Lietuvos upės: hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Lithuanian |
| Published: |
Kaunas
Lietuvos energetikos institutas
2001
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 790 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9986492645 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvos upės |b hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |c Brunonas Gailiušis, Jonas Jablonskis, Milda Kovalenkovienė |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kaunas |b Lietuvos energetikos institutas |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a 790 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Jablonskis, Jonas |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kovalenkovienės, Milda |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Record in the Search Index
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TURINYS
PRATARMÈ. 7
TRUMPA LIETUVOS UPHJ TYRIMU APZVALGA . 9
!. UPIU TINKLO IR NUOTÉKIO VEIKSN1AI. 13
I.E Bendra fiziniqgeografiniiiveiksniuapzvalga. 15
1.2. Aplinkos vietinés fizinés geografinès s^lygos. 17
1.2.1. Geologinè s^ranga. 17
i .2.2. Reljefo pagrindiniai bruozai. 20
1.2.3. Dirvozemiai ir dirvodarinès uolienos. 21
E2.4. Augalija . 23
1.3. Lietuvos kiimato veiksniai. 24
1.3.1. Lietuvos kiimato rajonai . 24
E3.2. Oro, zemés ir vandens temperatura. 26
1.3.3. Krituliai. 29
1.3.4. Garavimas nuo zemés ir vandens pavirsiaus. 34
1.3.5. Kiti kiimato veiksniai. 36
Literatüra. 38
2. H1DROGRAFIJA . 39
2.1. Upès . 41
2.1.1. Hidronimai. 41
2.1.2. Upiqtyrimai istoriniu aspektu. 42
2.1.3. Upip kadastro koregavimo ir detalizavimo aspektai. 43
2.1.4. Upiiiteritorinis pasiskirstymas. 47
2.1.5. Upiti irjqtinklo pakeitimii priezastys. 50
2.1.6. Upiii vagp tinklas ir salies zemiij sausinimas. 50
2.1.7. Hidrografiniotinkio apsauga. Hidrografiniai draustiniai. 53
2.1.8. Lietuvos pasienio upés . 54
2.2. Ezerai. 60
2.3. Tvenkiniai. 64
2.4. Pelkes. 70
2.5. Pozeminiai vandenys . 70
2.6. Kursip marios. 72
2.7. Lietuvos vidaus vandenys. 73
Literatüra. 74
3
3. UPIU IR jy BASEINU MORFOMETRINIAI RODIKLIAI. 77
3.1. [vadinés pastabos. 79
3.2. Upiu vag Lj ügis. 79
3.3. Upiij bascinij plotai. 79
3.4. Upiij vagij tinklo ir baseino plotijpakitimai. 81
3.5. Upes ilgio ir jos baseino ploto santykis. 83
3.6. Upiij vagq tinklo struktüra. 85
3.7. Upiq vagu tinklo tankis. 90
3.8. Upkf baseino forma ir asimetriSkumas . 92
3.9. Upii^ vagu vingiuotumas. 94
3.10. Upii¿ vagij vandens pavirsiaus plotas. 97
3.11. Morfometriniq Charakteristik^ kitimas isilgai upes. 100
3.12. Kadastrinés lentelés-dinaminé hidrografiniq ziniqsantrauka. 105
Literatura. 123
4. BENDRA LIETUVOS UPIU NUOTÉKIO HIDROLOGÍNIO REZIMO
CHARAKTERISTIKA . 125
4. Í. Trumpa nuotékio Charakteristiken skaiciavimo metodij apzvalga. 139
4.1.1. Hidrologiniq Charakteristik^ skaiciavimas turint ilgalaikius stebejimi| duomenis . 140
4.1.2. Hidrologiniq Charakteristik^ skaiciavimas turint trumpas nuotékio stebéjimij
duomenq eiles. 142
4.1.3. Hidrologiniij charakteristikt¿ skaiciavimas neturint nuotékio stebéjimi| duomenij. 144
Literatura. 145
5. LIETUVOS UPIU METU NUOTÉKIS. 147
5.1. Lietuvos upiipnetq nuotékio norma. 149
5.2. Metq nuotékio kaita. 165
5.3. Neistirtq upiq variacijos ir asi in et rijos koeficientij nustatymas. 169
Literatüra. 170
6. LIETUVOS UPIU NUOTÉKIO PASISKIRSTYMAS PER METUS. 171
6.1. Meti| nuotékio pasiskirstymo skaiCiavimo metodai . 173
6.2. Metq nuotékio sezonai. 174
6.3. Lietuvos upiu sezonij nuotékis. 175
6.4. Nuotékio pasiskirstymas per metus. 185
6.4.1. Nuotékio ménesinis pasiskirstymas sezomj viduje. 185
6.4.2. Metij nuotékio pasiskirstymas ménesiais. 186
6.5. Sezonij nuotékio kaita. 196
6.6. Gamtiniq s^Iygq [taka nuotékio pasiskirstymui. 200
6.7. Neistirtij upiij nuotékio pasiskirstymo nustatymas. 204
6.8. Realiij metu nuotékio pasiskirstymas . 205
6.9. Nuotékio pasiskirstymo per metus rodikliai. 206
6.9.1. Fiziniq geografiniij veiksniq [taka nuotékio netolygumo rodikliams. 212
6.9.2. Metq vandeningumo [taka. 212
6.9.3. Baseino ploto dydzio (taka. 212
6.9.4. Baseino ezeringumo ftaka. 215
6.9.5. Baseino smélio plotq jtaka. 215
6.9.6. Nuotékio netolygumo koeficiento pasiskirstymas teritorijoje. 217
Literatüra. 221
TU RI NYS
7. PA VAS A RIO POTVYNiy NUOTÊKIS IR MAKS1MALUS DEBITAI .223
7. i. Bendra potvyniq Charakteristika. 225
7.2. Pavasario potvyniq trukmè. 230
7.3. Pavasario potvyniii nuotékio tQris ir aukStis bei jq kaita. 231
7.4. Maksimalüs pavasario potvynio débitai. 244
7.5. Pavasario potvyniqmaksimaliqdebitqstatistiniai paramétrai . 245
7.6. Pavasario potvynio maksimaliqdebitqskaiciavimas neturint hidrometriniiiduomenii. 247
Literatura. 260
8. POPLUDZig MAKSIMALÜS DEBITAI. 261
8.1. Bendra lietaus sukeliamii poplüdziq Charakteristika. 263
8.2. Popiüdziqmaksirnaliqdebitqstatistiniai paramétrai. 266
8.3. Poplüdziqrnaksimaliqdebitq nustatymas neturint stebéjímo duomenq. 273
Literatura. 276
9. NUOSÊKIO LAIKOTARPIO MINIMALÜS DEBITAI . 277
9.1. Nuosèkio laikotarpiq trukmè Lietuvos úpese . 279
9.2. Nuosèkio minhnalaus nuotékio skaiciuojamosios charakteristikos. 281
9.3. Vasaros ir ziemos sezonq sausiausiq 30 parq vidutiniai débitai. 283
9.4. Minimalüs paros débitai. 300
9.5. Minimalüs nuotékis fiziniqgeografiniq veiksniq kontekste. 3 14
9.6. Minimalaus nuotékio kaita. 323
9.7. Minimalüs Nein uno ir Neries débitai. 327
9.8. Upiq isdziüvimas ir issalimas. 330
Literatüra. 333
10. ÜKINÉ VEIKLA UPiy BASEINUOSE IR JOS JTAKA NUOTÉKIO
CHARAKTERISTIKOMS. 335
10.1. Ükinès veiklos [takos upiq nuotékiui vertinimas. 337
10.L1. Kauno HE tvenkinys. 340
10.1.2. Vileikos — Minsko vandens sistema. 343
10.1.3. Mazieji tvenkiniai. 346
10.1.4. Tarpbaseininès vandens permetimo sistemos. 350
10.1.5. Slapiq zemiq sausinimas. 351
10.2. Kursiq mariq vandens apykaitos pokyciai. 369
Literatüra. 373
PRIEDAS. LIETUVOS UPIIJ HIDROGRAPINES ZÏNIOS . 375
UPJÜ ILGIAI IR BASEINÜ PLOTAÍ. 377
1. Nemunas ir mazieji jo intakai. 377
LI. Merkio baseinas. 431
1.2. Neris ir mazieji jos intakai. 445
1.2.1. Zeimenos baseinas. 463
1.2.2. Sventosios baseinas. 478
1.3. Nevèzio baseinas. 505
1.4. Dubysos baseinas. 529
1.5. Mituvos baseinas. 540
1.6. Sesupés baseinas. 546
5
1.7. Juros baseinas. 565
1.8. Minijos baseinas. 587
2. Lietuvos paj Cirio upiq base inai. 610
3. Ventos baseinas. 622
4. Lielupés baseinas . 656
4.1. Müsos baseinas. 669
4.2. Nemunélio baseinas . 699
5. Dauguvos intakij base inai. 712
6. Priegliaus baseinas. 731
ABÉCÉLINÉ UPÉVARDZiy RODYKLÉ. 732
SANTRAUKA. 783
SUMMARY .:. 736
PE3H3ME. 789
6
THE LITHUANIAN RIVERS.
HYDROGRAPHY AND RUNOFF
Summary
Water constitutes a significant part of all natural resources. The results of investigation of the Lithuanian rivers in terms of
hydrography (morphometry) and hydrology obtained by the scientists of Hydrology laboratory of Lithuanian Energy Institute -
I. Baltrusaitiene, K. Gaigalis, G. Griziene, A. Jurgelenaite, I. Jurgeleviciene, A. Juskiene, J. Kriauciuniene, M. Lasinskas,
E. Rimaviciute, A. Tautvydas et al. are published in the monography.
The rivers and lakes are our national wealth, the essential component of our landscape, which must be saved and preserved.
In order to properly manage these natural resources it is necessary to have as much knowledge as possible gathered, investigated
and generalized using identical methodology.
The aims of this work are:
to investigate regularities of the Lithuanian river network as well as the territorial distribution of the river runoff in
association with its physical-geographical situation,
to present the newest information about the main morphometric indices of the basins of the Lithuanian rivers, runoff
characteristics of rivers (average, maximum and minimum runoff and its distribution), generalized from the data of the
gauging-stations,
to substantiate scientific recommendations for the calculation of the runoff characteristics of rivers not investigated,
to supply detailed data for necessary usage and protection of water resources as well as hydrotechnical construction,
to assess the changes of the river hydrographic network and the river runoff because of economic activities.
The results are presented in ten chapters. The hydrographic data is presented in annexes.
The river dimensions, their morpho-metric variety as well as their runoff characteristics depend exclusively on the climate and
on the concrete local physic-geographic factors. The factors of these both groups are analyzed in the first chapter. It begins with
the geologic structure of the most common and stable element of landscape - lithogenic base. The relief, the soil and its mechanic
composition, vegetation as well as surface and subsurface runoff depend upon the thickness of quarter sediments and their geo-
physic properties. The relief is the contact zone of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere with the most intensive interaction
between the physic elements. The differences in the substratum of earth surface cause the hydrographic differences and the differences
of hydrologic regime of rivers. The historically formed natural hydrologic regime of water bodies experiences the influence of
anthropogenic activities. About 47% of the Lithuanian territory is drained land. The following climatic factors are analyzed in the first
chapter: weather, earth surface and water temperatures, precipitation, evaporation from the surface of the earth and water and others.
The second chapter is dedicated to investigation and discussion of the hydrography of the country. The rivers are described in
it from the hydrographic point of view and the general information is given about the lakes, ponds, wetlands as well as ground
waters influencing to the river runoff and its regime.
The hydrographic, hydrometric and hydrologic investigations of the Lithuanian rivers started a long time ago. The Greek
astronomer and geographer K. Ptolomei knew about our rivers already in the Second Century. In the pre-war time professor
S. Kolupaiia carried out his wide investigations of the Lithuanian rivers. The second chapter includes explanation on how the
hydrographic information was updated and new data collected. River lengths and catchment areas were measured from the
topographic maps at the scale of 1:25000, after correction of their hydrographic situation. Lengths of all rivers longer than 3 km
were measured and analysis of their distribution according to length and basin area was carried out (Table 2.2).
The river network of the country changed considerably because of land drainage. In 1998 the drained area constituted 3046.0
thousand ha including 2620.5 thousand ha drained by drains. It was established that after draining 46.6% of the territory the total
length of all rivers and canals increased from 63.7 thousand km to 76.8 thousand km, that is by 20.6%, while the number of rivers
decreased from 29.1 thousand to 22.2 thousand, that is by 17.4%.
Investigation revealed that regulated (straightened) river channels constitute 82.6%, while natural ones constitute 17.4%, or
13.3 thousands km. The information on the hydrographic reservations and on the state border rivers, which outline about 46% of
the state border is presented.
The rivers are closely related to the lakes. There are 2850 lakes in the country with areas each larger than 0.5 ha and 3150 small
lakes of natural origin with areas less than 0.5 ha each. Their total area comprises 913.6 km2. The morphometric indices of the
lakes are discussed.
There are 1132 river ponds, each with area larger than 0.5 ha, which make up the total area amounting to 238 km2. The area of
wetlands is 7.3% of the total area of the country. After the drainage it was reduced to 3.8%. The characteristics of the runoff are
associated with the number of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands in the river basin calculated as proportion of the total basin area
(Table 4.4.).
The ground water resources in Lithuania constitute the total 13 million m3 per day or 2.3 l-s-1km~2, while the ground water safe
yield makes up one fourth of them. In the South-Eastern part of Lithuania the underground runoff makes up about a half of the total
786
SUMMARY
annual runoff, while in the Middle Lowland from 10% to 17% and in the Zemaiciq Heights - from 12% to 15%.
All inside waters together cover the area equal to 1900 km2 and thus occupy about 2.9% of the whole territory of the country.
The lakes are the most spread, they occupy 1.4% of the territory, while the river ponds - 0.37% of territory and river channels -
0.51% of territory.
The morphometric indices of rivers and their basins are analyzed in the third chapter. One of the main morphometric indices
of the river is its length. 4.4 thousand rivers were measured beginning with 3 km length runlets and ending with the greatest rivers.
Their total length is 37.7 thousand km. The data on any particular river is presented in the annexes. The length of the small rivers
was calculated taking into account their regulated stretches. Therefore, the data is approximate. The methodology is presented in
the second chapter. The rivers can be classified according to their measured as well as calculated length: large rivers (L = 101-500 km),
their total number is 17, with the total length of 3.2 thousand km; middle rivers (L= 10.1-100 km), their number is 755, with the
total length of 15.6 thousand km; runlets (L = 0.25-10 km), their number is 21.5 thousand while their total length is 58.0 thousand
km. The runlets constitute 96.5% of the total river number (22.2 thousand) and 75.5% of the total river length (76.8 thousand km).
The comparison of the newly obtained and previous river inventory data indicates that the basin areas changed by 12% and the
regulated rivers became shorter by 8.2%.
Relationship between the river length and its basin area, the structure of the river network, the drainage density, winding, the
form of river basins and their skewness, the area of river water surface and methods of its determination, as well as the change of
some morphometric characteristics along the river were established.
The hydrographic data discussed in this chapter is presented in the cadastric tables in the annexes.
The headings of the tables are as follows:
The distance
from the
mouth km
Intake
bank
Name of tributary
Length Basin area km2
km before tributary’s with tributary
tributary
increment of area
between tributaries
km2
A river and its basin might be characterized differently depending on what features are intended to be emphasized. The
hydrologists are mostly interested in the size and the form of the river and its basin, the river channel network and other features,
described quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Such properties of the hydrographic objects, expressed in numbers are called
morphometric data, indices or characteristics. The most important of them are the river length and its basin area, indispensable for
hydraulic engineering and hydrology.
The river channels are formed by the kinetic energy of the water flow, which erodes banks and carries erosion products. This
natural process of channel formation is continuous and can be slow or rapid. Most of our rivers have been transformed during the
few last decades. Their present morphometric characteristics differ from those 40 or 50 years ago, before the massive land reclamation.
In the fourth chapter general hydrologic regime of the Lithuanian rivers is described. Although the territory of Lithuania is
relatively small, the hydrologic regime and river feeding here varies greatly because of the big differences in the runoff forming
and redistributing factors across the country. The essential differences of the hydrologic regime are established in three hydrologic
zones: 1) Western Lithuania, 2) Middle Lithuania, 3) South-Eastern Lithuania.
The main source of river feeding in the Western Lithuania is precipitation, constituting from 40% to 70% of the annual
runoff. Because of the often winter thaws the contribution of the spring snow-melt is considerably less - from 22 % to 36%. The
frequent thaws, changeable snow cover, intensive summer and autumn rain form the complicated hydrologic regime of the rivers
flowing in this region. The runoff peaking during the spring flood and the rain floods in other seasons of the year is the most
frequent type of river runoff (regime). The maximum discharges resulting from the rain floods often exceed discharges of spring
floods. The years without heavy rains are almost absent.
The type of river feeding in the Middle Lithuania is mixed. The snow cover here is more stable, the thaws are less frequent,
therefore the snow melt and rain contributions to the runoff are of similar magnitude, that is from 35% to 50% of the whole runoff.
Impermeable soils prevail in the Middle Lithuania, the rivers are shallow, therefore the feeding from the ground water is not
significant, the smaller rivers dry out in the summer and freeze up in the winter. Very irregular runoff distribution during the year
is the main feature of the rivers in the Middle Lithuania.
The rivers of South-Eastern Lithuania have prevailing subsurface feeding, which constitutes from 40% to 60% of the total
runoff. The permeable sandy soils that are widespread here effectively absorb snow-melt and rain water and later gradually release
it supplying the rivers at the low water period. The annual runoff of South-Eastern Lithuania is rather equally distributed - the part
of spring flood runoff is only from 20% to 30% of the total annual runoff.
In this chapter a short overview of the various calculation methods of runoff characteristics is presented. The emphasis is made
on differences between methodologies applied when different amounts of observation data of the runoff are available.
In the fifth chapter the main characteristic of the runoff- the annual river runoff is analyzed. For investigation the data of 160
gauging station was used. The analysis of runoff data reliability was carried out, the short-term runoff data was assessed, the
normal runoff values (long-term, not less than thirty years) were calculated as well as the maps of territorial distribution (the
specific discharge, m3s~1knr2 and the depth of runoff, mm) were drawn. The normal runoff in Lithuania varies from 4.2 to
14.0 Is'km2. The rivers of the Western Lithuania are water abundant with the normal runoff- 11-14 Ls~lkm'2. The rivers of the
Middle Lithuania are not water abundant with the normal runoff - 4.2-6.0 ls^knr2. In the South-Eastern Lithuania the values of
787
this characteristic reach 7-11 l-s"'-knr2. The most water abundant rivers and annual volume of runoff from the main basins in the
territory of Lithuania are presented in this chapter. The parameters of the annual runoff probability curves, the discharges with various
probabilities and the maps of the distribution of variation coefficient (Cv) of annual runoff in territory are presented as well.
In the sixth chapter the distribution of runoff of Lithuanian rivers in the year is analyzed. The calendar runoff distribution
methods (monthly and seasonal runoff distribution, also distribution within the seasons) and the distribution according to the
generalized indices (the runoff irregularity indices) were applied. The annual runoff distribution schemes of all the rivers investigated
as well as the annual runoff distribution schemes of separate hydrological areas are presented and the influence of physical-
geographical factors on the runoff distribution is analyzed. The most irregular runoff distribution is typical for the rivers in the
Middle Lithuania, where the spring runoff contributes to the annual runoff by 40% - 60%. The most even runoff distribution
during the year occurs in the rivers of the Eastern Lithuania, where the spring runoff constitutes from 20% to 30% of the annual
runoff. The calculation samples are presented, showing how to assess runoff distribution of the rivers not investigated.
In the seventh chapter the spring flood runoff and the maximum discharges are analyzed. The generalized descriptions of the
spring floods in different hydrological zones according to flood curve pattern, dates, duration, volume of the runoff (million m\
mm and per cents of the annual runoff) and its variation (Cv, Csand 1,5, 10 per cent probability runoff depth, mm) are presented.
The map of the territorial distribution of the runoff depth during the spring flood was prepared. It enables to determine the values
of the spring flood runoff for the rivers that were not investigated.
The special characteristic of the spring flood is a maximum discharge, which in Lithuanian rivers is many times greater than
the average annual discharge and several hundred times greater than the minimum values. In this chapter the generalized calendar
of recurrence of the maximum discharge as well as average and greatest values of maximum discharge and their dates are presented.
The parameters of probability curves of the maximum discharges (Qmax, Cv, Cs), also 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 per cent probability
discharges as well as parameters of the empirical formulas, applied for calculations of the maximum discharges of rivers not
investigated are calculated. These parameters were used as a base for preparing the maps. The example illustrating the calculation
of maximum discharge of the river not investigated is presented.
In the eighth chapter the maximum discharges of the rain floods of the rivers are analyzed. In the Lithuanian rivers the
maximum discharges of the rain floods often are greater than maximums of the spring floods. In the rivers of the Western Lithuania
it occurs almost every second year, while in the remaining territory - once in 3-5 years. In the rivers of the Western Lithuania from
2 to 12 rain floods occur annually, they are more frequent in the autumn. The calculation results given in this chapter are: Qmax, Cv,
C. and 1,2,10 and 25 per cent probability discharges; 1 and 10 per cent probability specific discharges; the average depths of the
rain flood runoff. The map of the geographical parameter Bt%(m3-s_l) of rain flood maximum discharges was prepared for the
calculation of the maximum discharges of the rivers not investigated. The example of calculation is presented.
In the ninth chapter the runoff of the Lithuanian rivers in the period of low water is analyzed using minimum discharges of
30 consecutively most dry days and of one day for winter and summer seasons separately. The general overview of the low water
periods and regional differences are presented. The analysis of the quality of the observation data was carried out and the minimum
runoff values calculated from the short sequences of the monitoring data were made more accurate.
In the Western Lithuania the specific discharges of the 30 most dry day period in summer vary from 0.4 to 2.5 l-s_lknr2, while
in winter from 2.2 to 6.6 l-s_'-knr2, the minimum runoff of one day is 1.3 times smaller in summer and 1.9 times in winter.
In the Middle Lithuania the river minimum runoff is the lowest: the specific discharges of the 30 most dry summer days vary
from 0.1 to 0.3 I s"1 km-2 in the basins of Lielupe tributaries to 1.6-1.7 ls'knr2 in the Dubysa basin rivers. In winter the variation
is from 1.0-1.2 to 3.6-3.8 ls~‘knr2 accordingly. The minimum discharges of one day are less than the ones of 30 most dry days on
average 1.3 and 1.5 times. In this region the rivers in dry years dry out and freeze up in winter.
In the South-Eastern Lithuania the 30 most dry day period specific discharges are the greatest being from 1.7-3.5 l s_l knr2 in
the Sventoji basin to 4.4-5.6 ls^knr2 in the Merkys and Vilnia basins. The minimum runoff in the winter is about 1.5 times
greater than the one in the summer. The minimum one day discharges are only 1.1-1.2 times less than 30 days discharge.
The links between the summer and winter minimum runoff and the annual runoff, the relationship between runoff of 30 most
dry days and of one day, the minimum runoff dependence upon the river basin area, its lake percentage and sand percentage were
determined.
The normal values, Cv, Cs and discharges of various probabilities in the 50-97% range of summer and winter 30 most dry day
period and one day minimum discharges were calculated.
The calculated normal values of the river minimum runoff are recommended to use in choosing the analogues for rivers not
investigated.
In the tenth chapter evaluation of the influence of economic activities on the runoff characteristics in the river basins is
presented. The structural scheme of the anthropogenic activities in the basins of the Lithuanian rivers and a short survey of the
evaluation methods are given. It is analyzed separately how the characteristics of the hydrological regime was influenced by the
Kaunas Hydro-Electric Power Station reservoir, the small ponds, the inter-basin water diversion systems and what effect it had on
the Curonian Lagoon, which gathers the runoff from 85% of the total Lithuanian territory.
The hydrographic schemes (trees) attached to every large basin, the hydrographic maps from the old river cadastre amended
with locations of hydro-metric stations and, at last, the alphabetic list of the river names, indicating of what river tributary it is, the
river basin according to our indexation system (Table 2.2 and Fig. 2.2) and the number of the page with the information about the
river are presented in the annexes. This information will help to find the necessary hydrographic data on the desired river.
788
PEKH JIHTBfcl.
m^POrPAO H5ï H CTOK
Pe3K)Me
Bo^HLie pecypcbi peK - cocTaBHax nacTb Bcex npnpoAHbix ôoraTCTB cTpaHbi. B MOHorpa(J)HH npoaHajiH3HpoBaHbi h
npeziCTaBjieHBi pe3yjibTaTbi MHoroJieTHen paôoTbi coTpyAHHKOB JlaóopaTopHH rHApOJiornH JlHTOBCKoro 3HepreTHHecKoro
PÍHCTiíTyTa H. EajiTpyiuafrreHe, K. ranrajmca, T. Tpn KeHe, A. lOprjuieHaHTe, H. lOpnïJiiiBHHeHe, A. lOniKeHe, KD.
KpxynioHeHe, M. JlacHHCKaca, 3. PnMaBHHioTe, A. TayTBHAaca, aBTopoB MOHorpac()HH h Apyrnx coTpyAHHKOB, nojiyneHHbie
npH HCCJie^OBaHHH peK JIhtbbi c tohkh 3peHH» rHAporpacjjHH (Mop4 OMeTpHH) h rHApojiorHH.
PeKH h 03epa - Hame HauHOHajibHoe ôoraTCTBO, HeorbeMJieMbiH KOMnoHeHT Harnero npeKpacHoro JiaH^ma^Ta, KOTopbin
MbI AOA)KHbI ma^HTb H OXpaHHTb. HtoÔM npaBHJIbHO HCnOJIb30BaTb H pacnopH KaTbCiI TTpHpOÆHblMH pecypcaMH, HeoÔXOAHMO
b nepByio onepeAb Bce o hhx 3HaTb, T.e. HMeTb xax mo kho Oonbuie coöpaHHbix, HccJieAOBaHHbix h o6o6meHHbix no eflUHon
MeTOAHKe ^aHHbix.
LJeJiH 3TOH paßoTbi cjieAyiomne:
- HCCJieAOBaTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH ceTH peK JIhtbbi h TeppHTopnaJibHoe pacnpeAeJieHHe hx CToxa b 3aBHCHM0CTn
OT 4îH3HKO-reorpa(J)HHecKHx ycJïOBHH;
— npeACTaBHTb HOBenmne oöoömeHHbie CBeAOHHX 06 ochobhwx Mop(j)OJiorHHecKHx noKa3aTejiflx 6acceHHOB
peK JlHTBbI H OCHOBHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH CTOKa peK (cpejïHHH, MaKCHMaJIbHblH H MHHHMaJIbHblH CTOK H
BHyTpnroAOBoe pacnpeAeneHHe) no AaHHbiM rHApoMeTpHnecKHx CTaHUHH;
- oôocHOBaTb HaynHbie peKOMeHAannn aaa paçneTa xapaKTepucTHK CToxa HeH3yneHHbix pex;
— npeACTaBHTb ncnepnbiBaíomHe AaHHbie o boahbix pecypcax, HeoôxoAHMbie npn hx ncnojib30BaHHH, oxpaHe h
THApOTeXHHHeCKOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBej
OneHHTb H3MeHeHHH THAporpa^HHeCKOH ceTH peK H HX CTOKa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT X03flHCTBeHH0H AeflTeAbHOCTH
nejioBexa.
Pe3yjibTaTbi 3Thx HccjieAOBaHHH npeACTaBAenbi b 10 pa3AOAax MOHorpacjntH. THAporpaiJîHHecKHe CBeAeHH» 06
HccjreAOBaHHbix pexax npHBeAeHbi b xaAacTpoBbix, hochiahx AHHaMHHecKiiH xapaKTep, Taôjmnax npHjiojKeHHx.
BejiHHHHa peK, hx Mop(})OMeTpHHecKoe pa3Hoo6pa3ne, XapaKTepHCTHKH CTOKa 3aBHc^T HCKjnoHHTejibHO ot KJiHMaTa h
MecTHbix c])H3HKO-reorpa4)HHecKHX (J)aKTopoB. OaKTopbi 3thx o6enx rpynn aHajiH3HpyioTca b 1-m pa3Aejie. PaccMaTpHBaeTca
o6inaa reojiorHHecxaa CTpyKTypa jiHToreHHOH ochobbi JiaHAiiiatjîTa: ot TOJibmHHbi neTBepTbiHHbix otjio^kchhh h hx
4 H3HHecKHx CBOHCTB 3aBHCKT xapaKTep pejibe(j)a, noHBa, ee MexaHHHecKHH cocTaB, pacTHTejibHOCTb, a T3K xe noBepxHocTHbin
h noA3eMHbiH CTOK peK. PaccMaTpHBaeMbiH pejibe^) - 3To 30Ha coeAHHeHHa aTMoc^epbi, JiHTocBepbi h rHApoc j)epbi, b KOTopoït
HHTeHCHBHO IIp05IBJIJlK)TC5I npOljeCCM B3aHMOAeHCTBHX Bcex })H3HHeCKHX 3AeMeHTOB. He CTOJIbKO KAHMaTHHeCKHH C^aKTOp,
CKOJIbKO pa3JIHHHbIH CyÔCTpaT 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH OTAeAbHblX TeppHTOpHH OÖycJIOBJIHBaeT rHAporpa4)HHeCKHe pa3JlHHHfl
h rHApojiorHnecKPiH pe KHM peK. B pa3AeJie noAnepKHBaeTcx, hto HCTopHnecKH cfJjopMHpoBaBiiiHHCH npnpoAHbin
rHApOAOTHHeCKHH pe KHM BOAOeMOB nOABep^CeH BJIHHHHK) aHTponOreHHOH AeflTeJIbHOCTH. B JlHTBe OCymeHO OKOJIO 47%
TeppnTopHH. B 3T0M pa3AeJie npoaHajiH3HpoBaHbi cjieAyiouine KjiHMaTHHecKHe ÿaKTopbi: TeMnepaTypa B03Ayxa, 3cmjth h
BOAbi, ocaAKH, HcnapeHHe c 3eMHOH h boahoh noBepxHocTH h AP-
2-oh pa3AeJi npeAHa3HaneH oôcy^cAeHHio h HccAeAOBaHHio mAporpa(J)HH cTpaHbi. B rHAporpa(J HHecKOM acneKTe
paccMaTpHBaioTCH peKH, npeACTaBJiinoTca oOmne CBeAeHHa 06 03epax, BOAoeMax, ôoAOTax h noA3eMHbix BOAax, BJinaiomHx
na BejiHHHHy h pe KHM CTOKa peK. HaHÔoJibinee BHHMaHHe b pa3AeJie yAen^eTca pexaM, HaHHHaH c hx Ha3BaHHH h Komax
onncaHHeM norpaHHHHbix peK crpaHbi. Hamn peKH h 03epa HMeioT KpacHBbie JiHTOBCKHe CTapHHHbie Ha3BaHHa OaATCKoro
npoHcxoHCAeHHH. Eme bo ÏI BeKe o HauiHX pexax 3Haji rpenecKHH acTpoHOM h reorpa(j K. riTOJioMeñ. Oco6eHHbiM 3TanoM
b HccneAOBaHHHX pex JIhtbbï 6buia AesTejibHOCTb 3HaMeHHToro rHApoirora npo4). C. Kojiynafijibi, nojio KHBinero ochobbi
rHAporpa4)HHecKOMy, rHApoMeTpnnecKOMy h rHApojiorHnecKOMy H3yneHHK) peK.
B 3TOM pa3Aene H3JTaraeTca, KaK oÔHOBJiajincb h yTOHHJUiHCb rHAporpacf nnecKHe cBeAeHHíi o pexax. ^JiHHa peK h nAomaAb
hx ôacceHHOB H3MepeHbi Ha Tonopra j)HHecKHX KapTax 1:25000, OTKoppeKTupoBaHa hx rHAporpatJinnecKax cHTyauna.
H3MepeHbi Bce peKH ajïhhoh ot 3 km, BbinoAHeH aHajiH3 hx pacnpeAejienna no aahhc h BejiHHHHe njiomaAH ôacceHHa
(Ta6ji. 2.2).
Pennaa, h BooÔme bch rwAporpa^HnecKaa, ceTb cTpaHbi onenb H3MeHHJiacb BCJieACTBHe HHTeHCHBHoro ocyuieHHa
nepeyBAaacHeHHbix 3eMeAb. CorjracHo oTneTy ot 01.01.1998 r., 6buio 3046,0 tbic. ra ocymeHHbix 3eMejib, h3 hhx 2620,5 tmc.
ra - ApeHa: KOM. YCTaHOBJieHo, hto nocae ocymeHHa 46,6% TeppHTOpHH CTpaHbi, aahh3 Bcex boaotokob B03pacjia ot 63,7
Ao 76,8 Tbic. km, T.e. na 20,6%, a koahhcctbo peK yMeHimniocb ot 29,1 ao 22,2 tmc., T.e. Ha 17,4%. YcTaHOBJieHo, hto
peryjiHpoBaHHbie (cnpaMAeHHbie) pycna pex cocTaBjnnoT 82,6%, a cipHpoAHbie - 17,4%, hah 13,3 tbic. km. IIpHBeAeHbi
CBeAeHHX o rHAporpa(J)HHecKHx 3anoBeAHHKax CTpaHbi h o norpaHHHHbix pexax, KOTopbie onoACbiBaiOT 46% rpaHHH cTpanbi.
789
PeKH TecHo cB£3aHi»i c 03epaMH. B cTpaHe 2850 03ep nnomaAbio öonee 0,5 ra KaacAoe h 3150 03ep nnomaAbio MeHbine
0,5 ra. Oöman hx nnomanb 913,6 km2. OöcyacAaioTCH Mop(j)OMeTpHHecKHe noKa3aTeJiH 03ep.
B JlHTBe 1132 peHHbix BOAoeMa nnomaAbio öonee 0,5 ra c oömeft nnomaAbio 238 km2. BojioTa, 3aHHMaBuiHe 7,3% nnomann
CTpaHM, nocjie ocymeHHH yMemnHAHCb no 3,8%. Mopc|)OMeTpHHecKHe noKa3aTejiH o3ep, boaocmob h öoaot hbahfotch
pacneTHbiMH napaMeTpaMH cTOKa (cm. TaÖn. 4.4). Pecypcbi rpyHTOBbix boa b JlHTBe cocTaBnaioT 13000 tbic. M3/cyTKH hjih
2,3 ji/(c'KM2), a 3KcnjiyaTauH0HHbie - neTBepTyio nacTb KonnnecTBa npnponHbix pecypcoB. IloA3eMHbiH ctok b foro-BOCTOHHon
nacTH JlHTBbi cocTaBJiiieT nonoBHHy roAOBoro CTOKa, Ha CpeAHen hh3mchhocth - 10-17%, a na XCflManTHHCKOH
B03BbimeHHOCTH - 12-15%.
Bce BHyTpeHHHe boabi JlHTBbi npocTHpaiOTCH Ha nnomaAH CBbirne 1900 km2, hto cocTaßnaeT okoao 2,9% TeppHTOpHH.
03epHOCTb TeppHTopHH - 1,40%, peAHbix BOAoeMOB - 0,37% H pyceji peK - 0,51%.
B 3-eM pa3aejie paccMaTpHBaioTCA Mop(f)OMeTpHHecKHe noKa3aTenH caMHX peK h hx öacceimoB. Oahhm H3 ochobhmx
Mop(|)OMeTpHHecKHx noKa3aTeneH peKH ABAaeTCfl ee aahh3. PÍ3MepeHo 4,4 tbic. peK, HaHHHaa c peneK aahhoh 3 km h KOHHaa
ÖOAbtHHMH peKaMH. OÖmafl HX AAHHa 37,7 TbIC. KM. /(aHHbie O KOHKpeTHOH peKe M05KHO HaHTH B KaAaCTpOBblX TaßjIHLüaX
npHAOAceHHJi K 3TOH paöoTe. /(aHHbie o caMbix Manbix peKax (L 3 km) öbuih paccnnTaHbi npHHHMaa bo BHHMaHHe nnHHy
peryAHpoßaHHbix pycen c yneTOM cpeAHen aahhbi othx peK, nooTOMy hx tohhoctb npHÖAH3HTenbHa. OAHaxo okojio 1000
peK 3TOH KaTeropHH öbiah H3MepeHbi no npHHSTOH mctoahkc.
PeKH JlHTBbi no hx H3MepeHHOH H paccHHTaHHOH aahhc mo kho crpynnHpoBaTL TaK: 17 ßojibiiiHX peK (L= 101-500 km),
AAHHa pycen KOTopbix 3,2 tbic. km, 755 cpeAHHx peK (L = 10,1-100 km), oOmen aahhoh 1566 Tbic. km h 21,5 tbic. Majibix
peneK (L = 0,25-10 km) oömen aahhoh 58,0 tbic. km. üocneAHHe cocTaBAHioT 96,5% Bcex peK (22,2 tbic.) h 75,5% aaiihbi
Bcex pycen peK (76,8 Tbic. km.). CpaBHenne hobwx naHHbix co cTapwMH KaAacrpaMH peK noKa3aAO, hto nnomann hx
ßacceHHOB H3MeHHAHCb Ha 12%, a peryjiHpoBaHHbie peKH CTann Ha 8,2% Kopone.
YcTaHOBAeHbi cooTHOineiiHH aahhbi peKH H nnomaAH ee ÖacceHHa, cTpyKTypa ceTH peHHBix pyceA, rycTOTa peK,
H3BHAHCTOCTB pyceA, (JjopMa H accHMeTpHHHOcTb öacceimoB peK, nnomanb BOAbi B pycjiax peK H MeTOAHKa ee onpeneneHHA,
H3MeHeHHe HeKOTopbix MOpc[)OMeTpHHecKHx noKa3aTenen baoab peKH.
B 3T0M pa3AeAe oöcy KnaeTCfl cnocoö npencTaßneHHA H3MepeHHHx h paccHHTaHHbix ninporpatJwHecKHX AaiiHbix -
AHHaMHHHbie KaAacTpOBbie Taönnubi. Ohh noMemeHbi b npnnoaceHHH ashhoh paöoTbi. CTpyKTypa TaÖAHii cnenyiomaji:
PaCCTOBHHe
OT yCTbH
Beper
BnaAeHH«
Ha3BanHe npHTOKa
/(jiHHa
KM
ÜAomaAb ÖacceHHa km2
AO npHTOKa npHTOKa C npHTOKOM
npHpocT naomaAH
MOKAy npHTOKaMH
B 4-m pa3Aejie paccMaTpHBaeTcn oöiijhh rHAponornHecKHH pe KHM peK JlHTBbi. Xota TeppHTopHH JThtbbi cpaBHHTenbHO
HeßeAHKa, xapaKTep nHTaHHH h rHnponorHnecKHH pe KHM TeKymnx 3ACCB peK pa3AHneH H3-3a pa3Hooo6pa3HH (JjaKTopoB,
(jjopMHpyiomHX H nepepacnpeAeAHioiAHx ctok. CymecTBeHHbie pa3JiHHHh rnnpononiHecKoro pexcHMa peK ycTaHOBneHbi no
3-m rHAponornnecKHM oönacTAM.
OCHOBHbIM HCTOHHHKOM nHTaHHH 3anaAHBIX peK JlHTBbi HBAHeTCH AOHÍACBOH CTOK, COCTaBAHfOlAHH 40-70% TOAOBOTO
CTOKa. H3-3a nacTbix oTTenenen aoah CHeroßoro nHTaHHH 3Aecb 3H3HHTejibHo MeHbine, T.e. 22-36%. HacTbie orrenenH,
HeyCTOHHHBblH CHOKHBIH nOKpOB, HHTCHCHBHBie JieTHHe H OCCHHHe AHBHH C03AaiOT CA05KHBIH THApOAOrHHeCKHH pe KHM
TeKymnx 3Aecb peK. Hanöonee nacTo BCTpenaiomHHCH ran pencHMa CTOKa peK - BeceHHee nojiOBOAbe h naBOAKH b ocTajibHbie
ce30Hbi roAa. MaKCHMajibHbie pacxoABi naBOAKOB nacTo npeBbimaioT BeceHHHe. JleT 6e3 naBOAKOB 3Aecb npaKTnnecKH He
öbißaeT.
B CpeAHe-JÍHTOBCKOH rnnponornnecKOH oönacTH THn nHTaHHH peK cMemaHHbin. 3accb chchchbih noKpos öonee ycTOHHHB,
MeHbine orreneneH, noaTOMy nHTaHHe peK TanbiMH BOAaMH h aoacacm noHTH oahh3KObo, T.e. cocTaBJineT 35-50% roAOBoro
CTOKa. B cpeAHen nacTH JIhtbbi oönaAaiOT Mano npoHHuaeMbie boaoh noHBbi, pycna peK HernyöoKHe, noaTOMy rpyHTOBoe
nHTaHHe He3HanHTeAbHoe, MejibKHe peKH actom nepecbixaioT, a 3HMOH nepeMep3aiOT. /(ah peK cpeAHew nacTH JlHTBbi
xapaKTepHO BecbMa HepaBHOMepHoe BHyTpnroAOBoe pacnpeAeAeHHe CTOKa - BbicoKoe BeceHHHe nonosoABe, HH3Kan acthhh
H 3HMHHH MeHCeHb C nepHOAHHeCKH nOBTOpHIOUIHMHCH naBOAKaMH.
PeKH loro-BOCTOHHOH nacTH JIhtbw HMeioT npeHMyiAecTBeHHO noA3eMHoe nHTaHHe, cocTaBAHiomee 40-60% roAOBoro
CTOKa. 3ACCb uiHpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHbi necnaHbie noHBbi, xopomo BnHTbißaiomHe Tanbie h AOACAeßbie boabi, KOTopbiMH
nocTeneHHO nHTaioT peKH b 3acyuiAHBbie nepnoAbi. B 3toh nacra JlHTBbi toaoboh ctok peK BbipaBHeHHbiH. BeceHHHH ctok
noAOBOABH cocTanneT AHiiib 20-30% roAOBoro.
B 4-m pa3AeAe npeACTaBAeH KpaTKHH 0630p mctoaob pacneTa xapaKTepHCTHK CTOKa b 33bhchmocth ot hbahahh h
oöteMa AaHHbix HaÖAiOACHHH ctokb.
B 5-m pa3AeAe aH3AH3HpyeTCH ochobhoh noK33aTenb CTOKa - toaoboh ctok peK. /(ah HCCAeAOBaHHH toaoboto ctokb
peK JlHTBbi HCn0AB30BaHbI AaHHbie HaÖAIOAeHHH 160 THApOMeTpHHeCKHX CT3HUHH. IlpOBCACH 3H3AH3 AOCTOBepHOCTH
CTOKOBBIX AäHHBIX, yTOHHeHbl AaHHbie KpaTKOBpeMeHHblX HaÖAIOAeHHH CTOKa, yCT3HOBAeHbI HOpMbl CTOKa peK H COCTaBAeHbl
KapTbi pacnpeAeAeHHH toaoboto CTOKa peK no TeppHTopHH JIhtbm (mApoMOAyAb h BbicoTa caoh ctokb). HopMa toaoboto
CTOKa peK b JlHTBe H3MeHHeTCH ot 4,2 AO 14,0 a/(c km2). PeKH 3anaAHOH JIhtbbi HaHÖonee mhofoboahbi, hx foaoboh ctok
cocTaBAHeT 11-14 a/(c*km2). PeKH cpeAHen nacTH JIhtbbi MaAOBOAHbi, HopMa hx roAOBoro CTOKa - ahuib 4,2-6,0 a/(c km*).
FnApoMOAyAH peK loro-BocTOHHOH JIhtbbi B03pacTai0T AO 7-11 a/(c-km2). B paöoTe npeACTaBAeHbi oö^eMbi roAOBoro CTOKa
no ocHOBHbiM BOAOc6opaM peK JlHTBbi H cnncoK HanÖOAee boaohochbix peK. B 3tom pa3Aene npHBeAeHbi napaMeTpbi KpHBbix
790
Bayerische
Staatsbibilothe
Mönchen
PE310ME
o6ecneHeHHOcTevi toaoboto ctokb peK JIhtbh h pacxoAbi pa3AHHHbix o6ecneHeHHOCTeH, a Taoce KapTa pacnpeAeneHHH no
TeppnTOpHH K034)(()HUHeHTa BapHaiJHH Cy TOAOBOTO CTOKa.
B 6-m painene ananH3HpyeTC5i BHyTpnroAOBoe pacnpej^ejieHHe CTOKa peK JIhtbh. JJ,#51 pacneTOB npHMeHeHLi KaneHnapHLie
MeTOAH pacnpenejiemw CTOKa (pacnpeAeneHHe toaoboto CTOKa no MecnuaM, ce3onaM h b cepeAHHe ce30H0B) h pacnpeAenenne
no o6o6meHíibiM noKa3aTejiHM (noKa3aTeJin HepaBHOMepnocTH CTOKa). üpeACTaBJieHKi cxcmh pacnpeAeJienna toaoboto
CTOKa Bcex HccneAOBaHHbix peK h cpeAHne AaHHbie no OTAenbHHM rHAponoranecKHM oSjiacTHM, npoaHajmnpoBaHo bjihhhho
c¡)H3HKO-reorpa(})HHecKHX (J aKT0p0B Ha BHyTpnroAOBoe pacnpeAeneHHe toaoboto CTOKa. HanGonee HepaBHOMepHoe
pacnpeAeneHHe toaoboto CTOKa xapaKTepno pexaM cpeAHen nacTH JIhtbh, no kotopwm bcchoh cxeKaeT 40-60% toaoboto
CTOKa. HanOonee paBHOMepHo toaoboh ctok pacnpeAenaeTca b pexax íoto-boctohhoh naera JIhtbh, b KOTopwx nx BeceHHHH
ctok coctaBJTaeT 20-30% toaoboto. IIpeACTaBneHbi npHMepbi pacneTa ksk, ncnonb3yH nonyneHHbie pe3ynbTaTH
HCCJieAOBaHHH, ycTanoBHTb pacnpeAeneHHe toaoboto ctoke HeH3yneHHbix peK.
B 7-m pa3Ae;ie aHanH3HpyioTCA BeceHHHee nonosoAbe h MaKCHManbHbie pacxoAW peK JIhtbh. flaeTca oGoGmeHHaa
xapaKTepncTHKa BeceHHero nonoBOAta b pa3JTHHHt ix THAponorHnecKHx oGnacTax no (JiopMe nonoBOABH, cpeAHHM abtbm h
npOAOJT^HTeAbHOCTH, oO'beMy CTOKa (Milu. M3, MM H B % 0T TOAOBOTO CTOKa), ero H3MeHHHBOCTH (C¥ C) H BbICOTa CJIOJÍ
CTOKa BeceHHero nonoBOAbA 1, 5, 10% - hoíí oGecneneHHOCTH. CocTaBJieHa KapTa pacnpeAeneHHfl no TeppHTopHH bhcotm
(h) cjioh CTOKa BeceHHero nojioBOAt*, no kotopoh moncho onpeAeJiHTb ctok BeceHHero nonoBOAba HeH3yneHHHX peK.
HcKJiFOHHTeAbHo BaacHHH noKa3aTenb BeceHHero nonoBOAbn - MaKCHMaJibHbie pacxoAbi, KOTopwe b peKax JIhtbh b
necKOJTbKo AecHTKOB pa3 npeBbimaiOT cpeAHeroAOBbie h b HecKOJibKo cot pa3 MHHHManbHbie pacxoAbi. B 3tom pa3Aene
npeACTaBneH oGoGmeHHHH KaneHAapHHH rpa(})HK noBTopeHHA MaKCHManbHbix pacxoAOB, cpeAHHe MHoroneTHHe h
HanGojibume 3HaneHHx MaKCHManbHbix pacxoAOB KantnoH peKH, a Taose hx astbi.
PaccHHTaHbi napaMeTpbi KpHBbix oOecneneHHOCTH MaKCHMaJibHbix pacxoAOB Qmax, Cv, Cs, MaKCHManbHbie pacxoAbi 0,1,
1, 5 h 10% oOecneHeHHocTH h napaMeTpbi 3MnHpHnecKHx (|)opMyn, npeAHa3HaneHHbix aaa pacneTa MaKCHManbHbix pacxoAOB
HeH3yneHHbix peK. Fío 3THM napaMeTpaM cocTaBAeHbi KapTbi. ITpeACTaBneH npHMep pacneTa MaKCHManbHoro pacxoAa
Hen3yneHHOH peKH.
B 8-im pa3Aejie aHanH3HpyioTcx MaKCHMaJibHbie pacxoAW naBOAKOB peK. Hado MaKCHMaAbHbie pacxoAW naBOAKOB b
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OKa3ano na 3anHB Kypimo Mapec, kotophh coGnpaeT ctok c 85% TeppHTopHH JIhtbh.
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cxeMH (“eAOHKH”) KaACAOH HanGonee KpynHOH peKH, THApoAOTHnecKHe KapTbi BOAOcGopos peK H3 cTaporo KanacTpa
(AonoAHeHH pacnoAO KeHHeM BOAOMepnbix nocTOB), HaKOHeu anijíaBHTHHH yKa3aTenb Ha3BaHHH peK, b kotopom moacho
H3HTH He TOAbKO H33BaHHe peK, HO H H33BüHHe TA3BHOH peKH, B KOTOpyfO 3Ta peKa BnaAaei, BOAOC6op peKH no HCnOAb3yeMOH
HaMH HHAeKcanHH (xa6a. 2.2, pnc. 2.2), a TaKAce CTpaHHny, Ha kotopoh hmciotcíi CBeAenna 06 3toh pene. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gailiušis, Brunonas Jablonskis, Jonas Kovalenkovienės, Milda |
| author_facet | Gailiušis, Brunonas Jablonskis, Jonas Kovalenkovienės, Milda |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Gailiušis, Brunonas |
| author_variant | b g bg j j jj m k mk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043807796 |
| contents | Englische und russische Zusammenfassung |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1013595190 (DE-599)GBV358939607 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV043807796 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:13:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9986492645 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029219102 |
| oclc_num | 1013595190 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 790 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Lietuvos energetikos institutas |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gailiušis, Brunonas Verfasser aut Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Brunonas Gailiušis, Jonas Jablonskis, Milda Kovalenkovienė Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Kaunas Lietuvos energetikos institutas 2001 790 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische und russische Zusammenfassung Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd rswk-swf Fluss (DE-588)4131972-2 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Fluss (DE-588)4131972-2 s Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 s DE-604 Jablonskis, Jonas Verfasser aut Kovalenkovienės, Milda Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gailiušis, Brunonas Jablonskis, Jonas Kovalenkovienės, Milda Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Englische und russische Zusammenfassung Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Fluss (DE-588)4131972-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026309-5 (DE-588)4131972-2 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| title_alt | Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| title_auth | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| title_full | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Brunonas Gailiušis, Jonas Jablonskis, Milda Kovalenkovienė |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Brunonas Gailiušis, Jonas Jablonskis, Milda Kovalenkovienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvos upės hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok Brunonas Gailiušis, Jonas Jablonskis, Milda Kovalenkovienė |
| title_short | Lietuvos upės |
| title_sort | lietuvos upes hidrografija ir nuotekis lithuanian rivers hydrography and runoff reki litvy gidrografija i stok |
| title_sub | hidrografija ir nuotėkis = Lithuanian rivers. Hydrography and runoff = Reki Litvy. Gidrografija i stok |
| topic | Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Fluss (DE-588)4131972-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hydrologie Fluss Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029219102&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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