Pavirvytės kapinynas: (X - XIII amžiai)
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| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
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Vilnius
Diemedžio Leidykla
2008
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| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Pavirvytė cemetery. - Literaturverz. S. [159] - 162 |
| Beschreibung: | 199 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789986231455 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142931629572096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TURINYS
ţVADAS
................................................................................................................. 7
GEOGRAFINÉ
APLINKA
............................................................................... 13
LAIDOSENA
.......................................................................................................17
Griautiniij
карц
laidosena
ir
jkapés
............................................................. 18
Degintinhj kapij laidosena
ir jkapès
............................................................31
КАРУ
APRAŠAI
................................................................................................35
ţKAPES
.................................................................................................................75
Darbo jrankiai
............................................................................................... 75
Ginklai
............................................................................................................ 82
Papuošalai
..................................................................................................... 107
Kiti
radiniai
................................................................................................... 142
PABAIGA
.......................................................................................................... 157
ŠALTINIU
IR LITERATÜROS SARASAS
................................................. 159
PAVIRVYTÉ
CEMETERY (10TH-13TH CENTURIES)
......................... 163
PRIEDAS (RADINILJ NUOTRAUKOS)
..................................................... 173
PAVIRVYTÈ
CEMETERY (10TH-13TH CENTURIES)
Ilona Vaškevičiuté,
Adele
Cholodinskiené
Summary
Burial site research is especially
important for learning about the material
and spiritual life of prehistoric peoples.
Funeral rites and the related customs are
probably the most conservative practices,
which remain unaltered the longest and are
the least affected by new ideas and change.
Cemetery research provides especially
large quantities of valuable material for
researching ethnic problems. Therefore the
boundaries of the territories inhabited by
the tribes are also tracked using cemetery
locations. Moreover it is possible to follow
the changes in the customs and the hints
of new ideas and shifts. No society has been
completely isolated or lived a closed life.
The weapons, tools, and ornaments of
buried individuals also speak to us about
societal ties. Research on them allows us
to fairly precisely establish the location of
an individual community and its signifi¬
cance in the life of the entire tribe. We
probably all agree that in the framework
of the tribe itself one community must have
played a more important role than another.
A community s role depended first of all
on where it lived and whether it was closer
and further away from the political centre
of a particular land. Its importance could
be determined by a multitude of other
objective and subjective reasons. The
objective reasons primarily involve a
settlement s geographic location.
The
Pavirvytè
community was establi¬
shed in a geographically important lo¬
cation. On the one side was the very
southwest edge of Semigallia and on the
other, a strategically very strong location,
the confluence of the
Virvyté
and the
Venta.
It is very important to note that this
community s concrete settlement site has
not been located but I think that it could
not be more than
5-7
km away from the
burial site. Thus the community was
founded near the confluence of the
Virvytè
and the
Venta.
It would be easy to see an
enemy travelling on the river and conve¬
nient for traders to visit in their boats. It is
also not too far from the mouth of the
Venta,
i.e. an outlet to the Baltic Sea.
Upstream was the neighbouring land of the
Samogitians and on the other bank, the
Curonians who were skilled traders.
The lands were favourable for manu¬
facturing activities. The community lived
virtually surrounded by two rivers, on the
one side the
Virvytè,
and on the other the
Venta.
The bottomlands along the lower
Venta are
fertile. All of this caused the
Pavirvyte community to be rich; they
obviously had things to sell and to use in
acquiring very diverse articles.
Judging from the funeral rites and the
grave goods found here, the Pavirvyte
cemetery was left by a Semigallian commu¬
nity but its life on the periphery of the
tribe s lands determined that some of the
Curonians, together with their traditions,
especially the cremation traditions, became
members of the community. It is interesting
164
PAVIRVYTÈ
CEMETERY (10TH-13TH CENTURIES)
that only the men were cremated. Appa¬
rently some of the Curonian men lived
alongside the Semigallians and perhaps
created mixed families. The abundance of
grave goods that are characteristic to the
Curonians and that have been found in the
burials of individuals buried in accordance
with cremation rites shows that these were
not attackers and not accidentally buried
individuals.
Thus
Pavirvytè
cemetery is one of the
most interesting sites not only in the lands
of the Semigallians but also in all the
archaeological material from the Eastern
Baltic region. I think that the publication
of the material from this site will be of
interest to more than just prehistory
researchers.
Over
1100
artefacts have been found
here. Besides grave goods common among
the Semigallians. a number of unique finds
have been discovered in this cemetery,
finds which have been found only at this
site or only several examples of which are
known. Therefore it is not surprising that
many artefacts found during the six years
of this cemetery s excavation have received
varying degrees of attention from Lithua¬
nian archaeologists.
Pavirvytè
cemetery (which is some¬
times called
Pavirvytè-Gudai)
has been
studied for six years. In
1976
it was
discovered by
Mažeikiai
Museum Ar¬
chaeologist
Adelè Cholodinskiené
and
during
1977-1978. 1979,
and
1981
Mažei¬
kiai
Museum excavated the site. The
Lithuanian Institute of History continued
the excavations in
1983
and
1984.
The
excavations during these last two years
were led by
Ilona Vaškevičiú
té. A
total area
of about
3200
nv has been excavated in
Pavirvytè
cemetery.
183
burials have been
found, of which
38
are from the 16th-17th
centuries and
145.
including
28
cremations,
date to the Late Iron Age. Vigilant readers
will find some discrepancies between the
data presented in the reports and in this
publication. This occurred when the data
in the reports were revised. When a burial
description was missing parameters (direc¬
tion of the burial pit, direction of the burial,
size of the burial pit), they were augmented
using the drawings of the burials and the
plans of the trenches. The depth, at which
contours of a burial become distinct, when
this was not indicated in the burial descrip¬
tion, was taken from the description of the
trench. Sizes that differed between the
burial description and the plan were
corrected.
Pavirvytè
cemetery was created on a
higher hill on a spur of gravelly land on the
right bank of the River
Virvytè,
100
m
away
from the riverbed, and
8
km away from its
confluence with the
Venta
and the town of
Viekšniai.
Inhumation funeral rites and grave
goods.
115
individuals were buried in
accordance with inhumation rites. The
inhumations do not comprise a separate
group in the cemetery. They were buried
on the basis of the principle of succession
and therefore the cremations are inter¬
mixed among the inhumations. The prin¬
ciple of succession was followed in burying
men, women, and children, rich and poor.
They were buried in orderly rows, which
form a sort of semicircle.
Shallow pits were dug and the skeletal
remains are found at a depth of
35-95
cm
from the current ground surface but were
usually buried at a depth of
40-50
cm. The
pits were rectangular with rounded ends,
235x80-210x70
cm in size, smaller for
children. Meanwhile according to the few
surviving complete skeletons, adults were
150-170
cm tall. The intervals between the
pits are
50-90
cm and between rows,
150—
200
cm. The individuals were laid on their
backs, legs extended, and the hands placed
in the chest area. Usually the arms were bent
at the elbows so that the fingers lay near the
Summary
165
jaw. On rare occasions one arm was bent as
far as it would go and the other bent at an
acute angle and placed on the chest. This
position of the arms predominates in almost
all the Semigallian cemeteries.
At least some of the individuals were
buried in coffins. In some of the inhu¬
mations, pieces of charred wood and
charcoal were discovered on the bottom of
the pits and in the mounds. It is clearly seen
that rites involving fire were performed
prior to burying the individuals. Sometimes
the pieces of charred wood are restricted
to a clearly defined area and sometimes in
the burials the pieces of charred wood and
charcoal are scattered all around the
bottom of the burial pit or throughout the
mound. Stones were found beside the
individuals in some of the burials. The
stones found in
Pavirvyté
cemetery should
be treated as unconnected with the funeral
rites, first of all because only several such
burials have been found and also because
the stones do not form any recognisable
arrangement in the burials. Thus
Pavirvyté
cemetery does not differ from other
Semigallian cemeteries in respect to either
the construction of the burial pits or the
manner of burial.
63.4%
of the men were
buried with the head to the
SE,
12.2%
to
the
NE,
14.6%
to the NW, and
9.8 %
to
the SW.
63.1 %
of the women were oriented
with the head to the
N -
NE
-
NW and
only
36.9%
to the
S
-
SW
-
SE.
The children
were buried with their heads to the NW
and
SE.
Researchers have not succeeded
in establishing by gender, to which side boys
were oriented and to which side girls. After
surveying the orientation of the individuals
in other countries of the world, the idea
presented itself that on the eve of the state s
creation, the custom of burying men and
women in opposite directions gradually
disappeared on the periphery of Semi-
gallia. This custom was followed in burying
only about
63%
of the individuals.
In the north part of the cemetery
individuals from the 16th-17th centuries
were buried next to burials from the 10th
-
13th centuries. This phenomenon, where
200-300
years passed before they began to
again bury individuals in abandoned
cemeteries, is characteristic of all of
Semigallia. We see this process in the
cemeteries at
Šukioniai,
Meldiniai, and
Valdomai as well as those at Latvia s Diduli,
Rubas
Rusíši-Debeši,
Skare,
Priedïsi, etc.
This, in a way, is one of the special features
of Semigallian funeral rites since this
phenomenon is not observed in the other
tribes.
Grave goods, their quantity, and their
arrangement in the burial are one of the
distinguishing features, which can help to
answer complex ethnic questions. It was
characteristic of all the Baltic tribes to send
an individual to the next world with grave
goods. The Semigallians were one of those
Baltic tribes where individuals were buried
with abundant grave goods.
It was mandatory to place weapons,
tools, and abundant ornaments in male
burials. Women were buried with tools and
abundant ornaments. Although the men in
Pavirvyté
were buried with weapons, the
weaponry was not very diverse. There were
spears and fighting knives
-
swords. The
same composition of weapons also predo¬
minated in other Semigallian cemeteries.
81
spearheads have been found in this
cemetery. Of them
50
were in burials and
27
chance finds.
(4
tanged spearheads with
one or two barbs have not been included
among the chance finds. These spearheads
were probably from disturbed cremations
since, as we will see, such spearheads are
not found in inhumations.) An individual
was usually buried with only one spear (as
many as
2/3
of such burials), more rarely
with two spears, and in only one burial with
three spearheads. But in this last burial
(117)
the third spearhead was stuck into
166
PAVIRVYTÉ
CEMETERY
(10TH-13TH
CENTURIES)
the soil on the side of the burial pit. This is
a completely exceptional instance. The
spears were placed to both the left and the
right of the head and in only two burials
were they found near the top of the head.
That only one spear was usually placed in
a burial for an individual shows that the
Pavirvyté
community was closer to the
Curonian customs but the spearheads
themselves were more characteristic of the
Semigallians than the Curonians. The
absolute majority of the spearheads were
socketed. Only in burial
6,
where a wealthy
woman was buried, was a tanged spearhead
found to the left of her near the hip bone.
Socketed spearheads are characteristic of
not just the Semigallians but also the
Curonians. But the spearhead forms are
different. Those found in this cemetery are
characteristic of the Semigallians, i.e. the
spearheads have no distinct transition from
the blade to the socket and the blade does
not have a distinct rib. Only in burial
34
was a socketed spearhead found with a
distinct rib down the middle of the blade.
One more such spearhead was found by
chance.
The majority of the spearheads that
have been found have a lanceolate blade
and a length of
18.5-33
cm (fig.
1, 5, 38).
A. Petersen type
E
spearhead was found
in only burial
75
(fig.
68).
Fighting knives were found in
10
burials (Another three were chance finds.);
9
contained platieji
koros peiliai
[broad
fighting knives
-
swords] and one a long
narrow fighting knife. In all the burials, as
was the custom of the Semigallians, the
fighting knives were placed diagonally
across the individual s hip bones, the
handle facing the right hand (fig.
6, 8, 21).
Even in burial
76,
where a long narrow
fighting knife was found, it was placed
diagonally across the individual s hip bones
(fig.
7).
The platieji kovospeiliai were
30.5-
53
cm long. The majority of the fighting
knives in this cemetery were in sheaths: the
remains of wooden sheath fittings were
found in burial
18
(the sheath was made of
pine.) and in burial
19.
In the other burials
a bronze strip survived near the knife s
blade (which shows that the sheaths could
have been leather decorated with bronze).
The remains of such bronze decorations
were found in burials
76,105,
and
110.
And
in almost all of the burials, where platieji
kovos peiliai were found, the remains of a
belt were discovered: fittings, buckles,
bronze fringe, and in burial
22,
even a
leather shoulder strap (fig.
8).
Work knives
were carried in sheaths and apparently
attached to the belt. Thus platieji kovos
peiliai were characteristic of the males
buried in
Pavirvyté
cemetery. They were
placed in the burial only in accordance with
the customs characteristic of the Semi¬
gallians, i.e. diagonally across the hip bones
but while the individuals were alive, the
knives were not carried in accordance with
the Semigallian custom but the Curonian
custom, i.e. in a sheath attached to a leather
belt.
No swords were discovered in the
inhumations.
Different customs for placing tools in
burials were followed in the Baltic tribes.
The Semigallians placed few of them in
burials and evidently only the most charac¬
teristic ones. Tools had their own regular
place in a burial; they were placed in the
area of the shoulder, waist, or legs. Only
one scythe characteristic of Curonian
burials (fig.
8)
was found (bur.
22).
It was
placed in the burial together with an adze.
No axes have been found in the burials.
Only several isolated examples from
disturbed burials have been discovered. A
greater abundance of tools has been found
in female burials. Awls, small knives, and,
which was not characteristic of Semi¬
gallians, spindles were buried in them. The
tools were placed, as was usual, in the area
Summary
167
of the head, waist, and legs. Two types of
knives have been found in female burials:
those with a curved back characteristic of
Semigallians and those with a straight back,
which have not been discovered elsewhere
in Semigallia. Those with a curved back
were placed near the head or a shoulder
and those with a straight back in the waist
area (fig.
9, 10).
Frequently the knives with
straight backs were carried in sheaths. As
we see, individuals were rarely buried here
with tools, which is characteristic of the
Semigallians.
Abundant ornaments were characte¬
ristic of almost all the Baltic tribes. But
different traditions for wearing ornaments
also existed here.
A number of burials were found where
the woman s headwear was adorned with
small crimp beads, a chaplet, or a coil bead
circlet. The woven headwear has not
survived and therefore we cannot say today
whether they were tied headscarves, the
ends of which fell freely to the shoulders, a
wimple (nuometas), or perhaps a cap or
something similar. But fabric fragments
have survived in the area of the head in
some female burials. Usually these are only
the edge of some covering and completely
adorned with bronze (fig.
11).
We have
information about headwear ornaments
from burials
6, 9, 48, 90, 135, 137, 138,
and
143
and another two ornaments (chaplets?)
connected with headwear that were found
by chance (no.
1080, 1087)
(fig.
32, 37, 45,
50, 53).
Isolated chaplet plates have also
been found. Two individual chaplet spacer
plates were found in cremation burial
65,
that of a male.
Chaplets have been found in burials
135, 137,
and
48
and as a chance find (no.
1087).
The chaplets from burials
135
and
137
are of the same type, i.e. coil bead, and
consist of
6
parallel rows of beads that are
5.5-6.5
cm long and
0.5
cm in diameter. A
spacer sleeve made of thin bronze cast
sheet held the rows of beads in place and
at the same time adorned the chaplet. The
sleeves were decorated with a double cross
with intertwined terminals (fig.
36, 49).
Both chaplets were found in burials dating
to the 11th century. Similar but unde-
corated plates have been found in Jau-
neikiai cemetery. The coil bead chaplet in
burial
48
probably adorned the head of a
girl. Three rows of coil beads were found
here in the forehead area. This was a coil
bead chaplet but the beads were probably
connected without spacer plates or cylind¬
rical bead spacers. The burial dates to the
10th-11th century.
A chaplet that was a chance find (no.
1087)
was worn on a woven head covering,
probably a shoulder-length freely falling
headscarf, the edges of which were deco¬
rated with tightly spaced bronze crimp
beads. The chaplet was made of
6
parallel
coil beads
10.5
cm long.
4
groups of such
beads were found.
20
maple seed-shaped
pendants were hung from a coil bead on
the forehead (fig.
11).
It is not clear what
connected the separate groups of coil
beads.
A coil bead circlet, which was together
with a chaplet, was found in only one burial
(135).
From their positions in the burial, it
is clear that the circlet was worn below the
chaplet. The circlet was made of
16-17
coil
beads
2-2.6
cm long and
1-1.5
cm in
diameter. These beads were strung on a
bronze chain. Woven headwear (a freely
falling, shoulder length? headscarf),
adorned with bronze crimp beads, was
found in burials
9,68,90,138,
and
143,
and
as chance finds (no.
1080
and
1087).
The
rings are small,
0.7
cm in diameter, and
0.2
cm thick. They have sharp inside edges
and a
0.2
cm gap, which allowed them to
be attached to the fabric. They were
attached without any gaps on the edge of
the cloth, giving it the appearance of being
decorated with a solid bronze edging (fig.
48).
168
PAVIRVYTÉ
CEMETERY (10TH-13TH CENTURIES)
Λ
similar head covering, only in worse
condition, was found in burial
9.
The
burials date to the 10th—
1
lth centuries.
The head of the individual in burial
138
was also covered with a woven covering
(perhaps a headscarf-wimple?), the edge
of which was decorated with
0.5
cm wide,
tightly spaced crimp beads, which have a
triangular cross-section (fig.
53).
Bigger
(0.8-1.0
cm wide) jump rings connect the
fabric s edge to a chain consisting of
9
larger jump rings connected by a small
(0.5
cm) coil with four turns.
7
maple seed-
shaped pendants were hung from each of
the
9
jump rings in the chain. This burial
dates to the 11th century. The headwear
that were chance finds (no.
1080,1087)
are
also similar to those described. In addition
to this headwear. which has survived in
better or worse condition, isolated chaplet
plates have been found.
6
plates have been
collected. These are
3-4
cm high and
1-2
cm wide (no.
251. 285, 259, 797,801,1091).
Small bronze coil beads were discovered
near the skull of the woman in burial
6.
From them it is possible to think that
headwear had also existed in this burial.
Comparatively few neck rings were
found in this cemetery (bur.
1, 5 (2), 6, 9,
10. 16. 17, 22. 25, 48. 68, 76, 86, 89, 122,
138(2). 141. 143. 144
and
21
chance finds).
They were worn by both males and females
but in this community the males wore neck
rings especially rarely. Of the
18
burials, in
which neck rings were found, only four
were of males (bur.
1, 10, 76. 89).
The
majority of the Pavirvyte neck rings were
bronze. Only one silver neck ring was found
(chance find no.
777)
but it is not clear what
form it had since only a fragment of the
bow has survived.
We can divide neck rings into com¬
posite and twisted wire neck rings with loop
terminals, crutch-shaped terminals, a hook
and loop clasp, overlapping rectangular
terminals, overlapping thickened termi¬
nals, and undeterminable terminals (due
to poor surviving fragments).
Composite neck rings were found in
4
burials
(138, 141, 143, 144)
(fig.
51, 52, 57,
58).
The neck rings in burials
138
and
144
were made of
4
separate bows and the
other two of three bows. The neck ring
terminals overlap. The neck rings are
tastefully decorated and date to the
1
lth
century. Composite neck rings are rare in
Lithuania. There are somewhat more of
them only in north Semigallia.
Twisted wire neck rings with loop
terminals were found in
7
burials
(5, 9, 89,
122,138
and
2
as chance finds no.
787,805).
The bows of these neck rings are made of
twisted wire while the terminals overlap
and end in loops. Only two neck rings have
been found in male burials
(89, 122),
the
others were in female burials. Another
7
neck rings, those in burials
22
and
48
and
5
chance finds (no.
137, 154, 603, 638,
LNM
510:9)
should be ascribed to this type.
These neck rings have survived without
their terminals but it appears that they
should belong to this type of neck ring. The
twisted wire neck rings with loop terminals
that have been found in this cemetery date
to the lOth-llth centuries.
Two neck rings with a hook and loop
clasp have been found, one in a male burial,
the other in a female burial (bur.
76, 86)
(fig.
54).
The central part of these neck
rings has a rhomboid cross-section, the
sides have been torqued, and the terminals
are smooth, one ending in a hook, the other
a loop. It is necessary to ascribe another
3
examples, one found in burial
1
and two as
chance finds (no.
17, 72),
to the neck rings
ending in a hoop and loop clasp. The ends
of these neck ring bows have not survived.
Neck rings with a hook and loop clasp were
worn in the Pavirvyte community in the 10th
century.
Neck rings with crutch-shaped termi¬
nals have been found in two burials
(17,
Summary
169
25)
(fig.
55).
Both were female burials
dating to no earlier than the
10*
century.
Two neck rings with round, thickened
terminals have been found (bur.
6
and
chance find no.
159).
Their terminals
overlap and all become thinner near the
ends of the bow. The one found in burial
6,
that of a wealthy female, dates to the
1
lth
century.
Neck rings with overlapping rectan¬
gular terminals have been found in two
burials
(10, 68).
Their bows are made of
twisted wire (fig.
47).
The ones in this
cemetery were found in burials dating to
the 10th century.
Small fragments of another two neck
rings (no.
651,777)
have been found in the
cemetery s territory. One of them, as has
been mentioned, is silver.
The neck ornament found in burial
40
consists of
7
cm long iron rods, which are
wrapped with bronze wire and end in loops.
A W-shaped pendant (sometimes called
omega shaped) was hung from one such
loop. The burial was badly disturbed. A
fragment of an analogous ornament was
also found in cremation
46.
Bead necklaces (a string of beads
strung on a thread or other flexible
material, i.e. a cord, thin wire, etc) have
been found in burials
25, 123,138,142,143,
and
22.
The last was made of small cowry
shells. Another 26-bead necklace (no.
561)
was an isolated find inside the cemetery s
territory. Thus only
6
females were buried
with necklaces.
A total of
21
individual beads (usually
one alone, occasionally two) were found in
19
burials.
The necklaces were made of either
uniform glass beads that are usually blue
(bur.
138, 142
and a chance find) or of
mixed beads, which consist of bronze and
glass beads with various forms (bur.
123,
143)
or of only bronze beads (but.
25).
An especially ornate necklace was
found in burial
138.
Here, beside an
abundance of other grave goods, the
individual s neck was adorned with a
necklace consisting of
68
dark blue, ribbed
glass beads (fig.
57).
A necklace of blue, ribbed glass beads
was also found in burial
142,
that of a young
child, probably a girl. The necklace
consisted of only three beads and perhaps
a bronze teardrop-shaped crotal. Another
blue glass bead necklace was found by
chance. It consisted of
26
beads. The
necklaces found in burials
123
and
143
were
made of bronze, amber, and blue glass
beads (fig.
57).
27
amber beads were found in burials
2, 6, 24(2), 29, 33(2), 48, 68, 90(2), 92,109,
138(2), 139,141(2), 144,
and
164
and7were
chance finds (no.
123, 174, 199, 207, 236,
322, 605).
They are divided by form into a
double truncated cone-shape (bur.
29, 48,
109, 3
and chance finds no.
174, 207, 605),
cylindrical (bur.
24(2)
and chance find no.
123),
round with a ridge around the middle
(bur.
33, 138, 141, 144),
and flat (bur.
2,
68, 90(2), 138, 141
and
3
chance finds no.
199, 236, 322).
Only small fragments were
found of another three beads (bur.
6, 92,
139)
(fig.
52, 58).
The small number of individuals buried
with necklaces shows that this ornament
was not characteristic of Semigallian
communities. This is a clear Curonian
cultural influence.
As is seen from the cemetery material,
males and females used different orna¬
ments to fasten their clothing: males used
brooches while females used a pair of pins
joined together with a chain. This is one of
the most characteristic Semigallian orna¬
ments. The material from
Pavirvyté
ceme¬
tery is very telling in this respect. The males
wore penannular brooches. They especially
preferred those with rolled and faceted
terminals (fig.
5,13).
Only in burial
22
was
a crossbow brooch with poppyseed-shaped
170
PAVIRVYTÉ
CEMETERY
(1ÜTH-13TH
CENTURIES)
terminals, which is characteristic of only the
Curonians, found alongside a penannular
brooch with faceted terminals (fig.
8, 38).
Judging from the types of terminals, the
penannular brooches, which were worn,
were mostly characteristic of the Semi-
gallians. Females, as was usual for Semi-
gallians, used a pair of pins connected
by
2-3
rows of chains to fasten clothes
(fig.
15).
Almost all the pins that have been
found are cruciform with disc terminals
(fig.
57);
only in burials
9, 43,
and
63
did
the pins have triangular heads (fig.
61),
and
in burial
138
a rosette-shaped head (fig.
59).
Some of the females used not only a pair
of pins but also a brooch to fasten their
clothes (bur.
138, 141, 143, 144)
while in
burials
28, 86,
and
135
they used only a
brooch (fig.
52, 57, 58).
This custom is
entirely alien for the Semigallians. Heavier,
outer clothing or a shawl covering the
shoulders was apparently fastened with a
brooch (fig.
48, 53).
Crossbow ladder
brooches and penannular brooches were
worn. The penannular brooches mostly had
poppyseed-shaped, rectangular, and rolled
terminals. Apparently some penannular
brooch forms were preferred by males
(brooches with faceted terminals) and
others by females. Only brooches with
rolled terminals were suitable for both
males and females (fig.
40, 56).
Coil and flat bracelets as well as those
with zoomorphic terminals were the most
common. The females in the
Pavirvytè
community generally adorned themselves
with two bracelets and, as was usual for
Semigallians, wore one on each arm. Few
males were buried with bracelets. They
were adorned with coil and flat bracelets.
Only burial
22
contained two massive
bracelets, which is not characteristic of
Semigallians (fig.
4, 14, 15, 20, 32, 36, 38,
47, 54, 58).
In studying
Pavirvyté
cemetery it was
noticed that many individuals were found
there buried with belts, unlike elsewhere
in Semigallia. Such burials comprise only
2-3%
in other Semigallian cemeteries but
26%
in
Pavirvyté
cemetery. The belts were
leather and frequently adorned with bronze
decorations (fig.
42, 64).
Thus after surveying the inhumations
and the grave goods as well as the order of
their placement, it is possible state that
Pavirvyté
cemetery was left by a Semi¬
gallian community which lived there in the
10th—12th centuries and that the customs
of the neighbouring Curonians gradually
penetrated into its spiritual and material
cultural traditions. Curonian cemeteries
and settlements were located no more than
25-30
km away from
Pavirvyté.
Without a
doubt, the people who lived in this area
were interconnected through various
economic and trade ties. This closeness
could not help but be reflected in the
Semigallian culture, traditions, and cus¬
toms. This is clearly shown by some of the
household articles, ornaments, and articles
of clothing which were adopted from the
neighbouring Curonians. It is interesting
that they were more abundant in the
Semigallian male burials. Burial
22,
in
which a male was buried with grave goods
that were not characteristic of the Semi¬
gallians, i.e. a scythe, a flat crossbow brooch
with poppyseed-shaped terminals, and two
massive bracelets, differs from all the other
inhumations. But this male also had a
platusis kovos peilis placed in accordance
with the custom characteristic of only the
Semigallians. This burial is apparently the
most typical example of the accommo¬
dation of two cultural traditions.
Cremation funeral rites andgrave goods.
Cremations comprised only
22%
of all the
burials. They did not occupy a separate part
of the cemetery but are scattered among
the inhumations. This shows that the
community was united. But the funeral
customs and grave goods show that
indivi-
Summary
171
duals from a different tribe must have been
buried according to the cremation rites.
The inhumations definitely belong to the
Semigallians and the cremations to the
Curonians. It is possible divide all the
cremations into four groups according to
their form and construction.
To the first group are ascribed burials,
the pits of which were dug as if for an
inhumation and pieces of charred wood
and burnt bone scattered all around the
bottom of the pit. The grave goods were
arranged as if for an inhumation (bur.
57,
60, 63, 71, 72, 81, 87, 97, 101, 102).
The burials, for which pits were dug as
if for an inhumation
220x80-140x70
but the
cremated bones, pieces of charred wood,
and grave goods were concentrated in one
part of the pit, i.e. the centre or at one end
of the pit, are ascribed to the second group.
These secondary pits are small,
50x50,
50x30
cm in size, round, and greatly differ
from the general burial pit (bur.
46,49,100,
111). The grave goods were placed among
the pieces of charred bones (fig.
16, 30).
The burials, the pits of which are
40-
70
cm in diameter and about
50-60
cm
deep, are ascribed to the third group.
Larger or smaller quantities of charred
grave goods, pieces of charcoal and charred
wood are found at the bottom of such a pit
or throughout its entire depth (bur.
53,58,
59, 77, 78, 145).
The burials, for which a round pit of
up to
200
cm in diameter was dug, are
ascribed to the fourth group. The charred
pieces of bones, ashes, and grave goods are
scattered all around the entire bottom of
the pits. The pits of two burials
(126, 127)
are paved with small stones
3x3
cm in size.
In burials
27, 65, 89, 107, 126,
and
127
the
grave goods are arranged either all around
the entire bottom of the pit or in separate
parts of it.
It is completely characteristic of
Curonian burials that there is no estab¬
lished uniform burial design. Thus the
burials in
Pavirvytè
cemetery are identical
in style to the burials in other Curonian
cemeteries. The same should also be said
about the grave goods; part of which were
found broken. This reflects the Curonian
tradition of mortifying the possessions of
the husband after his death. With the
gradual establishment of cremation rites,
which is very clearly seen in
Pavirvytè
cemetery, the tradition of digging of pits
characteristic to inhumations evolved to
the digging of round pits.
Although how cremation graves were
constructed varies, the grave goods found
in them are identical and differ substan¬
tially from the finds in the inhumations in
that they had swords, axes, and barbed
spears. The ornaments found in the
cremations also differ from those found in
the inhumations. They are not charac¬
teristic of the Semigallians and some of the
grave goods date from a significantly later
period.
Swords have been found only in the
cremations (bur.
27, 65, 102,
111,
145)
(fig.
17, 30,44,47).
The only helmet found
in this cemetery was also in a cremation
(bur.
65)
(fig.
63).
Axes with wide blades
and blunt ends were also discovered in the
cremations (bur.
63, 71, 81, 102).
The
spearheads, as has been mentioned, are
different from those found in the inhu¬
mations. The cremations have barbed
spearheads, tanged spearheads are found
in greater abundance, the spearheads have
clear ribs, and they have clear transitions
from the blade to the socket or tang (bur.
27,63,65,71, 81, 89,100,117,145)
(fig.
35).
Three each were found in burials
89
and
117,
one each in burials
100
and
145,
and
two each in the rest. A broken spearhead
was found in only burial
145
together with
a bent sword (fig.
47).
In the burials the
spearheads were found lying as if to one
side of the head or the other, in one pile
172
PAVIRVYTÈ
CEMETERY
(1ÜTH-13TH
CENTURIES)
together with the other grave goods, or
stuck into the bottom of the burial pit,
depending on the group to which the burial
belongs.
Neck rings were found in burials
77
and
89.
Burial
89
contained a bronze twisted wire
neck ring with loop terminals and a freely-
moving wire coil on the bow. According to
the grave goods this was a male burial.
21
brooches, all penannular, were
found in
9
burials: with rolled terminals
(bur.
78),
with poppyseed-shaped terminals
(bur.
27, 46, 65, 77, 145),
with faceted
terminals (bur.
65, 77, 81),
with zoomor-
phic terminals (bur.
46),
and with thicke¬
ned terminals (bur.
61,
111). The last dates
to a later period than the penannular
brooches from the other burials (fig.
47).
Pins were found in four burials
(46,60,
61, 65).
Ornate bronze cruciform pins
characteristic of the Semigallians were only
found in burial
65,
a male burial. The pins
had not been in a fire. Irons pins were
found in the other burials (fig.
63).
Beads were found in three burials
(46,
53,61).
They are glass and have been melted
somewhat. There was apparently a necklace,
which consisted of bronze coil beads and
green glass beads, in burial
46.
These were
female burials. (At least
46
and
61
were.)
There were bracelets in four burials
(46, 87, 89, 145).
Only the bracelet from
burial
46
was charred.
Rings were found in nine burials. They
are coil rings (bur.
57,61,65,145)
and rings
with a thickened head (bur.
61, 71, 72, 77,
111). These rings date to a somewhat later
period than the majority of the other
artefacts, i.e. no earlier than the 12th
century and date to even as late as the 14th
century inclusive.
The other grave goods, i.e. belt parts,
bits, small combs, spindles, awls, and an
adze, are individual artefacts found in
cremations.
In speaking about the funeral rites in
Pavirvyte cemetery, it is also necessary to
discuss three burials separately:
63,65,
and
117,
in which weapons and some tools (an
adze) were found stuck into the earth. In
burials
63
and
117
weapons were found
stuck into the side of the pit. In burial
65
they were stuck into the middle of the pit
and covered with a helmet. Some resear¬
chers treat these burials as cenotaphs.
In summarising everything that has
been said, it is possible to state that the
proximity of the Curonians did not have
an essential influence on the spiritual
culture of the Semigallians, did not change
the inhumation tradition that predomi¬
nated there, and did not induce the
Semigallians to switch to a manner of burial
alien to them. The cremations in this
cemetery attest that the Curonians had
gradually penetrated into the Semigallian
community. The penetration was peaceful
(which is shown by the location of the
cremations in the cemetery). In addition,
it has been noted that the majority of the
cremations are male burials. The latter had
apparently settled among the Semigallians
for one reason or another. In this respect
Pavirvyte cemetery is no exception. On the
eve of the state s creation a consolidation
of the tribes took place, the reflection of
which we can find in all the cemeteries
established on the periphery of the tribes.
Examples would include
Bandužiai
ceme¬
tery, which was left by the Curonians and
where a Scalvian cultural influence is felt,
Semigallian
Šukioniai
cemetery, where an
Aukštaitian
cultural influence is felt,
Rubas
Rüsïsi-Debesi
cemetery in West
Semigallia, where the proximity of the
Curonians is felt, Lettigallian Aizkraukles
Lejasbitëni
cemetery, in which a Semi¬
gallian cultural influence is felt, and, of
course, Pavirvyte cemetery, where a
Curonian cultural influence is felt.
Translated by Jeffrey Arthur Bakanauskas
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vaškevičiūtė, Ilona Cholodinskienė, Adelė |
| author_facet | Vaškevičiūtė, Ilona Cholodinskienė, Adelė |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Vaškevičiūtė, Ilona |
| author_variant | i v iv a c ac |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036446657 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)609960437 (DE-599)BVBBV036446657 |
| era | Geschichte 900-1300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 900-1300 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV036446657 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:39:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789986231455 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020318899 |
| oclc_num | 609960437 |
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| physical | 199 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publisher | Diemedžio Leidykla |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vaškevičiūtė, Ilona Verfasser aut Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) Ilona Vaškevičiūtė ; Adelė Cholodinskienė Vilnius Diemedžio Leidykla 2008 199 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Pavirvytė cemetery. - Literaturverz. S. [159] - 162 Geschichte 900-1300 gnd rswk-swf Grabbeigabe (DE-588)4123307-4 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Grabbeigabe (DE-588)4123307-4 s Geschichte 900-1300 z Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Cholodinskienė, Adelė Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318899&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318899&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vaškevičiūtė, Ilona Cholodinskienė, Adelė Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) Grabbeigabe (DE-588)4123307-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4123307-4 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) |
| title_auth | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) |
| title_exact_search | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) |
| title_full | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) Ilona Vaškevičiūtė ; Adelė Cholodinskienė |
| title_fullStr | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) Ilona Vaškevičiūtė ; Adelė Cholodinskienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pavirvytės kapinynas (X - XIII amžiai) Ilona Vaškevičiūtė ; Adelė Cholodinskienė |
| title_short | Pavirvytės kapinynas |
| title_sort | pavirvytes kapinynas x xiii amziai |
| title_sub | (X - XIII amžiai) |
| topic | Grabbeigabe (DE-588)4123307-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grabbeigabe Funde Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318899&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318899&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vaskeviciuteilona pavirvyteskapinynasxxiiiamziai AT cholodinskieneadele pavirvyteskapinynasxxiiiamziai |