Verfügbarkeit: Lewin's cells

Lewin's cells:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Vorheriger Titel:	Cells
Weitere Verfasser:	Cassimeris, Lynne (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Sudbury, Mass. [u.a.] Jones and Bartlett 2011
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Eukaryotic Cells Cells Cells Physiology
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIV, 1053 S. zahlr. Ill.
ISBN:	9780763766641 076376664X

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	LEWIN S SECOND EDITION LEAD EDITORS Lynne Cassimeris Lehigh University Vishwanath R. Lingappa University of California, San Francisco Prosetta Bioconformatics, Inc. George Plopper JONES AND BARTLETT PUBLISHERS Sudbury, Massachusetts BOSTON TORONTO LONDON SINGAPORE Brief contents Feature Boxes xvii Preface xviii Acknowledgments xxi Contributors xxii Abbreviations xxiv Part 1 Introduction 0 What is a cell? 3 Vishwanath R. Lingappa and Benjamin Lewin Bioenergetics and cellular metabolism 33 Raymond Ochs and George Plopper DNA replication, repair, and recombination Jocelyn E. Krebs Part 4 The cytoskeleton 501 63 expression and regulation 105 David G. Bear Protein structure and function Stephen J. Smerdon 169 Part 2 Membranes and transport mechanisms 229 Transport of ions and small molecules across membranes 231 Stephan E. Lehnart and Andrew R. Marks Membrane targeting of proteins 291 D. Thomas Rutkowski and Vishwanath R. Lingappa Protein trafficking between membranes 345 Vivek Malhotra, Graham Warren, and Ira Mellman Part 3 The nucleus 391 Nuclear structure and transport 393 Charles N. Cole and Pamela A. Silver JChromatin and chromosomes 439 Benjamin Lewin and Jocelyn E. Krebs Microtubules 503 Lynne Cassimeris circlecopyrtActin 557 Enrique M. De La Cruz and E. Michael Ostap Intermediate filaments Birgit Lane 591 Part 5 Cell division, apoptosis, and cancer Mitosis 621 Conly L. Rieder Cell cycle regulation 673 Kathleen L. Gould and Susan L. Forsburg ^Apoptosis 713 Douglas R. Green Cancer—Principles and overview 739 Robert A. Weinberg Part 6 Cell communication Principles of cell signaling 769 Elliott M. Ross and Melanie H. Cobb The extracellular matrix and cell adhesion George Plopper 619 767 821 Part 7 Prokaryotic and plant cells 881 Prokaryotic cell biology 883 Matthew Chapman and Jeff Errington Plant cell biology 937 Clive Lloyd Glossary 981 Index 1011 Contents Feature Boxes xvii Preface xviii Acknowledgments xxi Contributors xxii Abbreviations xxiv Part 1 Introduction What is a cell? 3 Vishwanath R. Lingappa and Benjamin Lewin Introduction 4 Life began as a self-replicating structure 6 A prokaryotic cell consists of a single compartment 8 Prokaryotes are adapted for growth under many diverse conditions 9 A eukaryotic cell contains many membrane-delimited compartments 10 Membranes allow the cytoplasm to maintain compartments with distinct environments 11 The nucleus contains the genetic material and is surrounded by an envelope 12 The plasma membrane allows a cell to maintain homeostasis 14 Cells within cells: Organelles bounded by envelopes may have resulted from endosymbiosis 16 DNA is the cellular hereditary material, but there are other forms of hereditary information 17 Cells require mechanisms to repair damage to DNA 18 Mitochondria are energy factories 19 Chloroplasts power plant cells 19 Organelles require mechanisms for specific localization of proteins 20 Proteins are transported to and through membranes 21 Protein trafficking moves proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus 22 Protein folding and unfolding is an essential feature of all cells 24 The shape of a eukaryotic cell is determined by its cytoskeleton 24 Localization of cell structures is important 26 Cellular functions: Enzymes, pathways, and feedback 27 Signal transduction pathways execute predefined responses 28 All organisms have cells that can grow and divide 29 Differentiation creates specialized cell types, including terminally differentiated cells 30 References 31 Bioenergetics and cellular metabolism 33 Raymond Ochs and George Plopper Introduction 34 Chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetics are linked 34 The steady state model is essential for understanding the net flow of reactants in linked reactions 35 Thermodynamics is the systematic treatment of energy changes 37 Standard free energy, the mass action ratio, and the equilibrium constant characterize reaction rates in metabolic pathways 40 Glycolysis is the best understood metabolic pathway 41 Pyruvate metabolism by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex leads to oxidative respiration 44 Fatty acid oxidation is the major pathway of aerobic energy production 45 The Krebs cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA and is a metabolic hub 46 VI Coupling of chemical reactions is a key feature of living organisms 48 Oxidative phosphorylation is the final common pathway converting electron energy to adenosine triphosphate 49 Photosynthesis completes the carbon cycle by converting C02 to sugar 54 Nitrogen metabolism encompasses amino acid, protein, and nucleic acid pathways 56 The Cori cycle and the purine nucleotide cycle are specialized pathways 57 Metabolic viewpoints provide insight into cellular regulation—only metabolically reversible reactions are possible regulatory sites 58 What s next? 59 Summary 60 References 61 DNA replication, repair, and recombination 63 Jocelyn E. Krebs Introduction 64 DNA is the genetic material 64 The structure of DNA 66 DNA replication is semiconservative and bidirectional • 69 DNA polymerases replicate DNA 71 Helicases, single-strand binding proteins, and topoisomerases are required for replication fork progression 73 Priming is required to start DNA synthesis 75 A sliding clamp ensures processive DNA replication 76 Leading and lagging strand synthesis is coordinated 77 Replication initiates at origins and is regulated by the cell cycle 80 Replicating the ends of a linear chromosome 82 DNA is subject to damage 84 Direct repair can reverse some DNA damage 88 Mismatch repair corrects replication errors 90 Base excision repair replaces damaged bases 92 Nucleotide excision repair removes bulky DNA lesions 94 Double-strand breaks are repaired by two major pathways 97 Homologous recombination is used for both repair and meiotic recombination 99 Summary 102 References 104 4 Gene expression and regulation 105 David G. Bear Introduction 106 Genes are transcription units 109 Transcription is a multistep process directed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase 111 RNA polymerases are large multisubunit protein complexes 114 Promoters direct the initiation of transcription 118 Activators and repressors regulate transcription initiation 122 Transcriptional regulatory circuits control eukaryotic cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation 128 The 5 and 3 ends of mature mRNAs are generated by RNA processing 135 Terminators direct the end of transcription elongation 138 Introns in eukaryotic pre-mRNAs are removed by the spliceosome 142 Alternative splicing generates protein diversity 145 Translation is a three-stage process that decodes an mRNA to synthesize a protein 147 Translation is catalyzed by the ribosome 148 Translation is guided by a large number of protein factors that regulate the interaction of aminoacylated tRNAs with the ribosome 152 Translation is controlled by thejnteraction of the 5 and 3 ends of the mRNA and by transLational repressor proteins 158 Some mRNAs are translated at specific locations within the cytoplasm 160 Sequence elements in the 5 and 3 untranslated regions determine the stability of an mRNA 162 Noncoding RNAs are important regulators of gene expression 164 What s next? 167 Summary 168 References 168 Contents Protein structure and function 169 Stephen J. Smerdon Introduction 170 X-ray crystallography and structural biology 171 Nuclear magnetic resonance 175 Electron microscopy of biomolecules and their complexes 180 Protein structure representations—a primer 183 Proteins are linear chains of amino acids—primary structure 185 Secondary structure—the fundamental unit of protein architecture 190 Tertiary structure and the universe of protein folds 192 Modular architecture and repeating motifs 197 Quaternary structure and higher-order assemblies 200 Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions 204 Posttranslational modifications and cofactors 208 Dynamics, flexibility, and conformational changes 211 Protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions 214 Function without structure? 219 Structure and medicine 220 What s next? Structural biology in the postgenomic era 225 Summary 225 References 227 Part 2 Membranes and transport mechanisms 229 6 Transport of ions and small molecules across membranes 231 Stephan E. Lehnart and Andrew R. Marks Introduction 232 Channels and carriers are the main types of membrane transport proteins 233 Hydration of ions influences their flux through transmembrane pores 235 Electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane generate the membrane potential 236 K+ channels catalyze selective and rapid ion permeation 238 Different K+ channels use a similar gate coupled to different activating or inactivating mechanisms 242 Voltage-dependent Na+ channels are activated by membrane depolarization and translate electrical signals 244 Epithelial Na+ channels regulate Na+ homeostasis 247 Plasma membrane Ca2+ channels activate intracellular and intercellular signaling processes 250 Cl channels serve diverse biologic functions 252 Selective water transport occurs through aquaporin channels 256 Action potentials are electrical signals that depend on several types of ion channels 258 Cardiac and skeletal muscles are activated by excitation- contraction coupling 260 Some glucose transporters are uniporters 264 Symporters and antiporters mediate coupled transport 266 The transmembrane Na+ gradient is essential for the function of many transporters 268 Some Na+ transporters regulate cytosolic or extracellular pH 271 The Ca2+-ATPase pumps Ca2+ into intracellular storage compartments 274 The Na+/K+-ATPase maintains the plasma membrane Na+ and K+ gradients 276 The F^-ATP synthase couples H+ movement to ATP synthesis or hydrolysis 279 H+-ATPases transport protons out of the cytosol 280 What s next? 283 Summary 283 Supplement: Derivation and application of the Nemst equation 284 Supplement: Most K+ channels undergo rectification 286 Supplement: Mutations in an aaion channel cause cystic fibrosis 287 References 289 Membrane targeting of proteins 291 D. Thomas Rutkowski and Vishwanath R. Lingappa Introduction 292 Proteins enter the secretory pathway by translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (an overview) 294 vin Contents Proteins use signal sequences to target to the endoplasmic reticulum for translocation 296 Signal sequences are recognized by the signal recognition particle 297 An interaction between signal recognition particle and its receptor allows proteins to dock at the endopLasmic reticulum membrane 298 The translocon is an aqueous channel that conducts proteins 300 Translation is coupled to translocation for most eukaryotic secretory and transmembrane proteins 303 Some proteins target and translocate posttranslationally 305 Adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis drives translocation 306 Transmembrane proteins move out of the translocation channel and into the lipid bilayer 308 The orientation of transmembrane proteins is determined as they are integrated into the membrane 309 Signal sequences are removed by signal peptidase 311 The lipid glycosylphosphatidylinositol is added to some translocated proteins 312 Sugars are added to many translocating proteins 313 Chaperones assist folding of newly translocated proteins 314 Protein disulfide isomerase ensures the formation of the correct disulfide bonds as proteins fold 316 The calnexin/calreticulin chaperoning system recognizes carbohydrate modifications 317 The assembly of proteins into complexes is monitored 318 Terminally misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum are returned to the cytosol for degradation 319 Communication between the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus prevents the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen 322 The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes the major cellular phospholipids 324 Lipids must be moved from the endoplasmic reticulum to . the membranes of other organelles 327 The two leaflets of a membrane often differ in lipid composition 328 The endoplasmic reticulum is morphologically and functionally subdivided 328 The endoplasmic reticulum is a dynamic organelle 330 Signal sequences are also used to target proteins to other organelles 333 9 Import-into mitochondria begins with signal sequence recognition at the outer membrane 334 £9 Complexes in the inner and outer membranes cooperate in mitochondrial protein import 335 H Proteins imported into chloroplasts must also cross two membranes 337 JEI Proteins fold before they are imported into peroxisomes 338 II What s next? 339 M Summary 340 References 343 8 Protein trafficking between membranes 345 Vivek Malhotra, Graham Warren, and Ira Mellman Introduction 346 Overview of the exocytic pathway 348 Overview of the endocytic pathway 351 Concepts in vesicle-mediated protein transport 355 The concepts of signal-mediated and bulk flow protein transport 357 Coat protein II-coated vesicles mediate transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus 358 Resident proteins that escape from the ER are retrieved 361 Coat protein I-coated vesicles mediate retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus to the ER 362 There are two popular models for forward transport through the Golgi apparatus 364 Retention of proteins in the Golgi apparatus depends on the membrane-spanning domain 365 Rab guanosine triphosphate-ases and tethers are two types of proteins that regulate vesicle targeting 366 Soluble A/-ethymaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins likelymediate fusion of vesicles with target membranes 368 Endocytosis is often mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles 371 Adaptor complexes link clathrin and transmembrane cargo proteins 374 Some receptors recycle from early endosomes whereas others are degraded in lysosomes 376 Early endosomes become late endosomes and lysosomes by maturation 378 Sorting of lysosomal proteins occurs in the irans-Golgi network 380 Contents IX Polarized epithelial cells transport proteins to apical and basolateral membranes 383 i Some cells store proteins for later secretion 385 Some proteins are secreted without entering the ER-Golgi pathway 387 What s next? 388 Summary 388 References 389 Part 3 The nucleus 391 Nuclear structure and transport 393 Charles N. Cole and Pamela A. Silver Introduction 394 Nuclei vary in appearance according to cell type and organism 396 Chromosomes occupy distinct territories 397 The nucleus contains subcompartments that are not membrane-bounded 398 Some processes occur at distinct nuclear sites and may reflect an underlying structure 400 The nucleus is bounded by the nuclear envelope 401 The nuclear lamina underlies the nuclear envelope 403 Large molecules are actively transported between the nucleus and cytoplasm 405 Nuclear pore complexes are symmetrical channels 406 Nuclear pore complexes are constructed from nucleoporins 408 Proteins are selectively transported into the nucleus through nuclear pores 411 Nuclear localization sequences target proteins to the nucleus 412 Cytoplasmic nuclear localization sequence receptors mediate nuclear protein import 413 Export of proteins from the nucleus is also receptor-mediated 415 The Ran GTPase controls the direction of nuclear transport 417 Multiple models have been proposed for the mechanism of nuclear transport 419 Nuclear transport can be regulated 421 Multiple classes of RNA are exported from the nucleus 422 •aw Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus and exported by exportin 1 424 wiwmm tRNAs are exported by a dedicated exportin 425 •aw Messenger RNAs are exported from the nucleus as RNA-protein complexes 427 mtuitm hnRNPs move from sites of processing to nuclear pore complexes 429 mtwxm mRNA export requires several novel factors 429 EflXI U snRNAs are exported, modified, assembled into complexes, and imported 432 KE9 Precursors to microRNAs are exported from the nucleus and processed in the cytoplasm 433 •awil What s next? 434 References 437 10 Chromatin and chromosomes 439 Benjamin Lewin and Jocelyn E. Krebs mm Introduction 440 muwm Chromatin is divided into euchromatin and heterochromatin 441 •BUM Chromosomes have banding patterns 442 muwm Eukaryotic DNA has loops and domains attached to a scaffold 444 rnunsu Specific sequences attach DNA to an interphase matrix or a metaphase scaffold 445 •SB The centromere is essential for segregation 446 CED Centromeres have short DNA sequences in 5. cerevisiae 447 U«£\| The centromere binds a protein complex 448 BEB Centromeres may contain repetitive DNA 449 USBBj Telomeres are replicated by a special mechanism 450 EESD Lampbrush chromosomes are extended 452 iBMM Polytene chromosomes form bands 453 U!BE\| Polytene chromosomes expand at sites of gene expression 456 USBEJ The nucleosome is the subunit of all chromatin 457 U!S13 DNA is coiled in arrays of nucleosomes 459 USBI3 Nucleosomes have a common structure 460 EESB DNA structure varies on the nucleosomal surface 462 iiiwia Organization of the histone octamer 464 USBfii Histone variants produce alternative nucleosomes 466 Q£E9 The path of nucleosomes in the chromatin fiber 467 QEB Reproduction of chromatin requires assembly of nucleosomes 469 Contents Do nucleosomes lie at specific positions? 472 Domains define regions that contain active genes 475 Histone octamers are displaced and reassembled during transcription 476 DNase hypersensitive sites change chromatin structure 480 Chromatin remodeling is an active process 481 Histone acetylation is associated with transcriptional activity 485 Heterochromatin propagates from a nucleation event 488 Heterochromatin depends on interactions with histones 489 X chromosomes undergo global changes 492 Chromosome condensation is caused by condensins 494 What s next? 497 Summary 497 References 500 Part 4 The cytoskeleton 501 11 iim BH HUM Microtubules 503 Lynne Cassimeris Introduction 504 General functions of microtubules 506 Microtubules are polar polymers of a- and P-tubulin 509 Purified tubulin subunits assemble into microtubules 511 Microtubule assembly and disassembly proceed by a unique process termed dynamic instability 513 A cap of GTP-tubulin subunits regulates the transitions of dynamic instability 515 Cells use microtubule-organizing centers to nucleate microtubule assembly 517 Microtubule dynamics in cells 520 Why do cells have dynamic microtubules? 523 Cells use several classes of proteins to regulate the stability of their microtubules 525 Introduction to microtubule-based motor proteins 529 How motor proteins work 532 How cargoes are loaded onto the right motor 537 Microtubule dynamics and motors combine to generate the asymmetric organization of cells 539 EESS Interactions between microtubules and actin filaments 543 UB£J Cilia and flagella are motile structures 545 0X9 What s next? 550 i»KEl Summary 551 UBEJ Supplement: What if tubulin did not hydrolyze GTP? 552 nwm Supplement: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching 553 •mai Supplement: Tubulin synthesis and modification References 555 554 12 Actin 557 Enrique M. De La Cruz and E. Michael Ostap Introduction 558 Actin is a ubiquitously expressed cytoskeletal protein 559 Actin monomers bind ATP and ADP 559 Actin filaments are structurally polarized polymers 560 Actin polymerization is a multistep and dynamic process 561 Actin subunits hydrolyze ATP after polymerization 564 Actin-binding proteins regulate actin polymerization and organization 566 Actin monomer-binding proteins influence polymerization 567 Nucleating proteins control cellular actin polymerization 568 Capping proteins regulate the length of actin filaments 569 Severing and depolymerizing proteins regulate actin filament dynamics 570 Cross-linking proteins organize actin filaments into bundles and orthogonal networks 571 Actin and actin-binding proteins work together to drive cell migration 572 Small G proteins regulate actin polymerization 574 Myosins are actin-based molecular motors with essential roles in many cellular processes 576 Myosins have three structural domains 579 ATP hydrolysis by myosin is a muLtistep reaction 582 Myosin motors have kinetic properties suited for their cellular roles 583 Myosins take nanometer steps and generate piconewton forces 584 Myosins are regulated by multiple mechanisms 585 Contents 13 Myosin-II functions in muscle contraction 586 What s next? 589 Summary 590 References 590 Intermediate filaments.... 591 Birgit Lane Introduction 592 Similarities in structure define the intermediate filament family 593 Intermediate filament subunits assemble with high affinity into strain-resistant structures 595 Two-thirds of all intermediate filament proteins are keratins 598 Mutations in keratins cause epithelial cell fragility 602 Intermediate filament proteins of nerve, muscle, and connective tissue often show overlapping expression 603 Lamin intermediate filaments reinforce the nuclear envelope 606 Even the.divergent lens filament proteins are conserved in evolution 608 Posttranslational modifications regulate and remodel intermediate filament networks 608 Interacting proteins facilitate secondary functions of intermediate filaments 611 Intermediate filament genes are represented through metazoan evolution 612 What s next? 614 Summary 615 References 616 Part 5 Cell division, apoptosis, and cancer 619 14 Mitosis 621 Conly L. Rieder Introduction 622 Mitosis is divided into stages 625 Mitosis requires the formation of a new apparatus called the spindle 627 Spindle formation and function depend on the dynamic behavior of microtubules and their associated motor proteins 630 tarn 8EHH (WH Centroso mes are microtubule organizing centers 632 Centrosomes reproduce about the time the DNA is replicated 633 Spindles begin to form as separating asters interact 636 Spindles require chromosomes for stabilization but can self-organize without centrosomes 638 The centromere is a specialized region on the chromosome that contains the kinetochores 640 Kinetochores form at the onset of prometaphase and contain microtubule motor proteins 641 Kinetochores capture and stabilize their associated microtubules 642 Mistakes in kinetochore attachment are corrected 646 Kinetochore fibers must both shorten and elongate to allow chromosomes to move 649 The force to move a chromosome toward a pole is produced by two mechanisms 651 Congression involves pulling forces that act on the kinetochores 652 Congression is also regulated by forces that act along the chromosome arms and the activity of sister kinetochores 654 Kinetochores control the metaphase/anaphase transition 656 Anaphase has two phases 658 Changes occur during telophase that lead the cell out of the mitotic state 660 During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is partitioned to form two new daughter cells 662 Formation of the contractile ring requires the spindle and stem bodies 664 The contractile ring cleaves the cell in two 667 The segregation of nonnuclear organelles during cytokinesis is based on chance 668 What s next? 669 Summary 670 References 670 15 Cell cycle regulation 673 Kathleen L. Gould and Susan L. Forsburg Introduction 674 Several experimental systems are used for cell cycle research 676 Events of the cell cycle are coordinated 679 XI1 Contents rang ram A cycle of cyclin-dependent kinase activities regulates cell proliferation 680 Cyclin-dependent kinases-cyclin complexes are regulated in several ways 683 Cells may withdraw from the cell cycle 685 Entry into cell cycle is tightly regulated 687 DNA replication requires the ordered assembly of protein complexes 689 Mitosis is orchestrated by several protein kinases 692 Sister chromatids are held together until anaphase 694 Exit from mitosis requires more than cyclin proteolysis 696 Checkpoint controls coordinate different cell cycle events 699 DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints monitor defects in DNA metabolism 701 The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors defects in chromosome-microtubule attachment 705 Cell cycle deregulation can lead to cancer 707 What s next? 708 Summary 710 References 710 16 Apoptosis 713 Douglas R. Green Introduction 714 Caspases orchestrate apoptosis by cleaving specific substrates 716 Executioner caspases are activated by cleavage, whereas initiator caspases are activated by dimerization 717 Some inhibitors of apoptosis proteins block caspases 718 Some caspases have functions in inflammation 719 The death receptor pathway of apoptosis transmits external signals 720 Apoptosis signaling by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 is complex 722 The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis 723 Bcl-2 family proteins mediate and regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis 724 The multidomain Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak are required for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization 725 The activation of Bax and Bak are controlled by other Bcl-2 family proteins 726 nun am Cytochrome c, released upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induces caspase activation 727 SB Some proteins released upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization block inhibitors of apoptosis proteins 728 SQ The death receptor pathway of apoptosis can engage mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization through the cleavage of the BH3-only protein Bid 728 SB Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization can cause caspase-independent cell death 729 SB The mitochondrial permeability transition can cause mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization 730 SQ Many discoveries about apoptosis were made in nematodes 731 Mm Apoptosis in insects has features distinct from mammals and nematodes 732 SB The clearance of apoptotic cells requires cellular interaction 733 SB Apoptosis plays a role in diseases such as viral infection and cancer 734 am Apoptotic cells are gone but not forgotten 735 SB What s next? 736 »l Summary 737 References 737 17 Cancer—Principles and overview 739 Robert A. Weinberg Tumors are masses of cells derived from a single cell 740 Cancer cells have a number of phenotypic characteristics 741 Cancer cells arise after DNA damage 744 Cancer cells are created when certain genes are mutated 745 Cellular genomes harbor a number of protooncogenes 747 Elimination of tumor suppressor activity requires two mutations 749 The genesis of tumors is a complex process 750 Cell growth and proliferation are activated by growth factors 753 Cells are subject to growth inhibition and may exit from the cell cycle 755 Tumor suppressors block inappropriate entry into the cell cycle 757 ItHM Contents xm UttU Mutation of DNA repair and maintenance genes can increase the overall mutation rate 758 tlfiEJ Cancer cells may achieve immortality 760 UBS Access to vital supplies is provided by angiogenesis 761 QKQ Cancer cells may invade new locations in the body 762 WSS What s next? 763 EQEB Summary 764 References 765 Part 6 Cell communication 767 18 Principles of cell signaling.. 769 Elliott M. Ross and Melanie H. Cobb Introduction 770 Cellular signaling is primarily chemical 771 Receptors sense diverse stimuli but initiate a limited repertoire of cellular signals 772 Receptors are catalysts and amplifiers 773 Ligand binding changes receptor conformation 773 Signals are sorted and integrated in signaling pathways and networks 775 Cellular signaling pathways can be thought of as biochemical logic circuits 777 Scaffolds increase signaling efficiency and enhance spatial organization of signaling 779 Independent, modular domains specify protein-protein interactions 780 Cellular signaling is remarkably adaptive 782 Signaling proteins are frequently expressed as multiple species 784 Activating and deactivating reactions are separate and independently controlled 786 Cellular signaling uses both allostery and covalent modification 786 Second messengers provide readily diffusible pathways for information transfer 786 Ca2+ signaling serves diverse purposes in all eukaryotic cells 788 Lipids and lipid-derived compounds are signaling molecules 790 PI 3-kinase regulates both cell shape and the activation of essential growth and metabolic functions 792 Signaling through ion channel receptors is very fast 793 EB Nuclear receptors regulate transcription 794 WBl G protein-signaling modules are widely used and highly adaptable 795 EQ Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate a wide variety of effectors 798 EB Heterotrimeric G proteins are controlled by a regulatory GTPase cycle 799 E3 Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins are multiuse switches 800 E9 Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism in the cell 802 EJB Two-component protein phosphorylation systems are signaling relays 805 EB Pharmacologic inhibitors of protein kinases may be used to understand and treat disease 805 ED Phosphoprotein phosphatases reverse the actions of kinases and are independently regulated 807 EB Covalent modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins is another way of regulating protein function 808 EB The Wnt pathway regulates cell fate during development and other processes in the adult 810 SB Diverse signaling mechanisms are regulated by protein tyrosine kinases 810 EQ Src family protein kinases cooperate with receptor protein tyrosine kinases 812 E9 Mitogen-activated protein kinases are central to many signaling pathways 813 S3 Cyclin-dependent protein kinases control the cell cycle 814 EQ Diverse receptors recruit protein-tyrosine kinases to the plasma membrane 815 SB What s next? 818 EB Summary 819 References 819 19 The extracellular matrix and cell adhesion 821 George Plopper Introduction 822 Collagen provides structural support to tissues 825 Fibronectins connect cells to collagenous matrices 829 Elastic fibers impart flexibility to tissues 831 Laminins provide an adhesive substrate for cells 833 Vitronectin facilitates targeted cell adhesion during blood clotting 836 xw Contents Matricellular proteins regulate cell-extracellular matrix interactions 837 Proteoglycans provide hydration to tissues 839 Hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan enriched in connective tissues 841 Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are cell surface coreceptors 843 The basal lamina is a specialized extracellular matrix 846 Proteases degrade extracellular matrix components 847 Most integrins are receptors for extracellular matrix proteins 850 Integrin receptors participate in cell signaling 853 Integrins and extracellular matrix molecules play key roles in development 857 Tight junctions form selectively permeable barriers between cells 859 Septate junctions in invertebrates are similar to tight junctions 862 Adherens junctions link adjacent cells 864 Desmosomes are intermediate filament-based cell adhesion complexes 866 Hemidesmosomes attach epithelial cells to the basal lamina 867 Gap junctions allow direct transfer of molecules between adjacent cells 869 Calcium-dependent cadherins mediate adhesion between cells 871 Calcium-independent neural cell adhesion molecules mediate adhesion between neural cells 874 Selectins control adhesion of circulating immune cells 876 What s next? 877 Summary 878 References 878 Part 7 Prokaryotic and plant cells 881 20 Prokaryotic cell biology 883 Matthew Chapman and Jeff Errington 3SH Introduction 884 S!H Molecular phylogeny techniques are used to understand microbial evolution 886 33fl Prokaryotic lifestyles are diverse 888 21 Archaea are prokaryotes with similarities to eukaryotic cells 890 Most prokaryotes produce a polysaccharide-rich layer called the capsule 892 The bacteriaL cell wall contains a cross-linked meshwork of peptidoglycan 894 The cell envelope of Gram-positive bacteria has unique features 898 Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane and a periplasmic space 901 The cytoplasmic membrane is a selective barrier for secretion 903 Prokaryotes have several secretion pathways 905
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spelling	Lewin's cells lead ed. Lynne Cassimeris ... Cells 2. ed. Sudbury, Mass. [u.a.] Jones and Bartlett 2011 XXIV, 1053 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eukaryotic Cells Cells Physiology Cassimeris, Lynne edt Lewin, Benjamin Begründer eines Werks oth Frühere Auflage Cells HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027499488&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Lewin's cells Eukaryotic Cells Cells Cells Physiology
title	Lewin's cells
title_alt	Cells
title_auth	Lewin's cells
title_exact_search	Lewin's cells
title_full	Lewin's cells lead ed. Lynne Cassimeris ...
title_fullStr	Lewin's cells lead ed. Lynne Cassimeris ...
title_full_unstemmed	Lewin's cells lead ed. Lynne Cassimeris ...
title_old	Cells
title_short	Lewin's cells
title_sort	lewin s cells
topic	Eukaryotic Cells Cells Cells Physiology
topic_facet	Eukaryotic Cells Cells Cells Physiology
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027499488&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT cassimerislynne lewinscells AT lewinbenjamin lewinscells AT cassimerislynne cells AT lewinbenjamin cells

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