Tunnel of hope: escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp
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Contents Foreword. xxi Preface. xxiii Acknowledgments. xxvii BACKGROUND Introduction: The Tunnel Escape from the Novogrudok Forced Labor Camp, 1943. 3 An Eyewitness Account of the Escape. 7 Novogrudok — A Tale of Contrasts. 12 The Power of Collective Responsibility. 13 The Bielski Detachment: The Address of Hope. 16 Other Notable Escapes of World War II. 21 The Story of the Escape List. 24 The Escape List.25 Additional Escapees Not on Original List. 35 ESCAPEE STORIES Dr. Majer (#1) and Sarafima (#2) Jakubowicz. 39 Etya Mazurkevich (#3). 42 Yakov Kagan (#3a). 43 Natan (Nota) Sucharski (#4).50 Reuven (Ruvke) Shabakovski
(#5).54 Isaac (#6) and Zlata (#7) Yarmovski. 56 Efroim Selubski (#8). 60 Hirsh Gurvich (#9). 63 Avraham (Abram) Rakovski (#10). 64 Noah Sosnovski (#11). 66 xiii
xvi Contents Shlomo (#89) and Efraim (#90) Okonski.223 Chaim Noah Leibowitz (#91). 228 Yanson (#94).233 Idel Kagan (#95). 234 Yakov Yoselevich (#96). 243 Moshe Bruk (#97). 247 Alter Gurvich (#98). 249 Mordechai Kaplinski (#99). 250 Kalman Shelkovich (#100). 251 Mordechai (#102) and Yitzchak (#103) Zacharevich.252 Chaim Bekenshtein (#106). 253 Malka Lewin (#107). 253 David Tzimerman (#108). 254 Yosef (Yosel) Mirski (#109). 255 Sholom Ginden (#110). 255 Simcha Wilenski (#111). 258 Leah Berkovich
(#112). 261 Nina Levkovich (#113). 262 Michael Novogrudski (#114). 262 Rachmiel Leibovich (#115). 264 David Shklarski (#116). 264 Zalman Gertzovski (#117). 265 Shmuel Shimshelevich (#118). 268 Isaac Lidski (#119). 268 Aaron Bitenski (#120). 269 Hirsz Samsonowicz (#121). 270 Yevel Meyerovich (#122). 272 Shlomo (#123) and Chana (#124) Ryback. 274 Tevel (#125) and Feige (#126) Shmerkovich. 279 Provizor (#127). 281 Abram Goldshmid (#128). 282 Skakun (#129). 284 Moshe Nignevitcky
(#130). 286
Contents xvii Sheina (Sheindel) Nignevitcky (#131).290 Alter Nignevitcky (#132). 292 Nachum (#133) and Sara (#134) Zamosczyk (“Panikarter”) and Isaac Lazowsky. 294 Ribatzki (#135). 299 Zacharia Yoselevski (#136).300 Shepsei Eisenshtadt (#137).300 Yehezkiel (Chatskel) Grande (#138). 301 Miriam (#139) and Linka (#140) Landau. 302 Eliyahu Novolenski (#141). 304 Fanya Dunetz (#142). 305 Naum (Zeidel) Kushner (#143). 314 Raya Kushner (#144). 318 Leah Kushner (#145). 325 Riva Kaganowicz (#146). 329 Yitzchak (#147) and Mordechai (#148) Maloshitzki. 334 Sara (#149), Basia (#150), and Roza (#151) Giershenowski. 336 Sara Lidski
(#152). 340 Hirsh Altman (#153).341 Chana Garbar (#154). 344 Mikulitzki (#155). 344 Yakov (Yankel) Weinrid (#156). 345 Yosef Chechanovski (#157).346 Frieda (#158) and Leah (#158a) Davidovich. 346 Hirsh Patzovski (#159). 350 Pesia Mayevski (#160). 351 Yakov (Yanek) Patzovski (#161). 355 Chanan Lev (#162). 355 Moshe (#163) and Berl (#164) Niselevich; Raizel (#165). 356 Etel (#166) and Yocheved (Yacha, #166a) Tiles.357 Nachman Feifer (#167).359 Chaya Sara Luska (#168). 362 Eliezer (Leizer) Shleimovich (#169).365
xviii Contents Galai (#170). 365 Shtein (#171). 366 Faivel Skora (#172). 366 Berl (#173) and Yosef (Yosel, #174) Gertzovski. 367 Shmuel (#175) and Moshe (#176) Paretzki. 369 Yitzchak Mazurkevich (#177). 370 Tan chum Epshtein (#178). 371 Betzalel (Tsala) Bielitski (#179). 372 Leib Daichovski (#180). 373 Abram (#181) and Moshe (#182) Milovanski. 375 Yedidia Ochonovski (#183). 376 Chaim Shlachtman (#184). 376 Rafael Lusky (#185). 378 Moshe Gorodynski (#186) and Gorodynski (#187). 381 Moshe (#188) and Nechama (#189) Rolnik. 382 Natan (Nota) Goberman (#190). 383 Samuil (#191) and Eliezer (Leizer, #192) Zusmanovich. 385 Abram (#193) and Notek (#194)
Chernevich. 388 Henia Yarmovski (#195).389 David Rabinovich (#196). 393 Zelda Kopernik (#197). 393 Potasznik (#198). 395 Peretz Wolkowicki (#199). 396 Henia Bruk (#200).399 Menachem Senderovski (#201). 400 Rafael Shofer (#202). 401 Av. or Ab. Pozniak (#203). 403 Skiba (#204). 404 Pesach Abramowicz (#205). 404 Dvora (#206) and Shalom (#207) Svinik. 408 Dinciolski (#208). 413 Yosef (Yosel) Shuster (#209).414 Hirsh Shkolnik (#210). 415
Contents xix Leib Berman (#211). 417 Kokin (#212).418 Shmuel Vainshtein (#213). 419 Saadia Gertzovski (#214). 420 Meir Berkowicz. 424 Chana Epshtein. 426 Riva (Rivka) and Bella Ginenski.427 Yakov (Yasha) Kantorovich. 430 Yosef (Yoshke) Koniak. 431 Kozuchovski. 433 Avraham Magids (Magid). 435 Morduch (Mordechai) Majerowicz. 438 Mordechai (Motke) Morduchowicz. 443 Chaim Notkovich, Son-in-Law Avraham, and Grandson Moshele. 449 Daniel Ostashinski. 449 Shalom
Reznitzki. 455 Yitzchak Shuster. 457 Morduch Shvarzbord. 458 Isaac Ulert. 460 Special Mention: Yitzchak Dvoretzki. . 464 Analysis: Why Novogrudok?. 466 Prewar Jewish Communal Organizations of Novogrudok. 467 Prewar Jewish Communal Organizations of Zhetl.472 In Tribute: Righteous Gentiles and the Tunnel Escape. 476 The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and Resistance in Novogrudok. 484 Afterword: The Interview Process and Second-Generation Tunnel Survivors. 489 Color Images. 497 Appendix 1: Timeline: Jewish Novogrudok, 1044—1929. 499 Appendix 2 : Timeline: The Holocaust in Novogrudok, 1941—1943. 502
XX Contents Appendix 3: A Letter from the Forced Labor Camp by Yitzchak Rosenhaus. 506 Appendix 4: Distribution of Escapees by Prewar Residence 511 Appendix 5: Tunnel Survivors and Their Partisan Detachments.512 Appendix 6: Distribution of Partisan Detachments among Tunnel Escapees. 517 Endnotes. 519 Bibliography. 643 Books and Articles. 643
Bibliography Books and Articles Aleksiun, Natalia. “Central Committee of Jews in Poland.” YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. http://www.yivoencyclopedia .org/ article.aspx/ Central_Committee_of_Jews_in_Poland. Amarant, Shmuel. “The Partisans of Tuvia Bielski.” In We Stood Shoulder to Shoulder, edited by Gerasimova, et al., 149—50. Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, with Yad Vashem, 2009. Avraham, Alexander. “Sephardim.” YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sephardim. Ayalon, Benzion H. “Maytchet” [in Yiddish]. In Molchadz {Maytchet): In Memory of the Jewish Community. Tel Aviv: Molchadz Relief Society, 1973. Baranovich Memorial Book [in Hebrew and Yiddish]. Tel Aviv: Irgun Yotsey Baranowitz, 1953. Bauer, Yehuda. The Death of the Shtetl. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. --------- . “Nowogrôdek: The Story of a Shtetl.” Yad Vashem Studies 35, no. 2 (2007). Baumslag, Naomi. MurderousMedicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2005. Belinsky, Ann, ed. Korelitz: The Life and Destruction of a Jewish Community (Karelichy, Belarus). Translation of Korelitz: Hayeha vchurbanah shel kehilah Yehudit, edited by Michael Walzer-Fass. Tel Aviv: Karelich Societies of Israel and the United States, 1973. Translated by JewishGen, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Korelicze/Korelicze.html. 643
644 Bibliography Ben Tzur, Tzvi. “The La Spezia Affair - 1946.” Aliya Bet Stories. Palyam.org. http://palyam.org/English/Hahapala/Teur_haflagot/hy_LSA.pdf. Berger, Joseph. “Elie Wiesel, Auschwitz Survivor and Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Dies at 87.” New York Times, July 2, 2016. Bergmann, Martin S. “Recurrent Problems in the Treatment of Survivors and Their Children.” In Generations of the Holocaust, edited by Μ. S. Bergmann and Μ. E. Jucovy, 249. Bergmann, Martin S., and Μ. E. Jucovy, eds. Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Basic Books, 1982. Berk, Eta Fuchs, and Gilbert Allardyce. Chosen: A Holocaust Memoir; The Eta Fuchs Berk Story. Fredericton, Canada: Goose Land Editions, 1998. Berkovich, Eliezer. “Schlos Gass: A Distinct Township.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 242—43. Berkovich, Eliyahu. “A Sea of Troubles.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 421. Berman, Yosef. “The Chalutz” [in Yiddish]. In Pinkos Zhetl, edited by B. Kaplinski, 155. Bielski, Chaya. Haruach Hachaya [A Woman Fighter with the Bielski Partisans]. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2012. Bielski, Tuvia, and Zusia Bielski. Yehudei Yaar [Forest Jews]. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1946. The Book of Ivenets, Kamien and Vicinity [in Yiddish]. Tel Aviv: Ivenets Societies in Israel and the Diaspora, 1979. Borowski, Wolff (Velvel). In Memory, Guide My Hand: An Anthology ofLife Stories by Members of the Melbourne Jewish Community from the Former Soviet Union, vol. 5, edited by Julie Meadows and Elaine Davidoff, 9-16. Caulfield South, VIC: Makor Jewish Community Library, 2008. Burgess, Alan. The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War
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Bibliography 651 Nikolayevski, Samuel. “United Jewish Artisans Association.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book·, 247. Ninkovski, Miriam. “Four Graves of Our Fathers.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 637-38. Novogrudok Memorial Book. See Cohn, Rabbi Helen, ed. Openheim, Dr. Shmuel. “Novogrudok Partisans Who Fell in Action.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 645. ----------. “Personalities.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 220. ----------. “Politico-Communal Life in Novogrudok.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 170. Pinkos Navaredok. See Yerushalmi, Dr. Eliezer, et al., eds. Pultusk Memorial Book. Translation of Pultusk, Sefer Zikaron, edited by Yitzhak Ivri. Tel Aviv: Pultusk Society, 1971. https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor /puItusk/pul634.html#M. Rahav Meir, Sivan. #Parasha: Weekly Insightsfrom a Leading Israeli Journalist. Jerusalem: ^Toby Press, 2017. Rappaport, Ernest A. “Beyond Traumatic Neurosis: A Psychoanalytic Study of Late Reactions to the Concentration Camp Trauma.” International Journal ofPsychoanalysis 49 (1968): 719—31. Reich, Howard. The Art ofInventing Hope: Intimate Conversations with Elie Wiesel. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2019. Renck, Ellen Sadove, Ada Holtzman, and Moshe Verbi, trans. Memorial Book ofSokolka. Jerusalem: Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, 1968. Ringelblum, Emmanuel. Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1974. Rubin, Sulia. Against the Tide. Jerusalem: Posner and Sons, 1980. Rubin-Wolozynski, Sula. “Under the German Whip.” In Pinkas Navaredok, edited by Yerushalmi et al., 272, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor
/Novogrudok/nov258.html#Page272. Sacks, Jonathan. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2015.
652 Bibliography ---------- . Morality: Restoring the Common Good in Divided Times. New York: Basic Books, 2020. ---------- . To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility. New York: Schocken Books, 2005. Schensnovich, Nikolai. Zapiski Aktiora i Partizana [Notes of an Actor and a Partisan]. Minsk, 1976. Simenauer, Eric. “The Return of the Persecutor.” In Generations of the Holocaust, edited by Μ. S. Bergmann and Μ. E. Jucovy, 175. New York: Basic Books, 1982. Skakun, Michael. On Burning Ground. New York: St. Martins Press, 1999. Soloveitchik, Joseph B. Fate and Destiny: From the Holocaust to the State of Israel. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing House, 2000. Sorotzkin, Rabbi Elchanan. “The Life Journey of Rabbi Zalman Sorotzkin” [in Yiddish]. In PinkasZhetl, edited by B. Kaplinski, 234. Spector, Shmuel. Encyclopedia ofJewish Life before and during the Holocaust. Vol. 1. New York and Jerusalem: New York University Press and Yad Vashem, 2001. Steinberg-Sarig, Moshe. “Hebrew Education in Novogrudok.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 142. Suhl, Yuri, ed. They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe. New York: Schocken, 1967. Svinik, Dvora. “Destruction of a Jewish Community,” in The Book oflvenets, Kamien and Vicinity, 368-70. ---------- . “A Tale of a Family.” In The Book of Ivenets, Kamien and Vicinity, 203-6. Tec, Nechama. Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Tsur, Jacob. “The Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael)." In Encyclopedia Judaica, edited by Cecil Roth. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1978.
Bibliography 653 Turtel-Obezhanski, Hassia. “History of the Jews of Korelitz." In Pinkas Navaredok, 19. ---------- . “The Second World War and the Destruction of the Community.” In Korelitz: Hayeha v’churbanah shel kehilah Yehudit [Karelich: The Life and Destruction of a Jewish Community], edited by Michael WalzerFass, 19. Tel Aviv: Karelich Societies of Israel and the United States, 1982. Translated by JewishGen. https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Korelicze /Korelicze.html. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Babenhausen Displaced Persons Camp.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm . org/content/en/article/babenhausen-displaced-persons-camp. ---------- . “Bergen-Belsen Displaced Persons Camp.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ babenhausen-displaced-persons-camp. ----------. “The Bielski Partisans,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, https:// encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-bielski-partisans. ----------. “Eschwege Displaced Persons Camp.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ eschwege-displaced-persons-camp. ----------. “Foehrenwald DP Camp.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, https:// encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/foehrenwald-displaced -persons-camp. ----------. “Heidenheim Displaced Persons Camp.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/heidenheim -displaced-persons-camp. -----------. “Jewish Uprisings in Camps.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, https:// encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-uprisings-in-camps. ---------- . “Jewish
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654 Bibliography “Vaad Hayeshivot." YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, vilnacollections.yivo.org/?ca=((item.php!id _ rg-25. https:// Weinbaum, Laurence. “Shaking the Dust Off: The Story of the Warsaw Ghettos Forgotten Chronicler, Ruben Feldchu (Ben-Shem).” In Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2010. Weintraub, Shlomo. The Alter of Novardok. Rahway, NJ: Mesorah Publications, 2020. Weiss, Aharon. “Novogrudok.” In EncyclopediaJudaica, edited by Cecil Roth. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1978. Wiesel, Elie. “The Holocaust: Three Views.” In ADL Bulletin, November 1977. Yaffe, Yehoshua. “Chapters from the Holocaust: The Second Slaughter.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 538. , \ ---------- . “The Final Wandering.” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 550-51. ---------- . In the Novogrudok Ghetto and the Partisan Movement [in Hebrew]. Tel Aviv: Navaredker Committee in Israel, 1988. ---------- . “The Tradesmens Ghetto. ” In Novogrudok Memorial Book, 559. Yerushalmi, Dr. Eliezer, David Cohen, and Dr. Aharon Mirsky, er al., eds. Pinkas Navaredok [in Yiddish]. Tel Aviv: Alexander Harkavy Navaredker Relief Committee in USA and Navaredker Committee in Israel, 1963. Yerushalmi, E. V. “Leaders and Ordinary Members of the Community” [in Yiddish]. In PinkasNavaredok, 65. Yosifun, Shimeon. “The Tailors’ Synagogue,. In Pinkas Navaredok, 72. https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Novogrudok/nov072.html. Zabich, Philip. “Our Orchestra” [in Yiddish]. In Pinkas Zhetl, edited by B. Kaplinski, 180. Zalmanovich, Dov. Written testimony [Hebrew]. In Asher Zacharnu
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Bibliography 655 Zimelevich, Zimel. “The Navardok Community in Zhetl" [in Hebrew]. In Pinkas Zhetl, edited by B. Kaplinski, 82. Zimmerman, Joshua D. “Tsysho.” YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Tsysho. Documentary Films Braff, Mitch, director. A Partisan Returns: A Legacy of Two Sisters. Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation, 2008. Goroulev, louri, director. Productions, 2020. The Book of Curses. Israel/Belarus: Kagan Pailthrope, Martin. Extreme Survival. Bristol: ВВС/Travel Channel, 2001. Shwartz, Dror H., director. Tunnel ofHope. Jerusalem, Israel: Go2FiIms, 2015. Sturges, John, director. The Great Escape. Beverly Hills: United Artists, 1963. Wolfinger, Kirk, director. The Holocaust Escape Tunnel. Boston: WGBH and Nova, 2017. |
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| spelling | Cohen, Betty Brodsky Verfasser (DE-588)1345102631 aut Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp Betty Brodsky Cohen ; foreword by Yehuda Bauer Jerusalem ; New York Gefen [2024] © 2024 xxx, 655 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 24,7 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1943 gnd rswk-swf Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Konzentrationslager (DE-588)4032352-3 gnd rswk-swf Nowogrudok (DE-588)4446666-3 gnd rswk-swf Nazi concentration camp escapes / Belarus / Navahrudak Nazi concentration camps / Belarus / Navahrudak Nowogrudok (DE-588)4446666-3 g Konzentrationslager (DE-588)4032352-3 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 s Geschichte 1943 z DE-604 Bauʾer, Yehudah 1926-2024 (DE-588)123667402 wpr Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035248322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035248322&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cohen, Betty Brodsky Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Konzentrationslager (DE-588)4032352-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017598-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4032352-3 (DE-588)4446666-3 |
| title | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp |
| title_auth | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp |
| title_exact_search | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp |
| title_full | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp Betty Brodsky Cohen ; foreword by Yehuda Bauer |
| title_fullStr | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp Betty Brodsky Cohen ; foreword by Yehuda Bauer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tunnel of hope escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp Betty Brodsky Cohen ; foreword by Yehuda Bauer |
| title_short | Tunnel of hope |
| title_sort | tunnel of hope escape from the novogrudok forced labor camp |
| title_sub | escape from the Novogrudok forced labor camp |
| topic | Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Konzentrationslager (DE-588)4032352-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Flucht Juden Konzentrationslager Nowogrudok |
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