms evolve through time and space.The multiplicity of oppressions that structure gender identities le ads to an imbalanced relationship of power and irresponsible vulnerability of women which exists in both personal and social domain.lt is possible, however, to speak of the diminished or increased influence of patriarchal manifestations subject to time-spatial and historical events, but not over coming the identity of the otherness.Overcoming the subordination and the overwhelming misery of the social position of women in the Bosnian soci ety is not only about participation and the number of women in important positions in society.This is an essential question of human dignity, equality, freedom and solidarity. The question of women’s position concerns at least half of society.The topic is contemporary because it addresses some issues of interest and significance for the society we live in today, in the context of the demands for improving the position of women and the establishment of more egalitarian social structure and gender relations. Analysis of the
causes of social subordination of women, examining social, cultural and economic conditions that lead to social inequality is a starting point for changing the existing gender policies in order to create a society without gender hierarchy. (Translated by Mersina Mujagić) 299
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bosnien-Herzegowina |
| id | DE-604.BV046402253 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:43:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789536192533 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031814992 |
| oclc_num | 1197709191 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 320 Seiten 22 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200918 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Preporod - Kulturno društvo Bošnjaka Hrvatske |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Islamović, Elvira, 1971- Verfasser aut Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću Elvira Islamović Women in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century Zagreb Preporod - Kulturno društvo Bošnjaka Hrvatske 2018 320 Seiten 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 301-313 Dissertation Uviverzitet u sarajevu, Filozofski fakultet 2009 Englische Zusammenfassung: Women in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century Sozialgeschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd rswk-swf Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd rswk-swf Women / Bosnia and Herzegovina / Social conditions / 20th century Women ; Social conditions Bosnia and Herzegovina (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 g Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 s Sozialgeschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Islamović, Elvira, 1971- Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4077575-6 (DE-588)4088119-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću |
| title_alt | Women in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century |
| title_auth | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću |
| title_exact_search | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću |
| title_full | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću Elvira Islamović |
| title_fullStr | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću Elvira Islamović |
| title_full_unstemmed | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću Elvira Islamović |
| title_short | Žene u povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. stoljeću |
| title_sort | zene u povijesti bosne i hercegovine u 20 stoljecu |
| topic | Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Frau Soziale Situation Bosnien-Herzegowina Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031814992&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT islamovicelvira1971 zeneupovijestibosneihercegovineu20stoljecu AT islamovicelvira1971 womeninhistoryofbosniaherzegovinainthe20thcentury |