The nature of life:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1995
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed., 1. [Dr.], internat. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0070507503 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 050 | 0 | |a QH308.2 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 574 |2 20 | |
| 084 | |a BIO 100f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Postlethwait, John H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The nature of life |c John H. Postlethwait ; Janet L. Hopson |
| 250 | |a 3. ed., 1. [Dr.], internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b zahlr. Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Biology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Life (Biology) | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biologie |0 (DE-588)4006851-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Biologie |0 (DE-588)4006851-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hopsen, Janet L. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009269408&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009269408 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128373582069760 |
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| adam_text | 0p ••••••tIM—
rxfjtl JOHN H POSTLETHWAIT
J University of Oregon
JANET L HOPSON
University of California, Santa Cruz
McGRAW-HILL, INC
New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland
Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Zfre /Vafwe of fife 2
The Earth Summit: Issues in Modern Biology 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS 4
ENERGY AND ORGANIZATION IN LIVING THINGS 4
Order 4
Metabolism 6
Motility 6
Responsiveness 7
REPRODUCTION OF LIVING THINGS 7
Modes of Reproduction 8
Development 8
Genes: The Units of Heredity 8
THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE 9
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS 12
Kingdoms of Living Things 12
The Unity and Diversity of Life 13
EVOLUTION, ADAPTATION, AND NATURAL SELECTION 15
Adaptation 15
Natural Selection 17
SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING 19
Fundamental Principles: Causality and Uniformity 19
The Power of Scientific Reasoning 20
Testing Generalizations 20
HOW BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE CAN HELP SOLVE WORLD PROBLEMS 22
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: The Hierarchy of Life
BOX 1 1 Darwin, Wallace, and Evolution by Natural
Selection 14
4r
fiik
Atom#, Motem/ar, 23
The Effects of Add Rain 28
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 30
ATOMS AND MOLECULES 30
Structure of Atoms 31
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 32
Electrons and Energy Levels 32
Variations in Atomic Structure: Isotopes and Ions 33
CHEMICAL BONDS 36
Covalent Bonds 36
Hydrogen Bonds 37
Ionic Bonds 38
UFE AND THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER 38
Water, Temperature, and Life 39
Physical Properties of Water 40
Chemical Properties of Water 41
ACIDS AND BASES 42
The pH Scale 43
Buffers 43
CARBON COMPOUNDS 44
Carbon Backbones 45
Functional Groups 46
CARBOHYDRATES 47
Monosaccharides: Simple Sugars 47
Disaccharides: Double Sugars 49
Polysaccharides: Many Sugars 49
LIPIDS 49
Triglycerides: Fats and
Waxes 50
Phospholipids 51
Steroids 52
Oils 49
PROTEINS: THE KEY TO UFE S DIVERSITY 52
Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Proteins 53
Protein Structure 54
Specific Protein Shapes 57
CONTENTS vii
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES 58
Nucleotides: Energy Transfer and Building Blocks 58
Nucleic Acids: Information Storage and Processing 58
The Sizes of Molecules 59
CONNECTIONS
BOX 2 1 Isotopes in Action: How Old Is the Ice Man? 34
BOX 2 2 Miracle Proteins from a Solitary Spinner 54
BOX 2 3 ADH and Alcoholism 56
A Child, A Disease, A Cell Defect 64
THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS 66
The Pioneers: Hooke and Leeuwenhoek 66
What Is a Cell? 66
Why Are Cells So Small? 67
The Cell Theory 67
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 70
Prokaryotic Cells 72
Eukaryotic Cells 73
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 74
The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structured
Crossing Plasma Membranes 77
THE NUCLEUS 79
Nuclear Envelope 80
Chromosomes 80
Nucleolus 80
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES 80
Cytoplasm 80
Ribosomes 81
Cytoskeleton and Centrales 81
Endoplasmic Reticulum 82
Golgi Apparatus 84
Lysosomes and Microbodies 84
Mitochondria 85
SPECIAUZED CEU STRUCTURES 86
Plastids: Energy Capture and Storage 86
Vacuoles 87
Organelles of Cell Movement 88
CELL COVERINGS 90
Cell Walls 90
Extracellular Matrix 91
LINKS BETWEEN CELLS 91
TAY-SACHS DISEASE 92
BOX 3 1 Microscopes: Tools for Studying Cells 68
The Venus Flytrap 96
CELLS AND THE UNIVERSAL ENERGY LAWS 98
The Laws of Energy Conversions 98
Environmental Consequences of the Second Law 99
Cells and Entropy 100
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENERGY FLOW IN LIVING THINGS 101
Chemical Reactions: Molecular Transformations 101
The Energy Source for a Cell s Endergonic Reactions 102
ATP: The Cell s Main Energy Carrier 103
Metabolism: Chains of Reactions 104
HOW ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS 105
Enzymes Lower Activation Energy 106
Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action 108
CELL TRANSPORT 109
Fluid Compartments of Cells 109
Passive Transport, Diffusion, and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics 110
Passive Transport and the Movement of Water 112
Active Transport: Energy-Assisted Passage 114
BOX 4 1 An Enzyme More Precious Than Diamonds 105
ACTIVE LEARNING How Do Leaves of a Flytrap Snap
Shut? 115
T20
Splitting Sugar for Muscle Power 120
vifi CONTENTS
SOURCES OF ENERGY 122
Energy Transfer in Cells 123
Structure of ATP 123
Electron Flow and Energy Transfer 124
AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY HARVEST 124
The Aerobic Pathway of Energy Harvest 125
The Anaerobic Pathway of Energy Harvest 126
An Energy Tally 127
ENERGY HARVEST: A DEEPER VIEW 129
Glycolysis: The Universal First Step 129
Mitochondria: Sites of ATP Production 131
The Krebs Cycle Produces C02 and Charged Electron Carriers 131
Electron Transport Chain: An Energy Bucket Brigade 135
CONTROL OF METABOLISM 138
ENERGY FOR EXERCISE 139
BOX 5 1 Sarah s Mitochondria 136
Chapter 6
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: An Interesting Dilemma 144
LIGHT AND PIGMENTS 146
Some Physical Characteristics of-Light 146
Chlorophyll and Other Pigments Absorb Lighr 147
THE CHLOROPLAST: SOLAR CELL AND SUGAR FACTORY 148
Chloroplast Membranes 148
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ISO
The Energy-Capture Phase of Photosynthesis 151
The Carbon-Fixing Phase of Photosynthesis 152
The Carbon-Fixing Reactions and Global Carbon Dioxide Levels 152
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A CLOSER LOOK 1 S3
The Energy-Trapping Reactions of Photosynthesis 153
The Carbon-Fixing Reactions of Photosynthesis 155
What Makes Carbohydrates Better Energy Stores than ATP? 155
ADAPTATIONS FOR HOT, DRY ENVIRONMENTS 157
C3 and C4 Plants in a Carbon Dioxide-Rich World 158
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 158
BOX 6 1 When You See Green, Think of a Green Sea 150
One-: /tppfy andfficufa
TOBACCO USE: A CELLULAR ASSAULT 162
of fife T65
Chapter 7
Cfycfef andfife Cfde# T66
Calluses, Scars; and Cell Division 166
THE CELL CYCLE 169
The Cell Cycle in Prokaryotes: Simple Division 170
The Cell Cycle in Eurkaryotes: Phases of Growth and Division 171
MITOSIS: THE NUCLEUS DIVIDES 172
The Activity of Chromosomes during Mitosis 172
The Phases of Mitosis 173
The Concepts of Mitosis Applied: The Genetic Effects of Radiation
CYTOKINESIS: THE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES 177
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells 177
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells 178
REGULATING THE CELL CYCLE 178
External Factors Regulating the Cell Cycle 178
Internal Factors Regulating the Cell Cycle 181
Cancer: Cell-Cycle Regulation Gone Awry 182
LIFE CYCLES OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS 000
Asexual Reproduction: Identical Offspring from One Parent 182
Sexual Reproduction: Offspring from Fused Gametes 183
MEIOSIS: HALVING THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER 184
Chromosomes Number and Homologous Pairs 185
Meiosisl 185
Meiosisll 185
Origin of Genetic Variation during Meiosis 187
What Is the Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Recombination?
Mitosis and Meiosis Compared 193
CHROMOSOMES STORE HEREDITARY INFORMATION 168
The Nucleus: A Storehouse of Information 168
Genetic Information: Stored in Chromosomes 168
CONTENTS ix
BOX 7 1 Cell Cultures and Artificial Skin 180
BOX 7 2 Down Syndrome, Meiosis, and Development
ACTIVE LEARNING Mitosis and Meiosis 191
Chapters
Mefude/iafP C2me amp; amp;r T96
White Tigers and Family Pedigrees 196
GENETICS IN THE ABBEY 198
Gregor Mendel 198
Mendel s Experiments 199
MENDEL DISCOVERS SOME RULES OF GENETICS 200
Mendel Disproves the Blending Hypothesis 200
Results of a Monohybrid Cross 201
MENDEL S SEGREGATION PRINCIPLE 203
Genetic Symbols and Punnett Squares 204
Peas and Probabilities: Predicting Phenotypic Ratios 206
A Testcross Can Distinguish Genotypes 206
MENDEL S PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 207
The Ratios Reveal Independent Assortment 207
Mendel s Results Ignored and Rediscovered 209
GENES ARE LOCATED ON CHROMOSOMES 209
Sex Chromosomes 210
Sex-Linked Traits 211 —
Gene Linkage and Crossing-Over 212
Genetic Mapping of Chromosomes 213
GENE INTERACTIONS 214
Interactions between Alleles 215
Pleiotropy: Effects of a Single Gene 216
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression 219
BOX 8 1 Hinnies, Mules, and Mendel s Rules 218
ACTIVE LEARNING How to Use a Punnett Square 205
ACTIVE LEARNING Solving a Paternity Case 217
Chapter 9
fW/t: ffrreadof fife 222
DNA and a Deadly Repast 222
IDENTIFYING THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL 224
Evidence for DNA: Bacterial Transformation 224
Confirmation That Genes Are Made of DNA 224
DNA: THE TWISTED LADDER 227
THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 228
Packaging DNA in Chromosomes 229
DNA REPLICATION 231
Steps in Replication 233
Semiconservative Replication 234
Accuracy of DNA Replication 235
BOX 9 1 DNA Synthesis, AZT, and Treatment of AIDS 232
flow CZen amp;r 233
Cystic Fibrosis: 1 Case Study in Gene Action 238
USING MUTATIONS TO LEARN HOW GENES WORK 240
Wrong Gene, Wrong Enzyme 240
The One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis 240
One Gene-One Polypeptide: A General Hypothesis 242
HOW DO GENES CONTROL LIFE ACTIVITIES? 243
TRANSCRIPTION: DNA IS COPIED INTO RNA 244
Comparison of DNA and RNA 244
The Process of Transcription 245
Comparison of Transcription and DNA Replication 245
Importance of Transcription 248
TYPES OF RNA 248
Messenger RNA 248
Transfer RNA 249
Ribosomal RNA and Ribosomes 249
TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 250
Stages of Protein Synthesis 250
THE GENETIC CODE 252
Reading the Genetic Message 252
The Genetic Code Is Almost Universal 253
Translation, the Genetic Code, and Cystic Fibrosis 256
GENE MUTATION 256
Kinds of Mutations 256
The Origin of Mutations 256
X CONTENTS
REGULATION OF GENE ACTIVITY 258
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes 258
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 260
Regulation, Development, and Genetic Disease 264
Multigene Families and Sickle-Cell Anemia 264
Cystic Fibrosis, Introns and Exons 264
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: Protein Synthesis: Cells to
Organisms 254
BOX 10 1 The Science of Deadly Diarrhea 262
Compter ft
/famon Cfmetfar 263
Phenylketonuria 268
STUDYING HUMAN GENETIC CONDITIONS 270
Pedigrees: Family Genetic Histories 271
Inheritance Patterns of Some Genetic Diseases 272
Chromosomal Abnormalities 276
X Chromosome Inactivation 279
MAPPING HUMAN GENES 279
Mapping Variations in DNA Structure 281
Mapping Genes on Chromosomes 282
TREATING GENETIC DISEASES 284
Diagnosing Genetic Diseases 284
Physiological Therapy 285
Protein Therapy 285
Gene Therapy 285
PREVENTING GENETIC DISEASES 286
Genetic Counseling 286
Detecting Carriers 286
Prenatal Diagnosis 286
New Dilemmas 288
BOX 11 1 The Human Genome Project 280
Chapter f2
P /Vft 292
TRANSGENIC GOATS 292
GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN NATURE 294
Evidence of Recombination between Species 294
Transposable Genes 294
RECOMBINANT DNA RESEARCH 295
Constructing Recombinant DNA 295
How to Clone a Human Gene 297
PROMISES AND PROBLEMS OF RECOMBINANT DNA 298
How Genetic Engineering May Reshape Life 299
Recombinant DNA: Environmental Risks 304
Recombinant DNA: Novel Problems of Safety and Ethics Corrections
BOX 12 1 Kary Mullis and Copies of Copies of Copies
Chapter f3
/bumat^ eprodwcfwrp and
fbvefopmmt 303
When Ribs Arise 308
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION—MATING AND FERTILIZATION 310
Mating Strategies 310
Structure and Function of Eggs and Sperm 312
Events of Fertilization 312
PATTERNS OF EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 314
Cleavage: Forming a Multicellular Embryo 314
Gastrulation: Forming Three Body Layers 318
Neurulation: Forming the Nervous System 319
ORGANOGENESIS: DEVELOPMENT OF BODY ORGANS 323
Morphogenesis: Development of Organ Shape 323
Differentiation: Development of Organ Function 325
Regulation of Development 326
Homeotic Genes 327
DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES THROUGHOUT LIFE 327
Continual Growth and Change 327
Cancer: Development Running Amok 328
BOX 13 1 How Does a Cell Know Where It Is? 324
CONTENTS xi
Chapter M
A Scottish Test of a French Pill 332
MALE AND FEMALE SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS 334
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 334
Testes: Sperm-Producing Organs 334
Accessory Ducts and Glands 336
The Penis 336
Hormonal Control of Sperm Production 336
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 337
Production and Pathway of Eggs 337
Hormonal Control of the Ovaries and Uterus: The Menstrual Cycle
HUMAN MATING, CONCEPTION, AND PREGNANCY 341
Human Mating 341
Conception and Pregnancy 341
Fetal Membranes and the Placenta 342
Mother s Contribution to the Fetal Environment 343
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH, AND LACTATION 345
Developmental Stages in a Human Embryo 345
Birth and Lactation 347
Mammary Glands 350
GROWTH, MATURATION, AND AGING 350
What Causes Aging? 350
Aging Gracefully 352 —
FERTILITY MANAGEMENT AND OVERPOPULATION 353
Birth Control 353
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: The Marvel ol Human
Development 348
BOX 14 1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Growing
Concern 354
BOX 14 2 Overcoming Infertility 356
ACTIVE LEARNING Male Chromosomes, Female Gender
F amp;rt two: /tppfyafutPectifo
SHOULD WE PATENT LIFE FORMS, GENES, AND
DNA? 360
Chapter 15
/VafweAr H udmce for the-
Gsohttwn- of£hmff$ 364
Hallucigenia: A Fossil Nightmare 364
EMERGENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT 366
Lamarck s Disproven Theory of Evolution 366
Darwin s Voyage of Discovery 367
The Mechanism of Natural Selection 367
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION 368
The Fossil Record 368
Evidence from Comparative Anatomy 370
Evidence from Comparative Embryology 372
Evidence from Biochemistry 372
Evidence from Biogeography 373
Evolution by Natural Selection 374
PATHWAYS OF DESCENT 375
Patterns of Evolution 376
The Tempo of Evolution 377
Species Selection, Extinction, and Evolutionary Pathways 379
BOX 15 1 Evolutionary Oddities Prove the Rule 382
Chapter T6
the- Ctene amp;frf atf6ffor Zvoht amp;orp
Cheetahs•, Sprinting toward Extinction 386
GENETIC VARIATION: THE RAW MATERIAL OF EVOLUTION 388
Sources of Genetic Variation 388
Extent of Genetic Variation 389
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle 390
xii CONTENTS
THE AGENTS OF EVOLUTION 394
Mutation as an Agent of Evolution 394
Gene Flow: Migration and Allele Frequency 394
Genetic Drift: Changes Due to Chance 394
Nonrandom Mating 396
Natural Selection: How Populations Become Better Adapted to Their
Environments 397
Maintenance^ Genetic Variation 398
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION 398
Sickle-Cell Anemia and Natural Selection 399
Some Modes of Selection 399
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 402
HOW DO SPECIES ARISE? 403
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms 403
The Origin of New Species 403
BOX 16 1 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle 392
Origin andffcterffoffife- 403
Stromatolites 408
FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM 410
THE EARLY EARTH 410
THE EMERGENCE OF LIFE 411
When Did Life Emerge? 412
Origins of Simple Organic Molecules 412
Formation of Macromolecules 412
Self-Replicating Systems 414
THE FIRST CELLS 415
Evolution of Membranes 417
Origin of Metabolic Pathways 417
Characteristics of the First Cells 417
LIFE ALTERS THE EARTH 418
EVOLUTION OF AUTOTROPHS 419
Early Photosynthesis 419
EVOLUTION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS 422
Multicellular Organisms 424
The Emergence of Animals 424
EFFECTS OF GEOLOGIC CHANGE ON LIFE 425
Archean Eon and Proterozoic Era: Life Evolves and Single-Celled
Organisms Diversify 426
Paleozoic Era: An Explosion in Animal Diversity 426
Mesozoic Era: The Age of Dinosaurs 426
Cenozoic Era: The Age of Mammals and Flowering Plants 427
BOX 17 1 Attempts at Artificial Life 416
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: A History ®S the Earth 420
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: The Ptrrfmfarian Sea 424
Chapter f3
The Puzzling Platypus 430
ORGANIZING LIFE S DIVERSITY 432
Why Study Diversity? 432
Classification According to Linnaeus 433
The Hierarchy of Classification 433
Criteria for Classification 434
CLADISTICS: CLASSIFICATION BY SHARED DERIVED TRAITS 436
THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE 438
BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION 441
How Many Species Inhabit the Earth? 441
Extinction 442
Taxonomy 443
Chapter f9
Froharyoteif, I4rm ^ and
Froffofo 443
A Cell within a Cell 448
THE PROKARYOTES 450
Importance of Prokaryotes 450
General Structure of Prokaryotic Cells 451
Nutrition in Prokaryotes 452
Reproduction in Prokaryotes 453
Prokaryotic Behavior 454
Archaebacteria 454
Eubacteria 456
CONTENTS xfii
VIRUSES 458
Viruses 458
Viroids 459
Prions 459
The Origin of Viral Diseases 459
Combatting Viral Diseases 459
THE PROT1STS 460
General Characteristics 460
Animal-Like Protists 460
Plantlike Protists 463
Funguslike Protists 464
Evolutionary Relationships among the Protists 465
GYMNOSPERMS: PIONEERS ON DRY LAND 486
Cycads 486
Gingkos and Gnetophytes 486
Conifers: Familiar Evergreens 487
FLOWERING PLANTS: A MODERN SUCCESS STORY 489
Flowering Plant Reproduction: A Key to Their Success 489
Flowering Plants and Pollinators: A Coevolution 490
BOX 20 1 The Strange Case of the Fungus Flowers 490
Chapter 20
f amp;compwmr
andFredkcmf 463
inq for a New Yew 468
FUNGI: THE DECOMPOSERS 470
Nutrition in Fungi 470
Structure of Fungi 470
Fungal Reproduction: With or without Sex 471
Fungal Interactions with Plants 471
MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI 473
Zygomycota: Bread Molds and Others 473
Ascomycota: Yeasts, Morels, and Truffles 474
Basidiomycota: Mushrooms and Other Club Fungi 474
Deuteromycota: Fungi Imperfecti 475
Lichens: A Tale of Two Kingdoms 476
THE PLANT KINGDOM 476
Plant Life Cycles 477
Trends in Plant Evolution 477
ALGAL-ANCESTRAL PLANTS THAT REMAINED AQUATIC 479
Red Algae: The Deepest-Dwelling Plants 479
Brown Algae: Giants of the Algal World 481
Green Algae: Ancestors of Land Plants 481
SIMPLE LAND PLANTS: STILL TIED TO WATER 482
Bryophytes: Pioneers on Land 483
Vascular Plants 484
Horsetails and Ferns: The Seedless Vascular Plants 484
Chapter 2f
of
Learning in Octopuses 494
AN OVERVIEW OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 496
Trends in Animal Evolution 496
When Did Animals Arise? 497
Animal Origins 497
SPONGES: THE SIMPLEST ANIMALS 497
Structure of Sponges 499
CNIDARIANS: THE RADIAL ANIMALS 500
Structure of Cnidarians 502
Nutrition in Cnidarians 503
Reproductive Cycles of Cnidarians 503
FLATWORMS: BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL 503
Bilateral Symmetry and Cephalization 504
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems 504
Parasitic Flatworms 505
ROUNDWORMS: ADVANCES IN DIGESTION 506
Characteristics of Roundworms 506
Roundworms and the Environment 507
TWO EVOLUTIONARY LINES OF ANIMALS 508
MOLLUSKS: SOFT-BODIED ANIMALS 508
Characteristics of Mollusks 508
Some Classes of Mollusks 508
ANNELIDS: SEGMENTED WORMS 511
Characteristics of Annelids 511
xiv CONTENTS
ARTHROPODS: JOINT LEGGED ANIMALS 512
The Arthropod Exoskeleton 513
Speciolized Arthropod Segments 513
Respiratory System 514
Sense Organs 514
Important Arthropod Classes 514
ECHINODERMS: THE FIRST ENDOSKELETONS 517
Chapter 22
amp;ohttion of Chordafe# 322
Anglerfish 522
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATES 524
Notocords and Nerve Cords 524
Gill Slits 525
Myomeres 525
Tails 525
Importance of Chordate Characteristics 525
TUNICATES 525
LANCEUTS 526
FISHES 526
Fish Evolution 528
Modern Fishes 528
AMPHIBIANS 529 -
REPTILES 531
Reptilian Traits and Terrestrial Life 531
BIRDS 534
MAMMALS 535
Characteristics of Mammals 535
BOX 22 1 Amphibians: Missing in Action 534
Chapter 23
fhtman and£kohttion
Footprints in Time 540
Trends in Primate Evolution 545
Emergence of Modern Primates 547
THE APPEARANCE OF HOMO SAPIENS 549
Large Brains and Walking on Two Feet? 549
Who Were the First Toolmakers? 550
Spreading of the Human Lineage 550
How and When Did Our Species Supplant Homo erectus7 552
Physical and Cultural Evolution in Homo sapiens 554
BOX 23 1 A Failure of Rhythm 548
CANE TOADS IN AUSTRALIA 558
ffirtfvfir: ffar
/ImmafacXfMfW 56f
Chapter 24
f amp;yy/tmmafa fTtncttons 362
A Whale of a Survival Problem 562
STAYING ALIVE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 564
Maintaining Homeostasis 564
Body Organization: A Hierarchy 565
The Four Types of Tissues 565
Tissue Engineering 567
Large Animals Face Additional Problems 569
ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 570
KEEPING THE CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT CONSTANT 570
Strategies for Homeostasis: Feedback Loops 571
Temperature Regulation: Homeostasis and Evolution 572
EVOLUTION OF THE PRIMATES 542
The Primate Family Tree 542
BOX 24 1 Animal Experimentation: An Important Ethical
Issue 574
CONTENTS xv
Chapter 25
Ciradaftorp: Iramportm ^
Ciate# and/Hateriak 573
Snakes and Circulation 578
BLOOD: A UQUID TISSUE FOR TRANSPORT 580
Components of Blood 580
Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport 580
White Blood Cells: Defense of the Body 582
Platelets: Plugging Leaks in the System 582
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS 582
Open Circulatory Systems 582
Closed Circulatory Systems 582
Patterns of Circulation 583
THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 585
Blood Vessels: The Vascular Network 585
The Heart 587
Control of the Heartbeat 588
Blood Pressure 589
Regulation of Blood Flow 590
Blood Clotting 593
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 594
BOX 25 1 Heart Disease: Our Nation s Biggest Killer 590
Chapter 26
Th amp;/mfmtne c ffifteftP 593
AIDS, The New Plague 598
WHAT IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? 600
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES 600
Skin: The First Line of Defense 600
The Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis 601
SPECIFIC DEFENSES 602
Cells of the Immune Response 602
Molecules Involved in Defense 602
An Example of an Immune Response 604
ANTIBODIES 604
Antigen-Binding Sites: Specificity and Diversity 605
How Antibodies Trigger Elimination 605
B CELLS 607
B Cells in Action 607
Rearrangements of Antibody Genes 609
T CELLS 609
Types of T Cells 610
How T Cells Work 610
IMMUNE REGULATION 613
Autoimmune Diseases 613
Pregnancy: An Alien Invades the Mother s Tissues 615
IMMUNIZATION 616
Passive Immunity: Short-Term Protection by Borrowed Antibodies
Active Immunity: Prevention by Altered Antigen 617
BOX 26 1 Monoclonal Antibodies: Tools for Medicine and
Research 606
BOX 26 2 Anatomy of an Allergy 608
Chapter 27
fcefpiratiorp: CZa# facvhanffe-MP
/tmmafa 620
Nit Everest Without Tanks 620
OXYGEN FOR EVERY CELL 622
Diffusion: The Mechanism of Gas Exchange 622
Gills: Extracting Oxygen from Water 624
Tracheae and Lungs: Adaptations for a Dry Environment 624
RESPIRATION IN HUMANS 627
Respiratory Passageways for Air Flow 627
Ventilation: Moving Air In to and Out of Lungs 628
Control of Ventilation by the Brain 629
GAS EXCHANGE 631
Partial Pressure and Diffusion 631
How Hemoglobin Transports Oxygen 632
A Special Mechanism That Unloads Oxygen to Active Cells 633
BOX 27 1 Big Seals, Big Mysteries 630
xvi CONTENTS
Chapter 23
/tmmat/Vwtrftfonand
Piffetficrp 636
A Leaf-Fermenting Bird 636
NUTRIENTS 638
Carbohydrates: Sources of Carbon and Energy 638
Lipids: Energy-Storage Nutrients 638
Proteins: Source of Amino Acids 640
Vitamins and Minerals: Important Nutrients 641
Food as Fuel: Calories Count 641
DIGESTION 642
Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion 642
Patterns of Extracellular Digestion 644
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 645
Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract 645
Tissues of the Gastrointestinal Tract 645
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 646
The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 648
The Stomach 649
Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder 651
The Small Intestine: Digestion and Absorption 653
The Large Intestine: Site of Water Absorption 654
COORDINATION OF DIGESTION 654
BOX 28 1 The Dieter s Dilemma: Fat, Set Point, and
Healthy Weight 650
Chapter 29
£ amp;eretton: ^ a/ancm ^Ifater
and3a£t 653
A Ship of the Desert 658
MAINTAINING BALANCE IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 660
NITROGENOUS WASTES 660
Three Types of Waste 662
THE KIDNEYS 663
The Human Excretory System 663
The Nephron 664
Structure of the Nephron 664
Blood Flow Around Nephrons 665
Nephrons at Work 666
Kidneys Adapted to Their Environments 669
THIRST AND HORMONES 669
Thirst Regulates Drinking 671
Hormones Control Water Excretion 671
The Kidney s Role in Heart Disease 672
SALT AND WATER BALANCE 672
Osmoregulation in Terrestrial Animals 672
Osmoregulation in Aquatic Animals 673
BOX 29 1 When the Kidney Fails 670
Chapter 30
ffarmvne# andOther
/Hotectdar /Hettenfer# 676
A Short Story About Hormones 676
MOLECULAR MESSENGERS 678
Types of Molecular Messengers 679
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 679
Hormone Structure and the Endocrine System 680
Pituitary and Hypothalamus 680
The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 683
The Adrenal Glands: The Stress Glands 686
HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS, AND CHANGE 687
Hormones and Homeostasis 687
Hormones and Cyclic Physiological Change 688
Hormones and Developmental Change 689
Hormones and Cellular Change 690
Chapter 3/
ffow A/erre* (ZJfa Cvnfrot
3ehavfor 694
Cocaine: Highest Highs and Lowest Lows 694
NERVE CELL STRUCTURE 696
Anatomy of a Nerve Cell 696
THE NERVE IMPULSE 697
A Nerve Cell at Rest 697
A Neuron s Resting Potential 697
The Action Potential: A Nerve Impulse 698
Propagating the Nerve Impulse 700
SYNAPSES 702
Electrical Synapses 702
Chemical Synapses 702
NEURON NETWORKS 705
Learning Results from Changes at Synapses 70 6
BOX 31 1 Repairing Neurons: Transplants and Stimulants 706
Chapter 32
The-A/eryoft# 3^ tenp 7f0
Keen Senses of a Night Hunter 710
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 712
Trends in Nervous System Evolution 712
THE VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM 712
The Peripheral Nervous System 713
The Central Nervous System 715
The Diseased Brain 721
SENSE ORGANS 723
The Ear 724
The Eye: An Outpost of the Brain 728
Taste and Smell: Our Chemical Senses at Work 730
CONTENTS xvfi
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: The Human Eon Structure
and Function 726
BOX 32 1 Sex and the Single Brain 722
Chapter 33
Zh amp;IZodff tfp/HottofP 734
An Antidote for Aging? 734
THE SKELETON 736
Water as a Skeletal Support 736
Braced Framework Skeletons 737
MUSCLES 742
Protein Filaments of Muscle 742
Membrane System of Muscle 742
Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle 745
ATP: The Fuel 745
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 746
Escape or Skirmish: A Survival Response 746
How Athletic Training Alters Physiology 747
BOX 33 1 The Knee: An Accident Waiting to Happen 740
fvw: /(ppfyanftPec+de-
SHORTNESS: TO TREAT OR NOT TO TREAT 752
fun amp;twn- 756
Slow-Moving Horror 756
VASCULAR PLANTS 758
CONTENTS
THE RIANT BODY 758
The Plant Axis: Root and Shoot 758
Tissue Systems and Tissue Types 759
HOW PLANTS GROW 764
Open Growth 764
Meristems 765
Plant Growth and Seasonal Cycles 766
ROOTS 766
The Root: From Tip to Base 766
The Root: From Outside to Inside 767
THE SHOOT 769
Stem Structures and Primary Growth 770
Stem Structures and Secondary Growth 770
Structure and Development of Leaves 773
Leaf Blade and Petiole 773
Leaf Tissues 774
ACTIVE LEARNING What Does Phloem Do? 773
Chapter 35
Transport and /Vwtfrftwn mp
The Boojum Tree 778
WATER BALANCE IN PLANTS 780~
How Roots Draw Water from the Soil 780
Mineral Transport 780
Water Transport: Root to Leaf 782
Stomata and Regulation of Water Loss 783
MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS THROUGHOUT THE PLANT 785
Translocation: Movement of Sugar 785
Transport of Inorganic Substances in Xylem and Phloem 787
PLANT NUTRIENTS 788
Macronutrients 789
Nitrogen Fixation 790
Other Macronutrients 791
Micronutrients 792
Soil: The Primary Source of Minerals 792
How Nutrients Enter a Plant 793
30X35 1 Water Relations and Strange Seeds 784
ACTlVi HARMING Pathways for Sugar 789
Chapter 36
Ffomt ^ predw amp;twn and
SnSr^ omc-^ eve/bpmm ^ 796
Corn: An Enormous Success 796
THE ANGIOSPERM LIFE CYCLE 798
FLOWERS: SEX ORGANS OF FLOWERING PLANTS 799
Flower Structure: The Four Whorls 799
How Flowers Make Sperm and Eggs 801
Pollination and Fertilization 802
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOS, SEEDS, AND FRUITS 803
How a Plant Embryo Develops 804
Germination: The New Plant Emerges 804
Development from Seedling to Mature Plant 804
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 807
New Techniques in Plant Breeding 807
Genetic Engineering in Plants 808
BOX 36 1 A Fruit of a Different Color 806
Chapter 37
Fifcmt Growth- ffiegtdafow and
the-P(mvt f £rtvw°onmen4 3f2
Foolish Seedling Disease 812
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS 814
Gibberellins 814
Auxins 815
Cytokinins 815
AbscisicAcid 815
Ethylene 815
ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, HORMONES, AND GERMINATION 816
REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 816
Environmental Cues and Plant Orientation 817
Plant Movements Other Than Tropisms 818
How the Environment Influences a Plant s Shape 818
CONTROL OF FLOWERING AND FRUIT FORMATION 820
Temperature and Flowering 820
Light and Flowering 821
CONTENTS xix
Role of Hormones in Flowering 822
Triggers to Fruit Development 822
HOW PLANTS AGE AND PREPARE FOR WINTER 822
Senescence and Abscission 823
Dormancy: The Plant at Rest 823
PLANT PROTECTION: DEFENSIVE RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL THREATS
Chemical Protection 824
Walling Off Injured Areas 825
fart fop: /{ppfy astd fikcide-
WHY CHEFS ARE BOYCOTTING HIGH-TECH
TOMATOES 828
finfhmmmf 33/
Chapter 33 _
FSppf/aftorp ffitftermr hp
3pac amp;cmd 332
The Rise and Fall of a Desert Population 832
ECOLOGY: LEVELS OF INTERACTION 834
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 834
Limits to Global Distribution 834
CONSTRAINTS ON POPULATION SIZE 835
Factors Affecting Population Size 836
Limited Resources Limit Exponential Growth 838
How the Environment Limits Growth 840
Population Growth and Strategies for Survival 841
THE HUMAN POPULATION 842
Trends in Human Population Growth 842
Change in Human Population Size 844
Growth Rates and Age Structure 845
Population of the Future 845
BOX 38 1 Tracking Population Hot Spots 846
Chapter 39
A Songbird Rescued 850
HABITAT AND NICHE 852
The Many Ways Species Interact 853
COMPETITION BETWEEN SPECIES 853
Interspecific Competition 853
Natural Causes of Competitive Exclusion 855
Competition Can Alter a Species Realized Niche 855
PREDATION 856
Population of Predator and Prey 856
The Coevolution of Predator and Prey 858
Parasites: The Intimate Predators 860
COMMENSALISM AND MUTUALISM 861
Commensalism 861
Mutualism 861
ORGANIZATION OF COMMUNITIES 863
Communities Change over Time 863
Species Diversity in Communities 865
Species Diversity and Community Stability 865
Chapter 40
rf 370
k Shrinking Swamp 870
PATHWAYS OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS 872
Energy Flow and Material Cycling 872
Feeding Levels 872
Feeding Patterns in Nature 874
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS 874
Energy Budget for an Ecosystem 875
Pyramids of Energy and Biomass 877
XX CONTENTS
HOW MATERIALS CYCLE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS 879
The Water Cycle 880
The Nitrogen Cycle 880
The Phosphorus Cycle 882
The Carbon Cycle 884
HOW HUMANS ALTER ECOSYSTEMS 884
Global Warming 885
Cycle and Recycle: The Sustainable Economy 886
BOX 40 1 Saving the Environment: Personal Solutions
Chapter 4f
the-fifarphere : £ftrth f fhtn
fthrpoffife 390
The Cathedral Forest 890
WHAT GENERATES THE EARTH S CLIMATIC REGIONS? 892
The Earth Heats Unevenly 892
The Formation of Rain 892
Air and Water Currents: Genesis of Wind and Weather 893
BIOMES 895
Tropical Rain Forests 895 —
Tropical Savannas 896
Deserts 897
Temperate Grasslands 898
Chaparral 899
Temperate Forests 899
Coniferous Forests 899
Tundra 900
Polar Cap Terrain 901
Life Zones in the Mountains 901
LIFE IN THE WATER 904
Properties of Water 904
Freshwater Ecosystems 904
Saltwater Communities 905
CHANGE IN THE BIOSPHERE 908
The Ozone Hole 908
Sustainability 909
What Will the Future Bring? 909
CONCEPT INTEGRATOR: Ecological Interactions in an
Old Growth Forest 902
BOX 41 1 Lessons of an Ecodome 910
Chapter 42
/{mma// ehavtor 9/4
Menace of the Broken Shell 914
THE GENETIC BASES OF BEHAVIOR 916
EXPERIENCES CAN INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR 917
Behavioral Acts with Limited Flexibility 918
Imprinting: Learning with a Time Limit 918
Learning: Behavior That Changes with Experience 919
NATURAL SELECTION AND BEHAVIOR 921
Locating and Defending a Home Territory 921
Feeding Behavior 924
Reproductive Behavior 924
Communication 926
EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 928
Social Living: Costs and Benefits 928
Evolution of Altruistic Behavior 929
Human Social Behavior 930
v: /tppfyafwt
CAPTIVE BREEDING AND THE FLORIDA PANTHER
Table A 1 Vitamins A-l
Table A 2 Minerals A-2
Table A 3 Some Common Drugs and How They Affect the
Nervous System A-3
CUafawp- CZ-f
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Credtfo (7-f
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Postlethwait, John H. Hopsen, Janet L. |
| author_facet | Postlethwait, John H. Hopsen, Janet L. |
| author_role | aut aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)31240342 (DE-599)BVBBV013574152 |
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| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
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| dewey-sort | 3574 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 3. ed., 1. [Dr.], internat. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013574152 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:48:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0070507503 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009269408 |
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| spelling | Postlethwait, John H. Verfasser aut The nature of life John H. Postlethwait ; Janet L. Hopson 3. ed., 1. [Dr.], internat. ed. New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1995 Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biology Life (Biology) Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s DE-604 Hopsen, Janet L. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009269408&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Postlethwait, John H. Hopsen, Janet L. The nature of life Biology Life (Biology) Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 |
| title | The nature of life |
| title_auth | The nature of life |
| title_exact_search | The nature of life |
| title_full | The nature of life John H. Postlethwait ; Janet L. Hopson |
| title_fullStr | The nature of life John H. Postlethwait ; Janet L. Hopson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The nature of life John H. Postlethwait ; Janet L. Hopson |
| title_short | The nature of life |
| title_sort | the nature of life |
| topic | Biology Life (Biology) Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biology Life (Biology) Biologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009269408&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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