Discovering requirements: how to specify products and services
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 457 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470712405 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Discovering requirements |b how to specify products and services |c Ian Alexander and Ljerka Beus-Dukic |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 457 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Requirements engineering |0 (DE-588)4213997-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142726349848576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ************ DISCOVERING REQUIREMENT HOW TO SPECIFY PRODUCTS AND SERVICE
IAN ALEXANDER * AND LJERKA BEUS-DUKIC WILEY A JOHN WILEY AND SONS, LTD.,
PUBLICATION CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV FOREWORD XVII PART I:
DISCOVERING REQUIREMENT ELEMENTS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 SUMMARY 4 1.2
WHY YOU SHOULD READ THIS BOOK 4 1.3 SIMPLE BUT NOT EASY 6 1.4
DISCOVERED, NOT FOUND 7 1.4.1 MANY DIFFERENT SITUATIONS 9 1.5 A SOFTER
PROCESS, AT FIRST 12 1.6 MORE THAN A LIST OF THE SYSTEM SHALLS 16
1.6.1 A NETWORK OF REQUIREMENT ELEMENTS 16 1.6.2 DISCOVERY AS SEARCH 18
1.7 A MINIMUM OF PROCESS: THE DISCOVERY CYCLE 18 1.8 THE STRUCTURE OF
THIS BOOK 20 1.8.1 PART I: DISCOVERING REQUIREMENT ELEMENTS 21 1.8.2
PART II: CONTEXTS FOR DISCOVERY 22 1.9 FURTHER READING 22 1.9.1 BOOKS ON
SOFTER APPROACHES 22 1.9.2 BOOKS ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND 23
1.9.3 BOOKS ON HARDER APPROACHES 24 2 STAKEHOLDERS 27 2.1 SUMMARY 28
2.2 DISCOVERING STAKEHOLDERS 28 2.2.1 OPERATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS WITHIN
THE SYSTEM 30 2.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE CONTAINING SYSTEM AND WIDER
ENVIRONMENT 30 VII VIII CONTENTS 2.3 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS 37 2.3.1
FROM YOUR SPONSOR OR CLIENT 37 2.3.2 WITH A TEMPLATE SUCH AS THE ONION
MODEL 37 2.3.3 BY COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR PROJECTS 40 2.3.4 BY ANALYSING
CONTEXT 40 2.4 MANAGING YOUR STAKEHOLDERS 41 2.4.1 ENGAGING WITH
STAKEHOLDERS 41 2.4.2 KEEPING TRACK OF STAKEHOLDERS 42 2.4.3 ANALYSING
INFLUENCES 42 2.4.4 PRIORITISING STAKEHOLDERS 43 2.4.5 INVOLVING
STAKEHOLDERS 45 2.4.6 THE INTEGRATED PROJECT TEAM 45 2.5 VALIDATING YOUR
LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS 45 2.5.1 THINGS TO CHECK THE STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
AGAINST 46 2.6 THE BARE MINIMUM OF STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS 46 2.7 NEXT
STEPS: REQUIREMENTS FROM STAKEHOLDERS 46 2.8 EXERCISE 49 2.9 FURTHER
READING 49 GOALS 51 3.1 SUMMARY 52 3.2 DISCOVERING GOALS 52 3.2.1 WORKED
EXAMPLE: GOALS FOR A SPACECRAFT 54 3.2.2 WORKED EXAMPLE: GOALS FOR A
RESTAURANT 57 3.2.3 WORKED EXAMPLE: TRAM GOALS AND TRADE-OFFS 59 3.2.4
FINDING SOLUTIONS TO GOAL CONFLICTS 62 3.2.5 CONTEXTS FOR DISCOVERING
GOALS 63 3.2.6 THE NEGATIVE SIDE 65 3.3 DOCUMENTING GOALS 68 3.3.1
DRAWING GOAL DIAGRAMS 69 3.3.2 OTHER WAYS OF DOCUMENTING GOALS 69 3.4
VALIDATING GOALS 71 3.4.1 THINGS TO CHECK GOALS AGAINST 73 3.5 THE BARE
MINIMUM OF GOALS 73 3.6 NEXT STEPS 73 3.7 EXERCISES 73 3.8 FURTHER
READING 74 3.8.1 GOALS 74 3.8.2 THE NEGATIVE SIDE 74 3.8.3 THE I* GOAL
MODELLING NOTATION 74 CONTEXT, INTERFACES, SCOPE 75 4.1 SUMMARY 76 4.2
INTRODUCTION 76 4.3 A SOFT SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR ILL-DEFINED BOUNDARIES
77 4.3.1 YOU ARE PART OF THE SOFT SYSTEM YOU ARE OBSERVING 78 4.3.2 FROM
STAKEHOLDERS TO BOUNDARIES 79 4.3.3 IDENTIFYING INTERFACES 83 4.3.4
DOCUMENTING INTERFACES 84 CONTENTS IX 4.3.5 VALIDATING YOUR CHOICE OF
BOUNDARY 86 4.4 SWITCHING TO A HARD SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR KNOWN EVENTS
87 4.4.1 THE TRADITIONAL CONTEXT DIAGRAM 87 4.4.2 SCOPE AS A LIST OF
EVENTS 87 4.4.3 EXPRESSING EVENT-HANDLING FUNCTIONS 89 4.4.4 STRENGTHS
AND WEAKNESSES OF CONTEXT DIAGRAMS 92 4.4.5 VALIDATING INTERFACES AND
EVENTS 93 4.4.6 THINGS TO CHECK CONTEXT AND INTERFACES AGAINST 95 4.5
THE BARE MINIMUM OF CONTEXT 95 4.6 NEXT STEPS 95 4.7 EXERCISE 95 4.8
FURTHER READING 96 4.8.1 SOFT APPROACHES 96 4.8.2 EVENT-DRIVEN
APPROACHES 96 4.8.3 WRITING REQUIREMENTS 96 SCENARIOS 97 5.1 SUMMARY 98
5.2 DISCOVERING SCENARIOS 98 5.2.1 INTERVIEWS, STORYTELLING 99 5.2.2
SCENARIO WORKSHOPS 101 5.2.3 DISCOVERING NEGATIVE SCENARIOS 107 5.3
DOCUMENTING SCENARIOS 114 5.3.1 INDEX CARDS, USER STORIES 115 5.3.2
STORYBOARDS 116 5.3.3 OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS 118 5.3.4 USE CASES 119 5.4
SUMMARY 124 5.5 VALIDATING SCENARIOS 124 5.5.1 SCENARIO WALKTHROUGHS 124
5.5.2 ANIMATION, SIMULATION, PROTOTYPING 126 5.5.3 THINGS TO CHECK
SCENARIOS AGAINST 127 5.6 THE BARE MINIMUM OF SCENARIOS 127 5.7 NEXT
STEPS 127 5.8 EXERCISES 128 5.9 FURTHER READING 128 5.9.1 STORYTELLING
128 5.9.2 ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO APPROACHES 128 5.9.3 RUNNING SCENARIO
WORKSHOPS 129 5.9.4 THE PRINCIPLE OF COMMENSURATE CARE 129 QUALITIES AND
CONSTRAINTS 131 6.1 SUMMARY 132 6.2 WHAT ARE QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS?
132 6.2.1 A RICH MIXTURE 132 6.2.2 QUALITIES THAT GOVERN CHOICES 132
6.2.3 CONSTRAINTS THAT MATTER TO PEOPLE 133 6.3 DISCOVERING QUALITIES
AND CONSTRAINTS 133 6.3.1 USING GOALS TO DISCOVER QUALITIES AND
CONSTRAINTS 134 X CONTENTS 6.3.2 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS TO DISCOVER
QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS 136 6.3.3 USING A CHECKLIST TO DISCOVER
QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS 136 6.4 DOCUMENTING QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS
141 6.4.1 CONSTRAINTS 142 6.4.2 DEVELOPMENT (PROCESS) QUALITIES 146
6.4.3 USAGE (PRODUCT) QUALITIES 147 6.5 VALIDATING QUALITIES AND
CONSTRAINTS 157 6.5.1 THINGS TO CHECK QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS AGAINST
158 6.6 THE BARE MINIMUM OF QUALITIES AND CONSTRAINTS 159 6.7 NEXT STEPS
159 6.8 EXERCISES 159 6.9 FURTHER READING 160 RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS
161 7.1 SUMMARY 162 7.2 THE VALUE OF RATIONALE 162 7.3 DISCOVERING
RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS 163 7.3.1 ASKING WHY 164 7.3.2 LOOKING FOR THE
WORD WILL IN VISION STATEMENTS, PLANS, ETC 165 7.3.3 RATIONALISING A
SET OF REQUIREMENTS 166 7.3.4 INVERTING RISKS 168 7.4 DOCUMENTING
RATIONALE 169 7.4.1 JUSTIFICATION TEXT FIELD 171 7.4.2 LISTS OF
ASSUMPTIONS, RISKS, ISSUES AND DECISIONS 172 7.4.3 TRACEABILITY TO
GOALS, ASSUMPTIONS, ETC 173 7.4.4 RATIONALE MODELS 178 7.4.5 THE GOAL
STRUCTURING NOTATION (GSN) 182 7.5 VALIDATING RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS
183 7.5.1 RATIONALE WALKTHROUGH 184 7.5.2 ANALYSIS OF TRACEABILITY 184
7.5.3 THINGS TO CHECK RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS AGAINST 186 7.6 THE BARE
MINIMUM OF RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS 187 7.7 NEXT STEPS 187 7.8 EXERCISE
187 7.9 FURTHER READING 187 7.9.1 DISCOVERING ASSUMPTIONS 187 7.9.2
REASONING 188 7.9.3 MODELLING RATIONALE 188 7.9.4 TRACING TO GOALS 188
7.9.5 GOAL STRUCTURING NOTATION (GSN) 188 7.9.6 SATISFACTION ARGUMENTS
188 DEFINITIONS 189 8.1 SUMMARY 190 8.2 DISCOVERING DEFINITIONS 190
8.2.1 SYNONYMS 191 8.2.2 HOMONYMS 193 8.3 CONSTRUCTING THE PROJECT
DICTIONARY 194 8.3.1 ACRONYMS 195 CONTENTS XI 8.3.2 DEFINITIONS AND
DESIGNATIONS 195 8.3.3 ROLES (OPERATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS) 199 8.3.4 DATA
DEFINITIONS 201 8.3.5 CONSTRAINTS AS DATA 202 8.4 VALIDATING THE PROJECT
DICTIONARY 204 8.4.1 VALIDATING DATA MODELS 205 8.4.2 THINGS TO CHECK
DEFINITIONS AGAINST 206 8.5 THE BARE MINIMUM OF DEFINITIONS 206 8.6 NEXT
STEPS 206 8.7 EXERCISE 206 8.8 FURTHER READING 206 8.8.1 DEFINITIONS AND
DESIGNATIONS 206 8.8.2 DATA MODELLING 207 9 MEASUREMENTS 209 9.1 SUMMARY
210 9.2 DISCOVERING AND DOCUMENTING ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 211 9.2.1
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR BEHAVIOURAL REQUIREMENTS 212 9.2.2 ACCEPTANCE
CRITERIA FOR QUALITIES 216 9.2.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CONSTRAINTS 218
9.2.4 VERIFICATION METHOD 219 9.3 VALIDATING ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 222
9.3.1 TESTING FROM DAY ONE 222 9.4 MEASURING QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
223 9.4.1 EXAMPLE SERVICE: OFFICE CARPETING 224 9.4.2 TWO OPPOSITE
APPROACHES 225 9.4.3 A SPECTRUM OF SERVICE APPROACHES 226 9.4.4 WORKED
EXAMPLE: QOS MEASURES FOR FOOD PREPARATION SERVICES 228 9.5 VALIDATING
QOS MEASURES 230 9.5.1 QUALITIES OF A GOOD QOS MEASURE 230 9.5.2 WILL
YOUR QOS MEASURES WORK? 231 9.5.3 COMMON QOS MEASURES 232 9.5.4
VALIDATING QOS WITH NEGATIVE SCENARIOS 232 9.5.5 THINGS TO CHECK
MEASUREMENTS AGAINST 233 9.6 THE BARE MINIMUM OF MEASUREMENT 233 9.7
NEXT STEPS 233 9.8 EXERCISE 233 9.9 FURTHER READING 233 10 PRIORITIES
235 10.1 SUMMARY 236 10.2 TWO KINDS OF PRIORITY 236 10.3 INPUT PRIORITY
237 10.3.1 DISCOVERING INPUT PRIORITY 237 10.3.2 DOCUMENTING INPUT
PRIORITY 241 10.3.3 VALIDATING INPUT PRIORITY 242 10.4 OUTPUT PRIORITY
243 10.4.1 DISCOVERING OUTPUT PRIORITY 243 XII CONTENTS 10.4.2
DOCUMENTING OUTPUT PRIORITY 251 10.4.3 VALIDATING OUTPUT PRIORITY 253
10.5 THINGS TO CHECK PRIORITY AGAINST 254 10.6 THE BARE MINIMUM OF
PRIORITIES 255 10.7 NEXT STEPS 255 10.8 EXERCISE 255 10.9 FURTHER
READING 255 10.9.1 TRIAGE 255 10.9.2 INPUT PRIORITY 256 10.9.3 BOSTON
MATRIX 256 10.9.4 REVIEW PROCESS 256 10.9.5 LIFE CYCLES 256 PART II:
DISCOVERY CONTEXTS 257 11 REQUIREMENTS FROM INDIVIDUALS 259 11.1 SUMMARY
260 11.2 INTRODUCTION 260 11.3 INTERVIEWS 261 11.3.1 PLANNING AN
INTERVIEW CAMPAIGN 261 11.3.2 PLANNING EACH INTERVIEW 267 11.3.3
DOCUMENTING INTERVIEWS 268 11.3.4 VALIDATING INTERVIEW FINDINGS 273 11.4
OBSERVATION AND APPRENTICESHIP 274 11.4.1 MAKING OBSERVATIONS 274
11.4.2 BEING TALKED THROUGH OPERATIONS 276 11.4.3 DOCUMENTING
OBSERVATIONS 277 11.4.4 VALIDATING OBSERVATIONS 280 11.5 THE BARE
MINIMUM FROM INDIVIDUALS 280 11.6 EXERCISES 280 11.7 FURTHER READING 281
11.7.1 INTERVIEWING 281 11.7.2 USING VIDEO 281 11.7.3 OBSERVATION 282
11.7.4 TACIT KNOWLEDGE 282 11.7.5 STANDARD TYPES OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 282
11.7.6 INFORMAL MODELLING TECHNIQUES 282 11.7.7 PHILOSOPHY 282 12
REQUIREMENTS FROM GROUPS 283 12.1 SUMMARY 284 12.2 THE GOAL OF GROUP
WORK 284 12.2.1 UNIQUE CAPABILITIES 284 12.2.2 OBSTACLES 285 12.2.3
MEDIATING GROUP WORK (ON ONE SITE OR MANY) 285 12.3 WORKSHOPS 286 12.3.1
DEFINE WORKSHOP MISSION 286 12.3.2 WORKSHOP PLANNING 287 CONTENTS XIII
12.3.3 WORKSHOP REHEARSAL 289 12.3.4 WORKSHOP SETUP 290 12.3.5 WORKSHOP
RECORDING 299 12.3.6 VALIDATING WORKSHOP FINDINGS 302 12.4 GROUP MEDIA
305 12.4.1 PROJECT WALL 305 12.4.2 PROJECT WEBSITE 306 12.4.3 PROJECT
WIKI 307 12.4.4 MODELLING TOOL 308 12.4.5 REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT TOOL
309 12.4.6 GROUPWARE AND WORKING AT A DISTANCE 310 12.4.7 THE ROLE OF
GROUP MEDIA 312 12.5 THE BARE MINIMUM FROM GROUPS 314 12.6 NEXT STEPS
314 12.7 EXERCISE 314 12.8 FURTHER READING 315 12.8.1 WORKSHOPS 315
12.8.2 WORKING IN GROUPS 315 R 13 REQUIREMENTS FROM THINGS 317 13.1
SUMMARY 318 13.2 REQUIREMENTS PROTOTYPING 318 13.2.1 PURPOSE 319 13.2.2
TECHNIQUES 319 13.3 REVERSE ENGINEERING 330 13.3.1 FROM AN EXISTING
PRODUCT 330 13.4 REQUIREMENTS REUSE 337 13.4.1 TYPE 1: NAIVE REUSE 337
13.4.2 TYPE 2: STANDARDISATION 338 13.4.3 TYPE 3: PRODUCT LINES 338
13.4.4 TOOL SUPPORT FOR REUSE 338 13.5 VALIDATING REQUIREMENTS FROM
THINGS 340 13.6 THE BARE MINIMUM FROM THINGS 340 13.7 EXERCISES 340 13.8
FURTHER READING 340 13.8.1 PROTOTYPING 340 14 TRADE-OFFS 343 14.1
SUMMARY 344 14.2 OPTIONEERING: THE ENGINEERING OF TRADE-OFFS 344 14.2.1
THE REQUIREMENTS-FIRST LIFE-CYCLE MYTH 344 14.2.2 AN OPTIONEERING LIFE
CYCLE 345 14.2.3 THE OPTIONEERING PROCESS 350 14.2.4 SELECTING THE
WINNING OPTION 352 14.2.5 OPTIONEERING WITH PCA: A WORKED EXAMPLE 360
14.3 VALIDATING YOUR TRADE-OFFS 367 14.4 THE BARE MINIMUM OF TRADE-OFFS
367 14.5 NEXT STEPS 367 XIV CONTENTS 14.6 EXERCISES 368 14.7 FURTHER
READING 369 14.7.1 TRADE-OFFS 369 14.7.2 STATISTICS 370 14.7.3 PCA 370
14.7.4 WEIGHTING APPROACHES 370 14.7.5 ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
370 14.7.6 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD) 370 14.7.7 QUESTIONS,
OPTIONS, CRITERIA (QOC) 371 15 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 373 15.1 SUMMARY
374 15.2 AFTER DISCOVERY 374 15.2.1 EVERYTHING DEPENDS ON THE
REQUIREMENTS 374 15.2.2 PRINCIPLES FOR THE REQUIREMENTS CHEF 375 15.3
THE RIGHT PROCESS FOR YOUR PROJECT 376 15.3.1 CASE STUDY: A RETAIL IT
PROJECT 377 15.3.2 CASE STUDY: TRANSPORT PLANNING 379 15.3.3
REQUIREMENTS-DRIVEN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 381 15.4 ORGANISING THE
REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 385 15.4.1 TEMPLATE 385 15.4.2 LEVELS 385
15.4.3 CAN USE CASES DO EVERYTHING? 386 15.4.4 ORGANISING PRODUCT
FUNCTIONS 386 15.4.5 TRADITIONAL SHALLS 387 15.4.6 RELATING
REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES 388 15.4.7 CONFLICTING NEEDS FOR
REQUIREMENT ORGANISATION 390 15.4.8 THE BENEFIT OF REQUIREMENTS
(TRACEABILITY) TOOLS 390 15.4.9 AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW: COMPETING
APPROACHES 391 15.5 THE BARE MINIMUM OF PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 394 15.6
FURTHER READING 394 15.6.1 CHOOSING AND TAILORING DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLES 394 15.6.2 MANAGING PROJECTS FROM REQUIREMENTS 395 15.6.3
CLASSICS FOR INSPIRATION AND REFLECTION 395 15.6.4 A LOOK AHEAD 396
APPENDIX A: EXERCISE ANSWERS AND HINTS 397 APPENDIX B: GETTING THE LEVEL
RIGHT 405 APPENDIX C: TOOLS FOR REQUIREMENTS DISCOVERY 411 APPENDIX D:
TEMPLATE 423 BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 GLOSSARY 433 INDEX 445
|
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| isbn | 9780470712405 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Alexander, Ian F. Verfasser aut Discovering requirements how to specify products and services Ian Alexander and Ljerka Beus-Dukic Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2009 XVIII, 457 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd rswk-swf Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 s DE-604 Beus-Dukic, Ljerka Verfasser (DE-588)174027893 aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020152625&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Alexander, Ian F. Beus-Dukic, Ljerka Discovering requirements how to specify products and services Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4213997-1 |
| title | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services |
| title_auth | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services |
| title_exact_search | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services |
| title_full | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services Ian Alexander and Ljerka Beus-Dukic |
| title_fullStr | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services Ian Alexander and Ljerka Beus-Dukic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Discovering requirements how to specify products and services Ian Alexander and Ljerka Beus-Dukic |
| title_short | Discovering requirements |
| title_sort | discovering requirements how to specify products and services |
| title_sub | how to specify products and services |
| topic | Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Requirements engineering |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020152625&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alexanderianf discoveringrequirementshowtospecifyproductsandservices AT beusdukicljerka discoveringrequirementshowtospecifyproductsandservices |