Catolicii în spaţiul public: presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Iaşi
Inst. European
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Academica
201: Seria Istorie |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personen- und Ortsregister Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 326 S. |
| ISBN: | 9786062400149 |
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Abstract
The main topic of this book is represented by the catholic press in
Romania. What we would like to obtain at the end of our research is an overview of
the evolution of the catholic community in Romania with the help of its printings.
This approach follows three different and complementary directions - the first
one refers to the evolution of the means of communication within the Catholic
Church (in relation with the existent situation in other states with a powerful
catholic tradition like Spain, Italy and France); the second one reveals the
situation of the catholic publications in Romania having in the center of the
research the printings from the dioceses of Bucharest and Iasi; the third one
presents analytically the unification attempts of the Romanian catholic press -
whose role is to complete the picture over the catholic press in Romania and,
also, over its role and place in the church and in society.
This book is intended to be a unitary research of the catholic press in
Romania in the first half of the 20* century (and more exactly of the
publications from the dioceses of Bucharest and Iasi, due to the existence of a
Greek-catholic press in Transylvania that is not the direct object of our study
but it is used in comparison with the Romanian Latin catholic press, as it is the
case of the Hungarian press or other ethnic groups’) from a concrete perspective
of the direct research of the primary sources.
Our research aims to identify and define the social-political coordinates
of this period, to highlight the events and the measures that concern the beginning
and the evolution of the catholic press, its deficiencies in consolidation before
and after The Great Union, to detect the target public of the catholic press and to
establish the decisive criteria and norms (taken by the Holy See) that made a
publication to be considered a catholic one.
Furthermore, the center of our research is dominated by the Romanian
Roman-catholic press, but, in order to create a scientific comparative analysis
we would like to begin with a general presentation and evaluation of the catholic
press in Romania (which also includes the unitary press and that of the catholic
minorities: Hungarian, German) and a pollster of the catholic mass-media from
three countries with an imposing catholic and press tradition and a high level of
culture and civilization, for instance Spain, Italy and France.
We intend to analyze the platforms and themes of the catholic publications
(which have not been evaluated in a complex manner yet) and also to highlight
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
the factors that marked the beginning of the catholic press. Moreover, we present
its quantitative and qualitative increase/ decreasing throughout the first half of
the 20th century. Two other objectives of our research are the following:
1. highlighting the Catholic Church’s protective role concerning the
perennial values of the Christian faith and also the means of communication that
do not accomplish the norms adopted by the catholic press;
2. revealing the combative attitudes of the Catholic Church towards
those elements considered to destabilize and destruct the Christianity and the
Church (and also the sectarians, militant atheism, state’s involvement in spiritual
problems, etc).
The history of the press may be regarded as a complementary domain of
the general history, the newspaper (together with the other publications)
representing an important source for the historical research; this source, which
often has a high level of subjectivism, is correlated with the reality, with the
spirit of the age, with the intrigues and the problems specific to those times.
That is why this information (corroborated with other historical sources) may
offer the researcher an important scientific basis. Being an invention of the
modem time, the press measures both the cultural level of a country and its
degree of development.
The Pope’s authority at its climax may be understood only due to the
existence of a European clergy with Latin knowledge and of a certain conception
over the world shared practically unanimously; taking this into account, the
bilingual intellectuality mediated between sky and earth using Latin and the
local language. The gradual decline of the interdependent marks that represent the
basis of the medieval society (firstly in the Western Europe and then everywhere),
under the impact of the economical changes, of the social and scientific discoveries
and also the quick development of means of communication, created a deep gap
between cosmology and history, destroying the concepts that were at the basis
of the church’s creation, in its medieval form1.
The Catholic Church’s centralization, volume and universality stand on
two extremely important elements: the existence of a unique “official” language:
Latin (that assured the unity of the whole Catholic Church no matter of its
geographical extension) and, secondly, the control and the access over the
printing and the book production processes2 (in a certain historical period).
Nevertheless, they disappeared with the “old regime’s” decay and the creation
of the liberal state, which repositioned the church in the new social-political
order. In this context, the Vatican adapted to the new reality, reorganized and
1 Benedict Anderson, Comunităţi imaginate. Reflecţii asupra originii şi răspândirii
naţionalismului, Editura Integral, Bucureşti, 2000, p. 39.
2 Idem, op. cit., pp. 14-23.
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Catolicii în spaţiul public
modernized itself, its main purpose being to maintain its unity and centralization,
created around the Pontiff using modem means. That is the reason why the
press is considered one of the most important and useful instruments.
On the other hand, despite the cessions in the secular reality, the Holy
See defended its universal position as an institution in competition with the
state, in the context of a society more and more dominated by the presence of
the State that wants to monopolize all the social activity. According to this
perspective, the Vatican’s positions appeared to be more and more retrograde,
as far as the defense of its immunities and privileges and, also, its resistance in front
of the State’s process of modernization are concerned. The State, detaching
progressively from the divine sovereignty and applying the politics’ modem and
rational conception, managed to impose the constitutional liberties, the democracy
and the religion in some territories where the Holy See could not reach with the
medieval facility. Meanwhile, the State’s self comprehension, bom from the
slow erosion of the social feudal order induced the authorities to legitimate the
secularized State with an autonomous sovereignty, by virtue of its wish for
unity and order1.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Catholics’ way of manifestation in
public life changed. Therefore, the Catholic Church began to pay more attention
to the social means of communication and to the whole mass-media phenomenon2 3.
The documents issued by the Church’s hierarchical authorities and the development
of the catholic communication institutions highlighted the importance accorded
to the press, but also the non-existence of a coherent long-term plan regarding
the means of communication. The Vatican’s main aims were to uniform the
Catholicism (as a result of the Catholic Church’s reorganization in the modem
society) through mass-media and the increase of a unitary catholic vision
concerning the society’s evolution.
The methodological basis of these investigasions was in relation with
'J _
the fundamental principles of the modem historiography . The exegesis was
1 Şerban Turcuş, Sfântul scaun în relaţiile internaţionale. între societatea perfectă şi poporul
lui Dumnezeu, Editura România Press, Bucureşti, 2008, pp. 29-30.
2 The means of communication in general - the press and the literature in particular ֊
become and create a space of the solidarity. Beginning with the modem time, the Church
regarded the press in this way and tried to use this phenomenon, to assume it or, at least, to
refer it to its own principles. The newspapers became a way to maintain the cohesion of
the Catholicism’s unity in the whole world, no matter of the country, language and
nationality. This fact was also proved by the organization of events such as The World
Exhibition of the Catholic Press, The World Congress of the Catholic Press, by the
creation of some institutions whose role was to reunite the press activity (Annex 32 and
Annex 43; ASV, Fondul Archivio della Nunziatura Apostolica in Romania 1920-1933,
busta 19, fascicolo 59, ff. 690-710).
3 Silvia Grosu, „Valenţele presei clericale din Basarabia (1918-1940)”, in Studii şi cercetări
de istorie a presei, volum II, anul II, Iaşi, 2009, p. 86.
305
IULIAN GHERCĂ
elaborated analyzing an important number of documents of different categories
in order to render the research a high degree of objectivity. The data study
according to the dialectic principle was oriented in a chronological and
comparative-historical perspective, that allows the subject’s equidistant
evaluation (in general) and the components’ precise research (in particular).
This research’s objective feature is rendered by the application of the principles
of argumentation and phenomena motivation. The proposed chronological
period is the first half of the 20th century. We chose this period because the
century’s beginning is the same with the appearance of the Romanian Roman
catholic press in the dioceses of Iasi and Bucharest, whereas the last years from
the first half of the 20th century represent the period when communism installed
in Romania, moment that marked the catholic press’ forced disappearance in
our country. However, in order to explain some situations related to the Catholic
Church’s conception towards the social means of communication, we had to
expand the chronological period to the end of the 19th century when it took
place a new settlement of the Church in relation with the modem society and
with the state. Moreover, at that moment the press had an important role in
transmitting this new vision in all the catholic communities in the world. We
also exceeded the superior chronological limit to present the stipulations of the
Second Vatican Council related to the social means of communication because
they synthesize the evolution of the church’s vision over this field until that
moment and they also unify the dispersed measures that had been taken until
then, creating a unitary plan for the catholic mass-media development. The
extension of the historical period settled at the beginning was determined by our
wish to complete the subject researched. We elaborated the theoretical and
methodological support of our study absorbing the studies in this domain
referring to the premises, the conditions and the factors that conditioned the
trajectory of the catholic press’ diversification and consolidation process during
the analyzed period. The traditional methods of research combined with the
modem techniques increase the objectivity and bring the reader the certitude of
an equilibrated analysis of this paper’s topic.
This book is structured in three chapters with more subchapters and a
volume separated by the appendix which contains unprecedented documents
(some of them from the secret Archive of the Vatican) and photos. The first
chapter ֊ The Catholic Church and the modern means of social communication
- is structured in three subchapters: The Catholic Church and mass-media. The
role of the press within the Church, The history of the Catholic Church’s
doctrine and its vision over the means of communication, The evolution of the
press in Spain, Italy and France. We present the general background of
development of the means of communication within the Church, its conception
regarding mass-media and its place in society, the mission of the catholic press.
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Catolicii în spaţiul public
In addition to this, there is a short history of the Holy See’s vision over this
phenomenon (as it rendered in the doctrine of the Magisterium) and a synthesis
concerning the catholic press’ development and features in three states with a
long catholic tradition and press, having an important role in the evolution of
the Catholic Church and its new settlement in the modem society.
In The influence of the catholic intellectual environment from the West
over the Catholic Church and the means of information in the public life, we
present and analyze the role of the centered created by some catholic laic
intellectuals around some catholic publications from the West. They influenced
the structure and the evolution of the Church’s conception over the means of
communication (we will show how the social-political situation from these
states affected the church’s position towards mass-media and the measure in
which the Vatican was interested in the creation of a catholic movement in the
social-political area, with the help of the press). The study Giuseppe Chiaudano
and the model of the catholic newspaper - was very important for our research
because we identified the norms and the conditions for the creation and the
development of a catholic publication, but also its role and place within the
Church and the modem society (the work cited here was endorsed by the Holy
Father and this fact legitimated it and offered it an official position).
To continue, our research follows the chronological evolution of the
Magisterium’s interventions in the field of communication and we give
examples from the church’s documents that the Pope adopted along the time.
The first part of this subchapter - The Magisterium’s interventions until the
pontificate of the Pope Pius X - represents a return in time, even from the first
pontifical interventions related to the books’ and printings’ spreading until the
Pope Pius X. A special part in this historical evolution is accorded to the
document adopted by the First Vatican Council: Syllabus and the First Vatican
Council, which repositioned the Church in the contemporary society where the
press is given special attention. Thus, the press became a way to evangelize and
to spread the Christian message. In the last part, - The Magisterium’s
interventionsin in the first half of the 20lh century - we present the results and
the evolution in time of the Church’s conception over the means of social com-
munication during the period chosen for our research.
Although, at a first sight, one can have the impression of duplicating the
information, we decided to structure in this way the first two subchapters (to
introduce the information related to the means of communication’s theory,
adopted by the Church in the Modem Time, the level of the evolution of the
conception over the press, the way in which it evolved and its aim) before
presenting the historical evolution concerning the pontifical interventions over
the community (where, inevitably, we encounter additions and a duplication of
the information from the first subchapter) due to the fact that the center of our
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
research is represented by the Church’s conception over mass-media in the first
half of the 20th century and, subsidiary, the road made until we studied the
matter concerned (having also its relevance).
The evolution of the press in Spain, Italy and France (structured also in
three parts dedicated to the press in the three catholic states mentioned above)
presents information about the means of communication and the manner in
which the press developed in these states, but also how it was influenced by the
social-political evolution. This short but necessary introduction was made in
order to compare it with the situation of the catholic press in Romania,
considering the major existing differences (especially from the point of view of
the catholic confession statute) under the aspect of the catholic tradition, of the
development of the press, of the culture and the society’s modernization.
The main study of this research is ֊ The catholic press in the dioceses
of Iasi and Bucharest in the first half of the 20th century - that is structured in
three subchapters with more parts. In the first subchapter - The Catholic Church
in Romania - we sketch the Catholic Church’s position in the country, its
organization, the relation with the state and the social-political changes in the
first half of the 20th century. Then, in The Catholic press in Romania. General
remarks - we realize an inventory and radiography of the catholic publications
during the period mentioned above (starting from the genesis of the catholic
press in Romania) focusing our attention on the Greek-catholic printings from
Transylvania. Finally, the last subchapter of the second chapter - The catholic
publications from the archdioceses of Bucharest and the dioceses of Iasi ֊
presents the printings from the dioceses in the geographical area of Moldavia
and Wallachia (the basis of our analysis) and it is structured in several parts that
include information about the publications’ typology, the language in which
they were written, their membership in missionary orders (The press in
Romanian, The press in German, Diocesan Publications, Franciscan publications),
their short history, the introduction of the editors and collaborators. Moreover,
we compare the technical features (Editors and collaborators, The comparative
analysis of the catholic publications from the dioceses of Bucharest and Iasi,
from a technical point of view). This chapter is a descriptive one because our
intention was to create a picture of the catholic publications from the dioceses
mentioned above, through the direct research of these sources (completed by
documents from the Archive) in order to establish the aim, the differences and
the similitude with the catholic publication from the West, to identify the main
features of their target audience, of their spreading, of the existence of
specialists and press associations.
The final part of this book - Ways and attempts to unify the Romanian
catholic press- represents the red thread, the main idea and the absolute novelty
of our research. An extremely important feature of the Church’s adaptation
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Catolicii în spaţiul public
process to the new social, political, economical and cultural realities is given by
the creation of some institutions and events in order to organize and control
mass-media (and, implicitly, the catholic press) in all the geographical areas of
the planet, imposing specific norms, principles and mutual directions of action
specific to the church and its vision over the evolution of the society. These
institutions and events hinted at the press, created and developed by the Church,
were representative and had a strong impact on the whole international catholic
community. They were coordinated by the Vatican, under the Pope’s direct
supervision and encouragement and they concentrated the all the power of the
Catholic Church. Romania’s participation at the World Congresses and Exhibition
of the catholic press represented an important moment in the developmental
process of the Romanian catholic press and for the Catholicism unification
attempts in our country. Therefore, a constant element in these actions was
represented by the wish to create a catholic daily paper in the capital of our
country in order to present a diversity of themes, including politics, and to
exceed the confessional barrier. The importance paid to a newspaper publishing
resulted from its features and typology. In a catholic daily paper could be
presented the society’s most important and actual problems, certain polemics
and visions over the social, political, economical, diplomatic and religious
events. The newspaper in question should reflect the relation between the State
֊ the Catholic Church ֊ the Romanian Orthodox Church. A catholic daily paper
could inform the Vatican about the Romanian society’s pulse regarding some
extremely important aspects for the Church and it would have been the
Vatican’s way of propaganda in Romania. The wish of the bishops, archbishops
and also of those who took care of the catholic press was to create, sustain and
develop a strong catholic daily paper in the capital of our country in order to
represent and transmit the Catholic Church’s position towards the contemporary
problems. Meanwhile, it was supposed to answer the challenges and the attacks
against the Church. This wish was doubled by the Vatican’s vision about the
creation of an exponential newspaper for the catholic community in Romania.
All these considered, the publication would have been an element of cohesion
and unification of the Catholics trough press (considering the Christians
diversity in Romania, especially after 1918, when there were more ethnic
groups, two different rites: Roman and Greek catholic and also a multitude of
missionary orders: Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, Assumptionists, etc).
The importance of this publication was fully understood and, consequently,
there were many projects whose aim was to follow the Romanian Catholicism
unity and the creation of some organizations and institutions trough which it
could act unitary. However, this project accomplished only partially, with the
Vatican’s undisguised intervention through the Apostolic Nuncio and direct
financing. The result consisted in publishing the newspaper Albina (The bee)
309
IULIAN GHERCĂ
but, unfortunately, its appearance stopped after a short period. This fact proves
the native hierarchs’ limited capacity to collaborate efficiently and to exceed
their personal pride and different visions regarding the organization and the
development of the press and of the Catholicism in Romania.
The third chapter is structured in four subchapters which present the
different attempts to unify the catholic press in Romania, its amplitude and
organization, but, also, the manner in which the Romanian catholic publications
manifest themselves at the international events organized by the church that
regarded the means of social communication.
In The participation of Romania at the World Congress and Exhibition
of the catholic press we analyze the way in which the Romanian catholic press
presented itself at two extremely important events in the field of communication,
organized under the Vatican’s patronage. The World Congress of the catholic
press was an event with several editions, being organized periodically. It was
addressed to the catholic specialists in press, within the universal catholic
community and its role was to adopt mutual directions for an efficient
development of the catholic press in the world and also the main themes for
these publications (the structure of the institutions responsible with the catholic
press’ evolution). The World Exhibition of the catholic press was the most
important event that took place in the first half of the 20th century regarding the
means of communication and aimed at the promotion of the catholic press in the
whole world and its exposure in society. The participation of Romania at these
international events was poor and it showed the lack of communication and
unity of the Romanian catholic community, but also low degree of development, in
comparison with other states like Hungary and Poland.
The projects of a catholic daily paper in Romania reveals the
numerous attempts to create a catholic newspaper in the capital of our country,
whose aim was to represent all the Catholics in Romania and to write about
social-political problems, exceeding in this way the confessional barriers (we
present ֊ as a case study ֊ a project of the AGR). Neither the intervention nor
the direct support of the Vatican managed to unify the diversity of catholic
forces in Romania, to determine them to collaborate in order to accomplish this
wish of the Romanian catholic press. The subchapter Albina daily paper offers
concrete examples for the lack of communication and collaboration as far as the
press of the unit and the Latin Catholics is concerned - with the clear specification
that this project was initiated and financed by the Vatican for three years (the
period when it appeared).
At the end of our research - The institute Presa Buna- we present a
successful initiative of promoting the catholic press in Romania. This was the
idea of the diocesan priests from Iasi, and more exactly, it was the personal
work of the monsignor Anton Gabor who tried to found institutions of press
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Catolicii în spaţiul public
with a great national significance. Although there were other attempts to unify
and develop (following the western model) the Romanian catholic press in the
first half of the 20th century (many of these initiatives came from the Vatican
and had external funding) they did not succeed from various causes. However,
we think that the main reason was the lack of collaboration between the
diversity of hierarchical authorities in Romania which, as stated before,
represented different rites, ethnic groups and missionary orders. Even if they did
not succeed to found some functional unitary national organisms for managing
and developing the catholic press in Romania there were registered several
attempts in this respect, some with a regional character, others within the
diocese, some of them being representative for the missionary orders, others for
the unit rite. Therefore, they brought a significant contribution to the Christians’
cultural development, to the defense of the Catholic Church in our country and
to the spreading of the Christian message.
This book represents only the beginning of the study of the catholic
press in Romania. Subsequently, it ca be developed on several directions like:
the creation of a complete general picture with the catholic publication in Romania,
the precise identification of the obstacles that made difficult the realization of the
unitary expression of the Romanian catholic press, the comparison between the
level of development of the catholic publications in our country and those from
countries where the catholic confession is a minority, etc.
The creation of the catholic press in Romania took place at the beginning
of the 20th century thanks to the personal initiatives of some priests returned in the
country after they studied in the West (Italy, Germany). Consequently, they
followed the example of some catholic publications from the countries mentioned
above and they published several catholic magazines (their theme being strictly
religious, with cultural and social information but almost no politics).
The Old Kingdom had not a tradition of the Romanian catholic press. In
Transylvania, the struggle for national unity combined with that for the units’
confessional freedom developed some publications and created a tradition of the
Greek Catholic press even from the end of the 19th century (these printings main
feature being not the religious one, but the membership of the intellectual and
political elite from Transylvania to the unit rite, supporting Romanians’ fight for
unification).
Therefore, the development of the catholic press in Romania did not
follow a good plan or the initiative of the church’s hierarchy. It was realized
from some priests’ personal initiatives (that were approved and encouraged by
the bishops) following an important western model. Whereas the western
catholic countries — where in the process of development of the religious press
(which had an important political component that Romania lacked) — took part
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
laic intellectuals who sustained the politics of the church - in Romania the press
initiative belonged almost entirely to the clergy (there was no laic implication).
The existence of these two rites and of more catholic ethnic groups
made this manifestation in the field of the press not unitary. The units and the
Latin had different visions regarding the role of the catholic press and even the
degree of implication of the Catholics in public and political life. The Greek
Catholics militated constantly and met the accent on the national feature, on
defending the confessional freedom and the unity; the Latin saw the Catholicism’s
universal feature, treating many religious subjects (although the Vatican
accepted gradually the existence of a national Catholicism). This lack of unity
of the press was perceived by both the Catholics in Romania and the Vatican. It
is true that existed more attempts and actions to unify the catholic press (and
once with it the Romanian Catholicism): creating a daily paper in the capital of
our country representative for all the Catholics, creating some nation associations
of press, a unitary participation at international events in the communication
field organized by the Vatican. Nonetheless, the Romanian hierarchs kept their
different visions over the evolution and the development of the press and of the
Romanian Catholicism and they did not manage to exceed their personal pride.
The direct intervention of the Vatican managed to change this reality
only for a short period of time and only for some precise events. A good
example in this respect is the daily paper Albina - appeared at the Vatican’s
clear disposition (the mobilization of the hierarchs in Romania was determined
by the Nuncio in Bucharest) financed for three years only by the Holy See,
whose role was to write about social-political topics. The newspaper in question
stopped being published after three years because of the misunderstandings
between the units and the Latin regarding its management and evolution. Except
for the above mentioned newspaper, the majority of the Roman Catholic
publications in Romania had a religious theme, without treating political topics
like some unit publications where the two elements were mixed together.
This book relies on the analysis of the catholic printings in the diocese
of Bucharest and Iasi, in the social-political context in the first half of the 20th
century. The wish to unify the Romanian catholic press was expressed much by
all the catholic authorities. Nonetheless, it was not accomplished due to the fact
that there were more unfinished projects for a catholic daily paper in the capital
of our country to represent all the Catholics from Romania. In addition, there were
not created any national media institutions. The settlement of some institutions
like The Institute “Presa Buna” from Iasi (and others) represented sporadic
accomplishments as far as the development of the catholic press in Romania is
concerned. However, they did not manage to exceed the confessional barrier,
treating only classical religious themes, without writing about political topics
(although the Vatican wanted some newspapers that could treat social-political
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themes in order to create a catholic political force in Romania that could address
to the whole Romanian society).
The unification of the catholic press in Romania failed from several
causes among which the misunderstandings between the two rites (unit and
Latin), between the ethnic groups in the country regarding the evolution and the
development of the catholic mass-media; an important factor was represented
by the lack of the common national organisms or institutions. This lack of unity
and action was noticed even by the Vatican that paid special attention to the
situation in Romania and supported it in various manners. Its participation at
international events (organized by the Holy See) in the field of communication
- like The World Congress and Exhibition of the catholic press - proved the
existence of some shortages: the lack of unity of the catholic Romanian press,
its modest representation, the small number of publications, the lack of some
specialists, the precarious funding and the lack of national organisms - in
comparison with other western states and the neighbor states like Poland and
Hungary (the conclusions drawn by the agents of the Romanian catholic press at
these events).
Considering the development level of the Romanian society, the fact
that the majority of the catholic community was from the village, the situations
created due to the existence of two rites, of more ethnic groups and catholic
missionary orders (all overlapping the fact that Romania was a state where the
Romanian Orthodox Church dominated) for the Christians and the catholic clergy
the importance of the press was a considerable one, but it could not exceed the
confessional barrier in order to gain a unity of expression and manifestation.
Keyword: minority religion, Catholic Church, public opinion, media, press
Traducere realizată de Dana Maria MĂTĂŞEL
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Résumé
Le sujet central de ce livre est représenté par la presse catholique en
Roumanie. Ce qu’on veut obtenir après notre recherche est une image sur l’évolution
de la communauté catholique en Roumanie, suggérée par ses publications. Cette
approche suivit trois directions distinctes et complémentaires - la première vise
l’évolution des moyens de communication dans le cadre de l’Eglise Catholique
(par rapport à la situation existante dans les états avec une puissante tradition
catholique : l’Espagne, l’Italie et la France); la deuxième présent la situation des
publications catholiques en Roumanie, ayant dans le centre de la recherche les
publication des diocèses de Bucarest et Iasi; la troisième surprend analytiquement
les tentatives d’unifier la presse catholique roumaine - qui ont le rôle de
compléter le tableau sur la presse catholique en Roumanie et sur sàa mission et
sa place dans l’église et dans la société.
Dans ce livre on nous propose de réaliser une recherche (unitaire) sur la
presse catholique en Roumanie dans la première partie du XXe siècle (plus
précis, sur les publications dans les diocèses de Bucarest et Iasi parce qu’ en
Transylvanie il était une presse Greco catholique qui ne fait pas l’objet direct de
notre étude, mais elle est utilisée en comparaison avec la presse catholique latine
roumaine; c’est aussi le cas de la presse hongroise ou celle des autres appartenances
ethniques qui sont présentées pour la comparaison) d’une perspective concrète
de rechercher les sources fondamentales. Parmi les objectifs de notre recherche
il y a l’identification et la définition des coordonnées sociales et politiques de la
période, la mise en lumière des événements et des mesures déterminées pour la
création et l’évolution de la presse catholique, les carences en sa consolidation
en Roumanie avant et après la Grande Union, la détection du public cible de la
presse catholique roumaine et l’établissement (par le Saint — Siège) des critères
et normes décisives pour qu’une publication soit considérée catholique.
Au milieu de notre recherche il y a la presse Romano catholique roumaine
mais, en vue de réussir une analyse scientifique comparative, on fera d’abord
une présentation et une évaluation générale de la presse catholique en Roumanie
(qui inclut la presse Greco catholique et celle des minorités catholiques :
hongroises, allemandes) et un sondage de la mass media catholique en trois
états avec une puissante tradition catholique et de presse, ayant un grand niveau
de culture et civilisation : l’Espagne, l’Italie et la France. On vise l’analyse des
plateformes et de la thématique des publications catholiques (qui n’ont pas été
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
soumises a une évaluation complexe jusque ce moment-là) et la mise en
évidence des facteurs qui ont mené au début de la presse catholique et aussi son
augmentation/décroître quantitative et qualitative pendant la première moitié du
XXe siècle. Autres deux objectifs de notre recherche visent : 1. la mise en évidence,
par l’intermédiaire de la presse, du rôle protecteur de 1’ Église Catholique vis-à-vis
des valeurs pérennes de la foi chrétienne et vis-à-vis des moyens de com-
munication qui n’accomplissent pas les normes adoptées par la presse catholique;
2. l’identification des attitudes combatives de la presse catholique vis-à-vis des
éléments considérés déstabilisateurs et destructifs pour le christianisme et 1’ Église
(comme le sectarisme, 1’ athéisme, les immixtions de l’État dans les problèmes
spirituels, etc.).
L’histoire de la presse peut être regarder comme un domaine complé-
mentaire de l’histoire générale, le journal (à côté des autres publications)
représentant une source importante pour la recherche historique; cette source
(ayant souvent un grand niveau de subjectivité) est en corrélation étroite avec la
réalité, avec l’esprit de l’époque, avec les intrigues et les problèmes spécifiques
pour cette période-là; c’est pour quoi les informations offertes (attestées par
autres sources historiques) peuvent offrir pour le chercheur une considérable
base scientifique. Etant une « invention » de la modernité, la presse mesure le
niveau culturel d’un pays et aussi son degré de développement.
L’autorité du Pape trouvée à son apogée peut être comprise seulement
grâce à l’existence d’un clergé européen qui connaît le latin et aussi la conception
sur le monde, partagée pratiquement unanime; selon celle-ci, l’intellectualité
bilingue qui parlait la langue locale et le latin, faisait la liaison entre ciel et terre.
Le déclin de proche en proche et négligent (premièrement en Europe occidentale et
après partout) des repères interdépendants qui ont formé la société médiévale,
sous l’impact des échanges économiques, des découvertes (sociaux et scientifiques)
et aussi le développement rapide des moyens de communication, ont produit un
abîme profond entre cosmologie et histoire, en affaissant les fondements qui
étaient à la base de la création de l’Église, dans sa forme médiévale1.
La centralisation, l’amplitude et l’universalité de l’Église catholique ont
eu à la base deux éléments très importants : l’existence d’une langue officielle
unique : le latin (qui a assuré l’unité de l’Église catholique entière, quel que soit
son étendue géographique), et aussi le contrôle et l’accès sur la presse et la
production de livre2 (dans une certaine période historique). Mais, cella s’est
perdue avec la chute de l’Ancien Régime et l’apparition de l’État libéral et ils
ont mené à une nouvelle position de l’Église dans le nouvel ordre politique et
1 Benedict Anderson, Comunităţi imaginate. Reflecţii asupra originii şi răspândirii
naţionalismului, Editura Integral, Bucureşti, 2000, p. 39.
2 Idem, op. cit., pp. 14-23.
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social. Dans ce contexte, le Vatican s’est adapté aux nouvelles réalités, s’est
réorganisé et s’est modernisé, ayant comme objectif principal la préservation de
son unité et centralisation autour du Souverain Pontife à travers des moyens
modernes. C’est pourquoi la presse a été très importante et utile.
Malgré les échecs en ce qui concerne les réalités séculaires, le Saint-
Siège a défendu la position de son universalité comme une institution en compé-
tition avec l’Etat, dans une société de plus en plus dominante de la présence de
l’Etat qui monopolisait toutes les activités sociales. En ce contexte la position
du Vatican a été en déclin en ce qui concerne la défense des ses privilèges et
immunités, la résistance à la modernisation de l’État; ce dernier, en se détachant de
plus en plus de la souveraineté divine et en appliquant la conception moderne et
rational de la politique, a imposé les libertés constitutionnelles, la démocratie et
la religion de l’état aux quelques territoires où, par sa nature, le Saint-Siège ne
pouvait plus pénétrer avec la facilite médiévale. Dans le même temps, l’auto
compréhension de l’état, née de sa lente érosion de l’ordre sociale feudale,
induit les autorités à légitimer l’État sécularisé avec une souveraineté autonome,
pour le désir d’unité et d’ordre qu’il exerçait1 2.
Au début du XXe siècle la modalité de manifestation des catholiques
dans la vie publique s’est changée. Cela a déterminé l’Église Catholique à payer
plus attention aux moyens de communication sociale et à l’entier phénomène
O
« mass media » . Les documents émis par les autorités hiérarchiques de l’église
et le développement des institutions catholiques de communication ont mis en
évidence l’importance payée à la presse, mais aussi l’inexistence d’un plan cohérent
et durable concernant les moyens de communication. Les objectifs principaux
du Vatican ont concerné l’uniformisation du catholicisme (après la réorgani-
sation de l’Église Catholique dans la société moderne) avec l’aide de mass
media et la création d’une vision catholique unitaire en ce qui concerne l’évo-
lution de la société.
1 Şerban Turcuş, Sfântul scaun în relaţiile internaţionale. între societatea perfectă şi poporul
lui Dumnezeu, Editura România Press, Bucureşti, 2008, pp. 29-30.
2 Les moyens de communication en général - la presse et la littérature en spécial - devien-
nent et créent un espace de la solidarité. Débutant avec la période moderne, l’Église a
regardé la presse comme ça et a essayé d’utiliser ce phénomène, de l’attribuer ou le rap-
porter aux ses principes. Les journaux ont devenu un moyen de maintenir une cohésion et
une unité du catholicisme du monde entier, indifféremment de pays, de langue et de
nationalité. Ce fait a été prouvé par l’organisation des événements comme L’exposition
mondiale de la presse catholique, Le Congres mondial de la presse catholique, par la création
de quelques institutions qui ont eu le but de réunir l’activité de la presse (L’annexe 32 et
L’annexe 43 ASV, Fondul Archivio délia Nunziatura Apostolica in Romania 1920-1933,
busta 19, fascicolo 59, ff. 690-710).
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
La base méthodologique des investigations faites ont été en concordance
avec les principes fondamentaux de rhistoriographie moderne1. L’exégèse a
été, élaborée en analysant un nombre impressionnant de documents diverses
pour donner à la recherche un degré élevé d’objectivité. L’étude des documents
en conformité avec le principe dialectique a été orientée vers une perspective
chronologique et comparative historique qui permet l’évaluation équidistante du
sujet (en général) et la recherche précise des composants (en particulier).
L’application des principes de l’argumentation et de la motivation des phénomènes
a déterminé le caractère objectif de cette recherche. La période chronologique
proposée est la première moitié du XXe siècle. On a choisi cette période parce
que le début du siècle est le même avec l’apparition de la presse Romano
catholique roumaine des diocèses de Iasi et Bucarest, et les derniers années de la
première moitié du XXe siècle représente la période quand le régime communiste a
commencé en Roumanie, fait qui a mené à la disparition de la presse catholique
de notre pays. Cependant, pour expliquer quelque situations concernant la
conception de l’Église Catholique vers les moyens de communication sociale,
on a été obligé d’enlargir la période chronologique jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle
quand l’Église a été réorganisé par rapport à la société moderne et l’État et
quand la presse occupait une place importante en ce qui concerne la
transmission de cette nouvelle vision dans toutes les communautés catholiques
du monde. On a aussi dépassé la limite chronologique supériore pour présenter
les prévisions du Deuxième Concile du Vatican regardant les moyens de
communication sociale parce qu’elles synthétisent 1’ évolution de la vision de
l’Église vers ce domaine jusqu’à ce moment-là et unifient les mesures
dispersées qui ont été prises jusqu’à ce moment-là, en créant un plan unitaire de
développer la mass media catholique.
Ce dépassement de la période historique établie au début a été dicté en
vue de compléter le problème recherché. Le support théorétique et méthodolo-
gique de notre étude a été élabore en assimilant les uvres de spécialité avec
référence aux prémisses, conditions et facteurs qui ont conditionné la trajectoire
du procès de diversifier et consolider la presse catholique dans la période étudié.
Les méthodes traditionnelles de recherche combinées avec les techniques
modernes ont le rôle d’augmenter l’objectivité et d’apporter en face des lecteurs
la certitude de l’analyse équilibrée du problème présenté dans cet ouvrage.
Cet ouvrage est structuré en trois chapitres avec plusieurs sous-chapitres et
une annexe qui contient des documents inédits (par exemple des documents de
L’Archive Secrète du Vatican) et des photos. Le premier chapitre - L’Église
Catholique et les moyens modernes de communication sociale - est structuré en
1 Silvia Grosu, „Valenţele presei clericale din Basarabia (1918-1940)”, în Studii şi cercetări
de istorie a presei, volumul II, anul II, Iaşi, 2009, p. 86.
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Catolicii în spaţiul public
trois sous-chapitres: L'Église Catholique et mass media. Le rôle de la presse
dans le cadre de l’Église; L'historique de la doctrine de l’Église Catholique et
sa vision vers les moyens de communication; L'évolution de la presse en
Espagne, en Italie et en France. On présent le cadre général de développement
des moyens de communication à l’intérieur de l’Église, sa conception concernant la
mass media et sa place dans la société, la mission de la presse catholique; il y a
aussi une brève histoire de la vision du Saint-Siège vers ce phénomène (comme
il est présenté dans la doctrine du Magistère de l’Église) et aussi une synthèse
concernant le développement et les caractéristiques de la presse catholique en
trois états avec une longue tradition catholique et de presse et avec un rôle
important dans l’évolution de l’Église Catholique et sa réorganisation dans la
société moderne.
Dans L’influence des médias intellectuels catholiques de l’Occident
vers l’Église et les moyens d’information dans la vie publique, on présente et
analyse le rôle de quelques centres créés par certains intellectuels catholiques
laïcs autour de quelques publications catholiques de l’Occident. Ils ont influencé la
structure et l’évolution de la conception de l’Église vers les moyens de com-
munication (on va montrer comment ils ont affecté la situation sociale et
politique de ces états la position de l’Église vis-à-vis de mass media et en quelle
mesure le Vatican a été intéressé par la formation d’un mouvement catholique
dans la sphère sociale et politique, par l’intermédiaire de la presse). L’étude -
Giuseppe Chiaudano et le modèle du journal catholique- a été très importante
pour notre recherche. Grâce à cette étude on a identifié les normes et les conditions
de la formation et du développement d’une publication catholique, mais aussi le
rôle et sa place dans le cadre de l’église et de la société moderne (l’ouvrage en
question a été géré par le Saint Père, fait qui lui a donné un caractère officiel).
Institutions et actions d’unifier la presse catholique -surprend l’objectif du
Saint-Siège par rapport aux moyens de communication (celle d’unifier et de
coordonner la presse catholique entière par les institutions et les événements
créés spécialement, qui ont été sous le contrôle du Vatican) et le point où on a
arrivé à la fin de l’évolution des interventions dans le domaine de la presse.
Ensuite, on suivre l’évolution chronologique des interventions du
Magistère de l’Église dans le domaine de la communication et on donne des
exemples par rapport aux documents de l’Église adopté par le Pape au passage
du temps. La première partie de ce sous-chapitre Les interventions du Magistère
de l’Église jusqu ’au pontificat du Pape Pius X ֊ représente un retour en temps,
dès premiers interventions pontificales concernant la publication des livres
jusqu’au Pape Pius X. Une attention spéciale est payée au document adopté
après le Premier Concile du Vatican, qui a repositionné l’église dans la société
contemporaine, dans laquelle la presse a un rôle extrêmement important car elle
devenait un moyen de disperser le message chrétien. Dans la dernière partie —
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
Les interventions du Magistère de l’Église dans la première moitié du XXe
siècle - on présent les résultats et l’évolution en temps de la conception de
l’église vers le moyens de communication sociale, pendant la période proposée
pour recherche.
Même si à une première regarde on a l’impression que l’information est
doublé, on a décidé de structurer comme ça les premiers deux chapitres (on
présente d’abord les informations qui concernent la théorie des moyens de com-
munication, adoptée par l’Église dans la période moderne, le niveau de l’évolution
de la conception sur la presse, la modalité dans laquelle elle s’est formée et son
objectif) avant de présenter l’évolution historique sur les interventions ponti-
ficales en ce qui concerne la communication (où on peut observer des informa-
tions supplémentaires et aussi des informations qui doublent les explications de
premier sous-chapitre), parce que le centre de notre recherche est représente par
la conception de l’Église sur mass media dans la première moitié du XXe siècle,
et, après, la voie parcourue jusqu’au moment de l’étude du problème en question
(ayant aussi son importance).
L’évolution de la presse en Espagne, en Italie et en France (partagé
aussi en trois parties consacrées à la presse de ces trois états catholiques) donne
des informations sur les moyens de communication et la manière dans laquelle
la presse s’est développe dans ces pays et comment a été influencé par l’évo-
lution sociale et politique. Cette brève mais nécessaire présentation a le rôle de
comparer la situation de la presse catholique en Roumanie, en considérant les
différences principales (en spécial de point de vue de statut de la confession
catholique) sous l’aspect de la tradition catholique, du développement de la
presse, de la culture et de la modernisation de la société.
La base de la recherche est représenté par l’étude - La presse catholique
dans les diocèses de Bucarest et Iasi dans la première moitié du XXe siècle —
partagé en trois sous-chapitres avec plusieurs séquences. Dans le premier sous-
chapitre - L’Église Catholique en Roumanie- on fait une présentation de la
situation de L’Eglise Catholique dans notre pays, sa manière d’organisation, le
rapport avec l’état et les changements sociales et politiques dans la première moitié
du XXe siècle. Ensuite, dans - La presse catholique en Roumanie. Présentation
générale - on fait un inventaire et une radiographie des publications catholiques
pendant la période recherchée (commencent avec la genèse de la presse catholique
sur les territoires roumains), en payant attention aux journaux grecs catholiques
de Transylvanie. Le dernier sous-chapitre de deuxième chapitre - Les publications
catholiques de l’Archidiocèse de Bucarest et le diocèse de Iasi - présente les
journaux des diocèses dans l’espace géographique occupé par la Moldavie et la
Yalachie (la base de notre analyse) et il est aussi partagé en plusieurs séquences;
ils donnent des informations sur la typologie des publications, la langue dans
laquelle ils sont rédigés, l’appartenance aux ordres missionnaires (La presse en
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roumain, La presse en allemande, les publications diocésains, les publications
franciscaines, leurs brève histoire, la présentation des rédacteurs et collaborateurs.
Finalement, on fait une analyse comparative sur les caractéristiques techniques
{Rédacteurs et collaborateurs, L \analyse comparative des publications catholiques
des diocèses de Bucarest et de Iasi du point de vue des caractéristiques
techniques). C’est un chapitre descriptif parce qu’on a eu l’intention de faire un
tableau des publications catholiques des diocèses mentionnées en utilisant la
recherche directe des ces sources (complétés par des documents ď archive), pour
établir notre objectif, des différences et des similitudes avec les publications
catholiques de l’Occident, de l’identification des caractéristiques fondamentales,
du public auquel elles s’adressaient, de leur diffusion, de l’existence des
spécialistes et des associations de presse.
La partie finale de ce livre - Des moyens et des essais d'unifier la
presse catholique roumaine - représente le point fort, l’idée centrale et la
nouveauté absolue de notre recherche. La création de certaines institutions et
événements qui ont eu le rôle d’organiser et contrôler la mass media (et aussi la
presse catholique) de toutes les régions géographiques de la planètes, en imposant
quelques normes, principes et directions d’action communes et spécifiques pour
l’Eglise et sa vision sur l’évolution de la société, a été une composante très
importante du procès d’adaptation de l’Église aux nouvelles réalités sociales,
politiques, économiques et culturelles. Ces institutions et événements qui visaient
la presse, créés et développés par l’Église, ont été représentatifs et ont eu un
grand impact sur l’entière communauté catholique internationale. Elles ont été
coordonnées par le Vatican, sous la directe surveillance et encouragement du
Pape et ont concentré toutes les forces de l’Église Catholique. La participation
de la Roumanie aux Congres et à l’exposition mondiale de la presse catholique
a représenté un moment important dans le processus de développement de la
presse catholique roumaine et pour les essais d’unifier le catholicisme dans
notre pays. Dans le cadre de ces tentatives un élément constant a été le désir de
créer un quotidien catholique dans la capitale de notre pays, avec des thèmes
divers (inclusivement politiques) et qui dépassera la barrière confessionnelle.
L’importance accordée à la publication d’un journal est venue aussi de ses
caractéristiques et sa typologie. Dans un quotidien catholique on présente les
problèmes actuels et très importants de la société, certaines polémiques et
visions regardant les événements sociaux, politiques, économiques, diploma-
tiques et religieux. Dans les pages de notre publication il faudrait être reflété le
rapport entre l’État-l’Église Catholique-1’Église Orthodoxe Roumaine. Un
quotidien catholique aurait pu informer le Vatican en ce qui concerne le puise
de la société roumaine regardant les thèmes d’un vrai intérêt pour l’église et
aurait été un moyen de propagande du Vatican en Roumanie.
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
Le désir des évêques, des archevêques, mais aussi des ceux qui ont
répondu effectivement de la presse catholique, a été de créer, de soutenir et de
développer un quotidien catholique puissant dans la capitale de notre pays, qui
pourra représenter et transmettre la position de l’Eglise Catholique vis-à-vis de
tous les problèmes contemporaines; dans le même temps il devait répondre aux
provocations et aux certaines attaques contre l’église. Ce désir a été doublé par
la vision du Vatican qui inclut la création d’un journal exponentiel pour la
communauté catholique en Roumanie; la publication devrait être un facteur de
cohésion et d’unité pour les catholiques (en considérant aussi la diversité de ces
chrétiens en Roumanie, en spécial après 1918, quand il y avait plusieurs groups
ethniques, deux rites différents: Romano et Greco-catholique et aussi multiples
ordres missionnaires: Franciscains, Jésuites, Dominicains, Assomptionnistes etc.
L’importance de l’apparition de cette publication a été comprise et il y
avait de nombreux projets en ce sens qui ont eu comme objectif l’unité du
catholicisme roumain et la création de certaines organisations et institutions
grâce auxquelles il pourra se manifester dans une manière unitaire. Mais, en
réalité, cette chose s’est réalisée partiellement, avec l’intervention visible du
Vatican grâce au nonce apostolique et financement directe. Le résultat a été le
journal Albina (L’abeille), mais, malheureusement, il a cessé d’apparaître après
une courte période, comme tous les autres projets. Ce fait prouve la capacité
réduite des prélats autochtones de collaborer efficacement et de dépasser certains
orgueils personnels ou visions différentes concernant la modalité d’organiser et
de développer la presse et le catholicisme en Roumanie.
Le troisième chapitre est partagé en quatre sous-chapitres qui surpren-
nent les essais diverses de réaliser l’unité de la presse catholique en Roumanie,
son amplitude et organisation, et aussi la modalité de manifestation des publi-
cations catholiques roumaines aux événements organisés par l’Église au niveau
international, qui visaient les moyens de communication sociale.
Dans La participation de la Roumanie au Congres et à l’Exposition
mondiale de la Presse Catholique, on analyse la modalité dans laquelle la presse
catholique roumaine s’est présentée aux ces deux événements extrêmement
importants dans le domaine de la communication, organisés sous le patronage
du Vatican. Le Congres mondial de la presse catholique a été un événement qui
a eu plusieurs éditions, étant organisé périodiquement, il était destiné aux spé-
cialistes catholiques en presse, à l’intérieur de la communauté catholique universelle
et avait le rôle d’adopter des directions communes en vue de développer la presse
catholique dans le monde entier, et aussi la thématique centrale qui se retrouvait
dans ces publications (la structure des institutions responsables avec l’évolution
de la presse catholique). L’exposition mondiale de la presse catholique a été
l’événement le plus important organisé dans la première moitié du XXe siècle
concernant les moyens de communication et il a visé la promotion de la presse
322
Catolicii în spaţiul public
catholique dans le monde entier et son exposition dans la société entière. La
participation de la Roumanie aux ces phénomènes internationaux a été modeste
et a montré la manque de communication et d’unité de la communauté catholique
roumaine et aussi le degré réduit de développement en comparaison avec les
états voisines comme l’Hongrie et la Pologne.
Les projets d’un quotidien catholique en Roumanie- surprend les
multiples essais de créer un journal catholique dans la capitale de notre pays,
qui pourrait être représentatif pour tous les catholiques de Roumanie et qui pourrait
traiter des thèmes sociales et politiques, en dépassant les limites confession-
nelles (on présent comme étude de cas un projet de l’AGR). Ni l’intervention, ni
le soutènement direct du Vatican n’a réussi d’unifier les diverses forces
catholiques de Roumanie, de les faire collaborer et accomplir l’objectif de la
presse catholique roumaine. Le sous-chapitre Le quotidien Albina donne des
exemples concrets en ce qui concerne l’incapacité de communication et col-
laboration dans le domaine de la presse des latins et des unis - dans les conditions
dans lesquelles ce projet a été initie et finance par le Vatican pendant trois
années (la période de parution).
A la fin de notre recherche - L’Institut Presa Bunâ - on présent une
initiative réussie de promotion de la presse catholique en Roumanie, une initiative
des prêtres diocésaines de Iasi et plus précis, elle a été l’oeuvre personnelle de
monsignor Anton Gabor, qui a essayé de créer des institutions de presse repré-
sentatives au niveau national. Même s’il y avait des autres essais d’unifier et de
développer la presse catholique roumaine dans la première moitié du XXe siècle,
suivant le modèle occidental, (beaucoup d’eux étant des initiative venues de
Vatican, avec une financement externe), on a réussi à accomplir cette chose
dans une petite mesure à cause de nombreux obstacles; pourtant, on considère que
la raison principale a été l’incapacité de collaboration entre les diverses autorités
hiérarchiques sur le territoire de la Roumanie, qui, comme on a déjà mentionné,
représentaient des rites, des groups ethniques et des ordres missionnaires différents.
Même si on n’a pas réussi la création des organismes nationales unitaires
fonctionnelles qui pourraient administrer et développer la presse catholique en
Roumanie, il y avait plusieurs essais en ce sens, certaines avec un caractère
régional ou au niveau de l’évêque, autres étant caractéristiques pour les ordres
missionnaires ou le rite uni; avec ceux-ci on a beaucoup contribué au dévelop-
pement culturel des chrétiens, à la défense de l’Eglise Catholique dans notre
pays et à la dispersion du message chrétien.
Ce livre représente seulement le début de la recherche de la presse
catholique en Roumanie. Il peut être développé après sur plusieurs directions
comme: réaliser un tableau général complet des publications catholiques de
Roumanie, identifier précisément les obstacle qui ont empêché l’unité d’expres-
sion de la presse catholique roumaine, comparer le stade de développement des
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IULIAN GHERCĂ
publications catholiques dans notre pays avec celles des autres pays où la
confession catholique a été aussi minoritaire etc.
La création de la presse catholique en Roumanie a eu lieu au début du
XXe siècle grâce aux initiatives personnelles de certains prêtres qui ont étudié
en Occident (en Italie, en Allemagne), retournés en pays. Ils ont importé le
modèle de quelques publications catholiques de ces pays et ils ont publié plusieurs
revues catholiques (avec une thématique strictement religieuse, mais avec des
informations culturelles et sociales, mais pas politiques).
Dans l’Ancien Royaume il n’a pas été une tradition de la presse catholique
roumaine. En Transylvanie, la lutte pour l’unité nationale, combinée avec celle
pour la liberté confessionnelle des unis a été concrétisée par la développement
de certaines publications et par la création d’une tradition de la presse Greco
catholique dès la fin de XIXe siècle (la caractéristique principale de ces publi-
cations n’a pas été celle religieuse mais l’appartenance de l’élite intellectuelle et
politique en Transylvanie au rite uni a offert aussi cette dimension, en secondant
la lutte d’unité des roumains).
En conclusion, le développement de la presse catholique en Roumanie
n’a pas été accompli en suivant un plan bien établi ou à l’initiative de l’Eglise
mais des initiatives personnelles (qui ont été approuvés et encouragés par les
évêques) des certains prêtres et après un modèle important de l’Occident. Si
dans ces pays catholiques - ou dans la développement de la presse religieuse
(qui a eu une composante politique qui a manqué en Roumanie) ont été impliqués
des intellectuels laïcs qui ont soutenu la politique de l’Eglise - dans l’espace
roumain, le démarche de presse a été fait presque tout par le clergé (on n’a pas
une initiative laïque).
L’existence de ces deux rites et des plusieurs groups ethniques
catholique a déterminé la manque d’unité dans la manifestation de presse. Les
unis et les latins ont eu des visions différentes regardant le rôle de la presse
catholique et même la modalité d’implication des catholiques dans la vie
publique et politique. Les Greco catholiques ont milité constamment et ont met
l’accent sur la coté nationale, sur la défense de la liberté confessionnelle et sur
l’union; les latins ont adopté une coté universelle du catholicisme, en choisissant
des sujets religieuse (même si le Vatican a accepté l’existence d’un catholicisme
national). Ce manque d’unité de la presse a été conscientisé par les catholiques
de Roumanie et aussi par le Vatican. Il est vrai qu’il y avait plusieurs essais et
actions d’unifier la presse catholique (et le catholicisme roumain aussi): la création
d’un quotidien dans la capitale de notre pays représentatif pour tous les catholiques,
la création d’une association de presse au niveau national, une participation
unitaire aux événements du domaine de la communication organisés au niveau
international par le Vatican. Mais, avec tout cela, les hiérarques de Roumanie
324
Catolicii în spaţiul public
ont gardé ses diverses visions sur l’évolution et le développement de la presse et du
catholicisme roumain et n’ont pas réussi de dépasser leurs orgueils personnels.
L’intervention directe du Vatican a réussi de changer cette chose seulement
pour une brève période ou seulement pour certains événements précis. Un très
bon exemple en ce sens est le quotidien Albina - créé à la disposition du Vatican
(la mobilisation des hiérarques de Roumanie a été faite par le Nonce de Bucarest),
financé exclusivement par le Saint-Siège pendant trois années et a eu le rôle de
présenter des thèmes sociaux et politiques; le journal a cessé d’être publié après
trois années à cause des malentendus entre les unis et les latins concernant son
management et évolution. A part de l’existence de ce journal, la majorité des
publications Romano catholique de Roumanie ont eu une thématique religieuse,
sans traiter des thèmes politiques, comme les publications unies dans lesquelles
les deux éléments ont été combinés.
Dans cet ouvrage on a mis l’accent sur l’analyse des publications catho-
liques des diocèses de Bucarest et de Iasi, dans le contexte social et politique de
la première moitié du XXe siècle. Le désir d’unifier la presse catholique
roumaine a été exprimé souvent par toutes les autorités catholiques, mais il n’a
pas été accomplit (il y avait plusieurs projets pour un quotidien catholique dans
la capitale de notre pays pour représenter tous les catholiques de Roumanie,
mais sans aucun résultat, ni la création de quelques institutions media au niveau
national). La création de quelques organismes comme l’Institut „Presa Bunâ” de
Iasi (et autres) ont été des réalisations isolées dans le développement et la profes-
sionnalisation de la presse catholique en Roumanie. Mais, ils n’ont pas pu
dépasser la barrière confessionnelle, en restant au niveau des publications
religieuses classiques, où les sujets politiques manquaient (même si le Vatican a
souhaité la création des journaux avec des thèmes sociales et politiques et de
créer une force politique catholique en Roumanie qui pourrait s’adresser à la
société roumaine entière).
L’échec du désir d’unifier la presse catholique en Roumanie a eu plusieurs
causes, parmi lesquelles les malentendus entre les deux rites (uni et latin) et entre
les groups ethniques de notre pays en ce qui concerne l’évolution et le dévelop-
pement des mass media catholique; un facteur important a été représenté par le
manque de quelques organismes ou institutions communes au niveau national.
Ce manque d’unité et d’action a été remarqué par le Vatican aussi, qui a payé
beaucoup d’attention à la situation de la Roumanie et la soutenu en diverses
manières. La participation aux événements internationaux (organisés par le
Saint-Siège) dans le domaine de la communication - comme le Congres et
l’Exposition mondiale de la presse catholique - a prouve l’existence de quelques
lacunes: la manque d’unité de la presse catholique roumaine, sa modeste repré-
sentation, le nombre réduit des publications, le manque des spécialistes, la
financement précaire et l’inexistence des organismes au niveau national - en
325
IULIAN GHERCĂ
comparaison avec les pays occidentales et avec les pays voisins, comme la
Pologne et l’Hongrie (des conclusions tirées par les représentants de la presse
catholique roumaine aux ces événements).
En considérant le niveau de développement de la société roumaine, le
fait qu’une partie significative de communauté catholique était de la campagne,
les particularités créés grâce à l’existence des deux rites, des plusieurs groups
ethniques et nombreuses ordres missionnaires catholiques (tout cela surposé sur
le fait que la Roumanie était un pays où l’Eglise Orthodoxe Roumaine avait le statut
d’église dominante), pour les chrétiens et le clergé catholique, l’importance de
la presse a été considérable mais elle n’a pas réussi de dépasser la barrière
confessionnelle et recevoir une unité d’expression et de manifestation.
Mots-clés: religion minoritaire, L’église catholique, opinion publique, médias, Presse
Traducere realizată de Dana Maria MĂTĂŞEL
326
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Roux, Charles François, Huit ans au Vatican, 1932-1940, Flammarion, Paris, 1947.
d. Enciclici şi documente papale despre presă
Clement XIII, Christianae Reipublicae salus, 25.XI.1766.
Grigore XVI, Acta Gregorii Papae XVI, Tipografia Vaticana, 1901.
Grigore XVI, Enciclica Mirări vos, 15.VIII. 1832.
Grigore XVI, Inter gravíssimas, 8. VI. 1845.
León XIII, Dali”alto 15. X. 1890
León XIII, Enciclica Cum multa sint, 8.XII.3882.
Leon XIII, Enciclica ¿fa/ nos, 1882.
León XIII, Enciclica Libertas praestantissimum, 20.VI.1888.
Leon XIII, Enciclica Longínqua óceáni, 6.1.1895.
Leon XIII, Enciclica Spesse volte, 1898.
Leon XIII, Graves de communi.
Leon XIII, Ingenti, sane laetitia.
Leon XIII, Instrucction Nessuno ignora, sobre las democracias cristianas, 27.1. 1902.
Leon XIII, Nobilissima Galorum gens, 1884.
Leon XIII, Officiorum ac munerum.
Pius IX, Quanta cura, 8.XII.1864.
Pius IX, Enciclica Nostis et nobiscum, 8.XII.1849.
Pius IX, Syllabus, 8.XII.1864.
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Pius X, Carta al cardenal Ferrari, 1.'VII. 1911.
Pius X, Carta a Francisco Veuillot; 22.X.1913.
Pius X, Carta de S. Pio X, 11 .VIL 1911.
Pius X, Decreto Lamentabili, 1864.
PiusX, Enciclica Pascendi, 8.IX.1907.
Pius X, Enciclica Iamdudum in Lusitania, 1911.
PiusX, Enciclica Pieni L Animo, 1906.
Pius X, En el centenario del edicto de Constantino, 1913.
Pius X, Inter catholicos Hispániáé.
PiusX, Mo tu proprio Fin dalia prima nostra enciclica, 1903.
Pius XI, Enciclica Non abbiamo bisogno, 29. VI. 1931.
Pius XI, Enciclica Quas primas, 1925.
Pius XI, Enciclica Rerum omnium, 26.1.1923.
Pius XII, Enciclica Mystici corporis Christi, 1943.
II. Instrumente de lucru
Caliga, G., Amanahul dicţionar al presei din România şi a celei româneşti de pretutindeni.
Cu o prefaţă de dl. Const. Bacalbaşa, Imprimeria Fundaţiei Culturale „Principele
Carol”, Strada Latină 10, Bucureşti, 1926.
Dicţionar Enciclopedic, volumul I, Editura Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1993.
Enciclopedia Cattolica, voi. VIII-XII, Citta del Vaticano, 1954.
Hangiu, L, Dicţionarul presei literare româneşti (1790-1990)9 ediţia a II֊a, revizuită şi
completată, Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucureşti, 1996.
Dicţionarul statistic al României, Bucureşti, 1915 şi Recensământ general al populaţiei
României din Decembrie 1899, cu o introducere de Leonida Colescu, şeful Servicului
Statisticei Generale, Bucureşti, 1901.
Dicţionar de sociologie, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1993.
Gábor, Iosif, Dicţionarul comunităţilor catolice din Moldova, Editura Conexiuni, Bacău, 1995.
Idice dei Fondi e relativi mezzi di discrizione e di ricerca delVArchivio Segreto
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Idice delle opere citate-Romania 1243A-B, 1920-1933,1933-1936, Citta del Vaticano, 2011.
New Catholic Encyclopedia., Catholic University of America, 1967.
New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, Introduction by Róbert Gravws, Crescent
Books, New York, 1987.
Noul dicţionar universal al limbii române, Editura Litera Internaţional, Bucureşti, 2007.
Publicaţiile periodice româneşti (gazete, ziare, reviste), Tom I (alfabetic: 1820-1906),
Descriere bibliografică de Hodoş, Nerva, Al. Sandi Ionescu, cu o introducere de Ion
Bianu, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti, 1913.
Publicaţiile periodice româneşti (gazete, ziare, reviste), Tom II, Catalog alfabetic
(1907-1918 şi Supliment: 1790-1906), Descriere bibliografică de Băiuculescu George,
Georgeta Răduică şi Neonila Onofrei, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste
România, Bucureşti, 1969.
Publicaţiile periodice româneşti (gazete, ziare, reviste), Tom III, Catalog alfabetic (1919-
1924), Descriere bibliografică de Desa Ileana Stanca, Dulciu Morărescu, Postfaţă de
Gábriel Ştrempel, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti, 1987.
283
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Publicaţiile periodice româneşti (gazete, ziare, reviste), Tom IV, Catalog alfabetic
(1925-1930), Descriere bibliografică de Desa Ileana Stanca, Dulciu Morărescu, Postfaţă
de Gabriel Ştrempel, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2003.
Publicaţiile periodice româneşti (gazete, ziare, reviste), Tom V, Catalog alfabetic
(1931-1935), Partea I, Descriere bibliografică de Desa Ileana Stanca, Măluşanu Elena
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Răduică, Georgeta, Răduică, Nicolin, Dicţionarul presei româneşti (1731-1918),
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Recensământul general al populaţiei din 6 aprilie 1941, Bucureşti, 1941.
Recensământul general al populaţiei României 1930, vol.l şi 2, Bucureşti, 1930.
Sillamy, Norbert, Dicţionar de psihologie, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1996.
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Alberigo, Giuseppe, Le concezioni della Chiesa e i instituzionali, în Chiesa e papato nel
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Albert, Pierre, Istoria presei, traducere Irina Maria Sile, Editura Institutul European,
Iaşi, 2002.
Idem, La presse, ed. a VIII a, Editura Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1988.
Almuina Fernandez, C, „La prensa periodica en Revolución y restauración (1868-1931)”,
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Anania, Valeriu, Pro memoria. Acţiunea catolicismului în România interbelică, Editura
Renaşterea, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Anderson, Benedict, Comunităţi imaginate. Reflecţii asupra originii şi răspândirii
naţionalismului, Editura Integral, Bucureşti, 2000.
Andres-Gallego, J., Pazos, A.M., La Iglesia en la España contemporánea, 1800-1936,
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Anton, Mioara, Propaganda şi război Campania din Est 1941-1944, Editura Tritonic,
Bucureşti, 2007.
Arhip, Odette, Teoria argumentării. Retorica modernă: structuri şi strategii argumentative
în discursul juridic, politic şi literar, Sedcom Libris, Iaşi, 2003.
Bauer, Eddy, Espías, Enciclopedia del Espionaje, voi 8, Editura Idees Editions, Paris,
1971.
Bălan, loan, „Raporturile noastre diplomatice cu Vaticanul”, în Cultura creştină, anul
IX, nr. 7-9, iulie-septembrie 1920.
Bărbulescu, Mihai, Deletant, Denis, Hitchins, Keith, Papacostea, Şerban, Teodor, Pompiliu,
Istoria românilor (ediţie revăzută şi adăugită), Editura Corint, Bucureşti, 2007.
Belardelli, M., Per una storia della definizione di Movimento Cattolico, în F. Traniello,
G. Campanini, Dizionario Storico dell Movimento Cattolico in Italia 1860-1980,
vol. 1, Marietti, Casale Monferrato, 1981.
Berstei, S., Milza, S., Histoire de la france au XX e siècle: 1900-1930, Editions
Complexe, 1999.
Biserica noastră şi cultele minoritare. Marea discuţie parlamentară în jurul Legii
Cultelor, Editura Albatros, Bucureşti, 2000.
284
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Bon, Gustave, învăţămintele psichologice din războiul european, Editura „Librăriei
Stănculesu”, Bucureşti,.
Bondrea, Aurelian, Sociologia opiniei publice şi mass-media, ediţia а Ш-а, Editura
„Fundaţia României de Mâine”, Bucureşti, 2007.
Bota, loan M, Istoria Bisericii universale şi a Bisericii româneşti de la origini până în
zilele noastre, Editura Viaţa Creştină, CIuj-Napoca, 1994.
Brânzeu,N., Cultele din România, Editura Sionul Românesc, Lugoj, 1925.
Broucker, J., La presse catholigue en France, Centurion, Paris, 1992.
Buda Niga, Valentin, Integrarea cultelor religioase în România Mare(l9l8-1928), în
Istorie şi conştiinţă. Profesorului Ion Agrigoroaiei la a 65-a aniversare, Editura
Universităţii, Iaşi, 2001.
Butoi, Octavian, „Istoria presei româneşti”, în Analele Universităţii Bucureşti, anul
XVIII, nr. 2, Bucureşti, 1969.
Casella, M., L'Azione Cattolica del tempo di Pió XI e di Pio XII (1922-1958), în F.
Traniello, G. Campanini, Dizionario Storico dell Movimento Cattolico in Italia
1860-1980, voi. 1, Marietti, Casale Monferrato, 1981.
Ceahotin, Serghei, Violul mulţimilor prin propagandă politică, ANTET, Bucureşti,
2003.
Cebollada, P., Del Genesis a Internet. Documentos del magisterio sobre las
comunicaciones sociales, BAC, Madrid, 2005.
Ciubotaru, I. H., Catolicii din Moldova. Universul culturii populare, Editura Presa
Bună, Iaşi, 2002.
Ciubotaru, І. H., Despinescu, Anton, Doboş, Dănuţ, Gherăieşti, un sat din ţinutul
Romanului, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 2003.
Ciubotaru, I. H., Zahariuc, Petronel, Comuna Horleşti, Editura Performantiea, Iaşi, 1999.
Coltor, loan, „Raporturile noastre diplomatice cu Vaticanul”, în Cultura creştină, anul
XIII, nr. 7-8, iulie-august 1924.
Constantinescu, Alexandru N., „Concordatul cu Vaticanul”, în Noua Revistă Bisericească,
anul X, nr. 6-9, iunie-septembrie 1928
Cristea, Marina, „Primul ziar românesc Fama Lipskii”, în Gazeta literară, 3 februarie 1966.
Damşa, Teodor, Biserica Greco-Catolică din România în perspectiva istorică, Editura
de Vest, Timişoara, 1994.
Dante, F., Storia della Civilta Cattolica (1850-1891), Edizioni Studium, Roma, 1990.
De Lamennais, F., Correspondance inedite, voi. II, Paris 1863.
Deletant, Denis, Teroarea comunistă în România, Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej şi statutul
poliţienesc 1948-1965, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2001.
Démier, Francis, Istoria politicilor sociale. Europa sec. XJX-XX, Institutul European,
Iaşi, 1998.
Denzinger, H., Enchiridion Symbolorum, EDB, Bologna, 1995.
De Rosa, G., Luigi Sturzo: La Croce di Constantino, Roma, 1958.
Doboş, Dănuţ (coord.), Adjudeni. Şase veacuri de prezenţă catolică pe valea Şiretului,
Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2005.
Idem, Sagna. File de monografie istorică, Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2003.
Idem, Răchiteni. File de monografie istorică, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 1999.
Idem Biserica şi şcoala. Din istoria operelor sociale catolice în România, Editura
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Doboş, Dănuţ, Bortoş, Eugen (editori), Parohia Catedralei „Sf. losif’ din Bucureşti,
Editura Arhiepiscopiei Romano-Catolice Bucureşti, Bucureşti, 2005.
Doboş, Dănuţ, Despinescu, Anton, Episcopul Anton Durcovici, o viaţă închinată lui
Dumnezeu şi Bisericii, Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2002.
Doboş, Dănuţ, Văcaru, Silviu (coord.), Hălăuceşti, sat de veche tradiţie cultural-
religioasă, Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2004.
Doboş, Fabian (editor), Săbăoani —file de istorie, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 2002.
Domenach, Jean-Marie, Propaganda politică, Editura Institutul European, Iaşi, 2004.
Dumea, Emil, Istoria Bisericii Catolice din Moldova, Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2006.
Dumitrescu, Mircea, File din istoria presei româneşti, Editura Fundaţia Naţională
pentru Civilizaţie Rurală Nişte ţărani, Bucureşti, 2000.
Dumitriu-Snagov, Ion, Le Saint-Sièet la Roumanie moderne. 1850-1866, Roma, 1982
(Miscellanea Hisîoriae Pontificiae, 48).
Elek, Jakab, Istoria jurnalismului din Transilvania până în 1848, Budapesta, 1882.
Ferrandina, A., Censimento della stampa cattolica in Italia. Note statistiche, storiche,
critiche, Tipografía Cozzolino, Napoli, 1903.
Frattini, Eric, Sfânta Alianţă 500 de ani de spionaj la Vatican, traducere de Zully
Mustafa, Editura Tritonic, Bucureşti, 2009.
Fuentes, J.F., Fernandes Sebastian, J., Historia del periodismo español, Síntesis,
Madrid, 1997.
Gabor, losif, „Parohia Cioplea”, în Pro Memoria, nr. 4, Bucureşti, 2005, pp. 35-76.
Garcia de Haro, R., Historia teologica del modernismo, Eunsa, Pamplona, 1972.
Gasset, Jose Ortega, Revolta maselor, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2001.
Gómez Aparicio, P., Historia del periodismo español. De la Dictatura a la güera civil,
voi. III, Editora Nacional, Madrid, 1981.
Gozzini, G., Storia del giornalismo, Bruno Mondatori, Milano, 2000.
Grabmann, M., Storia della teologia cattolica, Societa Editrice Vita e pensiero, Milano,
1937.
Granfield, P., Nascita e declino della societa perfecta, în „Concilium”, 18, 1982.
Silvia Grosu, „Valenţele presei clericale din Basarabia (1918-1940)”, în Studii şi
cercetări de istorie a presei, volumul II, anul II, Iaşi, 2009.
Guaseo, M., Romolo Murri e il Modernismo, Cinque Lune, 1968.
Hourdin, G., La presse catholique, Fayard, Paris, 1970.
Iribarren, J., El derecho a la verdad. Doctrina de la Iglesia sobre la prensa, radio у
televisión (1831-1968), BAC, Madrid, 1968.
Kries, Wilhelm von, Strategia şi tactica propagandei de război engleze, Bucureşti, 1941.
Laboa, J.M., Historia de la Iglesia, voi. IV, BAC, Madrid, 2002.
La Porte, Jose María, Fernandez-Alfaro, El cristiano en los medios de comunicación
según san Josemaria Escriva. Contexto histórico y desarrollo espiritual y pastoral,
Thesis ad Doctoratum in Teologia, totaliter edita, Romae, 2008.
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Stănculesu”, Bucureşti, 1991.
Leonis XIII. Pontifici Maximi. Acta 1881, voi. IV, Typographia Vaticana, Romae, 1885.
Licata, G., Giornalismo cattolico italiano (1861-1943), Editrice Studium, Roma, 1944.
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Idem, La Rasegna Nazionale: conservatori e cattolici liberali italiani attraverso la loro
rivista (1879-1915), Edizioni di storia e letteratura, Roma, 1968.
Lostun, Mihai, Relaţiile diplomatice dintre Romania şi Vatican în perioada interbelică,
Iaşi, 2005, Teză de doctorat, p. 12.
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Dizionario Storico dell Movimento Cattolico in Italia 1860-1980, voi. 1, Marietti,
Casale Monferrato, 1981, pp. 273-275.
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Monferato, 1992.
Martina, Giacomo, Pio IX(1851-1866), Roma 1986, {Miscellanea tìistoriae Pontificiae, 51 ).
Mateiu, I., Doctrina de stat a problemei minoritare, Editura Imprimeriile Independenţa,
Bucureşti, 1929.
Moscovici, Serge, Epoca maselor. Tratat istoric asupra psihologiei maselor, Editura
Institutul European, Iaşi, 2001.
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în Chronos, anul III, nr. 1(4), Iaşi, 2005.
Perez Lopez, P., La prensa catolica en Espana durante el franquismo, en J., Cantavella,
J.F., Serrano, Católicos en la prensa. Concepto y orígenes del periodismo
confesional, Libros Libres, Madrid, 2004.
Pollard, John F., Vatican Italian Fascism, Editura Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1998.
Petcu, Marian, „Consideraţii privin factualitatea în cercetarea istoriei presei”, în Studii
şi cercetări de istorie a presei, volumul II, anul II, Iaşi, 2009.
Poulat, E., Storia, dogma e critica nella crisi modernistica, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1967.
Redondo, G., La Iglesia en el mundo contemporaneo, voi. II, Eunsa, Pamplona, 1979.
Rene, Guénon, Criza lumii moderne, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1995.
Rieffel, R., Les intellesctuels sous la Ve. Republique. 1958-1990, voi. 2, Calman-Levy.
Paris, 1992.
Rioux, J., Sirinelli, J., Histoire culturelle de la France, voi. IV, Seuil, Paris, 1998.
Robles Muñoz, C., „La prensa y la división de los católicos en la Restauración”, în
Hispania Sacra, 40, 1988.
Ruiz Acosta, M.J., „El despegue de la „Buena Prensa” y El Correo de Andalucía en la
Sevilla de comienzos X”, în Ambitos, 2, Enero-Junio, 1999.
Nechita Runcan, Concordatul Vaticanului cu România — consideraţii istorico-juridice,
Editura Ex Ponto, Constanţa, 2000.
Salvatorelli, Luigi, La politica della Santa Sede dopo la guerra, Milano, 1937.
Sánchez Aranda, J.J., Barrera, C., Historia del periodismo español. Desde sus orígenes
hasta 1975, Eunsa, Pamplona, 1992.
Seoane, M.C., Saiz, M.D., Historia del periodismo en Espana, voi. 3, El siglo XX:
1898-1936, Alianza editorial, Madrid, 1996.
Soulet, Jean Francois, Istoria comparată a statelor comuniste din 1945 până în zilele
noastre, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 1998.
Stehle, H., Eastern Politics of the Vatican, 1917-1979, tradusă în engleză de Sanda
Smith, Ohio University Press, 1981.
Sykes, N., La vita religiosa e i rapporti fra stato e chiesa, în J.P. Tuer, Storia del
mondo moderno, voi. X, Cambridge University Press-Garzanti, Milano, 1974.
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Tchakhotine, S„ Le viol des foules par la propaganda politique, Paris, 1952.
Thibau, L, Le Monde 1944-1996. Histoire d”un Journal, un Journal dans V’histoire,
Pion, Paris, 1996.
Tocanei, Pietro, Storia della Chiesa Cattolica in Romanía, voi. III/2, II Vicariato
Apostólico e le missioni dei fraţi minori conventuali in Moldova, Padova, Edizioni
Messaggero, 1965.
Topolski, Jerzy, Metodologia istoriei, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1987.
Tramontin, S., L’intransigentismo cattolico e VOpera dei Congres si, în AA.VV., Storia
del Movimento Cattolico in Italia. I cattolici e lo stato liberale, II polígono editore,
Milano, 1981.
Idem, La repressione del Modernismo, în E. Guerriero, A. Zambarbieri, La Chiesa e la
societa industriale, Paoline Cinisello Balsamo, 1990.
Turcuş, Şerban, Sfântul scaun în relaţiile internaţionale. Intre societatea perfectă şi
poporul lui Dumnezeu, Editura România Press, Bucureşti, 2008.
Vadan, Mariuca, Le relazioni diplomatiche tra la Santa Sede e la Romanía 1920-1948,
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Volkoff, Vladimir, Dezinformarea, armă de război, Editura Incitatus, Bucureşti, 2000.
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Zanfirescu, Dan, Ortodoxie şi romano-catolicism în specificul existenţei lor istorice,
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IV. Lucrări speciale
Auner, Carol, „Episcopia Milcovului”, în Revista catolică, nr. 1, Bucureşti, 1912, pp. 533-551.
Idem, „Episcopia de Şiret”, în Revista catolică, nr. 2, Bucureşti, 1913, pp. 226-243.
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Banner, Daniel, „Presa Parohială: Bukarester katholisches sonnatagsblatC, în Parohia
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Arhiepiscopiei Romano-Catolice Bucureşti, Bucureşti, 2005, pp. 173-185.
Bişoc, Anton, Căsătoria, Editura Serafica, Hălăuceşti, 1926.
Idem, Viaţa marelui făcător de minuni Sf Anton de Padua, Editura Serafica, Bacău, 1931.
Cantavella, J., Serrano, J.F., Católicos en la prensa. Concepto y orígenes del periodismo
confesional, Libros Libres, Madrid, 2004.
Chiaudano, G., El periodismo catolico. Criterios y normas, seconda edizione, Tipografía
Pontificia San Bernardo, Siena, 1913.
Cipoloni, Ulderic, Cuvântare funebră rostită la catedrala catolicădin Iaşi la înmormântarea
înalt Prea Sfinţiei sale Nicolae Iosif Francisc Camilli arhiepiscop-episcop catolic de
Iaşi, Iaşi, 1916.
Despinescu, Anton, L ’activii é pastorale de Nicola Gioseppe Camilli 1840-1915.
Premier évéque de Jassy-Roumanie, Extrait de la These Doctorale, Roma, 1980.
Idem, „Alexandru Theodor Cisar, episcope de Iaşi (1920-1924)”, în Pro Memoria,
nr.2/2003, Bucureşti, 2003, pp. 175-190.
Idem, „Episcopia catolică de Iaşi în secolul al XX lea”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 1, Iaşi,
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Buletin istoric, nr. 6, Iaşi, 2005, pp. 129-142.
Doboş, Dănuţ, „115 ani de la înfiinţarea Seminarului din laşi”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 3,
Iaşi, 2002, pp. 93-104.
Idem, „Din istoria Institutului „Presa Bună”din laşi”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 7, laşi, 2006,
pp. 5-18.
Idem, „Institutele Notre Dame de Sión (1866-1900)”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 2, Iaşi, 2001,
pp. 50-67.
Idem, „Personalităţi catolice: canonicul Carol Auner”, în Pro Memoria, nr.2/2003,
Bucureşti, 2003, pp. 73-98.
Idem, „Contribuţii la istoriografia româneasca. Revista catolică”, în Pro Memoria,
nr.3/2004, Bucureşti, 2004, pp. 85-102.
Idem, „Colaborarea episcopului Anton Durcovici la revista Jugendfreund (1921-1924),
in Pro Memoria, nr.3/2004, Bucureşti, 2004, pp. 103-120.
Idem, „Noi mărturii privind viaţa şi activitatea episcopului Anton Durcovici”, în Buletin
istoric, nr. 3, Iaşi, 2002, pp. 11-70.
Idem, „Ad perpetuam rei memoriam: pr. Iosif Malinowski”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 5,
Iaşi, 2004, pp. 98-114.
Doboş, Fabian, „Din activitatea episcopului Antonio De Stefano”, în Buletin istoric, nr.
1, Iaşi, 2000, pp. 17-22.
Idem, ,Aspecte ale chestiunii sociale în Moldova la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea, în
Buletin istoric, nr. 4, Iaşi, 2003, pp. 123-135.
Idem, „Din jurnalul primului episcop de Iaşi, Nicolae Iosif Camilli”, în Buletin istoric,
nr. 4, Iaşi, 2003, pp. 88-103.
Dumea, Emil, Cărţi şi reviste catolice româneşti în Moldova, Editura Sapienţia, Iaşi,
2002.
Idem, „Biserica Catolică, promotoare de cultură în Moldova în sec. al XIX-lea”, în Analele
Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „ Alexandru loan Cuza” din Iaşi (Serie Nouă), Teologie
Romano-Catolică, Tom II, Editura Universităţii „Alexandru loan Cuza” din Iaşi,
Iaşi, 2007, pp. 5-20.
Dumea, Marius-Claudiu, „Instituţii catolice diecezane în perioada interbelică”, în
Buletin istoric, nr. 7, Iaşi, 2006, pp. 141-152.
Dumitrescu, Andrei, „Cultura în presa catolică din Moldova”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 2,
Iaşi, 2001, pp. 25-30.
Gârleanu, loan, O sfântă a zilelor noastre-Tereza a Pruncului Isus, Editura Serafica,
Hălăuceşti, 1925.
Georgescu, Jean, La presse periodique en Roumanie, Editura Sfânta Unire, Oradea, 1936.
Ghercă, Iulian, „Revistele franciscane din Moldova. Prezentare generală”, în Opţiuni
Istoriografice, VIII 2, Iaşi, 2007, pp. 163-172.
Idem, „Consideraţii asupra presei catolice din România în prima jumătate a secolului al
XX-lea”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 8, Iaşi, 2007, pp. 153-164.
Herghelegiu, Dumitru, Cărticica copiilor pentru prima Sf împărtăşanie, Editura Presa
Bună, Iaşi, 1943.
Idem, Omagiu înalt Prea Sfinţiei Sale Monseniorul Alexandru T Cisar episcop al
eparhiei de Iaşi cu ocazia consacrării şi instalării sale, Iaşi, 1920.
289
IULIAN GHERCĂ
Lucaci, Dumitru, Maica Domnului de la Fatima, Editura Serafica, Săboani, 1943.
Idem, Scapularul Maicii Domnului, Editura Serafica, Săboani, 1942.
Idem, Despre preoţie, Editura Serafica, Huşi, 1941.
Łupu, Stefan, „Sinodalitatea şi/sau conciliaritatea: expresie a unităţii şi catolicităţii
Bisericii”, în Dialog Teologic, nr. 7/2001, Editura Spienţia, Iaşi, 2001, pp. 59-84.
Mărtinaş, loan, Margareta Muşat, principesă a Moldovei, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 1944.
Idem, Mitropolitul Petru Movilă şi catolicismul, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 1943.
Mărtincă, Isidor, „Biserica, mass-media şi cultura”, I, în Pro Memoria, nr.3/2004,
Bucureşti, 2004, pp. 265-294.
Idem, „Biserica, mass-media şi cultura”, II, în Pro Memoria, nr. 4/2005, Bucureşti,
2005, pp. 229-262.
Moraru, Alois, „Incursiune în istoria celor 120 de ani ai Episcopiei Romano-Catolice de
Iaşi”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 5, Iaşi, 2004, pp. 7-44.
Idem, „Prezenţa Societăţi lui Isus în Moldova”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 4, Iaşi, 2003, pp. 34-63.
Idem, „Prezenţa Societăţii lui Isus în Moldova”, în Buletin istoric, nr. 4, Iaşi, 2003, pp.
34-63.
Moraru, Alois, Doboş, Dănuţ, „Din istoria operelor sociale catolice din Moldova”, în
Buletin istoric, nr. 1, Iaşi, 2000, pp. 41-55.
Moraru, Alois, Răchiteanu, Iosif, Păstorii diecezei de Iaşi şi rectorii Seminarului diecezan,
Sapienţia, Iaşi, 2004.
Neculăeş, Dumitru, Latinitatea Bisericii româneşti, Editura Serafica, Săboani, 1940.
Netzhammer, Nikolaus, „Un păstor şi o turmă: Raymund Netzhammer OSB, arhiepiscop de
Bucureşti (1905-1924)”, în Pro Memoria, nr. 2/2003, Bucureşti, 2003, pp. 205-224.
Idem, „Autorul Raymund Netzhammer în publicaţiile româneşti actuale”, în Pro
Memoria, nr. 3/2004, Bucureşti, 2004, pp. 121-126.
Pal, loan, Catehismul Episcopiei Catolice de Iaşi, Editura Serafica, Hălăuceşti, 1928.
Pal, Maximilian, „Preotul cărturar Petru Tocanei, O.F.M. Conv. Profil bio-bibliografic”,
în Pro Memoria, nr. 3/2004, Bucureşti, 2004, pp. 176-189.
Robu, Mihai, Istoria Bisericii catolice prescurtată, Editura Rothemberg, Iaşi, 1918.
Idem, „Catolicii şi acţiunea militară a României”, în Calendarul catolic, nr.12, Iaşi, 1914.
Ruiz Sánchez, J.L., Prensa y propaganda catolica (1832-1965), Universidad de Sevila,
2002.
Wierciński, Félix, Căsătoriile mixte, Editura Presa Bună, Iaşi, 1928.
V· Surse internet
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Romana_Unita_cu_Roma,_Greco-Catolica
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_al_IX-lea
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_l 903193
7_divini-redemptoris_en.html
http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_
19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_do
c_23 05197 l_communio_en.html
http://www.communio-icr.com
290
I
Catolicii în spaliui public
http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/ciocuments/vat-ii_ciecree
19631204_inter-mirifica_en.html
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_cnc_2
6_vigilanti-cura_en.html
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_250
68_humanae-vitae_it.html
http://www.scribd.eom/doc/49240203/4/CAPlTOLUL-V-iNTKRVENTiILE-MAGlST
ERJULUI-IN-M ATERIE-FILOZOF IC A
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http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg֊ Acton,_lst_Baron_Acton
http://www.encyclopedial23.eom/H/HermesGeoeg.html
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http://www.totustuustools.net/magistero/grego 16.htm Q
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_cnc_
01 _graves-de-communi-re_en.html
291
Indice de nume
A
Abălăoaie, Ferenţ /170
Acerbo (legea) / 92
Acton, Lordul / 49
Adjudeni /195
Aescher/ 125
Africa/39,98, 162, 176, 229
Agârbiceanu, Ioan /119
Aix/48
Alba Iulia /103,107,111,156,162,214
Albania, 146/160
don Alberione /75
Alberione, Giacomo / 91
Albertario, Davide / 88-89
Alighieri, Dante /144-145
Alsacia /172
America / 229
America Latină (de Sud) / 39, 98, 162,
169
Andrieş, Dumitru (Zacheu) / 131, 158,
160,171,260-261
Angelescu / 261
Anglia/49,146, 176. 221
Antanta /129
Antonescu, Ion / 264-265
Apolinaris /195
Arad/117
Ardeleanu, Dumitru / 266
Argeş / 197
Asia/39, 98,229
Assisi/198-199, 201
Attanasio / 90
Augsburg /137
Auner, Carol / 123-124, 128-129, 137-
142,144, 146-149, 191
Auner, Johann Nepomuk /146
Austria / 23, 93, 119, 129, 153, 191, 199,
221,258
Averescu, Alexandru /152,255
Azana, Manuel / 84
Aznar, Severino / 80
B
Bacău / 104, 174-175, 178, 183, 191,
193-194, 197, 199-201,234, 259
Bachmeier, Gaspar / 170, 264-265
Bad Deutsch-Altenburg / 153
Badajoz / 80
Baden / 149
Baia Mare /115
Balcani /160
Balmes, Jařme / 51, 76
Banat/ 104, 111, 118
Barcelona/78, 81, 83, 86
Bariţiu, George /113,115, 117
Basarabia/107-108,152,157,161,260
Baud, I. / 126
Bavaria /199
Bălan, Ioan /124-125,127-129,140,148
Bălan, Iosif / 170
Bărăţie/140-141,155,247,257-258
Bârlad /192
Bâmova /196
Beiuş /116,170,194,198,237,242,265
Bejan, Mihai / 265
Belgia /176,212,217
Benedict XV /91,145,161,169
Bergamin, Jose / 84
Beuve-Mery, Hubert / 96
Bihor /197
Bilbao / 79
Bismark /50
Bisoc, Anton / 178, 180, 183
293
IULIAN GHERCĂ
Bixad/ 116, 118, 237
Blaj / 104, 113-116, 119, 133, 148, 151,
158, 162, 191-192, 203, 215, 232,
237, 242,258, 275
Bloch-Michel, J. / 97
Bobu, Ioan /115
Bolanos, Benigno /81
Bologna/91
Bondi, F. / 97
Bonomelli / 89
Boppart /199
Botoşani /157
Bran, Emil /116
Braşov /115
Brazilia / 168, 204
Brăila / 104, 186, 197
Brătianu (guvernul) / 129
Brătianu, Ion C. / 106
Brătianu, Ion I.C. /152
Brânzeu, Nicolae / 116-117, 119, 268
Brescia / 89
Bruxelles/67, 212, 214-215
Bucovina / 112, 117, 157
Bucureşti / 17-18, 22, 24, 26, 29, 32-
33, 103-108, 111-112, 117-119, 123-
124, 126-137, 139-140, 142-157, 159,
161-162, 172, 174, 176, 190, 194-195,
197, 199-200, 202-204, 206, 215-216,
222, 226-227, 231-248, 250-251, 253-
255, 257-258, 260, 263, 267-269,
275,277
Budai Deleanu, Ion /113
Budapesta / 114, 148
Budesco, Vasiliu /115
Budisan, Ioan / 116
Bulgaria / 105-106
Butea / 191, 198
Buonaiuti /57
Buzău/150
C
Caballero, Jimenez / 84
Cadiz /51
Calea Mare/198
Camara, Tomas /78
Camilli, Niccolo Giuseppe /106, 124
Camilli, Nicolae Iosif / 160-161, 193,
199
Caminschi, Gheorghe / 266
Camp am Rhein /199
Cancel, Nicolae /162
Caracaşi /191
Carada, Theodorian / 128-129, 250, 257,
266
Caralevschi, B.P. / 222
Carat, L / 97
Carbonero y Sol /76
le Cardonnel, Louis / 199
don Carlos (infante) /51
Carol I, / 106, 123, 141, 150-151, 161,
166, 275
Carol 11/131
Carronza/169
Carpati, Graţian / 177,197
Carpaţi /128
Casella / 92
Casoria / 90
Câmpulung / 147, 152, 156
Cehoslovacia /221
Cernăuţi / 113, 117-118
Cherso / 192, 197
Chiaudamo, Giuseppe / 28, 51, 53, 55,
57, 82
Chiruţă, Constantin / 266
Chişinău/ 152, 260, 263
Ciobanu, Leonard / 24
Cioplea / 105, 147
Cipariu, Timotei /115
Ciparu/ 117
Cipolloni, Ulderic / 161, 165, 177, 186-
188, 199, 205
Cisar, Alexandru Theodor / 111, 134-
135, 142-143, 152, 155-156, 172, 174,
193, 198-199, 225, 232-237, 260-261,
263, 268
Ciuleşti /115
Cleja/186
Clement XIII / 62
Cluj/115-117, 119, 162, 198, 203
Collectanea, S. / 33
294
Catolicii în spaţiul public
Columbia / 169, 176, 204
de Comillas / 78, 80
Como / 89
Concha, Iosif V. /169
Constantin cel Mare /168
Constantinescu, Miţa / 266
Constantinescu, P. I. / 266
Constantinopol / 104, 151
Constanţa / 195
Cordun / 192
Coste, Alimpii /116
Coşbuc, George /117
Cotnari / 194
Coty, Francois / 95
Cracovia / 157, 193
Craiova/ 113, 155
Crispolti, Filippo / 52, 56
Crişana/ 104
Curci / 87
von Czemin, Hokar /152
D
Daianu, Ilie /116
Dame, Frederic /117
Danemarca / 157
Danzig / 157
Da Passano / 89
Dănilă, G./ 131
Dărmăneşti /191, 194-196
Dcharbe, J. / 192
Decăneşti /198
Demşa, Petru /194
Densuşianu, Aron /117
D’Ester, Joseph /138
Diaz/ 168
Djuvara, G. / 266
Doboş, Dănuţ / 24, 153
Doici, Angelo / 162, 214
Dominic, Neculăeş / 177, 198
Donoso Cortez, Juan /51,76
Dorlinger /50
Dragomirescu, Mihail /157
Dragoş, Avram /116
Drăgescu, I.C. /117
Drăgeşti /198
Dubois / 152
Duchesne / 67
Duma, loan / 189, 204
Duma, Iosif /185
Dumea, Emil / 24
Dumitrescu, Ştefan /147
Dumitriu-Snagov, Ion /32
Dupanloup / 49
Durcovici, Anton / 111, 131, 143-146,
153-155,236
E
Einsiedeln / 125, 139, 149, 152
Elek, Jakob / 113
Elveţia / 152
Enariu, Grigore /194
Erzinger/ 149
Eschenz /152
Eschil/ 156
Ester, J.D. /, 143
Estonia /157
Esztergom /104
Europa/35, 50, 120, 158, 172, 228
don Eusebio / 52
F
Falevski, Bronislav / 147, 196, 261
Far (generalul) /168
Fauvet, Jacques / 96
Făgăraş/103, 107, 162
Fălticeni / 259
Fărăoani/ 178, 184, 193, 197
Fărcăşeni /191
Ferderber, Otília / 161, 165
Ferdinand (regele României) /110, 125,
152,162
Ferdinand VII /51
Ferenţ, Eduard /153
Ferenţ, Iacob /170
Ferenţ, loan / 162-163, 191-192
Ferrandina / 89
Ferrari (cardinalul) /75, 90, 92, 94
Fetz, Lucius / 123-125
Filiti, loan C. / 128, 148
Fiorea, Andrei /174
295
IULIAN GHERCĂ
Florenţa/ 88-89, 169
Fluerasui, Nicolae /116
Focşani /194
Fogazzaro, 57
Francisc, Matas /177
Franţa / 18-19, 21-23, 27-28, 37, 39,
48-50, 68, 74-75, 78, 87, 94, 96-97,
99, 112, 119, 129, 146, 160, 221,248,
258-259, 271,273
Franz Josef /147
Frâncu, Teofil /117
Frenţiu, Valériu Traian / 116, 214, 238,
254, 265
Fribourg /195
Frollo, Anton Vladimir /131
Frollo, Hildebrand / 124, 128-129, 156-
157
Frollo, Iosif/124,131,162
Frollo, Mia, /131, 162
G
Gabor, Anton / 31, 119, 159-162, 164,
166, 170-172, 174-175, 189, 196,
202-203, 215, 226-227, 231-236,
246-247,259-261,263,266-269
Gaeta / 88
Gafencu, Grigore /251
Galaţi / 105-106, 145,186-187, 189, 197,
199,203-206
Galbeni /186
Garzon, Francisco /78
Gasparri, Pietro /109
de Gaulle, Charles / 96
Gazdaru, D. / 266
Gârleanu, Ion, 177/198
Geană, Alexandru /115, 117
Genova/91, 94, 195
Georgescu, loan /119,215-216,221
Georgescu, Jean / 24
Gerbert / 48
Germania / 23, 39, 50, 93, 99, 112, 129,
142, 146, 157, 199, 229, 244, 259,
263,271,276
Gheguţ, Andrei /194
Gherăeşti / 227, 261
Gherla / 104, 115-116, 119, 232, 237,
242, 275
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe /111
Ghika, Vladimir / 124, 126, 129, 148,
154,266
Ghiuzan, Iosif /162,195-196, 261
Gioseni / 195
Giurgiu /153
Glaser, Marcu / 265
Gliganul de Sus /197
Goldiş, Vasile /109
Gotti / 126, 150
von Gottingen, Lorinzig /142
Granada / 80
Gregorio, S. /257
Grigore XV / 41
Grigore XVI / 33, 48, 63
Grosoli / 90-91
Gruilung /198
Guatemala /176
Guli, Ilarion / 266
Gurie /152
Günter/50
H
Habeni, Francisc /157
Hajdudorogh/ 151
Hamack, Adolf / 67-68
Hausner, Constantin / 170, 195
Hălăuceşti/ 178-179,184,186,196,198-
200, 237
Hefele /50
Herghelegiu, Dumitru /170,194,203,264
Hering, Iulius /140-141
Hermes /50
Hervas, Sanchez / 79
Hilen/213
Holod / 265
Horleşti /193
Hornstein, Xaveriu /155
Hosu, Iuliu/ 162
Hudiţa, L/266
Huerta /169
Huşi / 178, 183, 186, 190, 197, 199,
204,261
von Hügel, Friederich / 68
296
Catolicii în spaţiul public
I
Iaşi / 17-18, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31-32, 103-
106, 108, 111, 118-119, 123, 126,
128-129, 131, 148, 151-153, 155-157,
159, 161, 167, 169-171, 174-178,
184, 190-195, 199, 201-203, 207-208,
215, 225-227, 232, 234, 236, 238-
239, 241-242, 244, 255, 258-265,
267, 277
Ierusalim / 67
Innsbruck / 191-192, 199, 252
Ionescu, Constantin A. /125
Ionescu, Take /152
Iorga, Nicolae /123
Iovanelli, Ştefan T. / 143
Iovanelli, Traian /131
Iribarren, Jesus / 86
Irlanda /126
Irwin, Alois /146
Italia / 18-19, 21-23, 27-28, 36-37, 39,
63, 74-75, 82, 87, 90-91, 93-95, 97,
99, 112, 119, 167-169, 192, 196, 199,
204, 221, 248,258-259,271,273,276
J
Japonia / 176, 204
Jaquet, Dominic /128,193
Jilava, 155, 202
Laterano / 93, 218
Laureri, Basilio / 147
Laurian, August Treboniu /117
Leon X/62, 97
Leon XIII / 51, 64, 89, 105-106, 275
Leordeni /152
Lereşti /152
Lestuan, Andrea /215
Letrano /97
Liberatore /87
Licata / 94
Livomo / 160, 167-168
Loisy, Alfred / 57, 68
Lourdes / 152, 168
Lucaciu, Vasile /115
Lugoj / 104, 116, 119, 133, 162, 232,
247, 275
Logrono / 79
Luizi Călugăra / 186, 261
Lupeanu-Melin, Alexandru /116
M
Maděro /168
Madrid/80-81, 83, 86
Madrid-Alcala / 79
Mailath, Gustavo /214
Maior, Iuliu /116
Maiorescu, Ioan /113
Mainz / 50, 199
Malinovski, Iosif / 126, 159, 192-193,
200, 259, 260
Manning /50
Maniu, Iuliu /109
Mano /126
Maramureş / 104, 241
Marea Britanie /68
Marghiloman, Alexandru /107
Margotti /88
Marinescu, J. /, 131
Marmaggi, Francesco / 144-145, 231-
232, 247, 257
Marton, Aron /111
Matei, Dumitru Sandu /201, 265
Mavrodi, Mihai /266
Max (principele) /166
K
Karalevskij, Kirii / 128-129, 148
Karkaieki, Mihail / 113
Katowice / 225
Ketteler / 50
Kogälniceanu, Mihail /114
Kopand /167
Kretzulescu /106
Kurtius, Friedrich /141
L
Laboa /51
Lacordaire / 48
Ladan, loan /183
Lagrange, Paul / 67
Lamennais / 48
297
IULIAN GHERCÄ
May, Iuliu/ 170
Mărgineni /197
Mărtinaş, Ioan / 167, 170, 264, 266
Mărtinaş, P. / 227
Meda, Filippo / 90,92
Melchisedec / 106
Menendez Pelayo, Marcelino /51
Merry del Val / 52, 82, 126, 151
Mexic/160, 168-169
Mey, Schuster / 192
Micara/213
Miclea, Ioan / 154
Miclescu, Nicolae /106
Micu Moldovan / 115, 117
Mihăilescu, Simon /117
Milano /89, 91-92, 94, 160,229
Milcov /192
Micocchi /57
Mironescu/ 152
Mittelsteine /157
Modena / 89
Moineşti /194
Moldova / 29, 104-105, 107-108, 111,
129, 147, 153, 159-162, 167, 169,
171-172, 174, 176-178, 182-187,
189-194, 196-197, 199-200, 202-206,
236, 258-261,264, 269, 275
Monaco /126
Montabaur /199
Montalembert / 48
Monti, Giuseppe /218, 226
Morariu, Bonaventura/178,187,200-201
Moraru, Anton /194
Moscova / 157
Mosel, Paul / 174, 199-200
Mounier, Emmanuel / 95
Movilă, Ieremia /191
Möhler / 50
Müller, G. / 143
Muntenia /111, 147
Mureşianu, Iacobu /114-115
Murii, Romolo / 57, 90
Mussolini / 93-94
Müler, Fabian /153
Müller, L. /147
N
Namur / 213
Naniescu/ 106
Napoleon III / 66
Napoli / 87
Neamţ / 192-193, 195-196, 259
Neculau, Dumitru / 266
Negruţius, Nicolae Fekete / 115, 117
Netzhammer, Raymund / 33, 123-129,
133, 137-145, 147-154, 156, 162,
165, 232, 254, 257, 277
Newman / 49-50
Nicolescu, Alexandru /133, 162
Nicopolis/ 105, 156
Nisa/126
O
O’Brien Christlich, Elisabeth /126
Oceania / 229
O’Hara, Gerald Patrick / 153
Oradea / 104, 111, 115-117, 119, 157,
197-198, 203,214-215, 232, 237-238,
242, 254, 265, 275
Orăştie/ 156
Olanda /146, 176
Oria, Herrera / 75, 79
Orleans / 49
Ortega y Gasset, Jose / 84
Orti y Lara / 77-78
Oteleni / 195
Oxford / 49
P
Pacelli, Eugenio /109,214
Padova / 196,200
Pacha, Augustin /111
Pal, Petru /170, 195-196,221-222, 265
Palazu Mare / 152
Pamplona /79
Paoli/ 105-106, 146-147
Papiu, Laruirian /117
Paris /48, 95-96, 152,166-167, 229
Paris-Versailles /111
von Pastor, Ludwig /67
Paşcani / 259
298
Catolicii în spaţiul public
Paul III / 62
Pelaez, Antolin Lopez / 79
Pennescu, Dumitru C. /109
Petrescu Comnen, Nicolae / 251
Petrovici, A. / 266
Petru Şchiopul /191
Peţ, Gheorghe / 196, 261, 264
Peutzige, /157
Piatra Neamţ /156
Pidal y Mar, Alejandro / 77
Pietrosu / 194
Pildeşti / 195
Pius IX / 63-64, 66, 87, 103, 176, 218,
220
Pius X / 28, 33, 56, 62, 68-70, 82, 91,
141, 150, 176
Pius XI / 33, 45, 60, 92-93, 109, 152,
193, 212-213, 229, 234-235, 261, 263
Pius XII/33, 92, 111, 153
Pleşca, Petru / 194
Ploieşti / 153
Poiana Micului /197
Polonia / 121, 193, 221, 230, 269, 278
Pop, Sigismund /115
Pop Păcurar, Cornel /117
Popa, Augustin / 116, 133
Popa, Nicolae /131
Popa-Lesseanu, G. / 266
Popeşti-Leordeni /155
Popfui, Justin /115
Portugalia / 68, 93
Praga / 225
Preda, Dumitru /32
Prevost, Jean / 95
Principatele Române /104, 107
Prusia / 66
Pustiana/ 197
R
Racocea, Theodor /113
Radu, Demetrie /147
Raliu, Ioan /115
Rampolla /126
Ravensburg /125
Răchiteni / 170, 191
Räducäneni/ 178, 186, 197
Rämnicu Välcea /150
Recinetti / 199
Renan/ 67
Restrepo, Carol E. / 169
Ritter von Lama, Friedrich / 263
Robu, Ioan /160
Robu, Mihai / 156, 162, 184, 193-196,
207, 225-226, 236, 260-262, 264-265
van Roey /213
Roma / 43, 48, 66, 87, 89-91, 94, 98,
105, 107, 109, 124, 126, 128-129,
149, 151-157, 168, 176, 195-198,
200-201, 216, 218, 220, 226-227,
267, 275
Romanones /79
Roman / 104, 106, 170, 177, 184
Roman, Alexandru /115
Romänia / 17-18, 21-24, 26-33, 43, 75,
87, 94-95, 101, 103-112, 114, 116,
118-124, 127, 129-134, 136, 138-139,
141, 144, 146-155, 157-158, 162,
164-165, 171-173, 176, 179, 183-185,
192, 194, 197, 200-202, 204, 206,
208-211, 214-218, 221-228, 230-232,
234, 236-259, 264, 267-269, 274-278
Romila, Dumitru/ 196, 261, 264, 266
Rossi, Giovanni / 94
van Rossum /145
Rotariu, Gheorghe / 266
Rotti, Franco /218
Ruothaan, Joannes Philippe /87
Rušia / 93, 98, 109, 146, 167, 213, 229
Rusu, Alexandru / 116-117, 232
S
Saiz / 82
Sanchez, Ruiz /77
Sanchez y Hervas /78
San Miniato /197
Sarda y Salvany, Felix / 76, 78
Sarmacand /167
Sarzana/ 195
Satú Mare /111, 115-116, 118, 237
Sauvageot / 96
299
IULIAN GHERCĂ
Saxonia /166
Säbäoani / 176-178, 180, 183, 190,
193, 197-198, 200, 202, 205-206, 265
Särata / 201
Scheffler, Ianos /111
Schiller, Gottfried / 125
Schmourlo /128
Schubert, Joseph / 135, 141
Scotton, Jacopo / 88
Scriban, A. / 266
Seikel, Matthaus / 143-144
Seipel/152
Seoane/ 82
Sevilla / 79
Siberia/ 167
Sibiu/115
Sighet /116, 119, 155
Sila§i, Grigore /114
Silezia/ 157
Simpson / 49
Sinaia/150, 166
Soler, Juan Palau / 78
Souran, Romuald /162
Spania / 18-19, 21, 23, 27-28, 36-37,
39, 51, 68, 74֊76, 78-80, 83, 85-87,
95, 97, 99, 112,221,248,271, 273
Spinola (cardinalul), 79
Statul Papal, 63, 88, 107, 111, 120,
210-211,230-231, 252, 275-276
Stäne§ti /191
Stoianovici /141
Stolz, Alban / 196
Stoppani / 89
Strasbourg / 195
Sturzo, Luigi /89, 92-93
Suciu, I. / 266
Suciu, Vasile /154,162
Suedia/157
S.U.A. / 96, 169
Sykes / 48
§
§aguna, Andrei /114
$erban, George / 131
§imleul Silvaniei /116
T
Tachnned/167
Taparelli / 87
Tarea, loan / 266
Tălmăcel, Iosif / 174, 176-178, 183-
184,196-198, 234, 259
Tămăşeni, / 259
Tăutu, Alois / 116-117
Tăutu, P. / 266
Târgovişte /153
TârguTrotuş/ 191
Terek, Alexandru / 194
Theodorian-Carada, M. / 107, 124-125
Thomas /139
Timişoara/111, 117-119, 142
Tocanei /180-181
Toniolo, Giuseppe / 89
Torino / 88, 90
dalia Torre, Giuseppe / 218, 220
von Toth, Sigismund / 140
Toscana / 63
Transilvania (Ardeal) /18, 29, 104, 111-
117, 120, 151, 161-162, 198, 202-
204, 232, 260
Trento / 62
Trifaş, Anton /194, 264
Trifu, loan /113
Tulcea/153
Tumu Severin / 150, 194
Tyrrell/57
T
ŢaraBârsei/192
Ţara Românească / 29, 104, 275
Ţerek, Alexandru A. / 266
U
Ungaria / 104, 106-107, 121, 211, 221,
230, 269, 278
V
Valahia/105
Valea Seacă/ 195, 259
Valencia / 79, 86
Valladolid/82
300
Catolicii în spaţiul public
Vanca, Ioan /124
Varşovia /167
Vatican / 19-21, 23, 26, 28-32, 36, 44,
46-47, 63-64, 88, 90, 93-94, 98-99,
101, 103-111, 120, 142, 144, 162,
169-170, 173,209-211,214-215,218,
220, 222, 224231, 235, 240, 245-248,
250-254, 256-258, 264, 267269, 271,
273-278
Vasiliu, Aurel / 266
Văleni / 193
Veuillot, Louis / 48,50,70
Viena / 103, 105-106, 113-114, 146,
151-152
Vieten, Peter /140
Vilacanu, Alexandru /115
Villa /169
Vomicu, Vladimir /131
Vulcan, Iosif /115
Vulcan, Samuel /115
W
Wahl, L./ 176
Ward / 50
Weidmann, Francisca/ 146
Werd/ 152
Wetze, G. /142
Wierciński, Felix / 131, 157, 170
Wilhelm 1/ 166
Wroclaw / 157
Würzburg /199
Z
Zaragoza / 79-80, 82
301
Cuprins
Cuvânt-înainte (Episcop auxiliar de Iaşi, Aurel PERCĂ) / 7
Prefaţă (Gheorghe IACOB) / 9
Introducere /17
Capitolul I. Biserica Catolică şi mijloacele moderne de comunicare socială / 35
I«l. Biserica Catolică şi mass-media. Rolul presei în cadrul Bisericii / 37
1.1.1. Influenţa mediilor intelectuale catolice din occident asupra Bisericii şi
a mijloacelor de informare în viaţa publică / 47
1.1.2. Giuseppe Chiaudano şi modelul ziarului catolic / 52
1.1.3. Instituţii şi acţiuni de unificare a presei catolice / 57
1.2. Istoricul doctrinei Bisericii Catolice şi a viziunii sale asupra mijloacelor
de comunicare / 60
1.2.1. Intervenţiile Magisteriului până la pontificatul Papei Pius X / 62
1.2.2. Syllabus şi Conciliul Vatican 1/66
1.2.3. Intervenţiile Magisteriului în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea / 68
1.3. Presa în Spania, Italia şi Franţa / 74
1.3.1. Spania/76
1.3.1.1. Presa din Spania la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea / 76
1.3.1.2. Evoluţia presei din Spania în prima jumătate a secolului al
XX lea / 79
1.3.2. Italia/87
1.3.2.1. Publicaţiile din Italia la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea / 87
1.3.2.2. Presa din Italia în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea / 90
1.3.3. Franţa / 94
1.3.3.1. Evoluţia presei din Franţa la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea şi în
prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea / 95
Capitolul II. Presa catolică din diecezele de Bucureşti şi Iaşi în prima
jumătate a secolului al XX-lea / 103
II.l. Biserica Catolică în România / 103
H.2. Presa catolică din România. Prezentare generală /112
11.3. Presa catolică din diecezele de Bucureşti şi Iaşi /123
II.3.1. Presa catolică din arhidieceza de Bucureşti /123
5
11.3.1.1. Publicaţiile în limba română /123
11.3.1.2. Publicaţiile în limba germană /136
11.3.1.3. Redactori şi colaboratori ai publicaţiilor catolice din arhidieceza
Bucureşti /146
11.3.2. Presa catolică din dieceza de Iaşi /159
11.3.2.1. Revistele diecezane /159
11.3.2.2. Revistele franciscane /176
11.3.2.3. Redactori şi colaboratori ai revistelor catolice din dieceza de
Iaşi /191
11.3.3. Analiza comparativă a publicaţiilor catolice din diecezele de Bucureşti şi
Iaşi din punct de vedere al caracteristicelor tehnice / 202
A
Capitolul III. încercări şi modalităţi de unificare a presei catolice româneşti / 209
ПІ.1. Participarea României la Congresul şi Expoziţia Mondială a Presei
Catolice / 210
III. 1.1. Congresul Presei Catolice / 212
III. 1.2. Expoziţia Mondială a Presei Catolice /218
III. 2. Proiectele unui cotidian catolic în România / 230
111.3. Cotidianul Albina / 245
111.4. Institutul Presa Bună / 258
Concluzii / 271
Bibliografie / 279
Indice de nume / 293
Abstract / 303
Resume/ 315
6 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ghercă, Iulian 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080703888 |
| author_facet | Ghercă, Iulian 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ghercă, Iulian 1982- |
| author_variant | i g ig |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041993410 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)879603404 (DE-599)BSZ403920477 |
| era | Geschichte 1750-1950 gnd Geschichte 1850-1950 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1750-1950 Geschichte 1850-1950 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Spanien Italien Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV041993410 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T01:39:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786062400149 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027435602 |
| oclc_num | 879603404 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 326 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Inst. European |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Colecţia Academica |
| series2 | Colecţia Academica |
| spelling | Ghercă, Iulian 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1080703888 aut Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea Iulian Ghercă Iaşi Inst. European 2013 326 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Academica 201: Seria Istorie Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1750-1950 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1850-1950 gnd rswk-swf Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd rswk-swf Spanien (DE-588)4055964-6 gnd rswk-swf Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 b Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 s Geschichte 1750-1950 z DE-604 Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 g Spanien (DE-588)4055964-6 g Geschichte 1850-1950 z Colecţia Academica 201: Seria Istorie (DE-604)BV035808626 201 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personen- und Ortsregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ghercă, Iulian 1982- Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea Colecţia Academica Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2009545-4 (DE-588)4047150-0 (DE-588)4055964-6 (DE-588)4027833-5 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea |
| title_auth | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea |
| title_exact_search | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea |
| title_full | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea Iulian Ghercă |
| title_fullStr | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea Iulian Ghercă |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catolicii în spaţiul public presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea Iulian Ghercă |
| title_short | Catolicii în spaţiul public |
| title_sort | catolicii in spatiul public presa catolica din romania in prima jumatate a secolului al xx lea |
| title_sub | presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea |
| topic | Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Katholische Kirche Presse Spanien Italien Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435602&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035808626 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ghercaiulian catoliciiinspatiulpublicpresacatolicadinromaniainprimajumatateasecoluluialxxlea |