The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust:
"This book collects narratives of Bulgarian Jews who survived the Holocaust. Through eye-witness testimonies, archival documents, photographs, and researchers' investigations, the stories counter official accounts and corroborate war crimes."
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Lexington studies in Jewish literature
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book collects narratives of Bulgarian Jews who survived the Holocaust. Through eye-witness testimonies, archival documents, photographs, and researchers' investigations, the stories counter official accounts and corroborate war crimes." |
| Beschreibung: | xxxiv, 370 Seiten, 52 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781793632913 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of Figures xi Foreword xxi Omeľ Bartov Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxxi Introduction 1 PART 1 IDENTITY—WHO WE ARE 11 1 The Jewish Diaspora 13 2 The Jews in the Iberian Peninsula 15 3 The Jews of the Balkans 19 4 Jewish Migration Waves to the Balkans 27 5 Jewish Life in the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries 31 PART 2 COLLECTIVE MEMORYOF THE BALKAN JEWS 35 6 Multi-cultural, Multi-religious, and Multi-ethnic Balkans 37 7 Shared History 41 8 Religious Tolerance and Freedom of Conscience 45 9 The Balkan Wars and World War I 47 10 Bulgarians and Jews 51 vii
viii Contents 11 Jewish Traditions, Heritage, andCommunity 55 12 How Life Was 69 13 Zionism and Patriotism 73 PART 3 THE BULGARIAN JEWS DURING HITLERISM 1933-1945 85 14 Clouds on the Horizon 87 15 Growing Threats 95 16 Escaping Anti-Semitism 99 17 Law for the Defense of the Nation 113 18 The Fox in the Chicken Coop 121 19 Life under the Swastika 129 20 Jewish Forced Labor 137 21 Bulgaria Prepares for the Final Solution 145 PART 4 THE FINAL SOLUTION AND BULGARIA 153 22 Deportations 157 23 Friends and Neighbors 167 24 Roundups and Continued Resistance 175 25 Train to Treblinka 185 26 My Father’s Injury Story 189 27 Between Deportations 193 28 Deportations and Ghettoization 201 29 Meanwhile in Labor Camp 207 30 Resistance 213 31 Concentration Camps 221 32 Game of Nerves 227
Contents ix PART 5 THE SILENCED NARRATIVE OF BULGARIA’S VICTIMS 237 33 “Instincts of an Animal”—Jennie Lebl’s Survival Story 239 34 “To and Through Hell and Back”—Israel Behar’sSurvival Story 255 35 “Burdensome to this Moment”—Rudi Abarbaneľs Escape Story 261 PART 6 THE AFTERMATH OF THEHOLOCAUST 267 36 Rivers of Tears—After the War 1945-1948 269 37 “We Overcame It!” Bulgaria in Jaffa 275 PART 7 THE STOLEN NARRATIVE OF THE BULGARIAN JEWS 281 38 A Myth Is Bom 285 39 “Who Saved the Jews?” 291 40 The Balkan Fox 297 41 Territory and Accountability 301 42 Wheeling and Dealing Memory 305 43 Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial 315 PART 8 THE RECLAIMED NARRATIVE 319 44 Reflections—Mixed Accounts 323 45 The Moral Lesson 327 46 “To Be a Mensch!” 331 Epilogue: Tribute to Decency 335 Appendix I: List of Interviewees 339 Appendix II: Timelines 343 Appendix III: Further Reading 351 Bibliography 357 Index 363 About the Authors 369
Bibliography Aketn, German document, Series E, Report 3. Arad, Yitzhak. Belzee, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999. Arbel, Mordechai. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Israel: Gefen Publishing House; Illustrated Edition, June 1, 2002. Ardirti, Benjamin J. Yehudey Bulgaria-Be’Shnot Ha Mishtar Ha Nazi, 1940-1944, (in Hebrew), [The Jews of Bulgaria under the Nazi Regime, 1940-1944]. Holon: Ardirti, 1962. Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press, 1963. Avni, Haim. “Spain” in The Holocaust Encyclopedia, ed.Walter Laqueur, 601-603. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Avramov, Roumen. “Spasenie” і padenie. Mikroikonomika na dāržavnija antisemitizăm v Bălgarija, 1940-1944 [‘Rescue’ and Plundering. The Micro economics of State Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria], Sofia: Punlisher University ‘Sv. Kliment Ohridski,’ 2012. Avramov, Roumen. The Microeconomics of State Antisemitism. Expropriating the Jews under Bulgarian Rule, 1941-1944, in: S.I.M.O.N.-Shoah: Intervention. Meth ods. Documentation 3 (2016) 2, 71-82. Bartov, Omer. Anatomy ofa Genocide, the Life and Death of a Town Called Buczacz. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018. Baruch, Nir. Ha Kofer in Hebrew, [The Ransom], Tel Aviv: Shvilim, 1990. ---------. Annihilation and Survival in United Bulgaria 1943. And the Conclusions of Justice Beiski ’s Commission. Tel Aviv: The Society for the Study and Commemo ration of Jewish Communities in the
Balkans, 2003. Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1982. Black, Floyd H. The American College of Softa, A Chapter in American-Bulgarian Relations. Boston: A. T. Bliss Co., Printers. 357
358 Bibliography British Broadcasting Corporation, bbc.com The British White Paper of June 1922. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ brwhl922.asp Brown, James F. Bulgaria Under Communist Rule. New York: Praeger, 1970. “Bulgaria Accepts Blame for 11,000 Holocaust Deaths,” in Martydom and Resis tance, September/October 2008, voi. 35, no. 1. https://www.yadvashemusa.org/ wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2008 sept_oct.pdf Bulgarian Helsinki Committee. Sofia, Bulgaria, Central Board of Jewish Communi ties in Greece, 2012. “Bulgaria” in Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, edited by Dr. A. Romano, Joseph Ben, Dr. Nissim Buko Levi. Jerusalem-Tel Aviv, 1967. The Bulgarian Jews. http://www.thebulgarianjews.org.il/?CategoryID=177 Article ID=1229 Bulgarian Newsreels Delo, 1941-1944. Comforty Archives. The Catholic Encyclopedia: https://www.catholic.org/encycIopedia/view.php7id4 0978 Chary, Frederick B. “Bulgaria” in The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Ed. by David S. Wyman. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. --------- . The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution. Pittsburgh: University of Pitts burgh Press, 1972. Cohen, Albert and Anri Assa. Saving ofthe Bulgarian Jews, 1941-1944. Sofia: State Publishing House, September 1977. Chronicles 2: Chapter 8, verse 18. Comforty, Jacky. The Comforty Archives: Oral Histories, Archival Film Footage, Documents, photographs, sounds, artifacts, diaries, letters, and visual documenta tion. www.theoptimists.com/resources Comforty, Jacky and Lisa Comforty. The Optimists: The Story of the Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews From
the Holocaust (2001). Comforty, Jacky. Balkan Jazz: The Life and Music ofNiko Nissimov and the Bulgar ian Jazz Band (2013). Danova, Nadia and Roumen Avramov. The Deportation ofJews From Vardar Mace donia, Aegean Thrace and Pirot in March 1943, (in Bulgarian), Documents from the Bulgarian Archives. Sofia: United Publishers, 2013. Darjaven Vestnik (State Newspaper of Bulgaria), 1939-1944. Dwork, Debórah; Robert Jan Pelt; Robert Jan Van Pelt. Holocaust: A History. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://encyclopedia.ushmm •org/ Eshalonite Na Smarta—The Transports of Death (film), Pounchev Borislav, 1986. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0338506/?ref_=ttrel_rel_tt Fidanque, Jacob. Perush Al Nevi ’im Rishonim vb JTK'D жviľD), Hamburg (1687). Decree #31, Document publication in Bulgarian official newspaper, Darjaven Vest nik, Issue No. 124, dated 10.6.1942 and Issue No. 59, 17.3.1943.
Bibliography 359 The Diplomat in Spain, May 20, 2016. https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2016/05/ bulgaria-pays-tribute-to-julio-palencia-the-ambassador-who-saved-hundreds-of -jews/ Filov, Bogdan. Diary. Sofia: Publishing House on the Fatherland Front, 1986. Georgieff, Anthony. “Sofia: Double-faced Bulgaria.” In Civil Society and the Holo caust: International Perspectives on Resistance and Rescue, edited by Anders Jerichow and Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke, 56-74. New York: Humanity in Action Press, 2013. https://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledge_detail/sofia -double-faced-bulgaria German-Foreign-Policy.com, https://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/news/ detail/6970/ German Newsreel, May 1933. Book Burning. USHMM Accession Number: 1991.263.1 I RG Number: RG-60.3767 | Film ID: 60 German Newsreel, Deulig Tonwoche, February 1939. Hitler at Reichstag threatens destruction of Jews if war comes again. USHMM Accession Number: 1991.260.1 I RG Number: RG-60.0294 | Film ID: 202A German Newsreel, Wochenschau, June 22, 1940. French Capitulation. USHMM Accession Number: 2003.458 | RG Number: RG-60.3897 | Film ID: 2687 German Newsreel, Wochenschau, April 1941. War in the Balkans. USHMM Acces sion Number: 1995.147.11 RG Number: RG-60.0890 | Film ID: 28. Giamo, Cara. The Little-Known Passport That Protected 450,000 Refugees Between 1922 and 1938, the “Nansen Passport” Allowed Stateless People to Make a New Life, 2017. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nansen-passport-refugees Good Reads Choice Awards, https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/16877882. IvanVazov GreekMedicine.net.
http://www.greekmedicine.net Greenwald, Mordechai. The History of the Jews in Vidin. In Ladino. Sofia: II Amigo De il Pueblo, 1894. Grinberg, Nathan. Documents (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Jewish Consistory, 1946, A Set of original documents from the Archives of the Commissariat of Jewish Affairs. Groueff, Stephane. Crown of Thoms: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943. London: Madison Books, 1987. Hagouel, Paul Isaac. The Annihilation of Jewish Greeks from Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in context and perspective: Facts of the Past, Lessons for the Future. Facing Our Past. Harris, Maurice Henry. A Thousand Years ofJewish History, From the days ofAlex ander the Great to the Moslem Conquest of Spain [eBook #44409], 2013. Haskell, Guy. From Sofia to Jaffa, the Jews of Bulgaria and Israel, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994. The Herzl Institute, https://herzlinstitute.org/en/theodor-herzl/ Hilberg, Raul. Perpetrators Victims Bystanders, the Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945. New York: Aaron Asher Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. --------- . The Destruction ofthe European Jews. New York: New Viewpoints, A Divi sion of Franklin Watts, Inc., 1973.
360 Bibliography House Concurrent Resolution, 77. https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/ house-concurrent-resolution/77/text Ignatov, Mario. The Bulgarian Jews During WWII, Myth and Reality. Germany: Hadassah Word Press, 2015. Jewish Telegraphic Agency ('JTA) Archives, https://www.jta.org/archive Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ Keren, Zvi. Studies ofJewish Life in Bulgaria, From the 16th to the 20th Century. Tel Aviv: ContentNow, 2015. Keshales, Chaim. Korot Yehudei Bulgaria in Hebrew [The History of the Bulgarian Jews]. Tel Aviv: Davar, 1969. KKL-JNF Press release, KKL-JNF Adopts ‘Beisky’ Committee Recommendations on Bulgarian Jewry Forest, 7-16-2000. Krauskopf, Joseph. Jews and Moors in Spain. Kansas City: M. Berkowitz Co., Publishers and Printers, 1887. [EBook #50408, Release Date, 2015.] Krasteva Zdravka - Правни аспекти на държавната антиеврейска политика в Царство България (1940-1944 г.) // Legal Aspects of the State Anti-Jewish Poli tics in the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1940-1944) 2018/04/17. Laqueur, Walter, ed. and Judith Tydor Baumel, associate ed., The Holocaust Encyclo pedia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Lebl, Jenny. The Holocaust of the Jews of Yugoslavia. Bishvil Hazikaron 33. Jerusa lem: Yad Vashem, 1995. ---------. Tides and Fractures, Chapters in the History of the Jews of Macedonia and Vaardaria. Tel Aviv: Heritage Publishing, 1986. Lieberman, Benjamin. Terrible Fate, Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman Littlefield, Reprint Edition, 2013. Levy, Avigdor. “Rav Akçesi (Rabbi’s Tax),” in
Encyclopedia ofJews in the Islamic World, executive ed. Norman A. Stillman. Consulted online on 07 April 2020. Maximov, Boris. “Bulgarian Jewry, History of Allies,” Encyclopedia ofDiasporas— Bulgaria. Jerusalem, 1967. Molho, Rena. Salonique 1850-1918, La Ville des Juifs ’ et le Réveil des Balkans, ed. Gilles Veinstein. Paris: Editions Autrement, Séries Mémoires, 12,1993. Moutafov, Vladimir. The Unifier King and the Rescue of the Jews fi-от Unified Bul garia (On the role ofKing Boris III ofthe Bulgarians during the Years of the Holo caust, 2005. http://comforty.eom/theoptimists/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2017/07/ the-unifier-king-and-the-rescue-of-the-jews-from-unified-bulgaria-bulgarian -mutafov.pdf Neuburger, Mary C. Balkan Smoke, Tobacco and the Making of Modem Bulgaria. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. Nissimov, Harry. By the Skin of Our Teeth. Sofia: Publisher Kolumb 92,1995. Oliver, Haim H. We Were Saved. Sofia: Sofia Press, 1988. Odyssey Opera, https://www.odysseyopera.org/2019-offenbach-la-belle-helene/ Ofer, Dalia. “Tormented Memories: The Individual and the Culture,” Indiana Univer sity Press: Israel Studies, Voi. 9, No. 3 (Fall, 2004). Dalia Ofer refers to the work of Klas-Göran Karlsson, Echoes of the Holocaust: Historical Culture in Contem porary Europe (Lund, 2003).
Bibliography 361 --------- . “Tormented Memories,” in Memory Games: Concepts of Time and Memory in Jewish Culture, edited by Yotam Benziman Raanana, Israel: The Van Leer Jeru salem Institute, Kibbutz Hameuchad, 2008. Pisssari, Milovan. Digitized History of the Topovske Šupe Concentration Camp: a Project of the Centre for Public History, Belgrade, Mapping the Holocaust-The Preservation of the Topovske Šupe Camp is a scientific-research project imple mented by the Centre for Public History which aims at presenting the history of the Topovske Šupe concentration camp to the public. https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung .de/digitised_history_of_the_topovske_Supe_concentration_camp_a_project_of _the_centre_for_public_history_belgrade?nav_id=9166 “Poet Profile, Valeri Petrov,” Blazing Bulgaria. https://blazingbulgaria.wordpress .com/2012/05/20/valeri-petrov Prusin, Alexander. Serbia Under the Swastika A World War II Occupation. Cham paign: University of Illinois Press, 2017. “Radio Bulgaria,” published August 16,2014. Ragam, Nadège. “Contrasting Destinies: The Plight of Bulgarian Jews and the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek and Yugoslav Territories during World War Two,” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, [online], published on: 15 March 2017, accessed 02/10/2020, http://bo-k2s.sciences-po.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre -resistance/en/document/contrasting-destimes-plight-bulgarian-jews-and-jews -bulgarian-occupied-greek-and-yugoslav, ISSN 1961-9898 --------- . “Bordering the Past: The Elusive Presences of the Holocaust in Socialist Macedonia and Socialist Bulgaria.” Südost-
Forschungen, Volume: 76, 2017, 3. Rawlinson, George. History ofPhoenicia. First published 1889 by Longmans, Green, and Co., The Project Gutenberg EBook, 2006. Ristović, Milan. “Yugoslav Jews Fleeing the Holocaust, 1941-1945,” in Remember ingfor the Future, The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, ed. John K. Roth, Elisa beth Maxwell, Margot Levy, Wendy Whitworth. New York: Paigrave Macmillan, 2001. Rosanis, Shlomo. Divrei Yemei Israel BeTugrama. Parts 1-5. Sofia-Tei Aviv, 19301938. Rosenfeld, Alvin H. Deciphering the New Antisemitism. Bloomington: Indiana Uni versity Press, 2015. Shealtiel, Shlomo, “Bulgaria,” in The Holocaust Encyclopedia, ed. Walter Laqueur. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. --------- . From Birthland to Homeland-Emigration and illegal immigration to Pales tine from Bulgaria and via Bulgaria in the years 1939-1949. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, Tel Aviv University, 2003. Shelah, Menachem, ed. Contributors: Yossef Lewinger, Alexandar Matkovski, His tory of the Holocaust—Yugoslavia. Israel: Yad Vashem, 1990. Syrri, Despina (al). “The Story of Staro Sajmište Concentration Camp,” Pro duced/Producing Europe, European Review, Cambridge: Cambridge Univer sity Press: Volume 20, Issue 1, (January 4, 2012). https://www.cambridge.org/ core/joumals/european-review/article/story-of-staro-sajmiste-concentration-camp -producedproducing-europe/5A2732FD95F267CCD79A7A8EF720D97E
362 Bibliography Tamir, Vicki. Bulgaria and Her Jews, the History ofa Dubious Symbiosis. New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, Inc. for Yeshiva University Press, 1979. Thanks to Scandinavia, An Institute of AJC, http://www.thankstoscandinavia.org/wp -content/uploads/2014/09/Heroes-in-History-The-People-of-Denmark.pdf Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fragility of Goodness, Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999. Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. 2. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). Troebst, Stefan. “Salvation, Survival, or Annihilation? Bulgaria, the Holocaust, and the Politics of History,” in Südosteuropa. Zeitschrift für Politik und Gesellschaft., No. 1, 97-127 Germany: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Germany 2011. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/ Vassilev, Rossen. “The Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews in World War II,” New Politics, Vol. XII, No. 4, Whole Number 48 (Winter, 2010), Footnote No. 8, https.V/newpol .org/authors/vassilev-rossen ---------. “Public Opinion and Bulgaria’s Involvement in the Iraq War,” East Euro pean Quarterly, Winter, 2006. www.questia.com/library/joumal/lGl-157268154/ public-opinion-and-bulgaria-s-involvement-in-the-iraq Wiemik, Yankei. A Yahrln Treblinka, Yiddish original, [A Year in Treblinka]. New York: 1944. Yitzhak Arad. Belzee, Sobibor, Treblinka- The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999. Yad Vashem Archives: https://www.yadvashem.org/archive.html Yivo Encyclopedia,
https://yivoencyclopedia.org/ Yosha, Nissim. The Balkan Fox, On the Role ofBulgaria in the Extermination of the Jews. Bishvil Hazikaron 33, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1995.
Index Abarbane], Rudi, 123, 143, 179-181 Aegean Sea, 23, 28, 124 Aharoni, Yoram, 91, 108, 278 Albania, 41, 47, 111, 126, 202, 239, 241, 261-266 American College of Sofia, 52-53,120 anti-Semitism, 4, 6, 23, 52-53, 76-77, 82, 85, 88-93,96, 108, 114-119, 131, 135, 269, 309,311,316, 323 Arbel, Mordechai, 53, 58, 79, 97, 101,109 Arditti, Binyamin, 66, 111, 144, 152, 197, 200, 292, 294 Armenians, 45, 46, 52, 331 Asher, Chaim, 57, 58, 74, 275 Ashkenazi, 23, 29, 55, 61, 63, 217, 344 Assa, Avraham 167 Assa, Anri, 9, 295, 358 Asseov, Jacques, 69, 102, 167, 190 Austria, 78, 101,182, 222, 234, 258, 345 Aviezer, Miriam Steiner, 187 Avramov, Roumen, 125, 289, 309, 337, 357 Avtalion, Zizi, 65, 205, 272 Balkans, 1, 2, 13, 19-23, 27-30, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 55, 73, 121, 126, 187, 259, 261,294,301,316,319 Banatav, Yozi, 81-82, 107, 109 Bartov, Omer, 1, 8 Baruch, Fidel, 169, 171, 328 Baruch, Marko, 74-75, 78 Baruch, Nir, 23, 73, 88, 93, 96, 114, 117, 121,147-148, 150, 168, 171173, 178, 194, 195, 231-232, 287, 291, 323 Baruch, Shmuel, 168-172 Bayezid II, 17, 29 Bechar, Avram Shaul, 70 Bechar, Avraham, 45, 55-56, 135, 276 Beckerle, Adolf-Heinz, 137, 193 Behar, Israel, 123, 255-260 Beitar, 80, 82, 91 Belev, Alexander, 88, 96-97, 123, 131-132, 145-150, 167, 170, 173, 175, 193, 194, 199, 229, 231, 232, 301-302, 346-347 Belev-Dannecker Agreement, 175 Belgrade, 28, 123-125, 153-154, 235, 241-243, 251, 256, 259, 262, 263, 277 Ben Aroyo, Rudolph, 139 Ben Gurion, David, 270 Ben Ray, Ernesta, 134, 227, 228, 271 Bali, Solomon, 96, 98, 231-232 Balkan Tabak, 70 Balkan Wars, 4, 42, 47-49, 83, 87, 91,
113, 121,136 363
364 Benatav, Yozi, 81,107 Beracha, Buko, 167 Bergen-Belsen, 256-260 Bitola, 122, 150, 186, 255 Black, Floyd, 52, 53n2 120nl3 Black Sea, 13,19, 20, 23, 28, 32, 60, 77, 103, 134, 223, 227, 343 B’nai Brith, 55, 75, 105, 116, 282, Book Burning, 89, 93nnll-14 Boris III, Tzar (King), 4, 6-7, 48, 83, 87, 100, 114-115, 118, 121, 126, 146, 178, 193, 197, 229, 255, 282, 283, 291, 293, 297-299, 305-311, 316, 345, 348, 349 Branik-Braniks, 4, 88, 90, 96, 132,134, 136, 162, 203 Burgas, 28, 100, 134, 167, 185, 227228,271, 348 Byzantine Empire, 22-23 Calev, Suzie, 69, 134 Capon, Mois, 142,161, 231 Chary, Frederick В., 46, 87, 173, 269, 286, 292 Christianity, Christians, 12, 16, 17, 21-23, 27-29, 37, 38, 52, 80, 117, 130, 198, 288, 332, 343, 344 Cohen, Aaron, 70, 191 Cohen, Albert, 48, 62, 90, 205, 233 Cohen, Moshe, 63, 101, 140, 207 Commissariat for Jewish Affairs / Jewish Questions (CJA or KEV) 131, 146, 269, 347 Communist Party, 7, 79, 240, 245, 246, 271, 286 287, 288, 291-293, 327 concentration camps, 144, 153,157, 197, 201, 203, 221, 262, 263, 286, 298, 307, 345, 349 Confino, Baruch, 101-107 Confino Marko, 179, 262-263 Confino, Yaakov, 107 Constantinople, 26, 28-29, 43, 103, 106, 275 Danon-Moshe, Sophie Joshua, 130 Index Danube River, 5, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 61, 83, 117, 124, 199, 223, 261, 344, 348 deportations, 193-199, 209,229, 238, 283, 285, 287,289, 293, 294, 297, 316, 336 Dobrudja, 4, 47-48,113, 121, 283, 302,310 Darien II, 108 Darjaven Vestnik, 115 Dimitroff, Georgi, 273 Dimitrov, Rubin, 198 drama, 125, 165 Dupnitsa, 69, 91, 150,160-165 Eichmann, Adolf, 3,113,150, 283, 285,
286 Einsatzgruppen, 5,6,153-155 Elior, Rachel, 11 Edime, (Odrin, Adrianopolis), 28, 47, 55, 87, 102 Eskin, David, 80, 96,118,138, 195, 210, 230, 234, 323 Fascism, 7, 115, 132, 134, 140, 213, 275,328, 331 Ferdinand, King, 17,47,48, 87, 115 Filov, Bogdan, 100,117,122, 123, 146, 150, 170-172, 178, 179, 193, 299, 324 Final Solution, 3, 6, 7,46, 87, 88, 121, 132, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 193, 237, 261, 281, 283, 298, 301, 302, 306,310,316 Finzi, Ida, 64, 201 Finzi, Itzko, 64, 204 France, 9, 16, 27, 28, 41, 47, 88, 89, 107, 149,217, 285,331 Gabrovski, Peter, 88, 100, 113, 123, 135, 137, 145, 146, 160, 170, 172, 173, 175, 194, 199, 291 Germany, Nazi, 2, 118,213, 237, 239, 288, 344 Geron, Yoseph, 136nl4
Index Ghetto, 78, 82, 132 146, 147, 195, 202, 243, 349 Goma Djumaya, 91,150, 158,162,163, 164, 165, 185,215 Gradeshtnitsa, 142 Gromyko, Andrei, 270, 272 Hananel, Rabbi Asher, 135, 195, 196 Haralampiev, Boris, 45, 178, 332 Hashomer Hatzair, 72, 74, 77, 102,123 Hason, Rena Shaashua, 135, 177, 331 Heydrich, Reinhard, 153, 155 Herzl, Theodor, 74-78 Hillel, Joseph, 213 Himmler, Heinrich, 249 Holy Synod, 157, 194, 196, 297 Hilberg, Raul, 113,286 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 4, 7, 52, 85-92, 95, 101, 121, 126, 131, 133, 163,215, 229, 234, 235, 240, 248, 249, 250, 258,294, 298, 309,312, 328 Hungary, 23, 28, 29, 47, 65, 222, 234-235, 241, 251, 279, 285, 298, 303,325 Iberian Peninsula, 14, 15-16, 17 Ihtiman, 207 Istanbul, 28, 29, 42, 55, 61, 73, 74, 75, 105, 108, 110, 229, 275 Israel, 11, 12, 13, 42, 59, 75, 76-81 Italy, 5, 23, 28, 47, 71, 78, 93, 210, 241, 242, 261, 264-265, 271, 277, 285, 303 Jaffa, 55, 71, 91, 106,191, 275-276, 279 Jewish Consistory, 96, 100,114, 167, 198 Jewish Telegraphie Agency (JTA), 88, 89, 90, 100, 131,227, 261 Kalitzin, Yaroslav (Yardo), 157, 163 Kanari, Moti, 99, 149 Kassabova, Penka, 130,133 Katalan, Sarah, 71, 176 Kaufinan, Nikolay, 62 365 Kavala, 125, 163, 165 Kazanlak, 203 Keren, Zvi, 61, 229 Keshales, Chaim, 116,292 Kesyakova, Elena, 20-21 Kiril, Metropolitan, 45, 114, 177, 178 193, 328, 332 Kocheva, Vera Mileva, 53, 115, 199, 331 Komotini, 157-159 Kostov Traicho, 220, 233 Kosovo, 47, 241, 255-256 Kyustendil, 69, 132, 143, 167-173 labor camps (forced), 2, 122, 129, 130, 134, 137-143, 196, 207, 214, 221, 229, 232, 269 299, 301, 315, 320 Ladino, 55, 57, 58, 61-63,
66, 76, 78, 99, 111, 139, 161,209, 229 Lanzman, Claude, 8 Law for the Defense of the Nation, 4, 113, 116, 119, 122, 129, 132, 137, 145, 175, 181, 194,286 Lebl, Jennie, 238, 239-252 Legionnaires, 88, 91 Levi, David, 76, 96, 118 Levy, Mois Josef, 222, 231 Lorn, 132, 157, 181, 182, 203, 261, 303 Lorer, Heny, 119, 203, 234 Maccabi, 72, 74-81, 91, 96, 101, 107, 118,276, 277 Macedonia, 4, 5, 23, 24, 41, 43, 47, 48, 96, 121-126, 133, 140, 145, 148, 157, 170-172, 179, 185, 186, 187, 193,215,216,217, 231,238, 241, 255, 261, 264, 265, 283, 286, 287, 288, 297, 298, 302, 303, 309, 310, 316,323,324,336 Maranos, 58 Margalit, Emanuel, (Margolis, Emko), 92, 230 Mediterranean, 13, 15, 20, 28, 120 Mizrachi, 29 mobile killing vans, 154
366 Index Mory, Julie, 228 Moutafov, Vladimir, 298, 309, 329, 337 Muslims, 16, 28, 37, 38, 73, 264, 288, 332 Mussolini, Benito, 325 Narodno Sabranye (National Assembly), 115, 122, 146 Nazism, 92, 95, 101, 107, 111, 153, 240 Nissimov, Harry, 132, 138, 159, 163-164 Nissimov, Niko, 79, 80, 89, 129, 132, 158-163 209, 234, 235, 271, 279 Ben Nun, Israel, 77, 81, 278 Nuremberg laws, 4, 85 Ofer, Dalia, 3, 86, 238, 287, 307, 319, 336 Or, Miriam (Mary), 11, 168-169 Ottoman Empire, 17, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41—43 Ovadia, lka Comforty, 89, 102, 130, 228, 229 Ovadia, Jacques, 51, 90 Palència, Julio, 100 Palestine, 53, 77, 81, 90, 92, 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 266, 271, 275, 302 Panitsa, Liliana, 167 Pardo, Itzhak, 91,160, 213, 232, 279 Paris, 101,149, 150, 209, 217 Partisans, 230, 233 Passi, Daisy, 71, 175, 191,323 Passi, Solomon, 308-310 Passover, 33, 58, 60, 66, 71, 90, Pazardjik, 43, 45, 74, 76, 91, 108,109, 178, 332 Peshev, Dimiter, 168-173, 175, 178, 179, 193, 232, 298, 307, 327,328 Phoenicians, 13-14, 19 Pleven, 29, 63, 199, 202, 208, 217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230 Pirot, 123-125, 140 143, 144, 145, 150, 154, 157,179, 180, 238, 241, 261-262, 287, 298, 323, 324 Plovdiv, 20-21, 43, 55, 57-58, 69-76, 91-92, 99, 109, 135, 146, 175-177, 190-191, 207-208, 213, 217, 221, 231,270, 302 Polikarov, Azaria. 115,219, 220, 282, 327 Portugal, 17, 27,29, 149 Radi, Bay, 223 Ratnik, 4, 88,93,100,145 Razgrad, 65, 201,204, 230 Redard, Charles, 299 Reichstag, 87, 89, 90, 153 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 95, 183, 297, 328 Romaniote, 20, 23, 29, 55 Ruse, 29, 55, 57, 58, 61, 65, 83, 100,
114,215,222, 224, 231,277 Rila Mountains, 42, 114 Roman Empire, 15, 16, 20,21, 22 Romania, 12, 20, 28, 41, 47, 61, 78, 108, 113,223,241,285 Rubenov, Robert, 106, 197, 224 Rudnichar, 102, 107 Rumelia, 31, 43, 69 Russian-Ottoman War, 19, 41 Salonika, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 61, 240, Salvador, 102,103,104, 105, 107, 108 Samokov, 42, 69, 101 Sandler, Maya, 141 Sarajevo, 47 Saxe-Coburgsky-Gotha, Simeon, 7, 78, 305, 306, 308, 309 Sea of Marmara, 19, 102 Sephardic, 16, 29, 51, 55, 57, 69, 187, 215,217 Serbia, 123, 124, 125, 126, 133, 141, 148, 153, 154,241,242,243, 245, 246 Sestrimo, 201 Shaprut, Ezra, 277 Shealtiel, Shlomo, 116, 117, 145 Silivria, 105
Index Skopje, 28, 122, 123, 125, 150,153, 185, 186, 238, 255, 259,262, 263, 264, 302, 303 Sofia, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 31-33, 47, 48, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60-65, 75-82, 89, 90, 92, 96-97, 101, 118, 146, 147, 154, 157, 160, 163, 168-173,178,180-181, 194-199, 201-205, 213, 217-219, 227-234, 261-262, 277, 282, 285, 293, 302,311 Somovit, 196, 198, 199, 217, 221-224, 231 Soviet Union, 3, 95, 117, 122, 154, 287, 346 Spain, 14, 15-17, 51, 57-59, 61, 186, 255, 278 Stancheva, Magdelina, 21, 31, 95 Stefan, Metropolite, 64, 114,157, 173, 193, 196-197 State Protection Act, 87 367 Vaena, Yakım, 102-106 Vama, 20, 28, 32, 55, 60, 66, 77, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107-109 Vetren, 209 Vidin, 22, 23, 29, 102, 135, 178, 203, 219 Vlasina, 141-142 Vratsa, 203 Wagenstein, Angel (Jacky), 215, 217 Wannsee Conference, 145, 147, 155 Wiemik, Yankei, 187 Wochenschau, 101 World War I, 4, 42, 47, 48, 55, 87, 107, 113, 121, 133,240 World War II, 3,6, 7, 81, 87, 95,101, 114, 153,213,237, 255,261,278, 282, 286, 297, 301, 305, 306, 316,319 Xanthi, 129, 132, 158-159, 165 Tamir, Vicki, 60, 221 Treaty of Craiova, 113, 283 Thrace, 4-5, 20, 21, 47-48,121-126, 129, 145, 148, 157, 159, 171-172, 231, 287-288, 297, 309-310, 316, 324 Treblinka, 5, 157, 186-187,202, 256, 259, 261, 288, 293, 303, 307 Tripartite Agreement (Pact), 4, 117, 240 Trunska Klisura, 140, 143 Tamovo, 24, 42, 45 Turkey, 20, 47, 55, 61, 87, 99-100, 105, 107, 109, 275, 331 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 307, 365 Vaena, Adela, 102-106 Yakova, Virginya Moiseeva, 181 Yad Vashem, 187,198, 285, 305, 306, 307,310,315 Youch Bunar, 64, 83, 96, 132,145 Yulzari,
Chaim, 215 Yugoslavia, 4, 9, 28, 117, 118, 122, 124, 141, 142, 153, 234, 235, 237, 240, 241, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259, 264, 277,310 Zerovo, 139-140 Zhelyazkova, Antonina, 37 Zhivkov, Todor, 7, 37, 292, 293, 320 Zion, Daniel, Rabbi, 195-196, 198, 222 Zion, Nissim, 63, 198, 332 Zionism, 42,46, 73-82,101, 270 |
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Contents List of Figures xi Foreword xxi Omeľ Bartov Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxxi Introduction 1 PART 1 IDENTITY—WHO WE ARE 11 1 The Jewish Diaspora 13 2 The Jews in the Iberian Peninsula 15 3 The Jews of the Balkans 19 4 Jewish Migration Waves to the Balkans 27 5 Jewish Life in the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries 31 PART 2 COLLECTIVE MEMORYOF THE BALKAN JEWS 35 6 Multi-cultural, Multi-religious, and Multi-ethnic Balkans 37 7 Shared History 41 8 Religious Tolerance and Freedom of Conscience 45 9 The Balkan Wars and World War I 47 10 Bulgarians and Jews 51 vii
viii Contents 11 Jewish Traditions, Heritage, andCommunity 55 12 How Life Was 69 13 Zionism and Patriotism 73 PART 3 THE BULGARIAN JEWS DURING HITLERISM 1933-1945 85 14 Clouds on the Horizon 87 15 Growing Threats 95 16 Escaping Anti-Semitism 99 17 Law for the Defense of the Nation 113 18 The Fox in the Chicken Coop 121 19 Life under the Swastika 129 20 Jewish Forced Labor 137 21 Bulgaria Prepares for the Final Solution 145 PART 4 THE FINAL SOLUTION AND BULGARIA 153 22 Deportations 157 23 Friends and Neighbors 167 24 Roundups and Continued Resistance 175 25 Train to Treblinka 185 26 My Father’s Injury Story 189 27 Between Deportations 193 28 Deportations and Ghettoization 201 29 Meanwhile in Labor Camp 207 30 Resistance 213 31 Concentration Camps 221 32 Game of Nerves 227
Contents ix PART 5 THE SILENCED NARRATIVE OF BULGARIA’S VICTIMS 237 33 “Instincts of an Animal”—Jennie Lebl’s Survival Story 239 34 “To and Through Hell and Back”—Israel Behar’sSurvival Story 255 35 “Burdensome to this Moment”—Rudi Abarbaneľs Escape Story 261 PART 6 THE AFTERMATH OF THEHOLOCAUST 267 36 Rivers of Tears—After the War 1945-1948 269 37 “We Overcame It!” Bulgaria in Jaffa 275 PART 7 THE STOLEN NARRATIVE OF THE BULGARIAN JEWS 281 38 A Myth Is Bom 285 39 “Who Saved the Jews?” 291 40 The Balkan Fox 297 41 Territory and Accountability 301 42 Wheeling and Dealing Memory 305 43 Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial 315 PART 8 THE RECLAIMED NARRATIVE 319 44 Reflections—Mixed Accounts 323 45 The Moral Lesson 327 46 “To Be a Mensch!” 331 Epilogue: Tribute to Decency 335 Appendix I: List of Interviewees 339 Appendix II: Timelines 343 Appendix III: Further Reading 351 Bibliography 357 Index 363 About the Authors 369
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360 Bibliography House Concurrent Resolution, 77. https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/ house-concurrent-resolution/77/text Ignatov, Mario. The Bulgarian Jews During WWII, Myth and Reality. Germany: Hadassah Word Press, 2015. Jewish Telegraphic Agency ('JTA) Archives, https://www.jta.org/archive Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ Keren, Zvi. Studies ofJewish Life in Bulgaria, From the 16th to the 20th Century. Tel Aviv: ContentNow, 2015. Keshales, Chaim. Korot Yehudei Bulgaria in Hebrew [The History of the Bulgarian Jews]. Tel Aviv: Davar, 1969. KKL-JNF Press release, KKL-JNF Adopts ‘Beisky’ Committee Recommendations on Bulgarian Jewry Forest, 7-16-2000. Krauskopf, Joseph. Jews and Moors in Spain. Kansas City: M. Berkowitz Co., Publishers and Printers, 1887. [EBook #50408, Release Date, 2015.] Krasteva Zdravka - Правни аспекти на държавната антиеврейска политика в Царство България (1940-1944 г.) // Legal Aspects of the State Anti-Jewish Poli tics in the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1940-1944) 2018/04/17. Laqueur, Walter, ed. and Judith Tydor Baumel, associate ed., The Holocaust Encyclo pedia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Lebl, Jenny. The Holocaust of the Jews of Yugoslavia. Bishvil Hazikaron 33. Jerusa lem: Yad Vashem, 1995. ---------. Tides and Fractures, Chapters in the History of the Jews of Macedonia and Vaardaria. Tel Aviv: Heritage Publishing, 1986. Lieberman, Benjamin. Terrible Fate, Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman Littlefield, Reprint Edition, 2013. Levy, Avigdor. “Rav Akçesi (Rabbi’s Tax),” in
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Bibliography 361 --------- . “Tormented Memories,” in Memory Games: Concepts of Time and Memory in Jewish Culture, edited by Yotam Benziman Raanana, Israel: The Van Leer Jeru salem Institute, Kibbutz Hameuchad, 2008. Pisssari, Milovan. Digitized History of the Topovske Šupe Concentration Camp: a Project of the Centre for Public History, Belgrade, Mapping the Holocaust-The Preservation of the Topovske Šupe Camp is a scientific-research project imple mented by the Centre for Public History which aims at presenting the history of the Topovske Šupe concentration camp to the public. https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung .de/digitised_history_of_the_topovske_Supe_concentration_camp_a_project_of _the_centre_for_public_history_belgrade?nav_id=9166 “Poet Profile, Valeri Petrov,” Blazing Bulgaria. https://blazingbulgaria.wordpress .com/2012/05/20/valeri-petrov Prusin, Alexander. Serbia Under the Swastika A World War II Occupation. Cham paign: University of Illinois Press, 2017. “Radio Bulgaria,” published August 16,2014. Ragam, Nadège. “Contrasting Destinies: The Plight of Bulgarian Jews and the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek and Yugoslav Territories during World War Two,” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, [online], published on: 15 March 2017, accessed 02/10/2020, http://bo-k2s.sciences-po.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre -resistance/en/document/contrasting-destimes-plight-bulgarian-jews-and-jews -bulgarian-occupied-greek-and-yugoslav, ISSN 1961-9898 --------- . “Bordering the Past: The Elusive Presences of the Holocaust in Socialist Macedonia and Socialist Bulgaria.” Südost-
Forschungen, Volume: 76, 2017, 3. Rawlinson, George. History ofPhoenicia. First published 1889 by Longmans, Green, and Co., The Project Gutenberg EBook, 2006. Ristović, Milan. “Yugoslav Jews Fleeing the Holocaust, 1941-1945,” in Remember ingfor the Future, The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, ed. John K. Roth, Elisa beth Maxwell, Margot Levy, Wendy Whitworth. New York: Paigrave Macmillan, 2001. Rosanis, Shlomo. Divrei Yemei Israel BeTugrama. Parts 1-5. Sofia-Tei Aviv, 19301938. Rosenfeld, Alvin H. Deciphering the New Antisemitism. Bloomington: Indiana Uni versity Press, 2015. Shealtiel, Shlomo, “Bulgaria,” in The Holocaust Encyclopedia, ed. Walter Laqueur. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. --------- . From Birthland to Homeland-Emigration and illegal immigration to Pales tine from Bulgaria and via Bulgaria in the years 1939-1949. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, Tel Aviv University, 2003. Shelah, Menachem, ed. Contributors: Yossef Lewinger, Alexandar Matkovski, His tory of the Holocaust—Yugoslavia. Israel: Yad Vashem, 1990. Syrri, Despina (al). “The Story of Staro Sajmište Concentration Camp,” Pro duced/Producing Europe, European Review, Cambridge: Cambridge Univer sity Press: Volume 20, Issue 1, (January 4, 2012). https://www.cambridge.org/ core/joumals/european-review/article/story-of-staro-sajmiste-concentration-camp -producedproducing-europe/5A2732FD95F267CCD79A7A8EF720D97E
362 Bibliography Tamir, Vicki. Bulgaria and Her Jews, the History ofa Dubious Symbiosis. New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, Inc. for Yeshiva University Press, 1979. Thanks to Scandinavia, An Institute of AJC, http://www.thankstoscandinavia.org/wp -content/uploads/2014/09/Heroes-in-History-The-People-of-Denmark.pdf Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fragility of Goodness, Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999. Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. 2. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). Troebst, Stefan. “Salvation, Survival, or Annihilation? Bulgaria, the Holocaust, and the Politics of History,” in Südosteuropa. Zeitschrift für Politik und Gesellschaft., No. 1, 97-127 Germany: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Germany 2011. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/ Vassilev, Rossen. “The Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews in World War II,” New Politics, Vol. XII, No. 4, Whole Number 48 (Winter, 2010), Footnote No. 8, https.V/newpol .org/authors/vassilev-rossen ---------. “Public Opinion and Bulgaria’s Involvement in the Iraq War,” East Euro pean Quarterly, Winter, 2006. www.questia.com/library/joumal/lGl-157268154/ public-opinion-and-bulgaria-s-involvement-in-the-iraq Wiemik, Yankei. A Yahrln Treblinka, Yiddish original, [A Year in Treblinka]. New York: 1944. Yitzhak Arad. Belzee, Sobibor, Treblinka- The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999. Yad Vashem Archives: https://www.yadvashem.org/archive.html Yivo Encyclopedia,
https://yivoencyclopedia.org/ Yosha, Nissim. The Balkan Fox, On the Role ofBulgaria in the Extermination of the Jews. Bishvil Hazikaron 33, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1995.
Index Abarbane], Rudi, 123, 143, 179-181 Aegean Sea, 23, 28, 124 Aharoni, Yoram, 91, 108, 278 Albania, 41, 47, 111, 126, 202, 239, 241, 261-266 American College of Sofia, 52-53,120 anti-Semitism, 4, 6, 23, 52-53, 76-77, 82, 85, 88-93,96, 108, 114-119, 131, 135, 269, 309,311,316, 323 Arbel, Mordechai, 53, 58, 79, 97, 101,109 Arditti, Binyamin, 66, 111, 144, 152, 197, 200, 292, 294 Armenians, 45, 46, 52, 331 Asher, Chaim, 57, 58, 74, 275 Ashkenazi, 23, 29, 55, 61, 63, 217, 344 Assa, Avraham 167 Assa, Anri, 9, 295, 358 Asseov, Jacques, 69, 102, 167, 190 Austria, 78, 101,182, 222, 234, 258, 345 Aviezer, Miriam Steiner, 187 Avramov, Roumen, 125, 289, 309, 337, 357 Avtalion, Zizi, 65, 205, 272 Balkans, 1, 2, 13, 19-23, 27-30, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 55, 73, 121, 126, 187, 259, 261,294,301,316,319 Banatav, Yozi, 81-82, 107, 109 Bartov, Omer, 1, 8 Baruch, Fidel, 169, 171, 328 Baruch, Marko, 74-75, 78 Baruch, Nir, 23, 73, 88, 93, 96, 114, 117, 121,147-148, 150, 168, 171173, 178, 194, 195, 231-232, 287, 291, 323 Baruch, Shmuel, 168-172 Bayezid II, 17, 29 Bechar, Avram Shaul, 70 Bechar, Avraham, 45, 55-56, 135, 276 Beckerle, Adolf-Heinz, 137, 193 Behar, Israel, 123, 255-260 Beitar, 80, 82, 91 Belev, Alexander, 88, 96-97, 123, 131-132, 145-150, 167, 170, 173, 175, 193, 194, 199, 229, 231, 232, 301-302, 346-347 Belev-Dannecker Agreement, 175 Belgrade, 28, 123-125, 153-154, 235, 241-243, 251, 256, 259, 262, 263, 277 Ben Aroyo, Rudolph, 139 Ben Gurion, David, 270 Ben Ray, Ernesta, 134, 227, 228, 271 Bali, Solomon, 96, 98, 231-232 Balkan Tabak, 70 Balkan Wars, 4, 42, 47-49, 83, 87, 91,
113, 121,136 363
364 Benatav, Yozi, 81,107 Beracha, Buko, 167 Bergen-Belsen, 256-260 Bitola, 122, 150, 186, 255 Black, Floyd, 52, 53n2 120nl3 Black Sea, 13,19, 20, 23, 28, 32, 60, 77, 103, 134, 223, 227, 343 B’nai Brith, 55, 75, 105, 116, 282, Book Burning, 89, 93nnll-14 Boris III, Tzar (King), 4, 6-7, 48, 83, 87, 100, 114-115, 118, 121, 126, 146, 178, 193, 197, 229, 255, 282, 283, 291, 293, 297-299, 305-311, 316, 345, 348, 349 Branik-Braniks, 4, 88, 90, 96, 132,134, 136, 162, 203 Burgas, 28, 100, 134, 167, 185, 227228,271, 348 Byzantine Empire, 22-23 Calev, Suzie, 69, 134 Capon, Mois, 142,161, 231 Chary, Frederick В., 46, 87, 173, 269, 286, 292 Christianity, Christians, 12, 16, 17, 21-23, 27-29, 37, 38, 52, 80, 117, 130, 198, 288, 332, 343, 344 Cohen, Aaron, 70, 191 Cohen, Albert, 48, 62, 90, 205, 233 Cohen, Moshe, 63, 101, 140, 207 Commissariat for Jewish Affairs / Jewish Questions (CJA or KEV) 131, 146, 269, 347 Communist Party, 7, 79, 240, 245, 246, 271, 286 287, 288, 291-293, 327 concentration camps, 144, 153,157, 197, 201, 203, 221, 262, 263, 286, 298, 307, 345, 349 Confino, Baruch, 101-107 Confino Marko, 179, 262-263 Confino, Yaakov, 107 Constantinople, 26, 28-29, 43, 103, 106, 275 Danon-Moshe, Sophie Joshua, 130 Index Danube River, 5, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 61, 83, 117, 124, 199, 223, 261, 344, 348 deportations, 193-199, 209,229, 238, 283, 285, 287,289, 293, 294, 297, 316, 336 Dobrudja, 4, 47-48,113, 121, 283, 302,310 Darien II, 108 Darjaven Vestnik, 115 Dimitroff, Georgi, 273 Dimitrov, Rubin, 198 drama, 125, 165 Dupnitsa, 69, 91, 150,160-165 Eichmann, Adolf, 3,113,150, 283, 285,
286 Einsatzgruppen, 5,6,153-155 Elior, Rachel, 11 Edime, (Odrin, Adrianopolis), 28, 47, 55, 87, 102 Eskin, David, 80, 96,118,138, 195, 210, 230, 234, 323 Fascism, 7, 115, 132, 134, 140, 213, 275,328, 331 Ferdinand, King, 17,47,48, 87, 115 Filov, Bogdan, 100,117,122, 123, 146, 150, 170-172, 178, 179, 193, 299, 324 Final Solution, 3, 6, 7,46, 87, 88, 121, 132, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 193, 237, 261, 281, 283, 298, 301, 302, 306,310,316 Finzi, Ida, 64, 201 Finzi, Itzko, 64, 204 France, 9, 16, 27, 28, 41, 47, 88, 89, 107, 149,217, 285,331 Gabrovski, Peter, 88, 100, 113, 123, 135, 137, 145, 146, 160, 170, 172, 173, 175, 194, 199, 291 Germany, Nazi, 2, 118,213, 237, 239, 288, 344 Geron, Yoseph, 136nl4
Index Ghetto, 78, 82, 132 146, 147, 195, 202, 243, 349 Goma Djumaya, 91,150, 158,162,163, 164, 165, 185,215 Gradeshtnitsa, 142 Gromyko, Andrei, 270, 272 Hananel, Rabbi Asher, 135, 195, 196 Haralampiev, Boris, 45, 178, 332 Hashomer Hatzair, 72, 74, 77, 102,123 Hason, Rena Shaashua, 135, 177, 331 Heydrich, Reinhard, 153, 155 Herzl, Theodor, 74-78 Hillel, Joseph, 213 Himmler, Heinrich, 249 Holy Synod, 157, 194, 196, 297 Hilberg, Raul, 113,286 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 4, 7, 52, 85-92, 95, 101, 121, 126, 131, 133, 163,215, 229, 234, 235, 240, 248, 249, 250, 258,294, 298, 309,312, 328 Hungary, 23, 28, 29, 47, 65, 222, 234-235, 241, 251, 279, 285, 298, 303,325 Iberian Peninsula, 14, 15-16, 17 Ihtiman, 207 Istanbul, 28, 29, 42, 55, 61, 73, 74, 75, 105, 108, 110, 229, 275 Israel, 11, 12, 13, 42, 59, 75, 76-81 Italy, 5, 23, 28, 47, 71, 78, 93, 210, 241, 242, 261, 264-265, 271, 277, 285, 303 Jaffa, 55, 71, 91, 106,191, 275-276, 279 Jewish Consistory, 96, 100,114, 167, 198 Jewish Telegraphie Agency (JTA), 88, 89, 90, 100, 131,227, 261 Kalitzin, Yaroslav (Yardo), 157, 163 Kanari, Moti, 99, 149 Kassabova, Penka, 130,133 Katalan, Sarah, 71, 176 Kaufinan, Nikolay, 62 365 Kavala, 125, 163, 165 Kazanlak, 203 Keren, Zvi, 61, 229 Keshales, Chaim, 116,292 Kesyakova, Elena, 20-21 Kiril, Metropolitan, 45, 114, 177, 178 193, 328, 332 Kocheva, Vera Mileva, 53, 115, 199, 331 Komotini, 157-159 Kostov Traicho, 220, 233 Kosovo, 47, 241, 255-256 Kyustendil, 69, 132, 143, 167-173 labor camps (forced), 2, 122, 129, 130, 134, 137-143, 196, 207, 214, 221, 229, 232, 269 299, 301, 315, 320 Ladino, 55, 57, 58, 61-63,
66, 76, 78, 99, 111, 139, 161,209, 229 Lanzman, Claude, 8 Law for the Defense of the Nation, 4, 113, 116, 119, 122, 129, 132, 137, 145, 175, 181, 194,286 Lebl, Jennie, 238, 239-252 Legionnaires, 88, 91 Levi, David, 76, 96, 118 Levy, Mois Josef, 222, 231 Lorn, 132, 157, 181, 182, 203, 261, 303 Lorer, Heny, 119, 203, 234 Maccabi, 72, 74-81, 91, 96, 101, 107, 118,276, 277 Macedonia, 4, 5, 23, 24, 41, 43, 47, 48, 96, 121-126, 133, 140, 145, 148, 157, 170-172, 179, 185, 186, 187, 193,215,216,217, 231,238, 241, 255, 261, 264, 265, 283, 286, 287, 288, 297, 298, 302, 303, 309, 310, 316,323,324,336 Maranos, 58 Margalit, Emanuel, (Margolis, Emko), 92, 230 Mediterranean, 13, 15, 20, 28, 120 Mizrachi, 29 mobile killing vans, 154
366 Index Mory, Julie, 228 Moutafov, Vladimir, 298, 309, 329, 337 Muslims, 16, 28, 37, 38, 73, 264, 288, 332 Mussolini, Benito, 325 Narodno Sabranye (National Assembly), 115, 122, 146 Nazism, 92, 95, 101, 107, 111, 153, 240 Nissimov, Harry, 132, 138, 159, 163-164 Nissimov, Niko, 79, 80, 89, 129, 132, 158-163 209, 234, 235, 271, 279 Ben Nun, Israel, 77, 81, 278 Nuremberg laws, 4, 85 Ofer, Dalia, 3, 86, 238, 287, 307, 319, 336 Or, Miriam (Mary), 11, 168-169 Ottoman Empire, 17, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41—43 Ovadia, lka Comforty, 89, 102, 130, 228, 229 Ovadia, Jacques, 51, 90 Palència, Julio, 100 Palestine, 53, 77, 81, 90, 92, 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 266, 271, 275, 302 Panitsa, Liliana, 167 Pardo, Itzhak, 91,160, 213, 232, 279 Paris, 101,149, 150, 209, 217 Partisans, 230, 233 Passi, Daisy, 71, 175, 191,323 Passi, Solomon, 308-310 Passover, 33, 58, 60, 66, 71, 90, Pazardjik, 43, 45, 74, 76, 91, 108,109, 178, 332 Peshev, Dimiter, 168-173, 175, 178, 179, 193, 232, 298, 307, 327,328 Phoenicians, 13-14, 19 Pleven, 29, 63, 199, 202, 208, 217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230 Pirot, 123-125, 140 143, 144, 145, 150, 154, 157,179, 180, 238, 241, 261-262, 287, 298, 323, 324 Plovdiv, 20-21, 43, 55, 57-58, 69-76, 91-92, 99, 109, 135, 146, 175-177, 190-191, 207-208, 213, 217, 221, 231,270, 302 Polikarov, Azaria. 115,219, 220, 282, 327 Portugal, 17, 27,29, 149 Radi, Bay, 223 Ratnik, 4, 88,93,100,145 Razgrad, 65, 201,204, 230 Redard, Charles, 299 Reichstag, 87, 89, 90, 153 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 95, 183, 297, 328 Romaniote, 20, 23, 29, 55 Ruse, 29, 55, 57, 58, 61, 65, 83, 100,
114,215,222, 224, 231,277 Rila Mountains, 42, 114 Roman Empire, 15, 16, 20,21, 22 Romania, 12, 20, 28, 41, 47, 61, 78, 108, 113,223,241,285 Rubenov, Robert, 106, 197, 224 Rudnichar, 102, 107 Rumelia, 31, 43, 69 Russian-Ottoman War, 19, 41 Salonika, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 61, 240, Salvador, 102,103,104, 105, 107, 108 Samokov, 42, 69, 101 Sandler, Maya, 141 Sarajevo, 47 Saxe-Coburgsky-Gotha, Simeon, 7, 78, 305, 306, 308, 309 Sea of Marmara, 19, 102 Sephardic, 16, 29, 51, 55, 57, 69, 187, 215,217 Serbia, 123, 124, 125, 126, 133, 141, 148, 153, 154,241,242,243, 245, 246 Sestrimo, 201 Shaprut, Ezra, 277 Shealtiel, Shlomo, 116, 117, 145 Silivria, 105
Index Skopje, 28, 122, 123, 125, 150,153, 185, 186, 238, 255, 259,262, 263, 264, 302, 303 Sofia, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 31-33, 47, 48, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60-65, 75-82, 89, 90, 92, 96-97, 101, 118, 146, 147, 154, 157, 160, 163, 168-173,178,180-181, 194-199, 201-205, 213, 217-219, 227-234, 261-262, 277, 282, 285, 293, 302,311 Somovit, 196, 198, 199, 217, 221-224, 231 Soviet Union, 3, 95, 117, 122, 154, 287, 346 Spain, 14, 15-17, 51, 57-59, 61, 186, 255, 278 Stancheva, Magdelina, 21, 31, 95 Stefan, Metropolite, 64, 114,157, 173, 193, 196-197 State Protection Act, 87 367 Vaena, Yakım, 102-106 Vama, 20, 28, 32, 55, 60, 66, 77, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107-109 Vetren, 209 Vidin, 22, 23, 29, 102, 135, 178, 203, 219 Vlasina, 141-142 Vratsa, 203 Wagenstein, Angel (Jacky), 215, 217 Wannsee Conference, 145, 147, 155 Wiemik, Yankei, 187 Wochenschau, 101 World War I, 4, 42, 47, 48, 55, 87, 107, 113, 121, 133,240 World War II, 3,6, 7, 81, 87, 95,101, 114, 153,213,237, 255,261,278, 282, 286, 297, 301, 305, 306, 316,319 Xanthi, 129, 132, 158-159, 165 Tamir, Vicki, 60, 221 Treaty of Craiova, 113, 283 Thrace, 4-5, 20, 21, 47-48,121-126, 129, 145, 148, 157, 159, 171-172, 231, 287-288, 297, 309-310, 316, 324 Treblinka, 5, 157, 186-187,202, 256, 259, 261, 288, 293, 303, 307 Tripartite Agreement (Pact), 4, 117, 240 Trunska Klisura, 140, 143 Tamovo, 24, 42, 45 Turkey, 20, 47, 55, 61, 87, 99-100, 105, 107, 109, 275, 331 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 307, 365 Vaena, Adela, 102-106 Yakova, Virginya Moiseeva, 181 Yad Vashem, 187,198, 285, 305, 306, 307,310,315 Youch Bunar, 64, 83, 96, 132,145 Yulzari,
Chaim, 215 Yugoslavia, 4, 9, 28, 117, 118, 122, 124, 141, 142, 153, 234, 235, 237, 240, 241, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259, 264, 277,310 Zerovo, 139-140 Zhelyazkova, Antonina, 37 Zhivkov, Todor, 7, 37, 292, 293, 320 Zion, Daniel, Rabbi, 195-196, 198, 222 Zion, Nissim, 63, 198, 332 Zionism, 42,46, 73-82,101, 270 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Erlebnisbericht |
| geographic | Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Balkanhalbinsel Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV047311871 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:26:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:13:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781793632913 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032714794 |
| oclc_num | 1255704244 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| physical | xxxiv, 370 Seiten, 52 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210720 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Lexington studies in Jewish literature |
| spelling | Comforty, Jacky 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1228370389 aut The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust Jacky Comforty with Martha Aladjem Bloomfield Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2021] xxxiv, 370 Seiten, 52 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lexington studies in Jewish literature "This book collects narratives of Bulgarian Jews who survived the Holocaust. Through eye-witness testimonies, archival documents, photographs, and researchers' investigations, the stories counter official accounts and corroborate war crimes." Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Beziehungen (DE-588)4176973-9 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd rswk-swf Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Bulgaria / History Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Bulgaria / Personal narratives World War, 1939-1945 / Personal narratives, Jewish Bulgaria / Ethnic relations Ethnic relations Jews Bulgaria 1939-1945 History Personal narratives Personal narratives / Jewish (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 g Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Ethnische Beziehungen (DE-588)4176973-9 s Geschichte z DE-604 Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 s Bloomfield, Martha Aladjem (DE-588)1195625545 ctb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-79363-292-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Comforty, Jacky 1954- The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Ethnische Beziehungen (DE-588)4176973-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4176973-9 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4115456-3 (DE-588)4004334-4 (DE-588)4008866-2 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust |
| title_auth | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust |
| title_full | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust Jacky Comforty with Martha Aladjem Bloomfield |
| title_fullStr | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust Jacky Comforty with Martha Aladjem Bloomfield |
| title_full_unstemmed | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust Jacky Comforty with Martha Aladjem Bloomfield |
| title_short | The stolen narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust |
| title_sort | the stolen narrative of the bulgarian jews and the holocaust |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Ethnische Beziehungen (DE-588)4176973-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Ethnische Beziehungen Juden Oral history Balkanhalbinsel Bulgarien Erlebnisbericht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032714794&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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