Product liability:
Gespeichert in:
| Späterer Titel: | Fairgrieve, Duncan Product liability |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford Univ. Press
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | CIII, 971 S. |
| ISBN: | 0198256787 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132754836684801 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
TABLE OF CASES XXXI
TABLE OF STATUTES, REGULATIONS AND RULES IXXXI
TABLE OF TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS XCIX
ABBREVIATIONS CI
1. INTRODUCTION AND MODERN HISTORICAL OUTLINE
A. INTRODUCTION 1.01
B. CONTRACT AND TORT IN ENGLISH PRODUCT LIABILITY LAW 1.03
C. WINTERBOTTOM V WRIGHT AND EXCEPTIONS TO THE EARLY RULE
OF NON-LIABILITY 1.08
(1) APPLIANCES ON PREMISES 1.13
(2) INHERENTLY DANGEROUS CHATTELS 1.15
D. THE DECISION IN DONOGHUE V STEVENSON 1.18
E. THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS STRICT LIABILITY 1.24
E DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 1.29
(1) INTRODUCTION 1.29
(2) DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE MACPHERSON V BUICK MOTOR CO 1.30
(3) EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES 1.36
(4) STRICT LIABILITY AND RESTATEMENT, SECOND, TORTS § 4O2A 1.40
(5) RESTATEMENT, THIRD, TORTS: PRODUCTS LIABILITY 1.43
I LIABILITY IN CONTRACT AND FOR
MISREPRESENTATIONS
2. PRIVITY OF CONTRACT
A. INTRODUCTION 2.01
B. IMPLICATIONS OF PRIVITY OF CONTRACT 2.03
(1) DISPENSING WITH VERTICAL PRIVITY REQUIREMENTS 2.07
(A) BUSINESS TO BUSINESS CONTRACTS 2.08
(B) BUSINESS TO CONSUMER CONTRACTS 2.09
(2) DISPENSING WITH HORIZONTAL PRIVITY REQUIREMENTS 2.14
(3) THE CONTRACTS (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT 1999 2.22
XI
CONTENTS
3. EXPRESS WARRANTIES AND MISREPRESENTATIONS
A. INTRODUCTION 3.01
B. LIABILITY AS BETWEEN SELLERS AND PURCHASERS 3.02
(1) PUFFS AND STATEMENTS OF OPINION 3.02
(2) WARRANTIES AND MERE REPRESENTATIONS 3.05
(A) REPRESENTATION OR TERM: PROMISSORY INTENT, RELIANCE, OR
BASIS OF BARGAIN 3.06
(B) CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS: CONDITIONS, WARRANTIES, AND
INNOMINATE TETMS 3-14
(3) LIABILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATIONS 3.18
(A) THE HEDLEY BYRNE CASE 3.19
(B) THE MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967 3.21
(4) RESCISSION AND DAMAGES 3.25
(A) RESCISSION 3.25
(B) DAMAGES 3.30
C. LIABILITY AS BETWEEN MANUFACTURERS AND REMOTE CONSUMERS 3.38
(1) EXPRESS WARRANTIES IN AMERICAN LAW 3.38
(2) ENGLISH AND COMMONWEALTH DEVELOPMENTS 3.46
(A) CONTRACTS OF SALE 3.47
(B) COLLATERAL CONTRACTS 3.48
(C) COMMONWEALTH EXAMPLES 3.51
(3) MANUFACTURERS GUARANTEES 3.53
(A) CLAIMS ON GUARANTEES 3.54
(B) EXCLUDING LIABILITY 3.59
(C) EXTENDED WARRANTIES 3.61
4. IMPLIED TERMS AS TO CORRESPONDENCE WITH DESCRIPTION,
SATISFACTORY QUALITY, AND FITNESS FOR PURPOSE
A. INTRODUCTION 4.01
B. CONTRACTS OF SALE DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER TRANSACTIONS 4.02
(1) NEAR SALES TRANSACTIONS AND PROMOTIONAL GIFTS 4.03
(2) CONTRACTS OF EXCHANGE OR BARTER 4.06
(3) CONTRACTS FOR WORK AND MATERIALS 4.07
(4) CONTRACTS FOR SERVICES 4.11
(5) CONTRACTS OF HIRE-PURCHASE AND OF HIRE 4.14
C. THE IMPLIED CONDITION OF CORRESPONDENCE WITH DESCRIPTION 4.17
(1) REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, AND DESCRIPTIONS 4.19
(2) WHEN IS A SALE BY DESCRIPTION? 4.23
(3) DESCRIPTION, QUALITY, FITNESS FOR PURPOSE, AND THE EFFECT OF
NON-COMPLIANCE 4.29
(4) ADOPTING A MANUFACTURER S DESCRIPTIONS 4.37
(5) PRIVATE SALES 438
XN
CONTENTS
D. THE IMPLIED CONDITION OF SATISFACTORY QUALITY 4.39
(1) INTRODUCTION 4.39
(2) SALE IN THE COURSE OF A BUSINESS 4.43
(3) GOODS SUPPLIED UNDER THE CONTRACT 4.47
(4) SATISFACTORY QUALITY 4.48
(A) THE STANDARD DEMANDED 4.48
(B) ASPECTS OF THE QUALITY OF GOODS 4.56
(C) MODIFICATIONS FOR CONSUMER SALES 4.75
(D) SECOND-HAND GOODS 4.79
(5) NOTIFICATION OF DEFECTS AND INSPECTION 4.82
E. THE IMPLIED CONDITION OF REASONABLE FITNESS FOR PURPOSE 4.85
(1) INTRODUCTION 4.85
(2) MAKING KNOWN A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 4.87
(3) REASONABLE RELIANCE ON SKILL OR JUDGMENT 4.92
(A) PARTIAL RELIANCE 4.96
(B) PURCHASES UNDER PATENT OR TRADE NAMES 4.98
(4) NOTIFICATION OF DEFECTS AND INSPECTION 4.100
(5) THE STANDARD DEMANDED 4.101
(6) CONSUMER SALES 4.105
(7) THE STRICT NATURE OF CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 4.107
5. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF THE IMPLIED TERMS
A. INTRODUCTION 5.01
B. COMMERCIAL SALES 5.02
(1) REJECTION, RESCISSION, AND REPUDIATION 5.02
(2) LIMITS TO DIE RIGHT TO REJECT 5.04
(A) REJECTION 5.05
(B) SLIGHT BREACHES 5.06
(C) EXAMINATION AND ACCEPTANCE 5.07
C. CONSUMER SALES 5.19
(1) INTRODUCTION 5.19
(2) ADDITIONAL RIGHTS OF BUYER 5.20
(3) RELATIONSHIP TO EXISTING REMEDIES 5.25
D. OTHER TRANSACTIONS 5.29
E. DAMAGES 5.33
6. EXEMPTION CLAUSES AND UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS
A. INTRODUCTION 6.01
B. CONTROL THROUGH DIE REQUIREMENTS OF INCORPORATION
AND THE COMMON LAW RULES OF CONSTRUCTION 6.07
(1) INCORPORATION 6.07
(2) THE CONTRAPROFERENTEM RULE 6.10
XNI
CONTENTS
(3) FUNDAMENTAL TERMS AND FUNDAMENTAL BREACH 6.15
(A) FUNDAMENTAL TERMS 6.16
(B) FUNDAMENTAL BREACH 6.17
(C) THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH 6.18
C. STATUTORY CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES AND UNFAIR
CONTRACT TERMS 6.23
(1) INTRODUCTION 6.23
(2) THE UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS ACT 1977 6.24
(A) THE SCOPE OF CONTROL 6.24
(B) VARIETIES OF EXEMPTION CLAUSE 6.25
(C) DEALING AS CONSUMER 6.30
(D) DEALING OTHERWISE THAN AS CONSUMER 6.41
(3) UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER CONTRACTS REGULATIONS 1999 6.53
(A) THE SCOPE AND EFFECT OF THE REGULATIONS 6.53
(B) UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER SALES 6.55
(4) THE MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967 6.57
II STRICT LIABILITY IN TORT
7. INTRODUCTION TO STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY
A. PRIMARY CAUSE OF ACTION 7.01
B. JUSTIFICATION FOR REFORM 7.06
(1) THALIDOMIDE AND THE INADEQUACIES OF THE TORT OF
NEGLIGENCE 7.06
(2) FAULT LIABILITY VERSUS STRICT LIABILITY 7.07
C. REFORM PROPOSALS 7.09
(1) THE PROPOSALS OF THE LAW COMMISSIONS AND PEARSON
COMMISSION 7.09
(2) NATIONAL EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS 7.11
(3) COUNCIL OF EUROPE (STRASBOURG) CONVENTION ON
PRODUCTS LIABILITY 7.14
(4) EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY DIRECTIVE ON
PRODUCT LIABILITY 7.16
D. PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE 7.18
(1) GENERAL 7.18
(2) BASIS FOR LEGISLATION 7.19
(3) IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE 7.21
(A) MEMBER STATES IMPLEMENTING LAWS 7.21
(B) OPTIONAL PROVISIONS 7.22
(C) PRE-EXISTING LAWS OF MEMBER STATES 7.24
(D) A MAXIMUM HARMONIZATION DIRECTIVE 7.25
(E) INTERPRETATION OF NATIONAL IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION 7.33
XIV
CONTENTS
E. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE PRODUCT
LIABILITY DIRECTIVE 7.37
(1) INITIAL REVIEWS OF THE DIRECTIVE 7.37
(2) GREEN PAPER 7.40
(3) SECOND COMMISSION REPORT 7.42
(4) REPORT ON PRODUCT LIABILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR THE
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (FEBRUARY 2003) 7.47
F. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM: THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 7.52
8. PERSONS SUBJECT TO LIABILITY
A. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCERS DISTINGUISHED 8.01
B. PRIMARY PRODUCERS: PRODUCER, OWN-BRANDER, IMPORTER 8.05
(1) PRODUCER 8.05
(A) DEFINITION 8.05
(B) MANUFACTURERS 8.06
(C) PRODUCERS OF NON-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS 8.11
(2) PRODUCTS MARKETED UNDER TRADE OR BRAND NAMES 8.16
(A) DEFINITION AND RATIONALE 8.16
(B) CONDITIONS FOR LIABILITY 8.18
(3) IMPORTERS FROM OUTSIDE THE MEMBER STATES 8.26
(A) DEFINITION AND RATIONALE 8.26
(B) SCOPE: IMPORTED INTO THE COMMUNITY 8.27
(C) EVALUATION OF POLICY 8.29
C. SECONDARY PRODUCERS: SUPPLIERS 8.32
(1) GENERAL: SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY 8.32
(2) THE BROAD DEFINITION OF THE TERM SUPPLIER 8.34
(3) THE REQUIREMENT OF A REQUEST 8.39
(4) CONDITIONS CONCERNING REQUEST 8.43
(A) GENERAL 8.43
(B) REASONABLE TIME PERIOD 8.45
(5) COMPLIANCE WITH REQUEST 8.46
(6) SELLERS OF FINISHED PRODUCTS 8.50
D. SUPPLYING AND PUTTING INTO CIRCULATION 8.52
(1) CONTEXT IN WHICH ISSUE ARISES 8.52
(2) THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIRECTIVE: PUTTING INTO CIRCULATION 8.54
(3) SUPPLY UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 8.60
(4) SPECIAL FORMS OF SUPPLY 8.64
(A) GAS AND WATER 8.64
(B) FINANCE AGREEMENTS, INCLUDING HIRE-PURCHASE 8.65
(C) SHIPS, AIRCRAFT, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 8.66
(D) CONTINUATION OR RENEWAL OF HIRE OR LOAN, ETC 8.67
(E) SUPPLY OF GOODS INCORPORATED INTO A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE 8.68
XV
CONTENTS
E.
F
G.
THE CROWN
(1) LIABILITY IN GENERAL
(2) LIABILITY UNDER CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY
(1) INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE
(2) CONTRIBUTION AND RECOURSE
(3) ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTION: APPORTIONMENT
(4) INDEMNITY
PERSONS FALLING OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THE 1987 ACT
(1) INTRODUCTION
(2) CORPORATE PERSONALITY
(A) THE UNITED KINGDOM
(B) THE POSITION IN THE UNITED STATES
(C) A BRIEF COMPARISON
9. PRODUCTS WITHIN THE STRICT LIABILITY REGIME
A.
B.
DEFINITIONS OF PRODUCT
PRODUCTS TO WHICH STRICT LIABILITY APPLIES
(1) PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTS
(A) LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
(B) THE VIEWS OF LAW REFORM BODIES AND JUSTIFICATIONS FOR
EXCLUSION OF PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
(C) SCOPE OF EXCLUSION PRIOR TO REPEAL
(D) JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REMOVING THE EXCLUSION OF PRIMARY
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
(2) IMMOVABLES AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(A) NATURE OF EXCLUSION
(B) BUILDING MATERIALS
(C) SHOULD THE DIRECTIVE BE EXTENDED TO COVER REAL PROPERTY?
(3) COMPONENTS AND RAW MATERIALS
(A) ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST JUSTIFYING AN EXEMPTION FOR
COMPONENT PARTS AND RAW MATERIALS
(B) POSITION UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987
(C) LIABILITY OF COMPONENT SUPPLIERS IN THE UNITED STATES
(4) SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT
(A) SHIPS
(B) AIRCRAFT
(5) MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
(A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: A SPECIAL CASE?
(B) EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT LIABILITY REGIMES
(C) POSITION UNDER THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND THE
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987
(D) VACCINE DAMAGE
8.69
8.69
8.70
8.71
8.71
8.75
8.80
8.87
8.88
8.88
8.89
8.89
8.91
8.100
9.01
9.05
9.05
9.05
9.08
9.12
9.19
9.21
9.21
9.24
9.26
9.33
9.33
9.36
9.37
9.41
9.41
9.42
9.44
9.44
9.47
9.54
9.58
XVI
CONTENTS
(E) THE POSITION IN THE UNITED STATES 9.61
(F) HUMAN BLOOD, PLASMA, HUMAN TISSUE AND ORGANS 9.68
(6) INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTS 9.78
(A) INTRODUCTION 9.78
(B) ARE INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTS WITHIN THE AMBIT OF STRICT
PRODUCT LIABILITY? 9.80
(C) ADVICE 9.84
(D) PUBLICATIONS 9.87
(E) COMPUTER SOFTWARE 9.97
(7) ELECTRICITY 9.104
(8) NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS 9.107
(9) CRAFT PRODUCTS 9.109
(10) SECOND-HAND PRODUCTS AND WASTE 9.110
(A) LIABILITY OF PRODUCERS 9.110
(B) LIABILITY OF MERE SUPPLIERS 9.116
(11) CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS 9.122
10. THE REQUIREMENT OF A DEFECT: INTRODUCTORY ISSUES
A. INTRODUCTION 10.01
(1) PRELIMINARY ISSUES 10.01
(2) PROOF DIAT THE PRODUCT WAS DEFECTIVE 10.06
B. THE DEFINITION OF A DEFECT 10.13
(1) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 10.13
(2) ALLEGED VAGUENESS OF DEFECTIVENESS STANDARD 10.18
(3) OVERTONES OF A NEGLIGENCE STANDARD 10.19
C. CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS VERSUS RISK-UTILITY 10.20
(1) INTRODUCTION 10.20
(2) CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS 10.21
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 10.21
(B) THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES 10.24
(3) RISK-UTILITY 10.32
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 10.32
(B) THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES 10.34
(C) PROBLEMS WITH RISK-UTILITY APPROACH 10.40
D. DEFECTIVENESS UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 10.44
(1) INTRODUCTION 10.44
(2) EXPECTATIONS OF PERSONS GENERALLY 10.45
(3) RISKS AFFECTING SAFETY 10.50
E. CIRCUMSTANCES TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ASSESSING DEFECTIVENES 10.51
(1) INTRODUCTION 10.51
(2) EXPRESS FACTORS IN DETERMINING DEFECTIVENESS 10.52
(A) MARKETING, PRESENTATION, INSTRUCTIONS, AND WARNINGS 10.53
(B) REASONABLY EXPECTED USE 10.60
XVH
CONTENTS
(C) TIME OF SUPPLY OF PRODUCT BY PRODUCER TO ANOTHER 10.62
(3) RELEVANT BUT NON-SPECIFIED CIRCUMSTANCES 10.68
(A) OBVIOUS OR HIDDEN DANGERS 10.69
(B) REGULATIONS AND EQUIVALENT SAFETY STANDARDS 10.75
(C) COST AND PRACTICABILITY OF A SAFER DESIGN AND
RISK-UTILITY ANALYSIS 10.82
(4) APPARENTLY IRRELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 10.83
F. APPLICATION OF THE DEFECTIVENESS STANDARD TO THE ALTERNATIVE
AND TRADITIONAL DEFECT TAXONOMIES 10.90
(1) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 10.90
(2) AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS: BURTON J S
STANDARD/NON-STANDARD PRODUCT DICHOTOMY IN A V NATIONAL
BLOOD AUTHORITY 10.91
11. MANUFACTURING OR PRODUCTION DEFECTS AND DESIGN DEFECTS
A. MANUFACTURING OR PRODUCTION DEFECTS 11.01
(1) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 11.01
(2) THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES 11.07
B. DESIGN DEFECTS 11.10
(1) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 11.10
(2) PROBLEMS IN APPLYING A CONSUMER EXPECTATION TEST 11.15
(3) DESIGN DEFECTS AND RISK-UTILITY 11.19
(A) THE DOMINANCE OF THE RISK-UTILITY TEST IN DESIGN DEFECT CASES 11.19
(B) PROBLEMS WITH RISK-UTILITY AND DESIGN DEFECTS IN PRACTICE 11.20
(4) THE COST AND PRACTICABILITY OF A SAFER DESIGN 11.23
(A) CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 11.23
(B) THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES 11.26
(5) LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: THE COMBINING OF
CONSUMER EXPECTATION AND RISK-UTILITY TESTS 11.32
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 11.32
(B) DEFINING ONE TEST IN TERMS OF THE OTHER 11.34
(C) TWO INDEPENDENT PRONGS OF LIABILITY 11.36
(D) CHOICE OF TEST LINKED TO COMPLEXITY OF DESIGN 11.39
(E) SUPPORT FOR A CONTINUED CONSUMER EXPECTATION-RISK-UTILITY
APPROACH FOR COMPLEX CASES UNDER PRODUCT LIABILITY
DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 11.41
(6) THE RESTATEMENT, THIRD, TORTS: PRODUCTS LIABILITY AND
DESIGN DEFECTS 11.42
(7) INHERENTLY DANGEROUS PRODUCTS 11.47
(A) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER
PROTECTION ACT 1987 11.47
(B) THE RESTATEMENTS: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 11.49
(8) FORESEEABLE ACTS OF THIRD PARTIES OR VICTIMS 11.53
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 11.53
XVLLL
CONTENTS
(B) TAMPERING 11.55
(C) MODIFICATION, INSTALLATION, OR MAINTENANCE 11.56
(D) DESIGN FACILITATING MISUSE 11.58
(E) FORESEEABLE PRODUCT MISUSE BY VICTIM 11.59
(9) THE POSITION OF THIRD PARTIES OR BYSTANDERS 11.62
12. DEFECTS IN WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
A. INTRODUCTION 12.01
(1) IMPORTANCE OF WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS 12.01
(2) RELATION BETWEEN DESIGNS AND WARNINGS 12.04
(3) FUNCTIONS OF WARNINGS 12.06
(4) CRITICISM OF STANDARDS GOVERNING FAILURE TO WARN 12.07
(5) FAILURE TO WARN IN NEGLIGENCE AND STRICT LIABILITY 12.08
(6) UNKNOWN AND UNKNOWABLE RISKS 12.12
(7) OBVIOUS RISKS 12.13
B. STRICT LIABILITY 12.14
(1) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 12.14
(2) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 12.21
(A) CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH DUTY TO WARN ARISES 12.21
(B) CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS 12.23
(C) RISK-UTILITY: MANUFACTURER S WARNING OBLIGATIONS LIMITED BY
THE PRESENT STATE OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 12.28
C. PERSONS TO BE WARNED 12.32
(1) INTRODUCTION 12.32
(2) FORESEEABILITY OF USER DOCTRINE 12.33
(3) SOPHISTICATED OR PROFESSIONAL USER DOCTRINE 12.37
(A) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER
PROTECTION ACT 1987 12.37
(B) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 12.38
(4) BYSTANDER DOCTRINE 12.43
(5) LEARNED INTERMEDIARY DOCTRINE 12.45
(A) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER
PROTECTION ACT 1987 12.45
(B) DEVELOPMENTS IN DIE UNITED STATES 12.51
(6) ALLERGIC OR IDIOSYNCRATIC USERS 12.58
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 12.58
(B) IDIOSYNCRATIC AND ALLERGIC USERS DISTINGUISHED 12.61
(C) SUBSTANTIAL OR APPRECIABLE NUMBER TEST 12.62
D. ADEQUACY OF WARNINGS 12.65
(1) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 12.65
(A) GENERAL FACTORS 12.65
(B) SPECIFIC FACTORS 12.66
(2) UNITED STATES CASE LAW 12.70
(A) GENERAL FACTORS 12.70
XIX
CONTENTS
(B) WATERED DOWN OR AMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE 12.73
(C) UNDERMINING WARNING S EFFECTIVENESS 12.74
(D) BILINGUAL WARNINGS OR UNIVERSAL SYMBOLS 12.75
E. THE CAUSATION REQUIREMENT 12.77
(1) PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
ACT 1987 12.77
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 12.77
(B) CONSUMERS INATTENTION TO WARNINGS 12.78
(C) A SUBJECTIVE TEST? 12.80
(2) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 12.81
(A) REQUIREMENTS FOR CAUSE OF ACTION 12.81
(B) TWO-PRONGED CAUSATION TEST 12.84
(C) PRESUMPTIONS 12.85
F. STRICT LIABILITY IN TORT: NO POST-MARKETING OBLIGATION TO
WARN OF SUBSEQUENT DANGERS 12.89
13. STATUTORY DEFENCES TO LIABILITY
A. INTRODUCTION 13.01
B. COMPLIANCE WITH MANDATORY STATUTORY OR COMMUNITY
REQUIREMENTS 13.03
C. NO SUPPLY OF THE PRODUCT 13.06
(1) INTRODUCTION 13.06
(2) SOME SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 13.08
D. SUPPLY OTHERWISE THAN IN THE COURSE OF A BUSINESS, ETC 13.10
(1) INTRODUCTION 13.10
(2) FIRST LIMB: OTHERWISE THAN IN THE COURSE OF A BUSINESS OF
THAT PERSON S 13.12
(3) SECOND LIMB: THINGS DONE OTHERWISE THAN WITH A VIEW TO PROFIT 13.13
E. PRODUCT NOT DEFECTIVE AT THE TIME OF SUPPLY 13.16
(1) INTRODUCTION 13.16
(2) PERSONS POTENTIALLY LIABLE UNDER SECTION 2(2) OF THE ACT 13.17
(3) MERE SUPPLIERS POTENTIALLY LIABLE UNDER SECTION 2(3) OF THE ACT
13.21
F. THE DEVELOPMENT RISK DEFENCE 13.25
(1) NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE DEFENCE 13.25
(A) INTRODUCTION 13.25
(B) BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION 13.26
(C) SOME CRITICISMS OF THE STATUTORY WORDING 13.31
(D) DEVELOPMENT RISK AND THE STATE OF THE ART DEFENCE 13.36
(E) OPTIONAL NATURE OF THE DEFENCE 13.39
(F) MEMBER STATES WHICH HAVE DEROGATED FROM THE DEFENCE 13.40
(G) THE RELEVANT TIME AT WHICH TO APPLY THE TEST 13.42
XX
CONTENTS
(2) INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE:
COMMISSION V UNITED KINGDOM
(A) INITIAL STAGES
(B) ADVOCATE GENERALS OPINION
(C) THE JUDGMENT OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE
(3) EUROPEAN COMMISSION REFORM PROPOSALS
(A) GREEN PAPER
(B) SECOND REPORT
(C) REPORT ON PRODUCT LIABILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION (FEBRUARY 2003)
(4) DEFECTS WHICH MIGHT BE EXPECTED TO BE DISCOVERED
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
(B) DISCOVERABILITY AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
(C) DISCOVERABILITY OF UNKNOWN AND UNKNOWABLE DEFECTS
(D) DEFECTS HIDDEN FROM VIEW BY LIMITED SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
(E) DEFECTS HIDDEN FROM VIEW BY LIMITED GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
(5) THE MEANING AND IMPLICATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
(B) THE CONSTITUENTS OF KNOWLEDGE
(C) KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONTEXT OF AN ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
(D) KNOWLEDGE AND ACCESSIBILITY
(E) THE EXAMPLE OF THALIDOMIDE
(6) DEFECTS WHICH ARE KNOWN OF, BUT UNDETECTABLE IN ANY
PARTICULAR CASE
(A) INTRODUCTION
(B) DEFECTS WHICH ARE UNDETECTABLE
(C) COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE
(D) CONCLUSIONS
G. COMPONENT PRODUCERS
(1) INTRODUCTION
(2) FIRST LIMB: DEFECT IN SUBSEQUENT PRODUCT
(3) SECOND LIMB: WHOLLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE DESIGN OF THE
SUBSEQUENT PRODUCT, ETC
13.44
13.44
13.47
13.52
13.59
13.59
13.60
13.61
13.62
13.62
13.64
13.65
13.77
13.78
13.79
13.79
13.82
13.85
13.86
13.88
13.91
13.91
13.93
13.98
13.104
13.106
13.106
13.108
13.110
III LIABILITY IN TORT FOR NEGLIGENCE
14. THE PRODUCER S LIABILITY IN NEGLIGENCE
A. INTRODUCTION 14.01
B. THE DONOGHUEV STEVENSON PRINCIPLE 14.02
(1) PRODUCTS 14.03
(2) CLAIMANTS 14.05
(3) PRODUCERS AND OTHER DEFENDANTS 14.07
XXI
CONTENTS
C. PRODUCT LIABILITY AND THE GENERAL LAW OF NEGLIGENCE 14.09
D. TYPES OF DEFECTS AND THE STANDARD TO BE APPLIED 14.16
(1) INTRODUCTION 14.16
(2) THE STANDARD TO BE APPLIED 14.17
E. MANUFACTURING OR PRODUCTION DEFECTS 14.27
(1) INTRODUCTION 14.27
(2) FOREIGN OBJECTS AND SUBSTANCES 14.28
(3) IMPURITIES AND NATURAL SUBSTANCES 14.29
(4) WEAK OR DEFECTIVE MATERIALS 14.32
(5) ASSEMBLY AND CONSTRUCTION 14.33
(6) CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING 14.34
(7) MANUFACTURERS OF COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS 14.36
(8) LIABILITY OF MANUFACTURERS OF END PRODUCTS FOR COMPONENTS,
CONTAINERS, AND PROCESSING 14.38
(A) THE DUTY TO EXERCISE REASONABLE CARE 14.38
(B) NON-DELEGABLE DUTIES 14.41
F. DESIGN DEFECTS 14.48
(1) INTRODUCTION 14.48
(2) MATERIALS AND INGREDIENTS 14.50
(A) MATERIALS OF INSUFFICIENT STRENGTH OR DURABILITY 14.50
(B) INFLAMMABLE, EXPLOSIVE, AND CORROSIVE MATERIALS 14.53
(C) MATERIALS CARRYING LONG-TERM HEALTH HAZARDS 14.55
(D) MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 14.56
(E) ANIMAL FEEDING COMPOUNDS AND MEDICINES 14.57
(F) FERTILIZERS, HERBICIDES, INSECTICIDES, ETC 14.58
(3) DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND CONCEALED DANGERS 14.59
(4) ABSENCE OF SAFETY FEATURES AND DEVICES 14.63
(A) MOTOR VEHICLE DESIGN 14.64
(B) OTHER AREAS 14.73
(5) COMPONENTS 14.77
G. DEFECTS IN WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE 14.78
(1) INTRODUCTION 14.78
(2) WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS WHEN THE PRODUCT IS MARKETED 14.79
(A) THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS 14.79
(B) SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE NEED FOR AND ADEQUACY OF WARNINGS 14.95
(3) WARNINGS OFSUBSEQUENDY DISCOVERED DANGERS 14.116
H. PROOF OF NEGLIGENCE 14.124
(1) INTRODUCTION 14.124
(2) TWO POSSIBLE EXCEPTIONS 14.125
(A) LIABILITY UNDER RYLANDS V FLETCHER 14.126
(B) INHERENDY DANGEROUS CHATTELS 14.127
(3) THE DUTY TO TEST, INSPECT, AND DISCOVER 14.130
(4) THE SAFETY RECORD OF THE PRODUCT 14.139
XXN
CONTENTS
(A) ABSENCE OF PREVIOUS ACCIDENTS 14.139
(B) PREVIOUS ACCIDENTS 14.141
(C) SUBSEQUENT ACCIDENTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES 14.142
(5) INDUSTRIAL, REGULATORY, AND STATUTORY STANDARDS 14.145
(A) INTRODUCTION 14.145
(B) INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS 14.146
(C) REGULATORY AND STATUTORY STANDARDS 14.147
15. THE LIABILITY IN NEGLIGENCE OF PERSONS OTHER THAN PRODUCERS
A. INTRODUCTION 15.01
B. BASIC DUTIES COMMON TO ALL WHO SUPPLY OR CONTROL THE
USE OF A PRODUCT 15.02
(1) THE DUTY TO REFRAIN FROM DECEIT 15.02
(2) THE DUTY TO DISCLOSE KNOWN DANGERS 15.04
(3) THE DUTY NOT TO SUPPLY A DANGEROUS ARTICLE INTO
IRRESPONSIBLE HANDS 15.06
C. THE LIABILITY OF PARTICULAR PERSONS OR BODIES 15.08
(1) RETAILERS 15.08
(2) PRODUCT HIRE OR LEASE 15.14
(3) DONORS AND GRATUITOUS BAILORS 15.16
(4) INTERMEDIATE DISTRIBUTORS AND IMPORTERS 15.18
(5) REPAIRERS, SERVICERS, RECONDITIONERS, ASSEMBLERS,
INSTALLERS, AND CONTRACTORS 15.23
(6) PRODUCT DESIGNERS 15.25
(7) INSPECTORS, ENGINEERS, CERTIFIERS, TESTING AGENCIES,
ENDORSERS, AND PERSONS OCCUPYING A SIMILAR POSITION 15.28
(8) BUILDING CONTRACTORS AND BUILDER-VENDORS 15.34
IV LIABILITY IN TORT: ISSUES COMMON TO
STRICT LIABILITY AND LIABILITY IN NEGLIGENCE
16. THE TYPES OF DAMAGE OR LOSS COMPENSATED
A. INTRODUCTION 16.01
B. DEATH AND PERSONAL INJURY 16.05
(1) INTRODUCTION 16.05
(2) PSYCHIATRIC INJURY AND ILLNESS 16.11
(3) PRE-NATAL AND PRE-CONCEPTION INJURIES 16.19
(4) ALLERGIES AND PECULIAR SUSCEPTIBILITIES 16.27
C. DAMAGE TO OR LOSS OF PROPERTY 16.32
(1) INTRODUCTION 16.32
(2) DAMAGE TO PROPERTY 16.33
(3) LOSS OF PROPERTY 16.38
(4) THE TYPE OF PROPERTY LOST OR DAMAGED 16.42
XXIII
CONTENTS
(5) THE 275 OR 500 ECU LIMIT 16.47
(6) THE LACK OF A FINANCIAL OR GLOBAL CEILING 16.50
(7) DAMAGE TO THE DEFECTIVE PRODUCT, AVERTING DANGERS, THE COSTS
OF REPAIR, SUB-STANDARD GOODS, AND RELATED MATTERS 16.52
(A) INTRODUCTION 16.52
(B) THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 16.55
(C) CONTRASTING CANADIAN DECISIONS 16.76
(D) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 16.82
(8) SUMMARY 16.90
17. CAUSATION, REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE AND DEFENCES
A. CAUSATION AND REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE 17.01
(1) INTRODUCTION 17.01
(2) CAUSATION IN FACT 17.04
(A) INTRODUCTION 17.04
(B) PROVING A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN PRODUCT AND DAMAGE 17.05
(C) BUT-FOR TEST 17.14
(D) REDUCING DIFFICULTIES OF PROVING CAUSATION: MATERIAL
CONTRIBUTION AND MATERIAL INCREASE IN RISK, ALTERNATIVE
CAUSATION AND MULTIPLE OR INDETERMINATE DEFENDANTS 17.20
(E) LOSS OF A CHANCE 17.37
(F) DEFECTIVE CONDITION OF PRODUCT MUST BE TRACED
TO MANUFACTURER 17.42
(G) PROOF THAT THE DEFENDANT IS THE MANUFACTURER 17.45
(3) REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE 17.57
(A) PRELIMINARY POINTS 17.57
(B) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 17.58
(C) SCOPE OF THE DUTY OF CARE, SCOPE OF LIABILITY AND
PURPOSE OF THE RELEVANT CAUSE OF ACTION 17.63
(D) PRODUCT LIABILITY CASES AND REMOTENESS 17.64
(E) SUPERVENING CAUSES: INTERVENING ACTS OF THIRD PARTIES 17.67
(F) INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION 17.72
(G) FAILURE TO WARN AND CAUSATION 17-84
(4) STRICT LIABILITY AND CAUSATION UNDER THE CONSUMER
PROTECTION ACT 1987 17.87
(A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 17.87
(B) ONUS OF PROOF 17.88
(C) INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION 17.94
(D) REMOTENESS 17.95
(5) CONCLUSION 17.96
B. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE AND ABNORMAL USE 17.98
(1) INTRODUCTION 17.98
(2) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE 17.101
(3) CONTRIBUTORY FAULT AND STRICT LIABILITY 17.104
XXIV
CONTENTS
C. VOLUNTARY ASSUMPTION OF RISK: KNOWLEDGE AND
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 17.109
(1) VOLUNTARY ASSUMPTION OF RISK 17.109
(A) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE 17.109
(B) CLAIMS UNDER THE 1987 ACT 17.110
(2) KNOWLEDGE OF THE CLAIMANT 17.112
(A) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE 17.112
(B) CLAIMS UNDER THE 1987 ACT 17.114
(3) EXEMPTION AND LIMITATION CLAUSES 17.115
D. LIMITATION PERIODS 17.117
(1) INTRODUCTION 17.117
(2) CLAIMS UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 17.118
(A) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 17-118
(B) PERSONAL INJURIES 17.119
(C) DEATH: CLAIMS UNDER THE FATAL ACCIDENTS ACT 1976 17.125
(D) LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY 17.126
(E) THE TEN-YEAR LONG-STOP 17.129
(3) CLAIMS IN NEGLIGENCE 17.137
(A) PERSONAL INJURIES AND DEATH 17.137
(B) DAMAGE TO PROPERTY AND ECONOMIC LOSS 17.138
(4) LAW COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS 17.145
V CONFLICT OF LAWS
18. PRODUCT LIABILITY AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
A. INTRODUCTION 18.01
B. THE JURISDICTION OF ENGLISH COURTS: GENERAL COMMENT 18.02
C. THE EUROPEAN REGIME OF JURISDICTION 18.03
(1) INTRODUCTION 18.03
(2) THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION AND THE BRUSSELS AND LUGANO
CONVENTIONS: WHICH SCHEME APPLIES? 18.05
(3) INTRA-UNITED KINGDOM JURISDICTION DISPUTES 18.07
(4) SCOPE OF DISCUSSION: THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION 18.08
(5) INTERPRETATIVE METHODOLOGY 18.09
(6) A HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM 18.10
(7) THE REGULATION APPLIED 18.11
(A) SCOPE 18.11
(B) OTHER CONVENTIONS 18.13
(C) EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION 18.14
(D) SUBMISSION 18.15
(E) INSURANCE CONTRACTS 18.16
(F) CONSUMER CONTRACTS 18.17
(G) EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 18.25
XXV
CONTENTS
(H) JURISDICTION CLAUSES 18.26
(I) THE DEFENDANT S DOMICILE 18.29
(J) DEROGATION TO THE COMMON LAW 18.35
(K) SPECIAL JURISDICTION 18.36
(1) IDENTICAL OR RELATED PROCEEDINGS ELSEWHERE; THE COURT
FIRST SEISED RULE 18.72
(M) A RESIDUAL DISCRETION TO STAY PROCEEDINGS? 18.80
D. JURISDICTION AT COMMON LAW 18.82
(1) GENERAL COMMENT 18.82
(2) SERVICE AS OF RIGHT 18.83
(A) GENERAL COMMENT 18.83
(B) TERRITORIAL CONNECTION 18.84
(C) SUBMISSION 18.88
(3) STAYING PROCEEDINGS WHERE THE COURT HAS JURISDICTION AS OF RIGHT
18.89
(A) THE SPILADA TEST 18.89
(B) THE FIRST LIMB OF THE TEST 18.90
(C) THE PLACE OF THE TORT AND THE NATURAL FORUM 18.96
(D) THE SECOND LIMB OF THE SPILADA TEST 18.101
(4) STAYING PROCEEDINGS WHERE THE PARTIES HAVE CONTRACTUALLY
AGREED TO LITIGATE IN A NON-MEMBER STATE 18.103
(5) JURISDICTION BY SERVICE OF THE CLAIM FORM OUT OF THE JURISDICTION
WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE COURT: CPR, R 6.20 18.104
(A) GENERAL COMMENT 18.104
(B) CPR, R 6.20(3): CO-DEFENDANTS 18.105
(C) CPR, R 6.20(5)-(7): CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS 18.107
(D) CPR, R 6.20(8): TORTIOUS CLAIMS 18.108
(E) THE EXERCISE OF THE COURTS DISCRETION TO PERMIT SERVICE OUT
OF THE JURISDICTION 18.122
E. REVERSE FORUM SHOPPING: ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS AND NEGATIVE
DECLARATORY RELIEF 18.126
(1) INTRODUCTION 18.126
(2) ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS 18.127
(A) NATURE 18.127
(B) WHERE PROCEEDINGS MAY BE BROUGHT IN A NON-MEMBER
STATE OR IN ENGLAND 18.128
(C) PROCEEDINGS ARE BROUGHT IN A NON-MEMBER STATE AND THE
ENGLISH COURTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE 18.129
(D) THE OVERSEAS PROCEEDINGS ARE IN BREACH OF AN ENGLISH
JURISDICTION CLAUSE 18.132
(E) RESTRAINT OF PROCEEDINGS IN A EUROPEAN MEMBER STATE 18.135
(3) THE DECLARATION OF NON-LIABILITY 18.136
(A) NATURE 18.136
(B) JURISDICTION 18.137
(C) THE GRANT OF RELIEF 18.138
XXVI
CONTENTS
F. JURISDICTION TO GRANT INTERIM RELIEF IN SUPPORT OF
OVERSEAS PROCEEDINGS 18.139
(1) GENERAL REMARK 18.139
(2) SUBSTANTIVE PROCEEDINGS IN A EUROPEAN MEMBER STATE 18.140
(3) SUBSTANRIVE PROCEEDINGS IN A NON-MEMBER STATE 18.141
(4) DISCRETION TO REFUSE INTERIM RELIEF 18.142
(5) ENFORCEMENT OF INTERIM AWARDS 18.143
G. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 18.144
(1) THE SCHEMES OF RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 18.144
(2) RECOGNITION OR ENFORCEMENT? 18.145
(3) RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS UNDER THE
EUROPEAN REGIME 18.146
(4) RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS UNDER
THE STATUTORY SCHEMES AND AT COMMON LAW 18.149
(5) INTRA-UNITED KINGDOM JUDGMENTS 18.151
(6) THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS IN AN ENGLISH COURT 18.152
(A) CAUSE OF ACTION ESTOPPEL 18.153
(B) ISSUE ESTOPPEL 18.154
H. CHOICE OF LAW*GENERAL REMARKS 18.155
(1) SUBSTANCE AND PROCEDURE: PROOF OF FOREIGN LAW 18.155
(2) CLASSIFICATION 18.156
I. CHOICE OF LAW IN TORT 18.157
(1) INTRODUCTION 18.157
(2) THE COMMON LAW 18.158
(A) GENERAL RULE 18.158
(B) EXCEPTIONS 18.159
(C) COMMON LAW RULES APPLICABLE TO DEFAMATION CLAIMS AND
TORTS PRE-DATING THE ACT 18.160
(3) STATUTORY REFORM: THE PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
(MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) ACT 1995, PART III 18.161
(A) INTRODUCTION 18.161
(B) THE SCOPE OF THE ACT 18.162
(C) TORTS OCCURRING IN ENGLAND 18.169
(D) THE GOVERNING LAW: GENERAL RULE 18.170
(E) APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL RULE TO PRODUCT
LIABILITY 18.172
(F) DISPLACEMENT OF THE GENERAL RULE 18.178
(G) APPLICATION OF THE EXCEPTION TO PRODUCT LIABILITY 18.181
(H) EXCLUSION OF THE DOCTRINE OF RENVOI 18.183
(I) LIMIRS ON DIE ROLE OF DIE GOVERNING LAW 18.184
(4) CONTRACTUAL DEFENCES TO TORT CLAIMS: MANUFACTURER PURPORTS
TO EXCLUDE LIABILITY TO PURCHASER IN TON 18.188
XXVU
CONTENTS
J. CHOICE OF LAW IN CONTRACT
(1) THE LEGISLATION
(2) SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION; SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONS
(3) THE APPLICABLE LAW
(A) EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CHOICE
(B) LIMIT ON FREEDOM OF CHOICE
(C) CHANGING THE GOVERNING LAW
(D) THE APPLICABLE LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE: CHARACTERISTIC
PERFORMANCE
(4) EXCLUSION OF RENVOI
(5) ESSENTIAL VALIDITY
(6) SCOPE OF DIE APPLICABLE LAW
(A) INTERPRETATION
(H) PERFORMANCE
18.190
18.191
18.193
18.194
18.194
18.195
18.196
18.197
18.199
18.200
18.201
18.202
18.203
(C) WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE POWERS CONFERRED ON THE COURT
BY ITS PROCEDURAL LAW, THE CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH,
INCLUDING THE ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES IN SO FAR AS IT IS GOVERNED
BY RULES OF LAW 18.204
(D) THE VARIOUS WAYS OF EXTINGUISHING OBLIGATIONS AND
PRESCRIPTION AND LIMITATION OF ACTIONS 18.206
(7) FORMAL VALIDITY: COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 18.207
(8) CONSUMER CONTRACTS 18.208
(A) CONSUMER CONTRACTS : THE PRE-CONDITIONS 18.209
(B) CHOICE OF LAW UPHELD BUT SUBJECT TO THE MANDATORY
RULES OF THE CONSUMER S HABITUAL RESIDENCE 18.212
(C) NO CHOICE OF LAW 18.214
(D) FORMAL VALIDITY OF CONSUMER CONTRACTS 18.215
(9) MANDATORY RULES AND PUBLIC POLICY 18.216
(A) INTRODUCTION 18.216
(B) MANDATORY RULES 18.217
(C) PUBLIC POLICY 18.222
K. THE APPLICATION OF THE UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS ACT 1977 IN
INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT LIABILITY CASES 18.223
(1) RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE TO PRODUCT LIABILITY 18.223
(2) EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS CONTRACTS:
SECTION 26 18.225
(3) THE AMBIT OFUCTA: SECTION 27 18.227
(A) CONTRACTS GOVERNED BY THE LAW OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
ONLY BY VIRTUE OF A CHOICE OF LAW BY DIE PARTIES 18.227
(B) APPLICATION OF UCTA NOTWITHSTANDING A CHOICE OF
THE LAW OF A FOREIGN STATE 18.228
XXVIN
CONTENTS
L. THE AMBIT OF THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND CONSUMER
PROTECTION ACT 1987 IN CROSS-BORDER MATTERS 18.231
(1) THE TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE 18.231
(A) THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE 18.231
(B) THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 18.232
(2) ARE THE RULES CONTAINED IN THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DIRECTIVE AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 DOMESTIC MANDATORY RULES,
INTERNATIONAL MANDATORY RULES OR NEITHER? 18.233
(A) CONSTRUCTION 18.233
(B) APPLICATION 18.236
VI PRODUCT SAFETY AND THE CRIMINAL LAW
19. PROVISIONS COVERING GENERAL PRODUCT SAFETY
A. INTRODUCTION 19.01
B. HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974 19.02
C. CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987, PART II 19-03
(1) INTRODUCTION 19.03
(2) SAFETY REGULATIONS 19.04
(3) PROHIBITION NOTICES AND NOTICES TO WARN 19.07
(4) SUSPENSION NOTICES AND FORFEITURE ORDERS 19.10
(5) DEFENCES, COMMON-FORM PROVISIONS, AND ENFORCEMENT 19.12
D. GENERAL PRODUCT SAFETY 19.15
(1) INTRODUCTION 19.15
(2) SECTION 10 OF THE 1987 ACT AND THE GENERAL
SAFETY REQUIREMENT 19.16
(3) THE GENERAL PRODUCT SAFETY REGULATIONS 19.18
(4) DIRECTIVE 2001 /95/EC ON GENERAL PRODUCT SAFETY 19.19
(A) INTRODUCTION 19.19
(B) RELATIONSHIP WITH SECTORAL DIRECTIVES 19.20
(C) PRODUCTS COVERED 19.21
(D) DEFINITION OF A SAFE PRODUCT 19.23
(E) PRESUMPTIONS OF CONFORMITY 19.28
(F) DEFINITIONS OF PRODUCER AND DISTRIBUTOR 19.31
(G) OBLIGATIONS OF PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS 19.33
(H) WITHDRAWAL AND RECALL OF PRODUCTS 19.37
(I) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND RAPID
INTERVENTION SITUATIONS 19.42
(J) DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION 19.43
XXIX
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 1 EXTRACTS FROM CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987 895
APPENDIX 2 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 85/374/EEC OF 25 JULY 1985 ON THE
APPROXIMATION OF THE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROVISIONS OF THE MEMBER STATES CONCERNING LIABILITY FOR
DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS 915
APPENDIX 3 DIRECTIVE 2001/95/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
OF THE COUNCIL OF 3 DECEMBER 2001 ON GENERAL PRODUCT SAFETY 923
INDEX 941
XXX
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Miller, Christopher J. Goldberg, Richard S. |
| author_facet | Miller, Christopher J. Goldberg, Richard S. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Miller, Christopher J. |
| author_variant | c j m cj cjm r s g rs rsg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019333871 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KD1987 |
| callnumber-raw | KD1987 |
| callnumber-search | KD1987 |
| callnumber-sort | KD 41987 |
| callnumber-subject | KD - United Kingdom and Ireland |
| classification_rvk | PU 4346 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)56662405 (DE-599)BVBBV019333871 |
| dewey-full | 346.4103/8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.4103/8 |
| dewey-search | 346.4103/8 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.4103 18 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV019333871 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:57:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0198256787 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012798766 |
| oclc_num | 56662405 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | CIII, 971 S. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Miller, Christopher J. Verfasser aut Product liability C. J. Miller ; R. S. Goldberg 2. ed. Oxford Oxford Univ. Press 2004 CIII, 971 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Onrechtmatige daad gtt Productaansprakelijkheid gtt Wanprestatie gtt Products liability England Products liability Wales Produzentenhaftung (DE-588)4047375-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Produzentenhaftung (DE-588)4047375-2 s DE-604 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b 1\p DE-604 Goldberg, Richard S. Verfasser aut Ersetzt durch Fairgrieve, Duncan Product liability 3. edition 2020 978-0-19-967923-2 (DE-604)BV044526765 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012798766&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Miller, Christopher J. Goldberg, Richard S. Product liability Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Onrechtmatige daad gtt Productaansprakelijkheid gtt Wanprestatie gtt Products liability England Products liability Wales Produzentenhaftung (DE-588)4047375-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4047375-2 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Product liability |
| title_auth | Product liability |
| title_exact_search | Product liability |
| title_full | Product liability C. J. Miller ; R. S. Goldberg |
| title_fullStr | Product liability C. J. Miller ; R. S. Goldberg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Product liability C. J. Miller ; R. S. Goldberg |
| title_new | Fairgrieve, Duncan Product liability |
| title_short | Product liability |
| title_sort | product liability |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Onrechtmatige daad gtt Productaansprakelijkheid gtt Wanprestatie gtt Products liability England Products liability Wales Produzentenhaftung (DE-588)4047375-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Onrechtmatige daad Productaansprakelijkheid Wanprestatie Products liability England Products liability Wales Produzentenhaftung Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012798766&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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