The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Univ. of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Industrial Research Unit
1984
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Manpower and human resources studies
10 Major industrial Research Unit studies 61 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 360 S. |
| ISBN: | 0895460440 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | MANPOWER AND HUMAN RESOURCES STUDIES
No 10
THE DECLINE OF
ANNUAL HOURS WORKED
IN THE UNITED STATES
SINCE 1947
by
THERESA DISS GREIS
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UNIT
The Wharton School, Vance Hall/CS
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
U S A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PAGE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
Purpose of Study 1
Capital and Working Hours 1
The National Economy 2
Evolution of Working Hours 3
Weekly Hours: 1947-Present 4
The Decline in Working Hours 5
Causes and Impacts of Reduced Annual Hours 6
The Future of Working Hours 8
II THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE LABOR
FORCE 11 «
Part-Time Participation in the Labor Force 11
Demographic Composition of the Labor Force 12
Occupational and Industrial Composition 13
Recession Effect 15
The Individual Decision to Work 16
Labor Supply Theory 17
The Effect of Recession on the Individual s Choice
of Working Hours 23
Layoff vs Shorter Hours 24
Summary 24
ix
x Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
III THE IMPACT OF TIME OFF 25
Public Policy and Legislation Regarding Hours
of Work 25
Fair Labor Standards Act 26
Other Federal Laws 27
State Laws 27
Indirect Legislation 28
Payroll Taxes 28
Unemployment Compensation 28
Union and Collective Bargaining Impacts on Hours
of Work 29
The Union Role in Hours of Work Since 1947 — 30
Union Philosophy Concerning Hours of Work 31
-Paid Time Off 33
Collectively-Bargained Agreements 34
Vacations 34
Cost of Vacations 38
Length of Service in Relation to Vacations 38
Recent Vacation Surveys 39
Other Vacation Provisions 41
Vacation Pay Without Time Off 43
Holidays : 43
Cost of Holidays 47
Recent Holiday Surveys 48
Paid Time Off for Union Activities 49
Sick Leave 51
Other Paid Time Off 52
On-Premise Time Paid for but Not Worked 57
Paid Time Off as Percentage of Hours Paid 63
Unpaid Time Off 64
Absenteeism 64
Work Stoppages 67
Increases in Working Hours 67
Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
Overtime 67
Multiple Jobholding 70
Summary 70
IV ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL HOURS WORKED 71
Sources of Data and Calculation of Annual Hours
Worked 72
Calculation of Annual Hours Worked 72
Estimated Annual Hours 73
National Averages 73
Annual Hours in Selected Industries 76
Key Durable Goods Manufacturing Industries 76
Other Durable Goods Manufacturing Industries 79
Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Industries 79
Construction 81
Transportation and Public Utilities 82
Wholesale and Retail Trade 83
Financial Services 84
Nonfinancial Services 85
Mining 85
Summary 86
Comparison to Estimates from Other Data 86
Survey of Manufactures 87
Department of Commerce 87
Occupational Safety and Health Statistics 92
Current Population Survey Statistics 92
Nonproduction Workers 93
Other Estimates 94
Summary 96
xii Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
/
V INDUSTRIAL SURVEY OF HOURS OF LARGE
COMPANIES 99
Survey Results: Annual Hours 99
Employment 100
Annual Hours 102
Paid Time Off 103
Absenteeism (Question 6) 112
Overtime Hours 114
Compensating for Lost Production Hours (Question
11) ! 116
Standard Weekly Hours (Question 9) 116
Weekly Hours Worked 118
Survey Results: Shift Practices 118
Continuous Shifts 119
Noncontinuous Shifts 119
Shiftwork Compensation 119
Comparison to Bureau of Labor Statistics
Survey 120
Weekend Pay 121
Holiday Pay 123
Policies for Nonshift Workers 123
Paid Meal Periods 123
Summary 124
Company Comments on Shift Practices and Hours
of Work 124
Shift Schedules and Policies 125
Other Practices 126
Shift Experiments 127
Problems in Shift Experiments 128
Company Policies on Hours of Work and Pay 128
Capital Utilization 129
The Future of Working Hours 130
Workyear Decline 130
Predictions About Future Additions to Paid Time
Off 132
Table of Contents xiii
CHAPTER PAGE
Continuous Operations 134
Union Influence 135
VI THE MICROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DECLINING
HOURS 137
Labor Costs and Demand for Labor 137
Productivity 138
Cost of Capital 139
Substitution Between Capital and Labor 140
Other Fixed Cost Considerations 140
(Overtime 141
Mandatory Overtime 142
Overtime and Employment 142
Cost of Overtime 143
Fringe Benefits 146
Benefits as a Percentage of Payroll 147
Relative Cost of Fringe Benefits 147
Part-Time Employment 148
Payroll Taxes 150
Employment and Training Costs 152
The Skilled Worker 152
Other Considerations 153
Recession Periods 154
Summary 154
Work Intensity 155
Elasticity of Demand for Labor 156
xiv Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
VTL THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DECLINING
HOURS 157
Hours and Employment 157
Hours / Unemployment Trade-off 157
Structural Unemployment 160
Training 164
Overtime 164
Moonlighting 166
Differences Among Industries 166
The Effect of Taxes 169
Social Objectives 170
Summary 170
Hours and Productivity 171
Declining Hours 171
Other Significant Factors 172
Output 175
Manufacturing Output 176
Measuring Productivity 176
Gross National Product 176
Implications for Labor 178
Wages and the Demand for Labor 178
Labor s Share of GNP 179
Skilled Labor 179
Work-Sharing Versus Layoffs 180
Part-Time Employment 181
Implications for Capital 181
Capital Investment 181
Capacity Utilization 184
Automation 185
Other Areas Affected by Hours of Work 185
Research and Development 185
Energy 186
Table of Contents xv
CHAPTER PAGE
Inflation 186
Foreign Competition 187
Concluding Observations 189
VIII SHIFTWORK PRACTICES AND NONSTANDARD
SCHEDULES 191
Reasons for Shiftwork Utilization 191
Increasing Capital Costs 192
Capital Intensity 195
Obsolescence of Capital 199
Energy Costs 200
Hours of Work Legislation 201
Shiftwork Differential 201
Demand for Goods and Services 201
The Extent of Shiftwork 202
Shiftwork in the 1970s 204
Types of Shifts: Related Problems and
Advantages 204
Basic TVpes of Shifts 204
Other Shift Schedules 205
Advantages of Shiftwork to Management 208
Management Problems Created by Shiftwork 209
Advantages of Shiftwork to Employees 211
Disadvantages of Shiftwork to Employees 212
Shiftwork and Unemployment 214
Alternative Work Schedules 214
Staggered Work Schedules 215
Flextime 215
Compressed Workweeks 216
Job-Sharing 217
Conclusions 218
xvi Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
IX HOURS WORKED AND PAID IN OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED
COUNTRIES 219
Work-Sharing 220
Recent Work-Sharing Policy 220
Labor Cost Effect 221
Decline in the Workweek 222
Weekly Hours Worked 222
The Future of Foreign Workweeks 223
Overtime 225
Overtime Statistics 225
Overtime Restrictions 226
Union Reaction to Overtime Work 226
Paid Time Off 226
Vacation 226
Holidays 228
Absenteeism 231
Annual Hours Worked 231
Reason for Decline in Hours 231
Comparison of Annual Hours in Europe, Japan,
and the United States 232
Shiftwork and Alternative Schedules 233
Extent of Shiftwork 233
Social Concerns and Protective Legislation 234
Cost of Shiftwork 236
Part-Time Work 238
Other Alternative Work Schedules 239
Future Developments 240
Table of Contents xvii
CHAPTER PAGE
X CONCLUSION 243
Summary of Study 243
Annual Hours of Work 244
Paid Time Off 245
Overtime 245
Microeconomic Costs of the Declining Workyear 246
Shiftwork 247
Alternative Work Schedules 248
Macroeconomic Effects of Declining Hours 248
Speculations on the Future of Working Hours 250
Need for Further Research and Policy 250
Predictions about Future Trends in Working
Hours 252
Future Alternative Schedules 253
Positive Aspects of Future Schedules 254
Negative Implications of Reducing Hours
Further 254
Some Solutions to Reduced Workyear
Problems 256
APPENDIX
A The Claim of Stable Hours 259
B Paid Time Off Preferences 267
C Collective Bargaining Agreements: Recent Paid Time Off
Concessions 273
D Estimated Annual Hours of Work: Data Sources and Cal
culation Methodology 277
E Estimated Annual Hours Worked by Industry 287
F Statistical Analysis of Trends in Annual Hours 329
G Annual Hours and Shiftwork Questionnaire 333
INDEX 349
|
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| spelling | Greis, Theresa D. Verfasser (DE-588)17056083X aut The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 Theresa D. Greis Philadelphia, Pa. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Industrial Research Unit 1984 XXX, 360 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Manpower and human resources studies 10 Major industrial Research Unit studies 61 Geschichte 1947-1981 gnd rswk-swf Congés payés - États-Unis - Histoire Horaires de travail - États-Unis - Histoire Geschichte Hours of labor United States History Vacations, Employee United States History Arbeitszeit (DE-588)4130587-5 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitszeit (DE-588)4130587-5 s USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Geschichte 1947-1981 z DE-604 Manpower and human resources studies 10 (DE-604)BV002796758 10 Major industrial Research Unit studies 61 (DE-604)BV000812875 61 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003342381&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Greis, Theresa D. The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 Manpower and human resources studies Major industrial Research Unit studies Congés payés - États-Unis - Histoire Horaires de travail - États-Unis - Histoire Geschichte Hours of labor United States History Vacations, Employee United States History Arbeitszeit (DE-588)4130587-5 gnd |
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| title | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 |
| title_auth | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 |
| title_exact_search | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 |
| title_full | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 Theresa D. Greis |
| title_fullStr | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 Theresa D. Greis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 Theresa D. Greis |
| title_short | The decline of annual hours worked in the United States since 1947 |
| title_sort | the decline of annual hours worked in the united states since 1947 |
| topic | Congés payés - États-Unis - Histoire Horaires de travail - États-Unis - Histoire Geschichte Hours of labor United States History Vacations, Employee United States History Arbeitszeit (DE-588)4130587-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Congés payés - États-Unis - Histoire Horaires de travail - États-Unis - Histoire Geschichte Hours of labor United States History Vacations, Employee United States History Arbeitszeit USA |
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