Handbook of usability testing: how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Indianapolis, IN
Wiley
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVI, 348 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470185483 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rubin, Jeffrey |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of usability testing |b how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |c Jeff Rubin ; Dana Chisnell |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Indianapolis, IN |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVI, 348 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137636894343168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments
xi
Foreword
xxix
Preface to the Second Edition
xxxiii
Part One Usability Testing: An Overview
Chapter
1
What Makes Something Usable?
3
What Do We Mean by Usable ?
4
What Makes Something Less Usable?
6
Five Reasons Why Products Are Hard to Use
6
Reason
1:
Development Focuses on the Machine or System
7
Reason
2:
Target Audiences Expand and Adapt
8
Reason
3:
Designing Usable Products Is Difficult
9
Reason
4:
Team Specialists Don t Always Work in
Integrated Ways
9
Reason
5:
Design and Implementation Don t Always
Match
11
What Makes Products More Usable?
12
An Early Focus on Users and Tasks
13
Evaluation and Measurement of Product Usage
13
Iterative Design and Testing
14
Attributes of Organizations That Practice UCD
14
Phases That Include User Input
14
A Multidisciplinary Team Approach
14
Concerned, Enlightened Management
15
A Learn as You Go Perspective
15
Defined Usability Goals and Objectives
16
xvi Contents
Chapter
2
Chapter
3
What Are Techniques for Building in Usability?
16
Ethnographic Research
16
Participatory Design
17
Focus Group Research
17
Surveys
17
Walk-Throughs
18
Open and Closed Card Sorting
18
Paper Prototyping
18
Expert or Heuristic Evaluations
19
Usability Testing
19
Follow-Up Studies
20
What Is Usability Testing?
21
Why Test? Goals of Testing
21
Informing Design
22
Eliminating Design Problems and Frustration
22
Improving Profitability
22
Basics of the Methodology
23
Basic Elements of Usability Testing
25
Limitations of Testing
25
When Should You Test?
27
Our Types of Tests: An Overview
27
Exploratory or Formative Study
29
When
29
Objective
29
Overview of the Methodology
30
Example of Exploratory Study
32
Assessment or Summative Test
34
When
34
Objective
34
Overview of the Methodology
35
Validation or Verification Test
35
When
35
Objective
35
Overview of the Methodology
36
Comparison Test
37
When
37
Objective
37
Overview of the Methodology
38
Iterative Testing: Test Types through the Lifecycle
39
Test
1:
Exploratory/Comparison Test
39
The situation
39
Main Research Questions
40
Contents
xvii
Brief
Summary of Outcome
41
Test
2:
Assessment Test
41
The Situation
41
Main Test Objectives
41
Brief Summary of Test Outcome
42
Test
3:
Verification Test
42
The Situation
42
Test Objectives
43
Brief Summary of Test Outcome
43
Chapter
4
Skills for Test Moderators
45
Who Should Moderate?
45
Human Factors Specialist
46
Marketing Specialist
46
Technical Communicator
47
Rotating Team Members
47
External Consultant
47
Characteristics of a Good Test Moderator
48
Grounding in the Basics of User-Centered Design
48
Quick Learner
48
Instant Rapport with Participants
49
Excellent Memory
49
Good Listener
49
Comfortable with Ambiguity
50
Flexibility
50
Long Attention Span
51
Empathie
People Person
51
Big Picture Thinker
51
Good Communicator
52
Good Organizer and Coordinator
52
Getting the Most out of Your Participants
52
Choose the Right Format
53
Sit-By Sessions versus Observing from Elsewhere
53
Think-Aloud Advantages and Disadvantages
54
Retrospective
Review
54
Give Participants Time to Work through Hindrances
55
Offer Appropriate Encouragement
55
Troubleshooting Typical Moderating Problems
56
Leading Rather than Enabling
57
Too Involved with the Act of Data Collection
57
Acting Too Knowledgeable
57
Too Rigid with the Test Plan
58
Not Relating Well to Each Participant
58
xviii Contents
Jumping
to Conclusions
58
How to Improve Your Session-Moderating Skills
58
Learn the Basic Principles of Human Factors/Ergonomics
59
Learn from Watching Others
59
Watch Yourself on Tape
59
Work with a Mentor
59
Practice Moderating Sessions
60
Learn to Meditate
60
Practice Bare Attention
61
Part Two The Process for Conducting a Test
Chapter
5
Develop the Test Plan
65
Why Create a Test Plan?
65
It Serves as a Blueprint for the Test
66
It Serves as the Main Communication Vehicle
66
It Defines or Implies Required Resources
66
It Provides a Focal Point for the Test and a Milestone
66
The Parts of a Test Plan
67
Review the Purpose and Goals of the Test
67
When Not to Test
68
Good Reasons to Test
69
Communicate Research Questions
69
Summarize Participant Characteristics
72
Describe the Method
73
Independent Groups Design or Between Subjects Design
75
Wifhin-Subjects Design
75
Testing Multiple Product Versions
76
Testing Multiple User Groups
77
List the Tasks
79
Parts of a Task for the Test Plan
79
Tips for Developing the Task List
82
Example Task: Navigation Tab on a Web Site
83
Ways to Prioritize Tasks
85
Describe the Test Environment, Equipment, and Logistics
87
Explain What the Moderator Will Do
87
List the Data You Will Collect
88
Sample Performance Measures
88
Qualitative Data
90
Sample Preference Measures
90
Describe How the Results Will Be Reported
90
Sample Test Plan
91
Contents xix
Chapter
6
Set Up a Testing Environment
93
Decide on a Location and Space
94
In a Lab or at the User s Site?
94
Test in Multiple Geographic Locations?
96
Arranging Sessions at a User s Site
98
Minimalist Portable Test Lab
100
Setting up a Permanent or Fixed Test Lab
101
Simple Single-Room Setup
101
Modified Single-Room Setup
103
Large Single-Room Setup
105
Electronic Observation Room Setup
107
Classic Testing Laboratory Setup
108
Recommended Testing Environment: Minimalist
Portable Lab
110
Gather and Check Equipment, Artifacts, and Tools 111
Basic Equipment, Tools, and Props 111
Gathering
Biometrie Data 112
Identify Co-Researchers, Assistants, and Observers
112
Data Gatherer/Note Taker
112
Timekeeper
113
Product/Technical Expert(s)
113
Additional Testing Roles
113
Test Observers
113
Chapter
7
Find and Select Participants
115
Characterize Users
115
Visualize the Test Participant
116
Differentiate between Purchaser and End User
116
Look for Information about Users
117
Requirements and Specification Documents
117
Structured Analyses or Marketing Studies
118
Product Manager (R&D)
118
Product Manager (Marketing)
118
Competitive Benchmarking and Analysis Group
119
Define the Criteria for Each User Group
119
Define Expertise
119
Specify Requirements and Classifiers for Selection
121
Document the User Profile
122
Divide the User Profile into Distinct Categories
124
Consider a Matrix Test Design
125
Determine the Number of Participants to Test
125
Write the
Screening
Questionnaire
126
xx
Contente
Review the Profile to Understand Users Backgrounds
127
Identify Specific Selection Criteria
127
Formulate Screening Questions
128
Organize the Questions in a Specific Order
129
Develop a Format for Easy Flow through the Questionnaire
130
Test the Questionnaire on Colleagues and Revise It
131
Consider Creating an Answer Sheet
131
Find Sources of Participants
131
Internal Participants
132
Qualified Friends and Family
134
Web Site Sign-Up
134
Existing Customers from bi-House Lists
135
Existing Customers through Sales Representatives
136
User Groups or Clubs, Churches, or Other Community
Groups
136
Societies and Associations
137
Referrals from Personal Networks, Coworkers, and Other
Participants
137
Craigslist
138
College Campuses
139
Market Research Firms or Recruiting Specialists
140
Employment Agencies
141
Newspaper Advertisements
142
Screen and Select Participants
143
Screening Considerations
143
Use the Questionnaire or Open-Ended Interview
Questions?
143
Complete the Screener Always, or Only When Fully
Qualified?
144
Conduct Screening Interviews
145
Inform the Potential Participant Who You Are
145
Explain Why You are Calling and How You Got the
Contact Information
145
Go through the Questions in the Questionnaire
145
As You Eliminate or Accept People, Mark Them Off on
Your List
146
Include a Few Least Competent Users in Every Testing
Sample
146
Beware of Inadvertently Testing Only the Best People
147
Expect to Make Tradeoffs
148
Schedule and Confirm Participants
148
Contents xxi
Compensate
Participants
150
Protect
Participants
Privacy and Personal Information
151
Chapter
8
Prepare Test Materials
153
Guidelines for Observers
154
Orientation Script
155
Keep the Tone of the Script Professional, but Friendly
156
Keep the Speech Short
156
Plan to Read the Script to Each Participant Verbatim
157
Write the Orientation Script Out
158
Make Introductions
159
Offer Refreshments
159
Explain Why the Participant Is Here
159
Describe the Testing Setup
160
Explain What Is Expected of the Participant
160
Assure the Participant That He or She Is Not Being Tested
161
Explain Any Unusual Requirements
161
Mention That It Is Okay to Ask Questions at Any Time
161
Ask for Any Questions
161
Refer to Any Forms That Need Be Completed and Pass
Them Out
161
Background Questionnaire
162
Focus on Characteristics That May Influence Performance
163
Make the Questionnaire Easy to Fill Out and Compile
163
Test the Questionnaire
163
Decide How to Administer the Questionnaire
163
Data Collection Tools
165
Review the Research Question^) Outlined in Your Test Plan
167
Decide What Type of Information to Collect
167
Select a Data Collection Method
168
Fully Automated Data Loggers
168
Online Data Collection
169
User-Generated Data Collection
169
Manual Data Collection
170
Other Data Collection Methods
170
Nondisclosures, Consent Forms, and Recording Waivers
173
Pre-Test Questionnaires and Interviews
174
Discover Attitudes and First Impressions
175
Learn about Whether Participants Value the Product
177
Qualify Participants for Inclusion into One Test Group or
Another
179
xxii Contents
Establish the Participant s Prerequisite Knowledge Prior to
Using the Product
181
Prototypes or Products to Test
181
Task Scenarios
182
Provide Realistic Scenarios, Complete with Motivations to
Perform
183
Sequence the Task Scenarios in Order
183
Match the Task Scenarios to the Experience of the Participants
184
Avoid Using Jargon and Cues
184
Try to Provide a Substantial Amount of Work in Each
Scenario
184
Give Participants the Tasks to Do
185
Reading Task Scenarios to the Participants
185
Letting the Participants Read Task Scenarios Themselves
186
Optional Training Materials
187
Ensure Minimum Expertise
187
Get a View of the User after Experiencing the Product
188
You Want to Test Features for Advanced Users
189
What Are the Benefits of Prerequisite Training?
190
You Can Conduct a More Comprehensive, Challenging
Usability Test
190
You Can Test Functionality That Might Otherwise Get
Overlooked During a Test
190
Developing the Training Forces You to Understand How
Someone Learns to Use Your Product
191
Some Common Questions about Prerequisite Training
191
Post-Test Questionnaire
192
Use the Research
Questions(s)
from the Test Plan as the Basis
for Your Content
193
Develop Questionnaires That Will Be Distributed Either
during or after a Session
193
Ask Questions Related to That Which You Cannot Directly
Observe
193
Develop the Basic Areas and Topics You Want to Cover
195
Design the Questions and Responses for Simplicity and
Brevity
196
Use the Pilot Test to Refine the Questionnaire
196
Common Question Formats
197
Likért
Scales
197
Semantic Differentials
197
Fill-in Questions
198
Contents xxiii
Checkbox Questions
198
Branching Questions
198
Debriefing Guide
199
Chapter
9
Conduct the Test Sessions
201
Guidelines for Moderating Test Sessions
202
Moderate the Session Impartially
202
Be Aware of the Effects of Your Voice and Body Language
203
Treat Each New Participant as an Individual
203
If Appropriate, Use the Thinking Aloud Technique
204
Advantages of the Thinking Aloud Technique
204
Disadvantages of the Thinking Aloud Technique
205
How to Enhance the Thinking Aloud Technique
205
Probe and Interact with the Participant as Appropriate
206
Stay Objective, But Keep the Tone Relaxed
209
Don t Rescue Participants When They Straggle
209
If You Make a Mistake, Continue On
210
Ensure That Participants Are Finished Before Going On
210
Assist the Participants Only as a Last Resort
211
When to Assist
211
How to Assist
212
Checklists for Getting Ready
213
Checklist
1:
A Week or So Before the Test
214
Take the Test Yourself
214
Conduct a Pilot Test
215
Revise the Product
215
Check Out All the Equipment and the Testing
Environment
216
Request a Temporary Freeze on Development
216
Checklist
2:
One Day Before the Test
216
Check that the Video Equipment is Set Up and Ready
216
Check that the Product, if Software or Hardware, is
Working
217
Assemble AH Written Test Materials
217
Check on the Status of Your Participants
217
Double-Check the Test Environment and Equipment
217
Checklists: The Day of the Test
217
Prepare Yourself Mentally
218
Greet the Participant
219
Have the Participant Fill Out and Sign Any Preliminary
Documents
220
Read the Orientation Script and Set the Stage
220
xxiv Contents
Have the Participant Fill Out Any Pretest Questionnaires
220
Move to the Testing Area and Prepare to Test
220
Start Recordings
221
Set Decorum for Observers in the Room
221
Provide Any Prerequisite Training if Your Test Plan
Includes It
223
Either Distribute or Read the Written Task Scenario^) to
the Participant
224
Record Start Time, Observe the Participant, and Collect All
Critical Data
224
Have the Participant Complete All
Posttest
Questionnaires
224
Debrief the Participant
224
Close the Session
224
Organize Data Collection and Observation Sheets
225
Debrief with Observers
225
Provide Adequate Time Between Test Sessions
225
Prepare for the Next Participant
225
When to Intervene
225
When to Deviate from the Test Plan
226
What Not to Say to Participants
227
Chapter
10
Debrief the Participant and Observers
229
Why Review with Participants and Observers?
229
Techniques for Reviewing with Participants
230
Where to Hold the Participant Debriefing Session
231
Basic Debriefing Guidelines
231
Advanced Debriefing Guidelines and Techniques
235
Replay the Test Technique
235
The Manual Method
235
The Video Method
236
Audio Record the Debriefing Session
236
Reviewing Alternate Designs
236
What Did You Remember? Technique
236
Devil s Advocate Technique
238
How to Implement the Devil s Advocate Technique
238
Example of the Devil s Advocate Technique
239
Reviewing and Reaching Consensus with Observers
241
Why Review with Observers?
241
Between Sessions
241
At the End of the Study
243
Chapter
11
Analyze Data and Observations
245
Compile Data
246
Begin Compiling Data as You Test
247
Contents xxv
Organize
Raw Data
248
Summarize Data
249
Summarize Performance Data
249
Task Accuracy
249
Task Timings
250
Summarize Preference Data
254
Compile and Summarize Other Measures
256
Summarize Scores by Group or Version
256
Analyze Data
258
Identify Tasks That Did Not Meet the Success Criterion
258
Identify User Errors and Difficulties
260
Conduct a Source of Error Analysis
260
Prioritize Problems
261
Analyze Differences between Groups or Product Versions
264
Using Inferential Statistics
265
Chapter
12
Report Findings and Recommendations
269
What Is a Finding?
269
Shape the Findings
269
Draft the Report
271
Why Write a Report?
273
Organize the Report
273
Executive Summary
274
Method
274
Results
275
Findings and Recommendations (Discussion)
275
Develop Recommendations
277
Focus on Solutions That Will Have the Widest Impact
278
Ignore Political Considerations for the First Draft
280
Provide Both Short-Term and Long-Term Recommendations
280
Indicate Areas Where Further Research Is Required
281
Be Thorough
281
Make Supporting Material Available to Reviewers
282
Refine the Report Format
283
Create a Highlights Video or Presentation
283
Cautions about Highlights
284
Steps for Producing a Highlights Video
285
Consider the Points You Want to Make
286
Set up a Spreadsheet to Plan and Document the Video
286
Pick the Clips
286
Review Timing and Organization
287
Draft Titles and Captions
288
Review and Wrap
288
xxvi Contents
Part Three Advanced Techniques
Chapter
13
Variations on the Basic Method
293
Who? Testing with Special Populations
293
People Who Have Disabilities
293
Scheduling and Reminding
295
During the Session
295
Older Adults
295
Scheduling and Reminding
296
During the Session
297
Children
298
Scheduling and Reminding
298
During the Session
299
What: Prototypes versus Real Products
299
Paper and Other Low-Fi Prototypes
300
Clickable or Usable Prototypes
301
How? Techniques for Monitored Tests
302
Flexible Scripting
303
What You Get
303
How to Use It
303
Gradual Disclosure or Graduated Prompting
304
What You Get
304
How to Use It
305
Co-Discovery (Two Participants at a Time)
306
What You Get
306
How to Use It
307
Alpha or Beta Testing with Favored Clients
307
What You Get
307
How to Use It
308
Play Tests
308
What You Get
309
How to Use It
309
Where? Testing Outside a Lab
309
Remote Testing
310
What You Get
310
How to Use It
310
Automated Testing
311
What You Get
311
How to Use It
311
Testing In-Home or
On-Site
312
What You Get
312
How to Use It
312
Self-Reporting (Surveys, Diary Studies)
313
Contents xxvii
What You Get
313
How to Use It
313
Chapter
14
Expanding from Usability Testing to Designing
the User Experience
315
Stealth Mode: Establish Value
316
Choose the First Project Carefully
317
Begin Your Education
317
Start Slowly and Conservatively, Get Buy-In
320
Volunteer Your Services
321
Create a Strategy and Business Case
321
Build on Successes
322
Set Up Long-Term Relationships
322
Sell Yourself and What You Are Doing
323
Strategize: Choose Your Battles Carefully
323
Formalize Processes and Practices
323
Establish a Central Residency for User-Centered Design
324
Add Usability-Related Activities to the Product Life Cycle
325
Educate Others within Your Organization
325
Identify and Cultivate Champions
327
Publicize the Usability Success Stories
327
Link Usability to Economic Benefits
327
Expand UCD throughout the Organization
328
Pursue More Formal Educational Opportunities
329
Standardize Participant Recruitment Policies and Procedures
329
Align Closely with Market Research and Industrial Design
330
Evaluate Product Usability in the Field after Product Release
330
Evaluate the Value of Your Usability Engineering Efforts
330
Develop Design Standards
331
Focus Your Efforts Early in the Product Life Cycle
331
Create User Profiles,
Personas,
and Scenarios
331
Afterword
333
Index
335
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgments
xi
Foreword
xxix
Preface to the Second Edition
xxxiii
Part One Usability Testing: An Overview
Chapter
1
What Makes Something Usable?
3
What Do We Mean by "Usable"?
4
What Makes Something Less Usable?
6
Five Reasons Why Products Are Hard to Use
6
Reason
1:
Development Focuses on the Machine or System
7
Reason
2:
Target Audiences Expand and Adapt
8
Reason
3:
Designing Usable Products Is Difficult
9
Reason
4:
Team Specialists Don't Always Work in
Integrated Ways
9
Reason
5:
Design and Implementation Don't Always
Match
11
What Makes Products More Usable?
12
An Early Focus on Users and Tasks
13
Evaluation and Measurement of Product Usage
13
Iterative Design and Testing
14
Attributes of Organizations That Practice UCD
14
Phases That Include User Input
14
A Multidisciplinary Team Approach
14
Concerned, Enlightened Management
15
A "Learn as You Go" Perspective
15
Defined Usability Goals and Objectives
16
xvi Contents
Chapter
2
Chapter
3
What Are Techniques for Building in Usability?
16
Ethnographic Research
16
Participatory Design
17
Focus Group Research
17
Surveys
17
Walk-Throughs
18
Open and Closed Card Sorting
18
Paper Prototyping
18
Expert or Heuristic Evaluations
19
Usability Testing
19
Follow-Up Studies
20
What Is Usability Testing?
21
Why Test? Goals of Testing
21
Informing Design
22
Eliminating Design Problems and Frustration
22
Improving Profitability
22
Basics of the Methodology
23
Basic Elements of Usability Testing
25
Limitations of Testing
25
When Should You Test?
27
Our Types of Tests: An Overview
27
Exploratory or Formative Study
29
When
29
Objective
29
Overview of the Methodology
30
Example of Exploratory Study
32
Assessment or Summative Test
34
When
34
Objective
34
Overview of the Methodology
35
Validation or Verification Test
35
When
35
Objective
35
Overview of the Methodology
36
Comparison Test
37
When
37
Objective
37
Overview of the Methodology
38
Iterative Testing: Test Types through the Lifecycle
39
Test
1:
Exploratory/Comparison Test
39
The situation
39
Main Research Questions
40
Contents
xvii
Brief
Summary of Outcome
41
Test
2:
Assessment Test
41
The Situation
41
Main Test Objectives
41
Brief Summary of Test Outcome
42
Test
3:
Verification Test
42
The Situation
42
Test Objectives
43
Brief Summary of Test Outcome
43
Chapter
4
Skills for Test Moderators
45
Who Should Moderate?
45
Human Factors Specialist
46
Marketing Specialist
46
Technical Communicator
47
Rotating Team Members
47
External Consultant
47
Characteristics of a Good Test Moderator
48
Grounding in the Basics of User-Centered Design
48
Quick Learner
48
Instant Rapport with Participants
49
Excellent Memory
49
Good Listener
49
Comfortable with Ambiguity
50
Flexibility
50
Long Attention Span
51
Empathie
"People Person"
51
"Big Picture" Thinker
51
Good Communicator
52
Good Organizer and Coordinator
52
Getting the Most out of Your Participants
52
Choose the Right Format
53
Sit-By Sessions versus Observing from Elsewhere
53
"Think-Aloud" Advantages and Disadvantages
54
Retrospective
Review
54
Give Participants Time to Work through Hindrances
55
Offer Appropriate Encouragement
55
Troubleshooting Typical Moderating Problems
56
Leading Rather than Enabling
57
Too Involved with the Act of Data Collection
57
Acting Too Knowledgeable
57
Too Rigid with the Test Plan
58
Not Relating Well to Each Participant
58
xviii Contents
Jumping
to Conclusions
58
How to Improve Your Session-Moderating Skills
58
Learn the Basic Principles of Human Factors/Ergonomics
59
Learn from Watching Others
59
Watch Yourself on Tape
59
Work with a Mentor
59
Practice Moderating Sessions
60
Learn to Meditate
60
Practice "Bare Attention"
61
Part Two The Process for Conducting a Test
Chapter
5
Develop the Test Plan
65
Why Create a Test Plan?
65
It Serves as a Blueprint for the Test
66
It Serves as the Main Communication Vehicle
66
It Defines or Implies Required Resources
66
It Provides a Focal Point for the Test and a Milestone
66
The Parts of a Test Plan
67
Review the Purpose and Goals of the Test
67
When Not to Test
68
Good Reasons to Test
69
Communicate Research Questions
69
Summarize Participant Characteristics
72
Describe the Method
73
Independent Groups Design or Between Subjects Design
75
Wifhin-Subjects Design
75
Testing Multiple Product Versions
76
Testing Multiple User Groups
77
List the Tasks
79
Parts of a Task for the Test Plan
79
Tips for Developing the Task List
82
Example Task: Navigation Tab on a Web Site
83
Ways to Prioritize Tasks
85
Describe the Test Environment, Equipment, and Logistics
87
Explain What the Moderator Will Do
87
List the Data You Will Collect
88
Sample Performance Measures
88
Qualitative Data
90
Sample Preference Measures
90
Describe How the Results Will Be Reported
90
Sample Test Plan
91
Contents xix
Chapter
6
Set Up a Testing Environment
93
Decide on a Location and Space
94
In a Lab or at the User's Site?
94
Test in Multiple Geographic Locations?
96
Arranging Sessions at a User's Site
98
Minimalist Portable Test Lab
100
Setting up a Permanent or Fixed Test Lab
101
Simple Single-Room Setup
101
Modified Single-Room Setup
103
Large Single-Room Setup
105
Electronic Observation Room Setup
107
Classic Testing Laboratory Setup
108
Recommended Testing Environment: Minimalist
Portable Lab
110
Gather and Check Equipment, Artifacts, and Tools 111
Basic Equipment, Tools, and Props 111
Gathering
Biometrie Data 112
Identify Co-Researchers, Assistants, and Observers
112
Data Gatherer/Note Taker
112
Timekeeper
113
Product/Technical Expert(s)
113
Additional Testing Roles
113
Test Observers
113
Chapter
7
Find and Select Participants
115
Characterize Users
115
Visualize the Test Participant
116
Differentiate between Purchaser and End User
116
Look for Information about Users
117
Requirements and Specification Documents
117
Structured Analyses or Marketing Studies
118
Product Manager (R&D)
118
Product Manager (Marketing)
118
Competitive Benchmarking and Analysis Group
119
Define the Criteria for Each User Group
119
Define Expertise
119
Specify Requirements and Classifiers for Selection
121
Document the User Profile
122
Divide the User Profile into Distinct Categories
124
Consider a Matrix Test Design
125
Determine the Number of Participants to Test
125
Write the
Screening
Questionnaire
126
xx
Contente
Review the Profile to Understand Users' Backgrounds
127
Identify Specific Selection Criteria
127
Formulate Screening Questions
128
Organize the Questions in a Specific Order
129
Develop a Format for Easy Flow through the Questionnaire
130
Test the Questionnaire on Colleagues and Revise It
131
Consider Creating an "Answer Sheet"
131
Find Sources of Participants
131
Internal Participants
132
Qualified Friends and Family
134
Web Site Sign-Up
134
Existing Customers from bi-House Lists
135
Existing Customers through Sales Representatives
136
User Groups or Clubs, Churches, or Other Community
Groups
136
Societies and Associations
137
Referrals from Personal Networks, Coworkers, and Other
Participants
137
Craigslist
138
College Campuses
139
Market Research Firms or Recruiting Specialists
140
Employment Agencies
141
Newspaper Advertisements
142
Screen and Select Participants
143
Screening Considerations
143
Use the Questionnaire or Open-Ended Interview
Questions?
143
Complete the Screener Always, or Only When Fully
Qualified?
144
Conduct Screening Interviews
145
Inform the Potential Participant Who You Are
145
Explain Why You are Calling and How You Got the
Contact Information
145
Go through the Questions in the Questionnaire
145
As You Eliminate or Accept People, Mark Them Off on
Your List
146
Include a Few Least Competent Users in Every Testing
Sample
146
Beware of Inadvertently Testing Only the "Best" People
147
Expect to Make Tradeoffs
148
Schedule and Confirm Participants
148
Contents xxi
Compensate
Participants
150
Protect
Participants'
Privacy and Personal Information
151
Chapter
8
Prepare Test Materials
153
Guidelines for Observers
154
Orientation Script
155
Keep the Tone of the Script Professional, but Friendly
156
Keep the Speech Short
156
Plan to Read the Script to Each Participant Verbatim
157
Write the Orientation Script Out
158
Make Introductions
159
Offer Refreshments
159
Explain Why the Participant Is Here
159
Describe the Testing Setup
160
Explain What Is Expected of the Participant
160
Assure the Participant That He or She Is Not Being Tested
161
Explain Any Unusual Requirements
161
Mention That It Is Okay to Ask Questions at Any Time
161
Ask for Any Questions
161
Refer to Any Forms That Need Be Completed and Pass
Them Out
161
Background Questionnaire
162
Focus on Characteristics That May Influence Performance
163
Make the Questionnaire Easy to Fill Out and Compile
163
Test the Questionnaire
163
Decide How to Administer the Questionnaire
163
Data Collection Tools
165
Review the Research Question^) Outlined in Your Test Plan
167
Decide What Type of Information to Collect
167
Select a Data Collection Method
168
Fully Automated Data Loggers
168
Online Data Collection
169
User-Generated Data Collection
169
Manual Data Collection
170
Other Data Collection Methods
170
Nondisclosures, Consent Forms, and Recording Waivers
173
Pre-Test Questionnaires and Interviews
174
Discover Attitudes and First Impressions
175
Learn about Whether Participants Value the Product
177
Qualify Participants for Inclusion into One Test Group or
Another
179
xxii Contents
Establish the Participant's Prerequisite Knowledge Prior to
Using the Product
181
Prototypes or Products to Test
181
Task Scenarios
182
Provide Realistic Scenarios, Complete with Motivations to
Perform
183
Sequence the Task Scenarios in Order
183
Match the Task Scenarios to the Experience of the Participants
184
Avoid Using Jargon and Cues
184
Try to Provide a Substantial Amount of Work in Each
Scenario
184
Give Participants the Tasks to Do
185
Reading Task Scenarios to the Participants
185
Letting the Participants Read Task Scenarios Themselves
186
Optional Training Materials
187
Ensure Minimum Expertise
187
Get a View of the User after Experiencing the Product
188
You Want to Test Features for Advanced Users
189
What Are the Benefits of Prerequisite Training?
190
You Can Conduct a More Comprehensive, Challenging
Usability Test
190
You Can Test Functionality That Might Otherwise Get
Overlooked During a Test
190
Developing the Training Forces You to Understand How
Someone Learns to Use Your Product
191
Some Common Questions about Prerequisite Training
191
Post-Test Questionnaire
192
Use the Research
Questions(s)
from the Test Plan as the Basis
for Your Content
193
Develop Questionnaires That Will Be Distributed Either
during or after a Session
193
Ask Questions Related to That Which You Cannot Directly
Observe
193
Develop the Basic Areas and Topics You Want to Cover
195
Design the Questions and Responses for Simplicity and
Brevity
196
Use the Pilot Test to Refine the Questionnaire
196
Common Question Formats
197
Likért
Scales
197
Semantic Differentials
197
Fill-in Questions
198
Contents xxiii
Checkbox Questions
198
Branching Questions
198
Debriefing Guide
199
Chapter
9
Conduct the Test Sessions
201
Guidelines for Moderating Test Sessions
202
Moderate the Session Impartially
202
Be Aware of the Effects of Your Voice and Body Language
203
Treat Each New Participant as an Individual
203
If Appropriate, Use the "Thinking Aloud" Technique
204
Advantages of the "Thinking Aloud" Technique
204
Disadvantages of the "Thinking Aloud" Technique
205
How to Enhance the "Thinking Aloud" Technique
205
Probe and Interact with the Participant as Appropriate
206
Stay Objective, But Keep the Tone Relaxed
209
Don't "Rescue" Participants When They Straggle
209
If You Make a Mistake, Continue On
210
Ensure That Participants Are Finished Before Going On
210
Assist the Participants Only as a Last Resort
211
When to Assist
211
How to Assist
212
Checklists for Getting Ready
213
Checklist
1:
A Week or So Before the Test
214
Take the Test Yourself
214
Conduct a Pilot Test
215
Revise the Product
215
Check Out All the Equipment and the Testing
Environment
216
Request a Temporary "Freeze" on Development
216
Checklist
2:
One Day Before the Test
216
Check that the Video Equipment is Set Up and Ready
216
Check that the Product, if Software or Hardware, is
Working
217
Assemble AH Written Test Materials
217
Check on the Status of Your Participants
217
Double-Check the Test Environment and Equipment
217
Checklists: The Day of the Test
217
Prepare Yourself Mentally
218
Greet the Participant
219
Have the Participant Fill Out and Sign Any Preliminary
Documents
220
Read the Orientation Script and Set the Stage
220
xxiv Contents
Have the Participant Fill Out Any Pretest Questionnaires
220
Move to the Testing Area and Prepare to Test
220
Start Recordings
221
Set Decorum for Observers in the Room
221
Provide Any Prerequisite Training if Your Test Plan
Includes It
223
Either Distribute or Read the Written Task Scenario^) to
the Participant
224
Record Start Time, Observe the Participant, and Collect All
Critical Data
224
Have the Participant Complete All
Posttest
Questionnaires
224
Debrief the Participant
224
Close the Session
224
Organize Data Collection and Observation Sheets
225
Debrief with Observers
225
Provide Adequate Time Between Test Sessions
225
Prepare for the Next Participant
225
When to Intervene
225
When to Deviate from the Test Plan
226
What Not to Say to Participants
227
Chapter
10
Debrief the Participant and Observers
229
Why Review with Participants and Observers?
229
Techniques for Reviewing with Participants
230
Where to Hold the Participant Debriefing Session
231
Basic Debriefing Guidelines
231
Advanced Debriefing Guidelines and Techniques
235
"Replay the Test" Technique
235
The Manual Method
235
The Video Method
236
Audio Record the Debriefing Session
236
Reviewing Alternate Designs
236
"What Did You Remember?" Technique
236
"Devil's Advocate" Technique
238
How to Implement the "Devil's Advocate" Technique
238
Example of the "Devil's Advocate" Technique
239
Reviewing and Reaching Consensus with Observers
241
Why Review with Observers?
241
Between Sessions
241
At the End of the Study
243
Chapter
11
Analyze Data and Observations
245
Compile Data
246
Begin Compiling Data as You Test
247
Contents xxv
Organize
Raw Data
248
Summarize Data
249
Summarize Performance Data
249
Task Accuracy
249
Task Timings
250
Summarize Preference Data
254
Compile and Summarize Other Measures
256
Summarize Scores by Group or Version
256
Analyze Data
258
Identify Tasks That Did Not Meet the Success Criterion
258
Identify User Errors and Difficulties
260
Conduct a Source of Error Analysis
260
Prioritize Problems
261
Analyze Differences between Groups or Product Versions
264
Using Inferential Statistics
265
Chapter
12
Report Findings and Recommendations
269
What Is a Finding?
269
Shape the Findings
269
Draft the Report
271
Why Write a Report?
273
Organize the Report
273
Executive Summary
274
Method
274
Results
275
Findings and Recommendations (Discussion)
275
Develop Recommendations
277
Focus on Solutions That Will Have the Widest Impact
278
Ignore Political Considerations for the First Draft
280
Provide Both Short-Term and Long-Term Recommendations
280
Indicate Areas Where Further Research Is Required
281
Be Thorough
281
Make Supporting Material Available to Reviewers
282
Refine the Report Format
283
Create a Highlights Video or Presentation
283
Cautions about Highlights
284
Steps for Producing a Highlights Video
285
Consider the Points You Want to Make
286
Set up a Spreadsheet to Plan and Document the Video
286
Pick the Clips
286
Review Timing and Organization
287
Draft Titles and Captions
288
Review and Wrap
288
xxvi Contents
Part Three Advanced Techniques
Chapter
13
Variations on the Basic Method
293
Who? Testing with Special Populations
293
People Who Have Disabilities
293
Scheduling and Reminding
295
During the Session
295
Older Adults
295
Scheduling and Reminding
296
During the Session
297
Children
298
Scheduling and Reminding
298
During the Session
299
What: Prototypes versus Real Products
299
Paper and Other Low-Fi Prototypes
300
Clickable or Usable Prototypes
301
How? Techniques for Monitored Tests
302
Flexible Scripting
303
What You Get
303
How to Use It
303
Gradual Disclosure or Graduated Prompting
304
What You Get
304
How to Use It
305
Co-Discovery (Two Participants at a Time)
306
What You Get
306
How to Use It
307
Alpha or Beta Testing with Favored Clients
307
What You Get
307
How to Use It
308
Play Tests
308
What You Get
309
How to Use It
309
Where? Testing Outside a Lab
309
Remote Testing
310
What You Get
310
How to Use It
310
Automated Testing
311
What You Get
311
How to Use It
311
Testing In-Home or
On-Site
312
What You Get
312
How to Use It
312
Self-Reporting (Surveys, Diary Studies)
313
Contents xxvii
What You Get
313
How to Use It
313
Chapter
14
Expanding from Usability Testing to Designing
the User Experience
315
Stealth Mode: Establish Value
316
Choose the First Project Carefully
317
Begin Your Education
317
Start Slowly and Conservatively, Get Buy-In
320
Volunteer Your Services
321
Create a Strategy and Business Case
321
Build on Successes
322
Set Up Long-Term Relationships
322
Sell Yourself and What You Are Doing
323
Strategize: Choose Your Battles Carefully
323
Formalize Processes and Practices
323
Establish a Central Residency for User-Centered Design
324
Add Usability-Related Activities to the Product Life Cycle
325
Educate Others within Your Organization
325
Identify and Cultivate Champions
327
Publicize the Usability Success Stories
327
Link Usability to Economic Benefits
327
Expand UCD throughout the Organization
328
Pursue More Formal Educational Opportunities
329
Standardize Participant Recruitment Policies and Procedures
329
Align Closely with Market Research and Industrial Design
330
Evaluate Product Usability in the Field after Product Release
330
Evaluate the Value of Your Usability Engineering Efforts
330
Develop Design Standards
331
Focus Your Efforts Early in the Product Life Cycle
331
Create User Profiles,
Personas,
and Scenarios
331
Afterword
333
Index
335 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Rubin, Jeffrey Chisnell, Dana |
| author_facet | Rubin, Jeffrey Chisnell, Dana |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Rubin, Jeffrey |
| author_variant | j r jr d c dc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023305529 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
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| callnumber-raw | QA76.9.U83 |
| callnumber-search | QA76.9.U83 |
| callnumber-sort | QA 276.9 U83 |
| callnumber-subject | QA - Mathematics |
| classification_rvk | AP 18450 QP 624 ST 233 ST 278 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254559224 (DE-599)BVBBV023305529 |
| dewey-full | 005.4/37 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 005 - Computer programming, programs, data, security |
| dewey-raw | 005.4/37 |
| dewey-search | 005.4/37 |
| dewey-sort | 15.4 237 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Allgemeines Informatik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Informatik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023305529 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:48:19Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470185483 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008008485 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016489907 |
| oclc_num | 254559224 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-1050 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-Aug4 DE-859 DE-B768 DE-739 DE-M347 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-1050 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-Aug4 DE-859 DE-B768 DE-739 DE-M347 |
| physical | XXXVI, 348 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rubin, Jeffrey Verfasser aut Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests Jeff Rubin ; Dana Chisnell 2. ed. Indianapolis, IN Wiley 2008 XXXVI, 348 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier User interfaces (Computer systems) Testing Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd rswk-swf Produkttest (DE-588)4175818-3 gnd rswk-swf Benutzerfreundlichkeit (DE-588)4005541-3 gnd rswk-swf Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd rswk-swf Computerunterstütztes Verfahren (DE-588)4139030-1 gnd rswk-swf Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 s Produkttest (DE-588)4175818-3 s DE-604 Benutzerfreundlichkeit (DE-588)4005541-3 s Test (DE-588)4059549-3 s Computerunterstütztes Verfahren (DE-588)4139030-1 s 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Chisnell, Dana Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008008485-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008008485-t.html Table of contents only Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489907&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rubin, Jeffrey Chisnell, Dana Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests User interfaces (Computer systems) Testing Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd Produkttest (DE-588)4175818-3 gnd Benutzerfreundlichkeit (DE-588)4005541-3 gnd Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd Computerunterstütztes Verfahren (DE-588)4139030-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059549-3 (DE-588)4175818-3 (DE-588)4005541-3 (DE-588)4131424-4 (DE-588)4139030-1 |
| title | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |
| title_auth | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |
| title_full | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests Jeff Rubin ; Dana Chisnell |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests Jeff Rubin ; Dana Chisnell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of usability testing how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests Jeff Rubin ; Dana Chisnell |
| title_short | Handbook of usability testing |
| title_sort | handbook of usability testing how to plan design and conduct effective tests |
| title_sub | how to plan, design, and conduct effective tests |
| topic | User interfaces (Computer systems) Testing Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd Produkttest (DE-588)4175818-3 gnd Benutzerfreundlichkeit (DE-588)4005541-3 gnd Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd Computerunterstütztes Verfahren (DE-588)4139030-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | User interfaces (Computer systems) Testing Test Produkttest Benutzerfreundlichkeit Benutzeroberfläche Computerunterstütztes Verfahren |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008008485-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008008485-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016489907&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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