A grammar of Lhowa:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Muenchen
LINCOM GmbH
2023
|
| Schriftenreihe: | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics
98 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 203 Seiten Karte |
| ISBN: | 9783969391396 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 230419s2023 gw |||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 22,N51 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 1275517463 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783969391396 |9 978-3-96939-139-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1378496225 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB1275517463 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c XA-DE-BY | ||
| 049 | |a DE-19 |a DE-355 |a DE-12 |a DE-11 | ||
| 084 | |a EG 7060 |0 (DE-625)23319: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Regmi, Dan Raj |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1029674574 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Lhowa |c Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Regmi & Jamyang Gelek Gurung |
| 264 | 1 | |a Muenchen |b LINCOM GmbH |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xii, 203 Seiten |b Karte | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |v 98 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Lhowa |0 (DE-588)1281854549 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Grammatik | ||
| 653 | |a Sino-Tibetanische Sprachen | ||
| 653 | |a Linguistik | ||
| 653 | |a Tonsprachen | ||
| 653 | |a Ergativsprachen | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Lhowa |0 (DE-588)1281854549 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Regmi, Ambika |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1044735481 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gurung, Jamyang Gelek |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a LINCOM Europa (München) |0 (DE-588)5300573-9 |4 pbl | |
| 830 | 0 | |a LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |v 98 |w (DE-604)BV011470576 |9 98 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m B:DE-101 |q application/pdf |u https://d-nb.info/1275517463/04 |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169359&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034169359 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185072057712640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
LIST
OF
TABLES
X
LIST
OF
FIGURES
XI
LIST
OF
DIAGRAMS
XI
LIST
OF
MAPS
XI
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
XII
CHAPTER
1:
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND
1
1.2
GEO-LINGUISTIC
SITUATION
1
1.3
GENETIC
AFFILIATION
2
1.4
SOME
TYPOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.1
PHONOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.3
SYNTACTIC
FEATURES
3
1.5
TRADITION
AND
CULTURE
4
1.6
OCCUPATION
4
1.7
DIALECTAL
VARIATION
5
1.8
PREVIOUS
WORKS
5
1.9
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
7
1.9.1
LANGUAGE
AND
ITS
FUNCTIONS
7
1.9.2
LANGUAGE
AND
CODING
SYSTEMS
7
1.9.3
CODING
GRAMMATICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
8
1.9.4
GRAMMAR
AND
TYPOLOGY
8
1.10
DATABASE
8
1.11
DATA
ANALYSIS
9
1.12
GOALS
AND
ORGANIZATION
9
CHAPTER
2:
SEGMENTAL
PHONOLOGY
10
2
.0
OUTLINE
10
2.1
INVENTORY
OF
CONSONANT
PHONEMES
10
2.2
PHONOLOGICAL
OPPOSITIONS
IN
CONSONANTS
11
2.2.1
BILABIAL
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.2
DENTO-ALVEOLAR
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.3
POST-ALVEOLAR
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.4
ALVEO-PALATAL
PLOSIVES
12
2.2.5
VELAR
PLOSIVES
12
2.2.6
NASALS
12
2.2.7
DENTO-ALVEOLAR
AFFRICATES
13
2.2.8
ALVEO-PALATAL
AFFRICATES
13
2.2.9
FRICATIVES
13
2.2.10
LATERALS
13
2.2.11
TRILLS
14
2.2.12
APPROXIMANTS
14
2.3
DISTRIBUTION
OF
SEGMENTAL
CONSONANTS
14
2.4
INVENTORY
OF
SEGMENTAL
VOWEL
PHONEMES
15
2.5
PHONOLOGICAL
OPPOSITIONS
IN
VOWELS
16
II
2.5.1
HEIGHT
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.2
FRONT-BACK
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.3
ROUNDEDNESS
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.4
LENGTH
OPPOSITIONS
17
2.6
DISTRIBUTION
OF
MONOPHTHONGS
17
2.7
DIPHTHONGS
18
2.8
SYLLABLE
STRUCTURE
18
2.8.1
SYLLABLE
PATTERNS
18
2.8.2
SYLLABLE
WEIGHT
19
2.8.3
SIMPLE
ONSET
19
2.9
SUMMARY
19
CHAPTER
3:
SUPRASEGMENTAL
PHONOLOGY
21
3
.0
OUTLINE
21
3.1
TONE
AND
CONSONANT PHONEMES
21
3.2
PATTERNS
OF
TONES
22
3.2.1
HIGH
TONE
22
3.2.2
LOW
TONE
22
3.3
TONE
MELODIES
23
3.3.1
HH
(HIGH
FOLLOWED
BY
HIGH)
23
3.3.2
LH
(LOW
FOLLOWED
BY
HIGH)
24
3.3.3
LL
(LOW
FOLLOWED
BY
LOW)
24
3.3.4
HL
(HIGH
FOLLOWED
BY
LOW)
24
3.4 STRESS
AND
INTONATION
25
3.4.1
STRESS
25
3.4.2
INTONATION
25
3.5
SUMMARY
25
CHAPTER
4:
MORPHOPHONOLOGY
26
4
.0
OUTLINE
26
4.1
ASSIMILATION
PROCESS
26
4.2
COALESCENCE PROCESS
27
4.3
DELETION PROCESS
27
4.4
EPENTHESIS
PROCESS
27
4.5
SOME
OTHER
PROCESSES
28
4.6
SUMMARY
28
CHAPTER
5:
WRITING
SYSTEMS
29
5
.0
OUTLINE
29
5.1
CURRENT PRACTICE
OF
WRITING
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.1.1
ACCOMMODATION
OF
VOWELS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.1.2
ACCOMMODATION
OF
CONSONANTS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.2
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
31
5.2.1
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
VOWELS
AND
TONES
31
5.2.2
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
CONSONANT
SOUNDS
31
5.3
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
31
5.3.1
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
VOWELS
32
5.3.2
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
CONSONANTS
32
III
5.4
CURRENT
PRACTICE
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
34
5.4.1
ACCOMMODATION
OF
VOWELS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
34
5.4.2
ACCOMMODATION
OF
CONSONANTS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
35
5.5
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
LHOWA
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
36
5.5.1
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
TONES
AND
LENGTH
36
5.5.2
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
CONSONANTS
37
5.6
SOLVING
THE
PROBLEMS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
37
5.6.1
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
VOWELS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
37
5.6.2
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
CONSONANTS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
38
5.7
SUMMARY
39
CHAPTER
6:
PROPERTIES
OF
NOUNS
40
6.0
OUTLINE
40
6.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
40
6.1.1
PROTOTYPICAL
VS.
NON-PROTOTYPICAL
NOUNS
40
6.1.2
ABSTRACT
VS.
CONCRETE
NOUNS
41
6.1.3
ANIMATE
VS.
INANIMATE
NOUNS
41
6.1.4
HUMAN
VS.
NON-HUMAN
NOUNS
42
6.1.5
MALE
VS.
FEMALE
NOUNS
42
6.1.6
COUNT
VS.
MASS
NOUNS
43
6.1.7
NOUNS
VS.
NAMES
43
6.1.8
NOUNS
BASED
ON
SIZE,
SHAPE
AND
MANIPULABILITY
44
6.1.9
NOUNS
BASED
ON
CULTURE
44
6.1.10
NOUNS
BASED
ON
SOCIAL
STANDING
44
6.2
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
45
6.2.1
GENDER
45
6.2.2
NUMBER
45
6.2.3
CASE-ROLES
MARKING
46
6.3
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
51
6.3.1
NOMINALIZATION
51
6.3.2
COMPOUNDING
51
6.4
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
52
6.4.1
GRAMMATICAL
ROLES
(CASE-ROLES)
IN
THE
CLAUSE
52
6.4.2
SYNTACTIC
ROLE
OF
HEAD
IN
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
52
6.5
SUMMARY
52
CHAPTER
7:
PRONOUNS
53
7.0
OUTLINE
53
7.1
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
53
7.1.1
SUBJECT
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
53
7.1.2
OBJECT PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
55
7.2
PRO-FORMS
56
7.2.1
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
56
7.2.2
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS
57
7.2.3
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
57
7.2.4
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
57
7.2.5
RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS
58
7.3
SUMMARY
58
IV
V
CHAPTER
8
:
PROPERTIES
OF
ADJECTIVES
59
8.0
OUTLINE
59
8.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
59
8.1.1
MORE
PROTOTYPICAL
ADJECTIVES
59
8.1.2
LESS
PROTOTYPICAL
ADJECTIVES
61
8.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
62
8.2.1
BASIC
ADJECTIVES
62
8.2.2
DERIVED
ADJECTIVES
62
8.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
63
8.3.1
PREDICATE
IN
COPULAR
CLAUSES
63
8.3.2
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
63
8.4
SUMMARY
63
CHAPTER
9:
PROPERTIES
OF
NUMERALS
64
9.0
OUTLINE
64
9.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
64
9.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
64
9.2.1
BASIC
NUMERALS
64
9.2.2
DERIVED NUMERALS
64
9.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
68
9.4
SUMMARY
68
CHAPTER
10:
PROPERTIES
OF
ADVERBS
69
10.0
OUTLINE
69
10.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
69
10.1.1
MANNER
ADVERBS
69
10.1.2
INSTRUMENTAL
ADVERBS
69
10.1.3
TIME
AND
ASPECTUALITY
ADVERBS
69
10.1.4
EPISTEMIC
ADVERBS
70
10.1.5
DEONTIC-EVALUATIVE
ADVERBS
70
10.1.6
ADVERBS
MODIFYING
ADJECTIVES
70
10.1.7
EMPHATIC
ADVERBS
70
10.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
71
10.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
71
10.4
SUMMARY
72
CHAPTER
11:
PROPERTIES
OF
VERBS
73
11.0
OUTLINE
73
11.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
73
11.1.1
VOLITIONAL
VS.
NON-VOLITIONAL
VERBS
73
11.1.2
CONJUNCT
VS.
DISJUNCT
VERBS
74
11.1.3
EGOPHORIC
VS.
NON-EGOPHORIC
VERBS
75
11.1.4
PROTOTYPICAL
VS.
NON-PROTOTYPICAL
VERBS
78
11.1.5
STATES,
EVENTS
AND
ACTIONS
78
11.2
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
79
11.2.1
FINITE VERBS
79
11.2.2
NON-FINITE
VERBS
80
CHAPTER
12
:
MINOR
WORD
CLASSES
85
11.3
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
80
11.4
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
81
11.4.1
COPULAR
VERBS
81
11.4.2
SIMPLE
INTRANSITIVE
VERBS
82
11.4.3
SIMPLE
TRANSITIVE
VERBS
82
11.4.4
BI-TRANSITIVE
VERBS
83
11.5
SEMANTICO-SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
83
11.5.1
MODALITY
VERBS
83
11.5.2
MANIPULATIVE
VERBS
83
11.5.3
PCU
(PERCEPTION,
COGNITION
OR
UTTERANCE)
VERBS
84
11.5.4
SOCIO-CULTURAL
PROPERTIES
84
11.6
SUMMARY
84
12.0
OUTLINE
85
12.1
POSTPOSITIONS
85
12.2
DETERMINERS
86
12.2.1
DEMONSTRATIVES
(
DEICTICS
)
86
12.2.2
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
86
12.3
INTER-CLAUSAL
CONNECTIVES
86
12.3.1
CONJUNCTIONS
87
12.3.2
SUBORDINATORS
87
12.4
QUANTIFIERS,
NUMERALS
AND
ORDINALS
87
12.4.1
QUANTIFIERS
87
12.4.2
NUMERALS
88
12.4.3
ORDINALS
88
12.5
AUXILIARY
VERBS
88
12.5.1
BASIC
AUXILIARY
VERBS
88
12.5.2
SECONDARY
AUXILIARY
VERBS
89
12.6
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
AND
INTERJECTIONS
89
12.6.1
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
89
12.6.2
INTERJECTIONS
89
12.7
SUMMARY
90
CHAPTER
13:
WORD
ORDER,
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
AND
NOUN
PHRASES
91
13.0
OUTLINE
91
13.1
INFLEXIBLE
WORD
ORDER
91
13.1.1
WORD
ORDER
IN
THE
SIMPLE
CLAUSES
91
13.1.2
ORDER
OF
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
92
13.1.3
ORDER
OF
BOUND
MORPHEMES
93
13.1.4
DEPENDENT
MARKING
93
13.2
FLEXIBLE
WORD
ORDER
94
13.3
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
94
13.3.1
OVERT-CODING
PROPERTIES
95
13.3.2
BEHAVIOR-AND-CONTROL
PROPERTIES
95
13.4
NOUN
PHRASES
97
13.4.1
SIMPLEX
NOUN
PHRASE
98
13.4.2
COMPLEX
NOUN
PHRASE
99
13.5
SUMMARY
101
VI
CHAPTER
14
:
SIMPLE
VERBAL
CLAUSES
103
14
.0
OUTLINE
103
14.1
SYNTACTIC
STRUCTURE
OF
SIMPLE
VERBAL
CLAUSES
103
14.2
SIMPLE
INTRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
103
14.3
SIMPLE
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
104
14.3.1
MORE
PROTOTYPICAL
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
104
14.3.2
LESS
PROTOTYPICAL
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
105
14.4
INTRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
WITH
AN
INDIRECT
OBJECT
107
14.5
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSE
WITH
AN
INDIRECT
OBJECT
107
14.6
DUMMY-SUBJECT
CLAUSES
108
14.7
COPULAR
CLAUSES
109
14.7.1
NOMINAL
PREDICATE
COPULAR
CLAUSE
109
14.7.2
ADJECTIVAL
PREDICATE
COPULAR
CLAUSE
109
14.8
VERBAL
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
110
14.8.1
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
MODALITY
VERBS
110
14.8.2
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
MANIPULATIVE
VERBS
111
14.8.3
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
PCU(PERCEPTION,
COGNITION
OR
UTTERANCE)
VERBS
112
14.9
MAPPING
OF
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
AND
SEMANTIC
ROLES
113
14.10
SUMMARY
113
CHAPTER
15:
NOMINALIZATION
AND
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
115
15
.0
OUTLINE
115
15.1
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.1.1
PERFECTIVE
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.1.2
IMPERFECTI
VE
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.2
LEXICAL
NOMINALIZATION
116
15.2.1
DERIVATION
OF
ADJECTIVES
116
15.2.2
DERIVATION
OF
NOUNS
117
15.3
CLAUSAL
NOMINALIZATION
117
15.3.1
FINITE
NOMINALIZED
CLAUSES
117
15.3.2
ATTRIBUTIVE
PHRASES
118
15.3.3
NOMINAL-COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
118
15.3.4
VERBAL-COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
118
15.3.5
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
119
15.4
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
119
15.4.1
FUNCTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
119
15.4.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
DIMENSIONS
119
15.4.3
SYNTACTIC
DIMENSIONS
120
15.5
SUMMARY
120
CHAPTER
16:
TENSE,
ASPECT,
MODALITY
AND
EVIDENTIALITY
121
16
.0
OUTLINE
121
16.1
ENCODING
VERBAL
CATEGORIES
121
16.1.1
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGY
121
16.1.2
AUXILIARY
VERBS
122
16.1.3
COMBINATION
OF
MORPHOLOGY
AND
AUXILIARY
VERBS
123
16.1.4
CHANGING
SHAPE
OF
THE
ROOT/
ROOT
MODIFICATION
124
16.2
TENSE-ASPECT
125
VII
16.2.1
PERFECTIVE
125
16.2.2
IMPERFECTIVE
127
16.3
MODALITY
129
16.3.1
EPISTEMIC
MODALITY
129
16.3.2
EVALUATIVE
MODALITY
130
16.4
EVIDENTIALITY
131
16.4.1
EVIDENTIALITY
IN
THE
EXISTENTIAL
COPULAR
CLAUSES
131
16.4.2
EVIDENTIALITY
IN
THE
VERBAL
PREDICATE
CLAUSES
132
16.5
CONTACT
INDUCED
CHANGES
IN
TENSE-ASPECT
133
16.6
SUMMARY
134
CHAPTER
17:
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
AND
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
135
17.0
OUTLINE
135
17.1
INTERROGATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
135
17.1.1
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
135
17.1.2
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
135
17.1.3
NEUTRAL
INTERROGATIVES
136
17.1.4
CONSTITUENT
INTERROGATIVES
136
17.2
MANIPULATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
138
17.2.1
IMPERATIVES
138
17.2.2
OPTATIVES
139
17.2.3
HORTATIVES
139
17.3
SEMANTIC
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
CONSTRUCTIONS
140
17.3.1
REFLEXIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
140
17.3.2
RECIPROCAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
141
17.4
PRAGMATIC
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
CONSTRUCTIONS
142
17.5
SUMMARY
143
CHAPTER
18:
CLAUSE
UNION
AND
INTER-CLAUSAL
COHERENCE
144
18.0
OUTLINE
144
18.1
CLAUSE
UNION
144
18.1.1
INFINITIVAL
VERBAL
COMPLEMENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
144
18.1.2
CAUSATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
144
18.1.3
PARTICIPIAL
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
145
18.2
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
146
18.2.1
TEMPORAL
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
146
18.2.2
CONDITIONAL
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
147
18.2.3
REASON
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
147
18.2.4
CONCESSIVE
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
148
18.2.5
PURPOSE
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
148
18.2.6
LOCATION
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
149
18.2.7
MANNER
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
149
18.3
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
149
18.3.1
CONTINUATIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
149
18.3.2
CONTRASTIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.3.3
DISJUNCTIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.3.4
EXCLUDING
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.4
SUMMARY
151
VIII
152
CHAPTER
19:
CONTRASTIVE
FOCUS
AND
MARKED
TOPIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
19.0
OUTLINE
152
19.1
CONTRASTIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
152
19.1.1
CONTRASTIVE
STRESS
152
19.1.2
WORD
ORDER
AND
STRESS
152
19.1.3
MORPHOLOGY
153
19.1.4
WH-QUESTIONS
153
19.2
MARKED
TOPIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
153
19.2.1
MORPHOLOGICAL
DEVICES
154
19.2.2
SYNTACTIC
DEVICES
154
19.3
SUMMARY
154
CHAPTER
20;
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
AND
CONCLUSION
155
20.0
OUTLINE
155
20.1
PHONOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
155
20.1.1
CONSONANT
SEGMENTS
155
20.1.2
VOWEL
SEGMENTS
156
20.1.3
SYLLABLE
STRUCTURES
156
20.1.4
SUPRASEGMENTS
157
20.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
158
20.2.1
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
NOMINALS
158
20.2.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
VERBS
159
20.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
160
20.3.1
ORDER
OF
CLAUSAL
CONSTITUENTS
160
20.3.2
ORDER
OF
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
161
20.3.3
ORDER
OF
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHEMES
161
20.3.4
NON-VERBAL
AND
VERBAL
CLAUSES
161
20.4
DISCOURSE-PRAGMATIC
PROPERTIES
161
20.4.1
FUNCTIONAL
PASSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
161
20.4.2
FREE-STANDING/FINITE
NOMINALIZED
CLAUSES
161
20.4.3
NOMINALIZED
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
161
20.4.4
HONORIFICITY
162
20.4.5
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
AND
SUFFIXES
162
20.5
CONCLUSION
163
ANNEXES
164
ANNEX
A:
SAMPLE
INTERLINEARIZED
TEXTS
164
TEXT
1.1:
SOME
BASIC
SENTENCES
164
TEXT
1.2:
A
GRANDMOTHER
AND
ELDER
SISTER
177
TEXT
1.3:
WHILE
RIDING
AN
ASS
182
TEXT
1.4:
ABOUT
MYSELF
186
TEXT
1.5:
A
RABBIT
AND
A
TIGER
188
ANNEX
B:
THIRD
PERSON
SIMPLE
PRESENT,
PAST
AND
IMPERATIVE
VERB
FORMS
191
ANNEX
C:
SPECIALIZED
WORDLIST
192
ANNEX
D:
INDEX
OF
THE
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHEMES
IN
LHOWA
198
ANNEX
E:
INVENTORY
OF
LANGUAGE
RESOURCES
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
IN
LHOWA
199
REFERENCES
201
IX
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
LIST
OF
TABLES
X
LIST
OF
FIGURES
XI
LIST
OF
DIAGRAMS
XI
LIST
OF
MAPS
XI
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
XII
CHAPTER
1:
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND
1
1.2
GEO-LINGUISTIC
SITUATION
1
1.3
GENETIC
AFFILIATION
2
1.4
SOME
TYPOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.1
PHONOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
FEATURES
3
1.4.3
SYNTACTIC
FEATURES
3
1.5
TRADITION
AND
CULTURE
4
1.6
OCCUPATION
4
1.7
DIALECTAL
VARIATION
5
1.8
PREVIOUS
WORKS
5
1.9
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
7
1.9.1
LANGUAGE
AND
ITS
FUNCTIONS
7
1.9.2
LANGUAGE
AND
CODING
SYSTEMS
7
1.9.3
CODING
GRAMMATICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
8
1.9.4
GRAMMAR
AND
TYPOLOGY
8
1.10
DATABASE
8
1.11
DATA
ANALYSIS
9
1.12
GOALS
AND
ORGANIZATION
9
CHAPTER
2:
SEGMENTAL
PHONOLOGY
10
2
.0
OUTLINE
10
2.1
INVENTORY
OF
CONSONANT
PHONEMES
10
2.2
PHONOLOGICAL
OPPOSITIONS
IN
CONSONANTS
11
2.2.1
BILABIAL
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.2
DENTO-ALVEOLAR
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.3
POST-ALVEOLAR
PLOSIVES
11
2.2.4
ALVEO-PALATAL
PLOSIVES
12
2.2.5
VELAR
PLOSIVES
12
2.2.6
NASALS
12
2.2.7
DENTO-ALVEOLAR
AFFRICATES
13
2.2.8
ALVEO-PALATAL
AFFRICATES
13
2.2.9
FRICATIVES
13
2.2.10
LATERALS
13
2.2.11
TRILLS
14
2.2.12
APPROXIMANTS
14
2.3
DISTRIBUTION
OF
SEGMENTAL
CONSONANTS
14
2.4
INVENTORY
OF
SEGMENTAL
VOWEL
PHONEMES
15
2.5
PHONOLOGICAL
OPPOSITIONS
IN
VOWELS
16
II
2.5.1
HEIGHT
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.2
FRONT-BACK
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.3
ROUNDEDNESS
OPPOSITIONS
16
2.5.4
LENGTH
OPPOSITIONS
17
2.6
DISTRIBUTION
OF
MONOPHTHONGS
17
2.7
DIPHTHONGS
18
2.8
SYLLABLE
STRUCTURE
18
2.8.1
SYLLABLE
PATTERNS
18
2.8.2
SYLLABLE
WEIGHT
19
2.8.3
SIMPLE
ONSET
19
2.9
SUMMARY
19
CHAPTER
3:
SUPRASEGMENTAL
PHONOLOGY
21
3
.0
OUTLINE
21
3.1
TONE
AND
CONSONANT PHONEMES
21
3.2
PATTERNS
OF
TONES
22
3.2.1
HIGH
TONE
22
3.2.2
LOW
TONE
22
3.3
TONE
MELODIES
23
3.3.1
HH
(HIGH
FOLLOWED
BY
HIGH)
23
3.3.2
LH
(LOW
FOLLOWED
BY
HIGH)
24
3.3.3
LL
(LOW
FOLLOWED
BY
LOW)
24
3.3.4
HL
(HIGH
FOLLOWED
BY
LOW)
24
3.4 STRESS
AND
INTONATION
25
3.4.1
STRESS
25
3.4.2
INTONATION
25
3.5
SUMMARY
25
CHAPTER
4:
MORPHOPHONOLOGY
26
4
.0
OUTLINE
26
4.1
ASSIMILATION
PROCESS
26
4.2
COALESCENCE PROCESS
27
4.3
DELETION PROCESS
27
4.4
EPENTHESIS
PROCESS
27
4.5
SOME
OTHER
PROCESSES
28
4.6
SUMMARY
28
CHAPTER
5:
WRITING
SYSTEMS
29
5
.0
OUTLINE
29
5.1
CURRENT PRACTICE
OF
WRITING
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.1.1
ACCOMMODATION
OF
VOWELS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.1.2
ACCOMMODATION
OF
CONSONANTS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
29
5.2
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
31
5.2.1
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
VOWELS
AND
TONES
31
5.2.2
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
CONSONANT
SOUNDS
31
5.3
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
31
5.3.1
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
VOWELS
32
5.3.2
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
CONSONANTS
32
III
5.4
CURRENT
PRACTICE
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
34
5.4.1
ACCOMMODATION
OF
VOWELS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
34
5.4.2
ACCOMMODATION
OF
CONSONANTS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
35
5.5
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
LHOWA
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
36
5.5.1
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
TONES
AND
LENGTH
36
5.5.2
PROBLEMS
IN
REPRESENTING
CONSONANTS
37
5.6
SOLVING
THE
PROBLEMS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
37
5.6.1
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
VOWELS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
37
5.6.2
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
IN
WRITING
CONSONANTS
IN
TIBETAN
LAMA
SCRIPT
38
5.7
SUMMARY
39
CHAPTER
6:
PROPERTIES
OF
NOUNS
40
6.0
OUTLINE
40
6.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
40
6.1.1
PROTOTYPICAL
VS.
NON-PROTOTYPICAL
NOUNS
40
6.1.2
ABSTRACT
VS.
CONCRETE
NOUNS
41
6.1.3
ANIMATE
VS.
INANIMATE
NOUNS
41
6.1.4
HUMAN
VS.
NON-HUMAN
NOUNS
42
6.1.5
MALE
VS.
FEMALE
NOUNS
42
6.1.6
COUNT
VS.
MASS
NOUNS
43
6.1.7
NOUNS
VS.
NAMES
43
6.1.8
NOUNS
BASED
ON
SIZE,
SHAPE
AND
MANIPULABILITY
44
6.1.9
NOUNS
BASED
ON
CULTURE
44
6.1.10
NOUNS
BASED
ON
SOCIAL
STANDING
44
6.2
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
45
6.2.1
GENDER
45
6.2.2
NUMBER
45
6.2.3
CASE-ROLES
MARKING
46
6.3
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
51
6.3.1
NOMINALIZATION
51
6.3.2
COMPOUNDING
51
6.4
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
52
6.4.1
GRAMMATICAL
ROLES
(CASE-ROLES)
IN
THE
CLAUSE
52
6.4.2
SYNTACTIC
ROLE
OF
HEAD
IN
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
52
6.5
SUMMARY
52
CHAPTER
7:
PRONOUNS
53
7.0
OUTLINE
53
7.1
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
53
7.1.1
SUBJECT
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
53
7.1.2
OBJECT PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
55
7.2
PRO-FORMS
56
7.2.1
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
56
7.2.2
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS
57
7.2.3
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
57
7.2.4
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
57
7.2.5
RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS
58
7.3
SUMMARY
58
IV
V
CHAPTER
8
:
PROPERTIES
OF
ADJECTIVES
59
8.0
OUTLINE
59
8.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
59
8.1.1
MORE
PROTOTYPICAL
ADJECTIVES
59
8.1.2
LESS
PROTOTYPICAL
ADJECTIVES
61
8.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
62
8.2.1
BASIC
ADJECTIVES
62
8.2.2
DERIVED
ADJECTIVES
62
8.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
63
8.3.1
PREDICATE
IN
COPULAR
CLAUSES
63
8.3.2
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
63
8.4
SUMMARY
63
CHAPTER
9:
PROPERTIES
OF
NUMERALS
64
9.0
OUTLINE
64
9.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
64
9.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
64
9.2.1
BASIC
NUMERALS
64
9.2.2
DERIVED NUMERALS
64
9.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
68
9.4
SUMMARY
68
CHAPTER
10:
PROPERTIES
OF
ADVERBS
69
10.0
OUTLINE
69
10.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
69
10.1.1
MANNER
ADVERBS
69
10.1.2
INSTRUMENTAL
ADVERBS
69
10.1.3
TIME
AND
ASPECTUALITY
ADVERBS
69
10.1.4
EPISTEMIC
ADVERBS
70
10.1.5
DEONTIC-EVALUATIVE
ADVERBS
70
10.1.6
ADVERBS
MODIFYING
ADJECTIVES
70
10.1.7
EMPHATIC
ADVERBS
70
10.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
71
10.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
71
10.4
SUMMARY
72
CHAPTER
11:
PROPERTIES
OF
VERBS
73
11.0
OUTLINE
73
11.1
SEMANTIC
PROPERTIES
73
11.1.1
VOLITIONAL
VS.
NON-VOLITIONAL
VERBS
73
11.1.2
CONJUNCT
VS.
DISJUNCT
VERBS
74
11.1.3
EGOPHORIC
VS.
NON-EGOPHORIC
VERBS
75
11.1.4
PROTOTYPICAL
VS.
NON-PROTOTYPICAL
VERBS
78
11.1.5
STATES,
EVENTS
AND
ACTIONS
78
11.2
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
79
11.2.1
FINITE VERBS
79
11.2.2
NON-FINITE
VERBS
80
CHAPTER
12
:
MINOR
WORD
CLASSES
85
11.3
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
80
11.4
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
81
11.4.1
COPULAR
VERBS
81
11.4.2
SIMPLE
INTRANSITIVE
VERBS
82
11.4.3
SIMPLE
TRANSITIVE
VERBS
82
11.4.4
BI-TRANSITIVE
VERBS
83
11.5
SEMANTICO-SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
83
11.5.1
MODALITY
VERBS
83
11.5.2
MANIPULATIVE
VERBS
83
11.5.3
PCU
(PERCEPTION,
COGNITION
OR
UTTERANCE)
VERBS
84
11.5.4
SOCIO-CULTURAL
PROPERTIES
84
11.6
SUMMARY
84
12.0
OUTLINE
85
12.1
POSTPOSITIONS
85
12.2
DETERMINERS
86
12.2.1
DEMONSTRATIVES
(
'
DEICTICS
'
)
86
12.2.2
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
86
12.3
INTER-CLAUSAL
CONNECTIVES
86
12.3.1
CONJUNCTIONS
87
12.3.2
SUBORDINATORS
87
12.4
QUANTIFIERS,
NUMERALS
AND
ORDINALS
87
12.4.1
QUANTIFIERS
87
12.4.2
NUMERALS
88
12.4.3
ORDINALS
88
12.5
AUXILIARY
VERBS
88
12.5.1
BASIC
AUXILIARY
VERBS
88
12.5.2
SECONDARY
AUXILIARY
VERBS
89
12.6
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
AND
INTERJECTIONS
89
12.6.1
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
89
12.6.2
INTERJECTIONS
89
12.7
SUMMARY
90
CHAPTER
13:
WORD
ORDER,
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
AND
NOUN
PHRASES
91
13.0
OUTLINE
91
13.1
INFLEXIBLE
WORD
ORDER
91
13.1.1
WORD
ORDER
IN
THE
SIMPLE
CLAUSES
91
13.1.2
ORDER
OF
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
92
13.1.3
ORDER
OF
BOUND
MORPHEMES
93
13.1.4
DEPENDENT
MARKING
93
13.2
FLEXIBLE
WORD
ORDER
94
13.3
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
94
13.3.1
OVERT-CODING
PROPERTIES
95
13.3.2
BEHAVIOR-AND-CONTROL
PROPERTIES
95
13.4
NOUN
PHRASES
97
13.4.1
SIMPLEX
NOUN
PHRASE
98
13.4.2
COMPLEX
NOUN
PHRASE
99
13.5
SUMMARY
101
VI
CHAPTER
14
:
SIMPLE
VERBAL
CLAUSES
103
14
.0
OUTLINE
103
14.1
SYNTACTIC
STRUCTURE
OF
SIMPLE
VERBAL
CLAUSES
103
14.2
SIMPLE
INTRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
103
14.3
SIMPLE
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
104
14.3.1
MORE
PROTOTYPICAL
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
104
14.3.2
LESS
PROTOTYPICAL
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
105
14.4
INTRANSITIVE
CLAUSES
WITH
AN
INDIRECT
OBJECT
107
14.5
TRANSITIVE
CLAUSE
WITH
AN
INDIRECT
OBJECT
107
14.6
DUMMY-SUBJECT
CLAUSES
108
14.7
COPULAR
CLAUSES
109
14.7.1
NOMINAL
PREDICATE
COPULAR
CLAUSE
109
14.7.2
ADJECTIVAL
PREDICATE
COPULAR
CLAUSE
109
14.8
VERBAL
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
110
14.8.1
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
MODALITY
VERBS
110
14.8.2
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
MANIPULATIVE
VERBS
111
14.8.3
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
PCU(PERCEPTION,
COGNITION
OR
UTTERANCE)
VERBS
112
14.9
MAPPING
OF
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
AND
SEMANTIC
ROLES
113
14.10
SUMMARY
113
CHAPTER
15:
NOMINALIZATION
AND
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
115
15
.0
OUTLINE
115
15.1
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.1.1
PERFECTIVE
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.1.2
IMPERFECTI
VE
NOMINALIZERS
115
15.2
LEXICAL
NOMINALIZATION
116
15.2.1
DERIVATION
OF
ADJECTIVES
116
15.2.2
DERIVATION
OF
NOUNS
117
15.3
CLAUSAL
NOMINALIZATION
117
15.3.1
FINITE
NOMINALIZED
CLAUSES
117
15.3.2
ATTRIBUTIVE
PHRASES
118
15.3.3
NOMINAL-COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
118
15.3.4
VERBAL-COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
118
15.3.5
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
119
15.4
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
119
15.4.1
FUNCTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
119
15.4.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
DIMENSIONS
119
15.4.3
SYNTACTIC
DIMENSIONS
120
15.5
SUMMARY
120
CHAPTER
16:
TENSE,
ASPECT,
MODALITY
AND
EVIDENTIALITY
121
16
.0
OUTLINE
121
16.1
ENCODING
VERBAL
CATEGORIES
121
16.1.1
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHOLOGY
121
16.1.2
AUXILIARY
VERBS
122
16.1.3
COMBINATION
OF
MORPHOLOGY
AND
AUXILIARY
VERBS
123
16.1.4
CHANGING
SHAPE
OF
THE
ROOT/
ROOT
MODIFICATION
124
16.2
TENSE-ASPECT
125
VII
16.2.1
PERFECTIVE
125
16.2.2
IMPERFECTIVE
127
16.3
MODALITY
129
16.3.1
EPISTEMIC
MODALITY
129
16.3.2
EVALUATIVE
MODALITY
130
16.4
EVIDENTIALITY
131
16.4.1
EVIDENTIALITY
IN
THE
EXISTENTIAL
COPULAR
CLAUSES
131
16.4.2
EVIDENTIALITY
IN
THE
VERBAL
PREDICATE
CLAUSES
132
16.5
CONTACT
INDUCED
CHANGES
IN
TENSE-ASPECT
133
16.6
SUMMARY
134
CHAPTER
17:
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
AND
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
135
17.0
OUTLINE
135
17.1
INTERROGATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
135
17.1.1
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
135
17.1.2
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
135
17.1.3
NEUTRAL
INTERROGATIVES
136
17.1.4
CONSTITUENT
INTERROGATIVES
136
17.2
MANIPULATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
138
17.2.1
IMPERATIVES
138
17.2.2
OPTATIVES
139
17.2.3
HORTATIVES
139
17.3
SEMANTIC
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
CONSTRUCTIONS
140
17.3.1
REFLEXIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
140
17.3.2
RECIPROCAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
141
17.4
PRAGMATIC
DE-TRANSITIVE
VOICE
CONSTRUCTIONS
142
17.5
SUMMARY
143
CHAPTER
18:
CLAUSE
UNION
AND
INTER-CLAUSAL
COHERENCE
144
18.0
OUTLINE
144
18.1
CLAUSE
UNION
144
18.1.1
INFINITIVAL
VERBAL
COMPLEMENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
144
18.1.2
CAUSATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
144
18.1.3
PARTICIPIAL
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
145
18.2
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
146
18.2.1
TEMPORAL
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
146
18.2.2
CONDITIONAL
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
147
18.2.3
REASON
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
147
18.2.4
CONCESSIVE
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
148
18.2.5
PURPOSE
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
148
18.2.6
LOCATION
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
149
18.2.7
MANNER
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
149
18.3
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
149
18.3.1
CONTINUATIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
149
18.3.2
CONTRASTIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.3.3
DISJUNCTIVE
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.3.4
EXCLUDING
COORDINATE
CLAUSES
150
18.4
SUMMARY
151
VIII
152
CHAPTER
19:
CONTRASTIVE
FOCUS
AND
MARKED
TOPIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
19.0
OUTLINE
152
19.1
CONTRASTIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
152
19.1.1
CONTRASTIVE
STRESS
152
19.1.2
WORD
ORDER
AND
STRESS
152
19.1.3
MORPHOLOGY
153
19.1.4
WH-QUESTIONS
153
19.2
MARKED
TOPIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
153
19.2.1
MORPHOLOGICAL
DEVICES
154
19.2.2
SYNTACTIC
DEVICES
154
19.3
SUMMARY
154
CHAPTER
20;
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
AND
CONCLUSION
155
20.0
OUTLINE
155
20.1
PHONOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
155
20.1.1
CONSONANT
SEGMENTS
155
20.1.2
VOWEL
SEGMENTS
156
20.1.3
SYLLABLE
STRUCTURES
156
20.1.4
SUPRASEGMENTS
157
20.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
158
20.2.1
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
NOMINALS
158
20.2.2
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
VERBS
159
20.3
SYNTACTIC
PROPERTIES
160
20.3.1
ORDER
OF
CLAUSAL
CONSTITUENTS
160
20.3.2
ORDER
OF
MODIFIERS
IN
THE
NOUN PHRASE
161
20.3.3
ORDER
OF
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHEMES
161
20.3.4
NON-VERBAL
AND
VERBAL
CLAUSES
161
20.4
DISCOURSE-PRAGMATIC
PROPERTIES
161
20.4.1
FUNCTIONAL
PASSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
161
20.4.2
FREE-STANDING/FINITE
NOMINALIZED
CLAUSES
161
20.4.3
NOMINALIZED
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
161
20.4.4
HONORIFICITY
162
20.4.5
DISCOURSE
PARTICLES
AND
SUFFIXES
162
20.5
CONCLUSION
163
ANNEXES
164
ANNEX
A:
SAMPLE
INTERLINEARIZED
TEXTS
164
TEXT
1.1:
SOME
BASIC
SENTENCES
164
TEXT
1.2:
A
GRANDMOTHER
AND
ELDER
SISTER
177
TEXT
1.3:
WHILE
RIDING
AN
ASS
182
TEXT
1.4:
ABOUT
MYSELF
186
TEXT
1.5:
A
RABBIT
AND
A
TIGER
188
ANNEX
B:
THIRD
PERSON
SIMPLE
PRESENT,
PAST
AND
IMPERATIVE
VERB
FORMS
191
ANNEX
C:
SPECIALIZED
WORDLIST
192
ANNEX
D:
INDEX
OF
THE
GRAMMATICAL
MORPHEMES
IN
LHOWA
198
ANNEX
E:
INVENTORY
OF
LANGUAGE
RESOURCES
IN
DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
IN
LHOWA
199
REFERENCES
201
IX |
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| discipline_str_mv | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:52:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:49:25Z |
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| institution_GND | (DE-588)5300573-9 |
| isbn | 9783969391396 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | LINCOM GmbH |
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| series | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |
| series2 | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |
| spelling | Regmi, Dan Raj Verfasser (DE-588)1029674574 aut A grammar of Lhowa Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Regmi & Jamyang Gelek Gurung Muenchen LINCOM GmbH 2023 xii, 203 Seiten Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 98 Lhowa (DE-588)1281854549 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik Sino-Tibetanische Sprachen Linguistik Tonsprachen Ergativsprachen Lhowa (DE-588)1281854549 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Regmi, Ambika Verfasser (DE-588)1044735481 aut Gurung, Jamyang Gelek Verfasser aut LINCOM Europa (München) (DE-588)5300573-9 pbl LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 98 (DE-604)BV011470576 98 B:DE-101 application/pdf https://d-nb.info/1275517463/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169359&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Regmi, Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Gurung, Jamyang Gelek A grammar of Lhowa LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics Lhowa (DE-588)1281854549 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1281854549 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | A grammar of Lhowa |
| title_auth | A grammar of Lhowa |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Lhowa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A grammar of Lhowa |
| title_full | A grammar of Lhowa Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Regmi & Jamyang Gelek Gurung |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Lhowa Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Regmi & Jamyang Gelek Gurung |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Lhowa Dan Raj Regmi, Ambika Regmi & Jamyang Gelek Gurung |
| title_short | A grammar of Lhowa |
| title_sort | a grammar of lhowa |
| topic | Lhowa (DE-588)1281854549 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lhowa Grammatik |
| url | https://d-nb.info/1275517463/04 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169359&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011470576 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT regmidanraj agrammaroflhowa AT regmiambika agrammaroflhowa AT gurungjamyanggelek agrammaroflhowa AT lincomeuropamunchen agrammaroflhowa |
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